In the name of Allah, Most

Gracious, Most Merciful

 CE 441
Foundation Engineering
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
Various Types of
Shallow and Deep
Foundations
Construction of
Foundations
Course teacher :
Lt Col Mohiuddin,PhD,PEng
MIST
Introduction
 A structure essentially consists of two parts, namely the
super structure which is above the plinth level and the
substructure which is below the plinth level.
 Substructure is otherwise
known as the foundation
and this forms the base
for any structure.
Generally about 30% of
the total construction
cost is spent on the
foundation.
 The soil on which the foundation rests is called
the “foundation soil”.
 Introduction : Imp Definition
 FOUNDATION ENGINEER:
A graduate Engineer with at least five years of
experience in civil engineering particularly in
foundation design or construction.

 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER:
Engineer with Master’s degree in geotechnical
engineering having at least three years of
experience in geotechnical design or construction.

Ref : BNBC , Chapter3, Para 3.3

 Major Building Parts

Superstructure

Substructure

Foundation
 Objectives of a foundation
A foundation is provided for the
following purposes:
 To distribute the total load
coming on the structure on a
larger area.
 To support the structures.
 To give enough stability to the
structures against various
disturbing forces, such as wind
and rain.
 To prepare a level surface for
concreting and masonry work.
 Performance requirements of foundations
It is important to remember that the performance of
foundations is based on an interface between the loadings
from the structure and the supporting ground or strata.
Foundations must be designed both to interface with the soil
at a safe stress level and to limit settlements to an acceptable
amount. In all cases the most economical solution will be
selected, provided that it satisfies the performance
requirements.
The performance requirements of foundations concern the followings:

(1) Strength
(2) Serviceability
(3) Constructability
(4) Economy
 Types of foundation
FOUNDATIONS

SHALLOW DEEP
FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATIONS

WELL OR
FOOTINGS STRAP RAFT PILE PIER
CAISSON

Displacement/Non
STRIP Displacement pile
ISOLATED FOOTING COMBINED
FOOTING FOOTINGS
S

Friction End bearing

Pile pile
 Types of Shallow Foundation
ISOLATED
FOOTING
Or PAD
Or Individual
Column
Footing

STRIP FOOTINGS RAFT or MAT

Footing depth(Df) is less than two times
the least dimension(B) of the foundation
Shallow
Foundations (Df<2B)

L >B
Df
L

B
Basic Definitions
Shallow Foundation: It refers to the founding depth being
less than the breadth of the foundation. It is sensible to
limit the term shallow to mean less than 3 m or less than
the breadth of the foundation footing. (Generally, the
depth is less than two times the least dimension of the
foundation- BNBC )

Footing: An enlarged base of the

structure to distribute the column
or wall load to ground at a
compatible strength and
deformation characteristics of
foundation soil.
 COLUMN

ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING

– SAARC BLDG

FOOTING

PCC

ISOLATED COLUMN
FOUNDATION

STRAP
 Shallow Foundation – 5 Main Types
 1. Spread/Isolated footing:
(also, individual, single, isolated or
independent column footing).
 The spread/isolated/
pad footing is generally
constructed to support
an individual column.
 The spread footing
may be circular, square
or rectangular slab of
uniform thickness.
 Sometimes it may be
designed as stepped or
haunched to spread/
distribute the load over
a larger area.
  1. Spread/Isolated footing

Circular Spread Footing

Square Spread Footing / Pad Foundation Rectangular Spread Footing

Spread/Isolated footing
 Isolated/Individual column footing

ACADEMIC BULDING- CANTONMENT PUBLIC

SCHOOL AND COLLEGE - CTG
 Isolated/Individual column footing

ACADEMIC BULDING- CANTONMENT PUBLIC

SCHOOL AND COLLEGE - CTG
Isolated/Individual column footing
( CSD MIRPUR CANTONMENT – 22 FEB 2014 )
  2. Strip Footing
The strip footing is employed in case
of a load-bearing wall.

The strip footing is also used for a row of columns that are
very closely held and spaced such that their spread footing
overlap or tends to nearly touch each other. In such cases it
is more economical and effective to use a strip footing than
to use a number of spread footings held in a single line. Thus,
a strip footing is also called as continuous footing.
  2. Strip Footing
The strip footing is employed in case
of a load-bearing wall.

Strip or continuous footing. Load bearing walls are supported by

continuous-strip footings (also known as wall footings) as shown in
Figure. Transverse reinforcing steel bars are provided at the footing
bottom to satisfy the bending requirements of the footing projection.
Longitudinal steel bars are required to satisfy shrinkage requirements.
Longitudinal steel will, in general, be more effective in the top of the
footing than in the bottom.
  2. Strip Footing

Continuous Spread Footings / Strip Foundation or footing

  3. Combined Footing
The combined footing is designed to support two
parallel columns. It is principally used where the two
columns are so close that to one another that their
individual footing would overlap.
When a reinforced concrete slab supports a line of two or
more columns, it is called combined footing.

c c
R C C SLAB

COMBINED FOOTING
 3. Combined Footing
  3. Combined Footing
The combined footing may also be constructed when the
property line is so close to column that a spread footing
gets eccentrically loaded if kept within the property lines.

