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Thamina Sharmin Beauty Akter

CEN 00805500 CEN 00805502
 DEFINITION
 Deep Foundations are those
 In which the depth of the foundation is very large in comparison to
its width.
 Which are not constructed by ordinary methods of open pit
excavations.
 FORMS OF
CONSTRUCTION
 Most common forms of construction pertaining to deep
foundations are:
 Pile Foundation (more commonly used in building
construction)
 Cofferdams
 Caisson or Well Foundation
 PILE FOUNDATIONS
 The term ‘Pile Foundation’ denotes a construction for the
foundation of a wall or pier which is supported on piles.
 Where Used :
 stratum of required bearing capacity is at greater depth
 Advantages:
 Provides a common solution to all difficult foundation site
problems
 Can be used for any type of structure and in any type of soil
PILE FOUNDATIONS
 TYPES OF PILES BASED ON
FUNCTION
Classification based on Function or Use
 Bearing Piles or End Bearing Piles
 Friction Piles or Skin Friction Piles
 Sheet Piles
 Tension Piles or Uplift Piles
 Anchor Piles
 Batter Piles
 Fender Piles
 Compaction Piles
 TYPES OF PILES BASED ON
FUNCTION
Bearing Piles
 Driven into the ground until a hard
stratum is reached.
 Acts as pillars supporting the
super-structure and transmitting
the load to the ground.
Friction Piles (Floating
Piles)
 Piles are driven at a site where soil
is weak or soft to a considerable
depth and it is not economical or
rather possible to rest the bottom
end of the pile on the hard
stratum.
TYPES OF PILES BASED ON
FUNCTION
 TYPES OF PILES BASED ON
FUNCTION
Sheet Piles
 Sheet piles are used for the following purposes:
 To construct retaining walls in docks, and other marine
works.
 To protect erosion of river banks.
 To retain the sides of foundation trenches.
TYPES OF PILES BASED ON
FUNCTION
 TYPES OF PILES BASED ON
FUNCTION
Anchor Piles
 Piles are used to provide anchorage against horizontal pull from
sheet piling wall or other pulling forces.

Batter piles:
 Piles are driven at an inclination to resist large horizontal and
inclined forces.

Fender piles:
 Piles are used to protect concrete deck or other water front
structures from the abrasion or impact caused from the ships or
barges.
Compaction piles:
 When piles are driven in granular soil with the aim of increasing the
bearing capacity of the soil, the piles are termed as compaction piles.
TYPES OF PILES BASED ON
FUNCTION
 TYPES OF PILES BASED ON
MATERIALS
Classification based on Materials

1. Timber Piles

2. Concrete Piles

3. Composite Piles

4. Steel Piles
 TYPES OF PILES BASED ON
MATERIALS
Timber Piles:
 Transmission of load takes place by the frictional
resistance of ground and the pile surface.
Advantages of Timber Piles:
 Economical where timber is easily available.
 Can be driven rapidly & as such saves time.
Disadvantages of Timber Piles:
 Liable to decay or deteriorate by salt water/insects.
 Low bearing capacity.
TYPES OF PILES BASED ON
MATERIALS
 TYPES OF CONCRETE PILES
Concrete Piles are of 3 types:
 Pre-cast Piles
 Cast in situ Piles
 Prestressed Concrete Piles
TYPES OF CONCRETE PILES
 CONCRETE PILES
Advantages of Pre-cast Piles:
 Very effective
 Simple quality control
 Improves the entire area

Disadvantages of Pre-cast Piles:

 Limited in length
 Difficult to transport
 Not suitable for densely built up area
CONCRETE PILES
 CONCRETE PILES
Advantages of Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles:
 Not limited in length
 Can be cast at any place
 Requires less equipment
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles:
 Quality control is difficult
 Load carrying is mostly done through end bearing
only
 Skin frictional resistance is very low.
CONCRETE PILES
 COMPOSITE PILES

