ICS 81.040.

30
Q 34

National Standard of the People’s Republic of China

GB/T 5137.1-2002 in place of GB/T 5137.1-1996

Test methods of safety glazing materials used on road vehicles

Part 1: mechanical properties tests
(ISO 3537: 1999 Road vehicles-safety glazing materials-Mechanical tests, MOD)

Issued on December 20, 2002 Implemented on May 1, 2003

Issued by the State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for
Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine
 Foreword
The Test Methods of Safety Glazing Materials Used on Road Vehicles (GB/T 5137) is divided into
four parts:
- Part 1: mechanical properties tests;
- Part 2: optical properties tests;
- Part 3: radiation, high temperature, humidity, fire and simulated weathering resistance tests;
- Part 4: solar transmittance determination method.
This part belongs to Part 1 of GB/T 5137.
The amendments to this part of GB/T 5137 apply to the Road vehicles-safety glazing materials-
Test methods for mechanical properties (ISO 3537: 1999) (English version).
According to China’s national situation, the main differences between this part and this international
standard are shown as follows:
- China’s national standard GB/T 531-1999 that is corresponding to ISO 7619:1986 is quoted. The
test method of indentation measurement for the hardness by rubber pocket hardness tester is taken in
China’s national standard.
- The precision requirement for balance is added in the impact resistance test. This is the precision
requirement for weighing the stripped fragment mass in order to meet the test requirement.
- The provisions about the replacement frequency of felt hat used in the head model test (ISO
3537:1999) are modified. This is a requirement for reasonable replacement according to the actual
service condition.
- The test method for plastic safety glass as mentioned in ISO 3537:1999 is not stipulated in this part.
This is because there are no related automotive safety glass products in China, it is thus not
stipulated.
This part replaces the Test Methods for the Mechanical Properties of Safety Glazing Materials
Used on Road Vehicles (GB/T 5137.1-1996).
If this part is compared with GB/T 5137.1-1996, the main changes are shown as follows:
- The optional light source for the abrasion resistance test device is added and the light source used
is stated in the test result expression;
- The provisions about the replacement frequency of felt hat are added.
This part was proposed by the former State Bureau of Building Materials Industry.
This part is under the jurisdiction of National Technical Committee of Auto Standardization,
Safety Glass Branch.
The main drafting member of this part includes: China Building Materials Academy, Institute of
Glass Science and Special Glass Fiber.
The main drafter of this part includes: Chen Qun, Zhang Dashun and Wang Yingzhou.
The previous editions of the standards replaced by this part are as follows:
GB/T 5137.1-1985 and GB/T 5137.1-1996.
 Test methods of safety glazing materials used on road vehicles
Part 1: mechanical properties tests
1. Scope
This part of GB/T 5137 stipulates the test methods of mechanical properties for automotive safety
glass. This part is applicable to the automotive safety glass (hereinafter referred to as the “safety
glass”). This kind of safety glass includes the glass product that is processed from various kinds of
glass or comprised of glass and other materials; but the plastic safety glass is not included.

2. Normative references

The provisions in the following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this part,
constitute provisions of this part. For dated references, all the subsequent amendments to
(excluding the mistakes) or revisions of are not applicable to this part. However, the parties using
this part shall investigate the possibility of applying the latest editions of the following standards
indicated below. For undated references, the latest editions are applicable to this part.

GB/T 531-1999 Test method of indentation measurement for the hardness by rubber pocket
hardness tester (idt ISO 7619:1986)

3. Test Conditions

Unless otherwise stipulated, the test shall be conducted under the following conditions:
a) Ambient temperature: 20℃±5℃;
4 5
b) Pressure: 8.60×10 Pa～1.06×10 Pa;

c) Relative humidity: 40%～80%.

4. Test Application Conditions

For some types of safety glass, if the test results can be predicted by some known properties, all
the tests as stipulated in this part aren’t required.
5. Impact Resistance Test (227g Steel Ball Test)

5.1 Test Purpose

Determine whether the safety glass maintains the minimum strength or bonding strength under the
impact of small steel ball.

5.2 Device and Instrument

5.2.1 Quenched Steel Ball

The mass is 227g±2g and the diameter is about 38mm.

5.2.2 Device

It is a device which can make the steel ball freely fall from the stipulated height or a pitching device
which can make the steel ball generate a free-fall velocity. When a pitching device is used, the
allowable deviation between its final ball velocity and the final free-fall velocity is ±1%.
5.2.3 Test Sample Support

It is shown in Figure 1.

Unit: mm

Min

1 - upper frame;

2 - lower frame;

3 - rubber (thickness: 3mm);

4 - rubber cushion (thickness: 3mm, width: 15mm, and hardness: A50);

5 - test sample.

Figure 1 Supporting Frame of Test Sample for Impact Resistance Test

5.2.4 Balance

Its precision is 0.05g.

5.3 Test Sample

The test sample is a square flat test piece of which the side length is .

5.4 Test Procedure

The test sample shall be stored for at least 4h at the specified temperature and then the test shall be
immediately conducted.