Thus, by combining it with

that of an interior column,
the load gets evenly/
uniformly distributed. The
combined footing may be
rectangular or trapezoidal.
  4. Strap or Cantilever Footing
The strap (or cantilever) footing comprises of two isolated/
individual footing connected with a structural strap or a lever.

The individual footings are

designed such that their
combined line of action passes
through the resultant of the total
load. The strap footing becomes
more economical than a combine
footing when the permissible soil
pressure is comparatively greater
and also the distance between
the columns is greater.
The strap is featured to connect the two footing in order that they
works and becomes like a single unit. However, the strap simply
works as a connection beam and does not resist any soil reaction.
Thus, the strap is designed as a rigid beam.
 4. Strap or Cantilever Footing

A strap footing (also known as a cantilever footing) consists of two individual

footings connected to each other with a structural rigid beam called strap; so it may
be considered as a special form of the ordinary combined footing. The strap should
be out of contact with soil so that there are no soil reaction and the strap could act
as a rigid beam.
 Strap Footing
Combination Spread & Strip Footing
  5. Raft or Mat Foundation
i. A raft foundation consists of a relatively thin reinforced concrete
slab cast integrally with reinforced concrete beams either above
or below the slab in both directions . Sometimes raft and mat are
used synonymously since they are desired to achieve the same
goal.
ii. Raft foundations are usually used on compressible soil in order to
distribute the building load over the entire building area.
Sometimes stiffening walls or basement walls are used as part of
the raft, making a heavy large cellular construction capable of
supporting a heavy structure.
iii. The raft with the beams below the slab has the advantages of
ease of construction (if the groundwater level is not a problem)
and providing a level surface slab which can form the ground
floor or the basement floor. However, it is necessary to construct
the beams in trenches which can cause difficulties in in soft or
loose soil that requires continuous support sheeting.
  5. Raft or Mat Foundation
 The mat/raft foundation is a big slab supporting a number of
columns and walls in a large part of the structure.
 The mat is efficient when the permissible soil pressure smaller
or where the columns and walls are very close such that
individual footing gets overlap or nearly touched each other.

The mat foundations are efficient in eliminating the differential

settlement on the non-homogeneous soils or where there is a
large variation in loads on the individual columns.
 Raft or Mat Foundation

Tower on a 30m Raft Foundation

Raft or Mat Foundation
Raft or Mat Foundation
Raft or Mat Foundation
Raft or Mat Foundation
Raft with Piles (Piled Raft)

Without pile bending in mat is high for heavy loads

With pile bending in mat is relatively low for heavy

structures
Piled Raft Piled rafts optimize the advantages of
pile foundations and raft foundations
It satisfies the bearing capacity and
settlement considerations in the best
possible way, thus provides
economical foundation systems for
very tall buildings.
Piled raft foundation systems are
relatively new and are becoming
increasingly popular.
The Burj Khalifa tower in Dubai; the
Petronas twin towers in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia; and the Jeddah tower in
Saudi Arabia are some of the
prominent tall buildings that are built
on piled rafts.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
FOOTINGS- AT A
GLANCE
STEPS FOR THE SELECTION OF THE TYPES OF FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION OF NEW FOUNDATION ADJACENT TO EXISTING FOUNDATION

By rule of Thumb the

minimum horizontal
spacing the old and new
footing should be equal
to the width B, of the
wider one.

Further a line drawn at

450 angle (300 for soft
soil) with the horizontal
should not intersect the
base of the lower one
as shown in the figure.
FOOTING PLACEMENT GUIDELINE
FOOTING PLACEMENT GUIDELINE – EXAMPLE PROBLEM
(Fig.-1)

(Fig.-3)

(Fig.-2)

Fig.-3
Fig.-1
Fig.-2
Deep Foundations

1.Piles
2.Piers
3.Caissons/Wells
 Deep Foundations
1. Pile Foundation
 Deep Foundations
1. Pile Foundation
Pile Foundation
 1. Pile Foundation - Basic types

– Drilled (& poured)

– Driven

Deep Foundations - Purpose

transfer building loads deep into the earth
 Pile Foundation
When to use Pile foundation
Pile Foundation - Types
 Pile Classification
Friction Pile – Load
bearing resistance derived
mainly from skin friction

End Bearing Pile – Load bearing resistance

derived mainly from base
Effect of Pile Foundation
Effect of Pile Foundation
 TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION
a) Displacement Piles
- It cause the soil to be Displacement Pile

displaced radially as well

as vertically as pile shaft
is driven or jacked into
the ground.
Replacement Pile / Non Displacement Pile
b) Non Displacement Piles
- It cause the soil to be removed
and the resulting hole filled
with concrete or a pre cast
concrete pile is dropped into
the hole and grouted in.
TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION

DRILLED PILES
(Non displacement pile)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Displacement Piles
 TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION
Batter pile shall be used to transfer inclined load and
horizontal forces. In the preliminary design, the load on
batter pile is generally considered to be axial.

