INTRODUCTION

 Every structure consists of two parts

1. Foundations
2. Superstructures
 FOUNDATION
 The lowest parts of the structures which are in direct contact with the
ground and which transmit the loads of the structures to the ground are
known as foundations.
 The solid ground on which the foundations rest is called the foundation
bed.
 The lowermost portion of the foundation which is in direct contact with
the sub soil is called footing.
 SUPERSTRUCTURE
 The part of the structure above the ground level is called
superstructure.
 FOUNDATIONS ARE PROVIDED FOR THE FOLLOWING
PURPOSES:
 To support structures
 Lateral stability to the structures against disturbing horizontal forces
such as wind,rain,earthquake etc
 To prepare a level and hard surface for concreting and masonry work.
 To distribute the non uniform load of the superstructure evenly to the
sub soil.
 To provide structural safety from animals,flood water etc.
 To prevent or minimize cracks due to movement of moisture in case of
weak or poor soils.
 REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FOUNDATION:
1. Location
2. Stability
3. Settlement
Foundations can be classified into two categories:
1. Shallow foundations: The depth of foundation is equal to or
less than its width.
 spread footing,
 grillage foundation,
 combined footing,
 mat or raft foundation.
2. Deep foundations: The depth of foundation is greater than
its width.
 pile foundation
 Isolated footings:
It is also known as column footing
 These are the most common used footings of RCC
because of its simplicity and economy
For any column footing, if provision of isolated footings is
not possible due to its geometry, only then other types of
footings may be considered
The simplest isolated footing is a footing for continuous
wall where the footing bends in one direction only
Wall footings are provided with constant thickness
For column, it may be pad footing (constant thickness) or
a sloped footing
In case of heavy loaded columns, steel reinforcement is
provided in both the directions in concrete bed
The footing is reinforced in both the ways by means of
mild steel ribbed bars placed at right angles to one another
at equal distance apart
Generally, 15cm offset is provided on all sides of
concrete bed
8cm layer of plain concrete is provided before reinforced
concrete is constructed over it
 It may be axially loaded or eccentrically loaded
Sometimes pedestal is used to achieve economical
design
Areas of usage :-
If a masonary wall is subjected to a very heavy load &
bearing capacity of the soil on which the footing is to rest is
very low, RCC footings may be provided 
Wall Footings:
 Footings for wall may be of two types:
I. Footing for masonary wall where there is separate from
footing
II. Footing for an RCC wall where the wall is cast integrally
with the footing
 Combined footing:
•The term combined footing is used for the footing which
is designed to carry loads of two separate columns
•ACTION OF COMBINED FOOTING-the necessity of to
combine two footings to a single combined footing can
arise due to
1. When the individual footings planned for the site
overlap or come near to each other it is convenient to
combine them
2. When exterior column is coming on or very close to
the boundary line of a building,we can combine the
exterior and adjacent interior column foundation to a
single foundation
types of combined
footings:
Combined slab
footing with continuos
slab band
Combined
longitudinal beam and
slab base
Longitudinal strap
beam to the ends of
the slab connecting
the two slabs
•the combined footing
may
rectangular,trapezoidal,or Trapezoidal and
tee-shaped in plan
•Trapezoidal footing is
rectangular
provided when one
column load is much
combined together
more than the other . As
a result the both
projections of footing
beyond the phases of the
columns will be
restricted.
•Rectangular footing is
provided when one of the
projections of the footing
is restricted or the width
of the footing is restricted
Distribution of
column loads
•It is necessary in the
combined slab footing
that the column loads
be distributed
transversely over the
width of the footing
•This region has to be
specially designed as a
beam and provided
with enough
transverse steel .
•The rest of the
transverse regions can
be of minimum
specified steel.
This photo shows an example of
combined footings used in a heavy
industrial plant, where the
machinery
loads place very large loads upon
relatively confined space.
The use of combined footings helps
spread out the loads out to the
adjacent
footings in order to minimize
stresses in
the footings and reduce the
differential
settlement between them.
RAFT FOUNDATION

