UNIT-6:

Emission Control Sensors

Knock Sensor
Lambda Sensor

Camshaft position Sensor Crankshaft position Sensor

 What Are Sensors
• A sensor is an electronic component, module,
or subsystem whose purpose is to detect
events or changes in its environment and send
the information to other electronics,
frequently a computer processor.
• A sensor is always used with other electronics,
whether as simple as a light or as complex as a
computer.
 Need of Various Sensors
• Today's computerized engine control systems
rely on inputs from a variety of sensors to
regulate engine performance, emissions and
other important functions.
• The sensors must provide accurate
information otherwise driveability problems,
increased fuel consumption and emission
failures can result.
 Sensors in Modern Vehicle
• Knock Sensor
• Oxygen Sensor
• Exhaust Gas Temperature Sensor
• Camshaft Position Sensor
• Crankshaft Position Sensor
• Water Sensor
Why Knock Sensor is required
 Purpose of knock sensor
• The main purpose of a knock sensor is to
reduce the ignition system to inhibit any
damage to the engine.
• Knocks to an engine can be caused by a
number of reasons including overheating of
the engine and poor fuel quality.
• As mentioned previously, ignition timing is
manipulated by a knock sensor.
 Knock Sensor
• The ignition system to a vehicle is controlled by a computer that
determines whether the engine timing is likely to cause a knock or
detonation.
• During combustion, if there is a knock, the computer connected to
ignition system will need to limit the spark advance to prevent
detonation from occurring. Every vehicle is fixed with a knock
sensor in order for the control unit to the ignition system to
anticipate a knock or detonation.
• Any knock to an engine manifests as a small vibration that is
detected by the knock sensor. This sensor works by changing the
vibration to an electrical signal, which is then transmitted to the
computer controlling the ignition system where the change in
vibration to this voltage signal alters the timing adjustments on the
ignition.
 Construction & Working Principle
• The knock sensor is made up of a piezoelectric element. A
working principle to piezoelectric elements involves the
transmission of an electrical current in response to detecting
a change in pressure or vibration by these elements.
• The piezoelectric element inside the knock sensor is tuned to
detect the engine knock/detonation frequency.
• The knock sensor is made up of piezocrystals (piezoelectric
elements), a shunt resistor and a thread at one end of the
knock sensor which allows for the device to be threaded into
the block near the pistons.
Piezoelectric Knock Sensor
 Working of Knock Sensor
• During combustion, a knock in the combustion chamber
sends a vibration to the silicone rings attached to the
piezoelectric crystals in the knock sensor (in the form of
mechanical stress),  accelerating the silicon ring, forcing this
sensor to generate an electrical voltage and a pressure wave
through the cylinder block. Voltage output from the knock
sensor will be high during a knock to the ignition system.
• A typical voltage signal generated by the knock sensor can
range between 300 millivolts to approximately 500
millivolts; however, this will depend purely on the intensity
of the knock during combustion.
 Acoustic Type Knock Sensor
• The device is a small microphone positioned
against a cylinder block and detects vibrations
during the running of an engine.
• Detection of vibrations from a microphone is
followed by an electrical signal to an engine
control unit (ECU) to prepare the unit for a
knock during combustion
Magnetostriction Type Knock Sensor
Oxygen Sensor
Types of EGO Sensors
ZrO2 EGO Sensor
ZrO2 EGO Sensor
EGO Sensor
EGO Sensors
Operation Mode of EGO
Heated EGO Sensors
What is EGTS ?
• The exhaust gas temperature
sensor (EGTS), which is located
in front of the Diesel Oxidation
Catalyst (DOC) and/or in front
of the Diesel Particulate Filter
(DPF), detects exhaust gas
temperature and converts it
into a voltage and feeds back
to the engine ECU with the
voltage signal in order to
control engine conditions to
effectively reduce emission.
Characteristics of EGTS
Working of EGTS
• The sensing part, which is
inserted into the exhaust
pipe with the thermistor, has
a single tube structure rather
than a double tube structure
of conventional exhaust gas
temperature sensors.
• This achieves a more than 90
percent size reduction in
volume compared to
conventional exhaust gas
 temperature sensors.
Working of EGTS
• With the improved temperature
detection performance of EGTS,
post injection control and
particulate matter loaded
amount estimation is enabled in
DPF regeneration control,
resulting in cleaner emissions, as
well as increased fuel efficiency
due to less fuel required in the
DPF regeneration process.
• In addition, catalyst deterioration
and over heat protection is
ensured in catalyst control.
Crankshaft Position Sensor
Crankshaft Position Sensor
Crankshaft Position Sensor
Crankshaft Position Sensor
Hall Effect Position Sensor
Hall Effect
Hall Effect
Camshaft Position Sensor
 Functions of
Camshaft Position Sensor
• To determine which cylinder is in its power stroke, while the
car's computer (for example) monitors the rotating position of
the camshaft which is relative to the crankshaft position using a
camshaft position (CMP) sensor. It will use this information to
adjust the spark timing and the operation of the fuel injectors.
• The CAM sensor or camshaft position sensor's role is to signal
the ECM the camshaft position. The crank and cam sensor
operates in sync with each other. The CAM sensor is frequently
used in determining which injector to fire in a sequential
system and for the COP or coil on-plug ignition systems coil
firing event.
Camshaft Position Sensor
 Camshaft Position Sensor
• The task of the camshaft sensor is to work with the
crankshaft sensor to define the exact position of the
crankshaft drive. Through the combination of both
sensor signals, the engine control unit knows when
the first cylinder is in the top dead point.
• This information is needed for three purposes:
– For the start of injection during sequential injection.
– For the actuation signal of the solenoid valve for the
pump-nozzle injection system.
– For cylinder-selective knocking control.
 Camshaft Position Sensor
• The camshaft sensor works according to the
Hall principle.
• It scans a ring gear on the camshaft.
• The rotation of the ring gear changes the Hall
voltage of the Hall IC in the sensor head.
• This change in voltage is transmitted to the
control unit and evaluated there in order to
establish the required data.
 Types of Camshaft Sensors
• In accordance to its production design there
are three different types of sensors:
• Inductive
• Hall Effect
• AC output
 Inductive Type Camshaft Ensor
• The induction phase sensor may be located
inside the distributor or on the camshaft.
• Therefore near the camshaft a device with
permanent magnet is mounted.
• Every time the magnet passes through the
sensor, its magnetic field is changed and the
resulting pulse is sent to the onboard controller
for processing.
     
 Hall Effect Type Camshaft sensor
• Hall Effect sensor may be located inside the distributor or
on the camshaft.
• Screen with a slot and magnet is mounted on the shaft.
When the screen goes between the magnet and the hall
sensor, sensor is turned on and off.
• While a slot is in front of the sensor, a voltage returns to
the amplifier through a third signal cable.
• As long as in front of the sensor is a solid sector of the
screen, the feedback voltage is interrupted, because the
magnetic field is deviated.
     
 AC Output Type Camshaft Sensor
• AC output sensor is different from the others in that
the output is an AC voltage signal.
• The onboard controller generates very high frequency
(between 150 and 2500 cycles per second) to the
exciter coil, which is located near the rotating disc.
• This disc is mounted at the end of the camshaft and
there is a slot in it.
• When the slot passes the coil, it is excited by the
mutual inductance and a signal indicating the position
of the first cylinder is sent to the onboard controller..
Water Sensor