…….Batter pile
Precast Concrete Plies
Precast Concrete Plies –Driven Pile
Precast Concrete Plies –Driven Pile
(Displacement Pile
at Dhamal Koat –
Dhaka Cantt)
 Test of 6’ diameter Type-I Shaft
California Department of Transportation

Non Displacement Pile

Failure of Pile foundation under test load –

An experimental view 64
TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION

…….Batter pile
TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION
…….Batter pile
 (Cast-in-situ Pile)
PILE
Step:1(Finding the centre of
pile)
Step:2(Boring) or Drilling Hole
in Ground
Step:3(Washing)
Step:4(Placing of
reinforcement)
Step:5(Casting)
Cast-in-situ pile construction steps at a glance
 Cast-in-situ pile construction steps at a glance
Some times in weak soil to prevent side wall collapse temporary casing is also
used which is being pulled out at the end of construction after concreting
Step 1 & 2 : Finding pile Centre and boring

Recycling process of boring

 Step : 3 (Washing)

Wash the bore hole at least for

half an hour.
We should be careful about the
freshness of the water .
The density of water should be
less than that of the density of
concrete.
We should stop washing after
getting fresh water.
We should not continue washing
due to caving .
It will be more safe if we use
bentonite or clay slurry with
fresh water .
Step : 4 Reinforcement placing

Reinforced
column

Spacer

Process of
placing
reinforcement
 Step : 5(Casting)

After placing the reinforcement it is necessary to start

casting as soon as possible.
Concrete mixing ratio ( by volume) :
Cement : Sand : Stone chips
(Cem-1,OPC) (Sylhet Sand, FM=2.5) (3/4”down grade)

1 : 1.5 : 3
Process of
casting
Pile cap containing three pile Pile cap containing two pile

Pile cap casting Preperation

After Casting a Pile Cap
Drilled shaft
A Drilled Shaft is a deep
foundation that is
constructed by placing fluid
concrete in a drilled hole.
Drilled shafts are constructed
in diameters ranging from 18
inches to 12 feet or more to
provide deep foundations for
buildings, bridges, highway
signage and retaining walls.
Highly specialized
construction techniques have
been developed to install
drilled shafts in conditions
ranging from soft soils to hard
rock.
SHEET PILES
MICRO PILES
Micropiles, also known as minipiles
are deep foundation elements
constructed using high-strength,
small-diameter steel casing and/or
threaded bar. Allowable micropile
capacities in excess of 1,000 tons
have been achieved.
The micropile casing generally has a
diameter in the range of 3 to 10
inches. Typically, the casing is
advanced to the design depth using a
drilling technique.
2. Piers Foundation
2. Piers Foundation
Piers
Piers
Piers
Pier
Caisson
Caisson
Caisson
3. Caisson or Well foundation

 A permanent substructure that, while

being sunk into position, permits
excavation to proceed inside and also
provides protection for the workers
against water pressure and collapse of
soil.
 The term caisson covers a wide range
of foundation structures. Caissons may
be open, pneumatic, or floating type;
deep or shallow; large or small; and of
circular, square, or rectangular cross
section.
 Well Foundation Construction Process
PIER

WELL CAP

TOP PLUG

STEINING

SAND FIILING

CURB

CUTTING EDGE

BOTTOM PLUG
WELL FOUNDATION
Caisson or Well foundation
 Well (Caisson) foundation
Load (sand bags)
is placed for
sinking (1st lift)
STEINING
(Example of Field Construction Process)
Location : 44 Km point of Marine Drive Road
Place : Chota Monkhali, Ukhia
Depth of well : 8 to 12m or Up to refusal
Soil type : Hard Shell-Black
After sinking 1st lift, 2nd lift Stening
construction is in progress
CONSTRUCTION OF RAJESTHALI BRIDGE BY WELL FDN
 BANDARBAN BORDER ROAD
WELL FOUNDATION UNDER CONSTRUCTION -7JAN 2020
Caisson foundation
Cofferdam
Cofferdam
QUESTIONS?
 END OF TODAY’S
CLASS

Challenge The Norm Thru Innovation To Excel

THANKS
PILE GROUP
GROUP-II
PILE GROUP

GROUP-II