Foundation

Foundation is the lowest part of a structure which

transmits the weight of the structure, together with
the effect of live loads and wind pressure, to the
material on which the structure rests in such a
manner that the underlying material is not stressed
beyond its safe bearing capacity.
 PURPOSE OF FOUNDATION

 To distribute the weight of the structure over large

area so as to avoid over-loading of the soil beneath.
 To load the sub-stratum evenly and thus prevents
unequal settlement.
To provide a level surface for building operations.
To take the structure deep into the ground and thus
increase its stability, preventing overturning.
 Before deciding upon foundation
size, we must ensure that:
 The bearing pressure at the base does not
exceed the allowable soil pressure.
 The settlement of the foundation is within
reasonable limit.
 Differential settlement is so limited as not to
cause any damage to the structure.
 Types of Foundation:
Mainly two types:
1) Shallow Foundations
2) Deep Foundations

According to Terzaghi,a
foundation is shallow if its depth is
equal to or less than its width. In
case of deep foundations, the
depth is equal to or greater than
the width.

Or D≤ 3m, Shallow foundation

Types of Shallow Foundations:
1. Spread footing
a. Wall footing/ Continuous footing
b. Isolated or individual column footing or column
footing
c. Reinforced concrete footing
d. Inverted arch footings
2. Grillage foundation
3. Combined footings
4. Mat or raft foundation
5. Steeped foundation
6. Cantilever or Strap footing
7. Continuous footing
Wall Footing/Continuous wall
footing

Wall footings are used to support structural walls that

carry loads for other floors or to support nonstructural
walls.
Wall Footing:
 Isolated or individual column
footing or column footing

Isolated or single footings

are used to support single Column
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances
Isolated or individual column footing or
column footing

Isolated footings are provided under each

column and may be square, rectangular, or circular
in plan. Footing may be flat or tapered.
 Reinforced concrete footing

In place where the walls are subjected to

relatively heavy loading and the bearing
capacity of soil on which the wall footing is to
rest is low.
 Inverted arch footing

This types of foundation used to be provided for

multistoried buildings in olden times.
 Grillage foundation

When heavy structural loads from column, piers are

required to be transferred to a soil of low bearing
capacity then this types of foundation is used.
 Combined footings

Combined footings usually

support two columns, or three Column
columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used when
two columns are so close that
single footings cannot be used or
when one column is located at or
near a property line.
Combined footings

PROPERTY LINE

TRAPEZOIDAL
RECTANGULAR
 Combined footings

• Combined footings are provided to support two or more column

loads. These may be continuous with rectangular or trapezoidal
in plan as shown. Combined footings become necessary under
the following circumstances:
• when the isolated footings overlap.

• when the exterior column is close to the property line with the
result symmetrical isolated footing can not be provided.
 Raft or mat foundation

Rafted or mat foundation consists

of one footing usually placed
under the entire building area.
They are used, when soil bearing
capacity is low, column loads are
heavy single footings cannot be
used, piles are not used and
differential settlement must be
reduced or total area covered by
individual column footing exceeds
70% of the total building area.
Steeped
Foundation

Suitable for Hilly

ground. Overlap
between two layer of
foundation concrete
slab is equal to the
depth of concrete
slab or two times the
height of the step,
whichever is more.
 Cantilever or Strap footing

Cantilever or strap Strap

footings consist of two
single footings Column
connected with a beam
or a strap and support
two single columns.
This type replaces a
combined footing and is
more economical.
 Continuous footings

Continuous
footings support a
row of three or more
columns. They have
limited width and
continue under all
columns.
 Types of Deep Foundation

 Piles
 Cofferdams
 Caissons
 Pile Foundation
Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to
carry and transfer the load of the structure to
the bearing ground located at some depth
below ground surface. The main components
of the foundation are the pile cap and the
piles.
Piles are structural members of small section area
compared to their length, either driven or cast
in situ that are used to transmit surface loads
to lower levels in the soil mass.
 Classification of pile
load transmission and functional behavior