 Piles of two different

materials are driven
one over the other,
so as to enable them
to act together to
perform the function
of a single pile.
 This type of
composite pile is
used with the object
of achieving
economy in the cost
of piling work.
 STEEL PILES

Types of Steel Piles:

 The types of steel piles commonly used
are:
 H-Piles

 Pipe-piles

 Screw piles

 Disc piles
STEEL PILES
 CAUSES OF FAILURE OF
PILES
Unequal settlement of the sub-soil.
Unequal settlement of masonry.
Horizontal movement of the soil adjoining the
structure.
Shrinkage due to withdrawal of moisture from
the soil below the foundation.
Lateral pressure tending to over-turn the
structure.
Action of atmosphere.
Lateral escape of the soil below the foundation.
 COFFERDAMS
 Cofferdams may be defined as a temporary structure
constructed in a river or a lake or any other water bearing
surface for excluding water form a given site to enable the
building operation to be performed on dry surface.

Bridge Bhairab, Bangladesh

COFFERDAMS

Cofferdam for bridge foundations

 TYPES OF COFFERDAM
 Cofferdams may on the materials used during
construction:
 be divided into the following category based
 Earthen cofferdam.
 Rock fill cofferdam.
 Single-walled cofferdam
 Double-walled cofferdam.
 Crib V
 Cellular cofferdam.(Circular or diaphragm type)
 TYPES OF
COFFERDAM
Earthen cofferdam

It essentially consists of an earthen embankment built around the

area to be enclosed.
It is constructed in places where the depth of water is not much.
TYPES OF COFFERDAM
 TYPES OF COFFERDAM
Rock-fill cofferdam

This construction is adopted only if the stone is easily available in

the nearby areas.
The stones are assembled in the required shape of the embankment
and the voids are partially filled with earth and stone-chips .
TYPES OF COFFERDAM
 TYPES OF COFFERDAM
Single-walled cofferdam
This type of cofferdam is used in places where the area to be enclosed is
very small and the depth of water is more.
TYPES OF COFFERDAM
 TYPES OF COFFERDAM
Double-walled cofferdam
Required to enclose larger areas in deep water.
Larger sections of trussed struts would be necessary to resist the water
pressure.
 TYPES OF
COFFERDAM
 TYPES OF COFFERDAM
Crib cofferdam
In deep waters where it is difficult to penetrate the guide piles or sheet
piles into the hard bed below.
TYPES OF COFFERDAM

Timber crib cofferdam

 TYPES OF COFFERDAM
Cellular cofferdam
Used for de-watering large areas in places where the depth of water may be
of the order of 18 to 21 m.
Mostly used during the construction of marine structures like dams, locks,
whales etc.

Circuler type cellular cofferdam

TYPES OF COFFERDAM

Diaphragm type cellular cofferdam

 CAISSONS
 Caissons are water light structures made up of
wood, steel or reinforced concrete, constructed in
connection with excavation for foundations of
bridges, piers, abutments in river and lake dock
structure fore shore protection etc.
 The caisson remains in its pose and ultimately
becomes as integral parts of the permanent
structure.
CAISSONS
 TYPES OF CAISSONS
 Caissoncan be broadly classified into the
following three types:
 Open Caisson
 Box Caisson (Floating Caisson)

 Pneumatic Caisson
 TYPES OF CAISSONS
Open caisson with dredging wells
This type of caisson has the distinction of being employed for the deepest
foundation for, bridge piers, abutments and other similar structures..
TYPES OF CAISSONS
 TYPES OF CAISSONS
Box caisson
It is closed at bottom.
The caisson is cast and cured on land and when required.
It is launched in water and towed to the site for sinking.
TYPES OF CAISSONS
 TYPES OF CAISSONS
Pneumatic caisson
This type of caisson is closed at top and open (during construction) at the
bottom.
The water is excluded from the caisson chamber by means of compressed
air.

Design and Construction of the World's Largest Pneumatic Caisson Main Pump
Construction of the Higashi Ogu Sewage Treatment Plan
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