Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4
EXCAVATOR
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Out line
• Introduction
• Main function of Excavator
• Classification of Excavator
• Types of Earth Excavation Equipment's
• Main Component of Excavator
• Preventive Maintenance of Excavator
• Specification of Excavator
• Excavator Productivity Estimation
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Introduction
❑ Excavators are heavy construction equipment used mainly in
civil engineering works.
❑It is a heavy duty equipment that can progressively excavate
various type of soil.
❑An excavator is also called digger
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Main Function Of Excavator
➢Digging of trenches, holes, foundation
➢ Demolition
➢Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
➢ Mining
➢River dredging
➢ Driving piles, in conjunction with a Pile Driver
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Classification of Excavator
❑Based on mounting
➢ Crawler Excavator
➢ Wheeled Excavator
❑ Based on weight and power output
❑Based on Method of control
➢Cable (dragline, clam shell)
➢Hydraulic(back hoe, front shovel)
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Classification of Excavator cont.….
Based on mounting
❑ Crawler Excavator
➢Crawler excavators Runs on two endless tracks (chain wheel
system
➢These type of excavators are used in hilly areas where risks of
sliding of machinery are on the verge
➢This type of excavator has low ground pressure because of
spreading of load on large area
➢Therefore it is used where soil support is weak
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Based on mounting
❑ Wheeled Excavator
➢Wheel excavator runs on wheels
➢Most of the time it is only used for plain ground operation
➢Because of wheel it is not suitable for hilly areas due to low
grip value to the ground
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Based On Weight and Power Output
Criteria Group one Group two Group three
Weight (ton) 10,15,20,25 30,45,55,60 70,135,200,225,350,500 & 600
Power output(Kw) <150 150-300 >300
Mounting Crawler and crawler crawler

wheel
Max. bucket 0.33 -1 1.5-3 3.8-13

capacity(M3)
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Based on method of control
❑Cable Control
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Based on method of control
❑ Hydraulic Control
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Types of Earth Excavation Equipment's
➢POWER SHOVEL
➢BACKHOE
➢DRAG LINE
➢CLAM SHELL
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Types of Earth Excavation Equipment's
Power Shovel
• Long-lasting. Basic Parts:
• Excavate all types of earth ➢Track System
except hard rock ➢Cabin
Types: ➢Cables
• Wheel mounted (high speed - ➢Rack & Stick
firm ground) ➢Boom Foot Pin
• Crawler mounted (low speed - ➢Saddle Block
unstable soil
➢Boom Point Sheave
➢ Bucket ( Size = .375 m3 to 5
m3)
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Types of Earth Excavation Equipment's cont..
Power Shovel cont.…
OPERATION: Factors Controlling Output:
• Cable controlled & it makes ✓Class of Material
outward strokes while digging. ✓Depth of Cutting
Applications: ✓Angle of Swing
• Close range of work. ✓Skill of Operator
• Very hard materials, big sized ✓Size of Hauling Units
large rocks.
✓Job Condition
• Digging in gravel banks, clay
pits, cuts in road works, road
side berms Etc.,
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Types of Earth Excavation Equipment's cont..
Power Shovel cont.…
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Types of Earth Excavation Equipment's cont.…
Backhoe
✓Also termed as hoe, back shovel and pull shovel.
✓Used to excavate below the natural surface on which it rest.
Operation:
❖Similar to shovel except it makes inward strokes while digging.
Application:
➢Digging below machine level like trenches, footings, basements.
➢To trim the surface (dressing).
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Backhoe cont..
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Drag line
• The drag line is so named because of its prominent operation