 End bearing piles (point bearing piles)

 Friction piles (cohesion piles )
 Compaction piles
 Tension piles/uplift piles
 Anchor piles
 Sheet piles
 Fender piles
 End bearing piles (point bearing piles)

End bearing piles are used to transfer load through

the water or very soft soil to a suitable bearing
stratum.
 Friction piles (cohesion piles )

Friction piles are used to transfer loads to a

depth of a friction load carrying materials
by means of skin friction along the length
of the piles
 Compaction piles

Compaction piles are uses to compact loose granular

soil thus increasing the bearing capacity. The
compaction piles are themselves do not carry any
load. Hence they may be weaker materials.
 Tension piles/uplift piles

These are used to anchor down the

structure subjected to uplift due to
hydrostatic pressure or overturning
moment.
 Anchor piles

These provide anchorage

against horizontal pull
from sheet piling or
other pulling forces.
 Sheet piles

vdf

Sheet piling is a form of driven piling using thin

interlocking sheets of steel to obtain a continuous barrier
in the ground. The main application of steel sheet piles is
in retaining walls erected to enable permanent works to
proceed.
 Fender piles

These are used to

protect water front
structure against the
impact from ships or
other floating objects.
 Classification of pile
material used
 Concrete pile
1. Precast pile
2. Cast in Situ (Cased/uncased)
3. Prestressed concrete piles
 Timber piles
 Steel piles
1.H-pile
2.Pipe piles
3.Sheet piles
 Composite piles
1.Concrete & Timber
2.Concrete & Steel
 Cofferdam
A cofferdam is an enclosure within a water
environment constructed to allow water to be
displaced by air for the purpose of creating a
dry work environment.
commonly used for oil rig construction and
repair, bridge and dam work, the cofferdam is
usually a welded steel structure that is
temporary, typically dismantled after work is
completed. Its components consist of sheet
piles, wales, and cross braces
Cofferdam
Cofferdams
 Classification of Cofferdam

 Earthen cofferdam
 Rock-fill cofferdam
 Single – walled cofferdam
 Double- Walled cofferdam
 Crib cofferdam
 Cellular cofferdam
a) Circular
b) Diaphragm
 Earthen cofferdam

It is essentially consists of an earthen

embankment built around the area to be closed. It is
constructed in places where the depth of water is not
much(1.3 ~ 1.8 m) and the velocity of the current is very
slow.
 Rock-fill cofferdam

Stone or rubble is used for the embankment. It is

constructed in places where the depth of water is not
much(1.8 ~ 3 m).
 Single – walled cofferdam

This types of cofferdam is

used in places where the area to
be closed is very small and the
depth of water is 4.5~ 6 m)
 Double- Walled cofferdam

For cofferdam
required to enclosed large
areas in deep water,
single wall type becomes
uneconomical as larger
sections of trussed struts
would be necessary to
resist the water pressure.
 Crib cofferdam

In deep waters where it is difficult to penetrate the

guide piles or sheet piles into the hard bed below, crib
cofferdam is used. In this types of construction, the sheet
piles are supported by a series of wooden cribs.
Cellular cofferdam

Circular
Cellular cofferdam

Diaphragm
 Caisson
It may be defined as a large substructure
which is built in the dry and sunk into water
and/or ground to a predetermined depth, thus
becoming the base or foundation of a large
structure.
Uses:
Bridge Piers and abutments in river, lakes etc
 Types of Caisson

1.Open cassion
2.Box cassion
3. Pneumatic cassion
Open caisson
Box caisson
Pneumatic cassion
 Reference Books:
1. Building Construction
- Sushil Kumar
2. Building Construction
- S.P.ARORA & S.P.BINDRA
3. Building Construction
- G.J. Kulkarni

4. Foundation Design
- Wayne C. Teng
 Works to be Done:
Suitability & Construction procedure of
Shallow Foundation (with figures)
Definition of Deep Foundation
Types of Deep Foundation
Suitability & Construction procedure of Deep
Foundation (with figures)