CE162P Analysis & Design of

Isolated Rectangular Footing

 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

Footings are structural members used to support It is, therefore, necessary to spread these loads
columns and walls and transmit their loads to the over sufficient soil areas to permit the soil to
underlying soils. support the loads safely.
Fundamental Insights

Not only is it desired to

Reinforced concrete transfer the superstructure
is a material loads to the soil beneath in
admirably suited for a manner that will prevent
footings and is used excessive or uneven
as such for both settlements and rotations,
reinforced concrete but it is also necessary to
and structural steel provide sufficient resistance
buildings, bridges, to sliding and overturning.
towers, and other
structures.

The permissible pressure on a soil beneath a

To accomplish these objectives, it is necessary to
footing is normally a few tons per square foot while
transmit the supported loads to a soil of sufficient
the compressive stresses in the walls and columns
strength and then to spread them out over an area such
of an ordinary structure may run as high as a few
that the unit pressure is within a reasonable range.
hundred tons per square foot.
 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

A wall footing is simply an enlargement of the bottom of a wall that will sufficiently
distribute the load to the foundation soil. Wall footings are normally used around
the perimeter of a building and perhaps for some of the interior walls.
Fundamental Insights

An isolated or single-column footing is used to support the load of a single column.

These are the most commonly used footings, particularly where the loads are
relatively light and the columns are not closely spaced.

Combined footings are used to support two or more column loads. A combined
footing might be economical where two or more heavily loaded columns are so
spaced that normally designed single-column footings would run into each other.
Single-column footings are usually square or rectangular and, when used for
columns located right at property lines, extend across those lines. A footing for
such a column combined with one for an interior column can be designed to fit
within the property lines.
 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

A mat or raft or floating foundation is a continuous reinforced concrete

slab over a large area used to support many columns and walls. This
Fundamental Insights

kind of foundation is used where soil strength is low or where column

loads are large but where piles or caissons are not used.

Pile caps are slabs of reinforced concrete used to

distribute column loads to groups of piles.
 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

Actual Soil Pressures

The soil pressure at the surface of contact between a footing and the soil is
assumed to be uniformly distributed as long as the load above is applied at
the center of gravity of the footing.
Fundamental Insights

This assumption is made even though many tests have shown that soil
pressures are unevenly distributed due to variations in soil properties,
footing rigidity, and other factors.

When footings are supported by

sandy soils, the pressures are larger
under the center of the footing and
smaller near the edge. The sand at
the edges of the footing does not
have a great deal of lateral support
and tends to move from underneath
the footing edges, with the result that
more of the load is carried near the
center of the footing.

The clay under the edges of the footing sticks to or has cohesion with the surrounding clay soil.
As a result, more of the load is carried at the edge of the footing than near the middle.
 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

Allowable Soil Pressures

The allowable soil pressures to be used for designing the footings for a particular structure are preferably obtained
by using the services of a geotechnical engineer. He or she will determine safe values from the principles of soil
mechanics on the basis of test borings, load tests, and other experimental investigations.
Fundamental Insights

Other issues may enter into the

determination of the allowable soil
pressures, such as the sensitivity of the
building frame to deflection of the footings.

Because such investigations often may

not be feasible, most building codes
provide certain approximate allowable
bearing pressures that can be used for the
types of soils and soil conditions
occurring in that locality.

The Table shows a set of allowable values that are

typical of such building codes. It is thought that
these values usually provide factors of safety of
approximately three against severe settlements.
 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

Isolated footings may be rectangular in plan if the

column has a very pronounced rectangular shape or
if the space available for the footing forces the
designer into using a rectangular shape.
Fundamental Insights

The design procedure is almost identical with the

one used for square footings.

After the required area is calculated and the lateral Band width for steel in the short direction for
rectangular isolated footings.
dimensions are selected, the depths required for
one-way and two-way shear are determined by the
usual methods. As a result of this concentration effect, it seems
only logical to concentrate a large proportion of the
One-way shear will very often control the depths short-span reinforcing in this area.
for rectangular footings, whereas two-way shear
normally controls the depths of square footings.
The amount of reinforcing in this band is to be
determined with the following expression, in which
It can be seen that the support provided by the β is the ratio of the length of the long side to the
footing to the column will be concentrated near the width of the short side of the footing:
middle of the footing, and thus the moment in the
short direction will be concentrated somewhat in
the same area near the column.
 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

1. Effective Depth

2. Effective Soil Pressure

Analysis & Design

3. Required Area

4. Ultimate Upward Soil Pressure

5. Consider One-Way Shear

6. Consider Two-Way Shear Punching

7. Longitudinal Steel Reinforcement

8. Reinforcement in Short Direction

 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

A 450 mm square interior column carries a dead load of 825 KN and a live load of 668 KN. A rectangular footing is
required to carry the column loads such that the length of the long side must be equal to twice the width of the short
side. Assume base of footing is 1.5 m below the ground surface. Allowable bearing pressure of soil is 192 KPa, fc’ = 27.6
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, unit weight of soil is 15.74 KN/m3, and that of concrete is 23.5 KN/m3. Use normal weight concrete
𝝺 = 1.0. Thickness of footing is 0.60 m. Determine the steel requirements in the short and long direction.
Analysis & Design

(a) Dimensions

Effective Depth (d) = 600 - 75 = 525 mm

1.50 m
Effective Soil Pressure (qeff)
0.60 m
= 192 - 0.6 (23.5) - 0.9 (15.74) = 163.7340 KPa

Area Required = BH = (2W)(W) = (DL + LL) / qeff W = 2.14 m 2W = 4.28 m A = 9.16 m2

 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

4.28 m

Use 2.14 m x 4.28 m x 0.60 m rectangular footing

450 + d
0.45 m 450

450 + d
450
Analysis & Design

0.45 m 2140
2.14 m

4280
1.39 m

as a function of d, phi = 0.85

 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

(b) Longitudinal Steel Requirements

4.28 m
Analysis & Design

0.45 m

2.14 m 0.45 m

1.9150 m
1.39 m

1.9150 m

qu = 224.76 KPa
 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design
Analysis & Design

4.28 m

2.14 m

1.39 m
 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design

(c) Steel Requirements in Short Direction

4.28 m

qu = 224.76 KPa
0.845 m
0.845 m
Analysis & Design

2.14 m 0.45 m

0.45 m

1.39 m
 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design
Analysis & Design
 CE134P-2
Principles of Foundation Design
Analysis & Design

2.14 m

1.07 m 1.07 m
2.14 m

4.28 m