of dragging the bucket against the material to be dug.
• Unlike the shovel, it has a long light crane boom and the
bucket is loosely attached to the boom through cables.
• Because of this construction, a dragline can dig and dump
over larger distances than a shovel can do.
• Drag lines are useful for digging below its track level and
handling softer materials.
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Drag line cont…
BASIC PARTS:
* Boom * Hoist cable
* Drag cable * Hoist chain
* Drag chain * Bucket
APPLICATIONS:
• Dragging softer material and below its track level
• It is very useful for excavating trenches when the sides are
permitted to establish their angle of repose without shoring.
• It has long reaches.
• Excavation for canals and depositing on the embankment without
hauling units.
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Drag line cont..
Factors Controlling Output:
➢Type of material
➢Depth of cutting
➢Size and type of buckets
➢Skill of operator
➢Size of hauling units & method
➢Angle of swing
➢Length of crane boom
➢Job condition
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Drag line cont..
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Clam Shell
• This is so named due to resemblance of its bucket to a clam which is like a shell-fish
with hinged double shell.
• The front end is essentially a crane boom with a specially designed bucket loosely
attached at the end through cables as in a drag line.
• The capacity of a clam shell bucket is usually given in cubic meters.
• The basic parts of clam shell bucket are the closing line, hoist line, sheaves, brackets,
tagline, shell and hinge.
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Clam Shell cont.…
Application:
• Used for handling loose material such as crushed stone, sand,
gravel, coal etc.
• Main feature is vertical lifting of material from one location to
another .
• Mainly used for removing material from coffer dam, sewer main
holes, well foundations etc.
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Clam Shell cont.…
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Clam Shell cont.…
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Clam Shell cont.…
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Comparison Between Types of Earth Excavation Equipment's
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Main Component of Excavator
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Boom
❑The boom is always of the bent type, concave toward the ground.
❑It usually has one bend or angle, but may have two.
❑This shape serves three purposes:
• It allows space to pull the bucket closer to the machine,
• permits deeper digging without interference from the tracks, and
• Enables the operator to see past it more easily when it is raised
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Stick
– The stick, dipper stick, or arm is hinged to the end of the
boom, and is connected to the stick cylinder rod at its upper
(back) end, and to the bucket and bucket dump arms at the
bottom or front.
– It is usually one-piece, but may extend and retract by
telescoping.
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Buckets.
➢The bucket is sometimes called a dipper or a tool.
➢A bucket may be replaced by a single ripper tooth.
➢This is intended for loosening and breaking, rather than excavating,
but in certain soil types it may be able to cut a very narrow ditch for
cable installation.
➢The digging edge is almost always equipped with teeth, which are
removable for reversing, sharpening, or replacement.
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General Purpose Buckets
• For digging in low impact, moderately abrasive materials such as dirt,
loam, gravel and clay.
Heavy-Duty Buckets
• For use in abrasive applications such as mixed dirt, clay and rock.
Heavy-Duty power Buckets
• For use in abrasive applications where breakout force and cycle times are
critical – good for materials such as mixed dirt, clay and rock.
Ditch Cleaning Buckets
• wide and shallow for ditch cleaning, bank forming and finishing
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Excavator Preventive Maintenance Schedule And Checklist
Machinery preventive maintenance schedule & checklist
Machine type …………………………………… Date …………………………………...............
Plate no. ……………………………………….... Location …….....................................................
Manuf. & model ………………………………… Mech. Name & sig. …………………...............
Last service Current time reading Next service
Date ...………………. ...…………………….. ……………………
Hr./Km. …………………. ..….……………………. .……………...........
SERVICE STAGE …………………. TOTAL COST …………………………..
Service stage A B C D E F G H I J
Service hour 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500
Pre-start check ,change , repair points Service check change repair remark
interval
ENGINE Oil & filter 250hr
Fuel filter 500hr
Coolant & Radiator cap check ,change as needed 250hr
Belt & belt tensioner check clean & adjust 1,000hr
Engine mounting security 500hr
Air cleaner change 1,000hr
Exhaust leakage check 250hr
HYDRAULIC Oil level check & sampling 250hr
SYSTEM System leak 250hr
System oil filters 1,000hr
Oil & oil cooler check & clean 2500hr
Hydraulic pump motor & transmission security 500hr
OTHERS Check lighting ,starting & charging 1,000hr
Battery terminal condition 250hr
Battery electrolyte level & proportion 250hr
Check & change air drier 1,000hr
Check & adjust brake shoe change if necessary 500hr
Security of major mounting bolts 2,000hr
Gear box & differential status & oil 1,000hr
Lubricate all hinges & greasing all pivot pins 250hr
Dismantle, check & lubricate steering & hub device 1,000hr
Dismantle, check &lubricate axle, hub device 1,000hr
S/ Changed spare part unit QT Unit Total Mechanic Labor Time Total
N & oils Y price price name cost/hr. taken hr. cost
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Total spare & oil price Total labour cost
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Specification of Excavator
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Specification of Excavator cont.…
• Physical Dimensions And Weight;
• Engine Specification;
• Chassis, Wheeled Or Tracked;
• Fuel Consumption And Running Costs.
• Gradeability
• Maximum And Minimum Travel Speed
• Transmission Type
Operating Dimensions
– Maximum Reach
– Maximum Digging Depth
– Maximum Cutting Height
– Minimum Swing Radius
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Production (Output) Estimation of Excavator
❑The production rate of excavator is a function of :
➢The digging cycle;
➢Time required to load the bucket,
➢Time required to swing with a loaded bucket,
➢Time required to dump the bucket and
➢Time required to swing with an empty bucket
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THANK YOU
12/29/2023 43

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CHAPTER 4

Weight (ton) 10,15,20,25 30,45,55,60 70,135,200,225,350,500 & 600

Power output(Kw) <150 150-300 >300

Mounting Crawler and crawler crawler

Max. bucket 0.33 -1 1.5-3 3.8-13

• The drag line is so named because of its prominent operation

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