• Definition:
• A foundation (usually on soft ground) consisting
of an extended layer of reinforced concrete.
• 1 layer concrete slab that strengthen with steel
reinforced.
• Used to spread the load from a structure over a
large area.
• Normally consist of concrete slab which extend
over the entire loaded area.
• Maybe stiffened by ribs or beams.
Reinforced slab
 ADVANTAGES-Raft Foundation
Advantage: reduce differential settlements
 It is also needed to reduce settlement on highly
compressible soils, by making the weight of the
structure and raft approximately equal to the weight of
the soil excavated.
 It is the most suitable foundation under conditions
when the soil at site of proposed structure is erratic,
soft and marshy having lot of compressiblenses.
 Raft foundation bridges the erratic deposits and
eliminates the possibility of differential settlement.
 Often needed on soft/loose soil with low bearing
capacity as they can spread the load over a larger area.
 Distribution of load on entire area of foundation is
uniform.
 PILE FOUNDATIONS
• Pile foundation is generally used when simple
spread foundation at a suitable depth is not
possible either because the stratum of
required bearing capacity is at a greater depth
or steep slopes are encountered.
• In general , pile foundation provides a
common solution to all difficult foundation
site problems.
 TYPES OF PILES
DEPENDING UPON THEIR FUNCTION OR USE

Bearing piles

Friction piles

Sheet piles

Anchor piles

Batter piles

Fender piles

Compaction piles
 CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
DEPENDING UPON MATERIAL USED IN THEIR MANUFATURE

Timber piles

Concrete piles

Composite piles

Steel piles
 TIMBER PILES
• Transmission of load
through timber piles takes
place by the frictional
resistance of the ground
and the pile surface.
• Timber piles prove
economical for supporting
light structures to be
located in compressive soils
constantly saturated with
water.
• Piles should not be placed
less than 60 cm centre to
centre.
• Piles when subjected to
alternate dry and wet
conditions they get
decayed.
• On this account timber piles
are cut a little below the
lowest water mark and
capped with concrete , steel
grillage , stone or timber.
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
TIMBER PILES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Economical. • Cannot be driven in filled
• Driven rapidly and as such up ground without injury
there is a great saving in • Liable to decay or
time. deteriorate by salt water
• Elastic-so recommended or insects.
for sites where piles are • Restricted length-cannot
subjected to unusual be used for jobs where
lateral forces long piles are needed.
• Not required elaborate • Low bearing capacity.
technical supervision.
 CONCRETE PILES
(Classified into)
• Precast piles:
Reinforced concrete pile which is moulded in
circular , square , rectangular or octagonal
form.
• Cast in place or cast in situ piles:
Cast in situ piles are those piles which are cast
in position inside the ground.
• Prestressed concrete piles
PICTURES OF CONCRETE PILES
 CONCRETE PILES COMPARED WITH
TIMBER PILES
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Durability-independent of • Cost much more than
ground water level. timber piles
• Due to large size and • Cannot be driven rapidly
bearing power number of • They require elaborate
piles required for technical supervision and
supporting the structure heavy driving machines.
is much less. • They must be reinforced
• Used for marine works to withstand handling
without any treatment. stresses.
• Material-easily obtainable
 COMPOSITE PILES
• The piles of two
different materials are
driven one over the
other so as to act
together to perform the
function of a single pile.
• Advantage is taken of
the good qualities of
both the materials.
• Prove economical.
 STEEL PILES
H-Piles

Pipe
piles
Screw
piles
Disc
piles
 PILE DRIVING

By drop
hammer

By
steam
hammer

By water
jets

By
boring
• For any structure, its foundation forms the most important part
and as it remains below the ground it is not available for
inspection.
• Hence the failures are not noticed till the structure is seriously
affected.
• It therefore becomes necessary to exercise extreme care in the
constructuion and design of foundation to avoid their failures.
1. Unequal settlement of masonry, sub soil.
2. Withdrawal of moisture from subsoil.
3. Horizontal movement of the earth.
4. Atmospheric action.
5. Transpiration of trees and shrubs.
6. Withdrawal of moisture from sub soil.
are the cause for the failure of foundation.