The test sample shall be placed on a test sample support as stated in 5.2.3. The impact surface of
test sample shall be vertical to the incidence direction of steel ball with an allowable deviation of
less than 3°. When necessary, the test sample can be clamped on the test sample support so as to
ensure that the moving distance of the test sample along any point on the circumference in the test
sample support does not exceed 2mm.

When the impact height is less than or equal to 6m, the impact point of steel ball shall be located
within 25mm of the test sample center, and when the impact height is larger than 6m, the impact point
of steel ball shall be within 50mm of the test sample center.

5.5 Result Expression

The form and degree of test sample failure shall be evaluated. If the fragments are separated from the
test sample, the total mass of the fragments stripped on the opposite side of the impact surface and the
mass of the biggest fragment shall be respectively weighed, accurate to 0.1g.

6. Penetration Resistance Test (2 260g Steel Ball Test)

6.1 Test Purpose

Evaluate the penetration resistance of safety glass.

6.2 Device and Instrument

6.2.1 Quenched Steel Ball

The mass is 2 260g±2g and the diameter is about 82mm.

6.2.2 Device

It is a device which can make the steel ball freely fall from the stipulated height or a pitching device
which can make the steel ball generate a free-fall velocity. When a pitching device is used, the
allowable deviation between its final ball velocity and the final free-fall velocity is ±1%.

6.2.3 Test Sample Support

The structure is the same as that as stated in 5.2.3.

6.3 Test Sample

The test sample is a square flat test piece of which the side length is or a test piece that
is cut from the flattest portion of the front windshield or other bent safety glass. If the front
windshield or other bent safety glass is used for conducting the test, it is required to ensure that the
safety glass shall contact well with the test sample support.

6.4 Test Procedure

The test sample shall be stored for at least 4h at the specified temperature and then the test shall be
immediately conducted.

The test sample shall be placed on a test sample support as stated in 5.2.3. The impact surface of
test sample shall be vertical to the incidence direction of steel ball with an allowable deviation of
less than 3°. When necessary, the test sample can be clamped on the test sample support so as to
ensure that the moving distance of the test sample along any point on the circumference in the test
sample support does not exceed 2mm.

The impact point shall be located within 25mm of the test sample center. The surface of test sample
impacted by the steel ball shall be the internal surface of safety glass installed on vehicles. Each test
sample shall be impacted only once.

6.5 Result Expression

If the steel ball completely penetrates through the test sample within 5s after impact, the result shall
be recorded as “penetrated”; and if the steel ball is still on the test sample or wedged into the hole for
5s or more, the result shall be recorded as “not penetrated”.

7. Abrasion Resistance Test

7.1 Test Purpose

Determine whether the safety glass has the minimum abrasion resistance.

7.2 Device and Instrument

7.2.1 Abrasion Tester

As shown in Figure 2, it is comprised of a horizontal revolving platform that rotates anticlockwise

and a central clamping device, and its rotating speed is 55 r/min to 75 r/min. Two parallel loading
arms are respectively installed with a tailor-made grinding wheel that is installed on the horizontal
spindle of the rolling bearing and can rotate freely; and each grinding wheel is placed onto the test
sample after being applied with the 500g mass.

The revolving platform of the abrasion tester shall rotate steadily and maintained on one horizontal
plane (the deviation of horizontal plane shall not be larger than ±0.05mm at the place where it is
1.6mm away from the circumference of the revolving platform).

When the grinding wheels contact the rotating test sample, two grinding wheels rotate in the opposite
direction and then a compression and grinding effect is applied onto the test sample along the curve
on a circular orbit that is about 30 cm2. The test sample is compressed and grinded twice per
revolution.

Note: the abrasion tester can be the product manufactured by Teledyne Taber or the instrument that
has the equivalent performance.
 Figure 2 Schematic Diagram of Abrasion Tester

7.2.2 Grinding Wheel

The grinding wheel is made of a special grinding material that is sorted out by fine screen and then
inserted into the medium-hardness rubber, which has a diameter of 45mm to 50mm and a
thickness of 12.5mm. The hardness of the grinding wheel is Shore A 72°±5°. On the surface center
line of the grinding wheel, the pressure is vertically applied along the diameter of grinding wheel and
then the hardness is measured according to the requirements in GB/T 531 at four equally spaced
points. The reading is got after the pressure is applied for 10s safely.

Such kind of grinding wheel is used for slowly grinding the glass surface smooth.

Note: the grinding wheel can be the product manufactured by Teledyne Taber or the grinding wheel
that has the equivalent performance.

7.2.3 Light Source

The filament of the incandescent lamp is included in a parallel hexahedron of 1.5mm X 1.5mm X
3mm. The voltage applied to the lamp end shall make the color temperature reach 2,856 K±50K. This
voltage shall be stabilized within 1/1,000. The instrument used for measuring the voltage shall have
corresponding precision. If the light source A is used, a daylight filter shall be additionally set in its
light beam to make it converted into the light source C.

7.2.4 Optical System

It is comprised of the optical lens of which the chromatic aberration has been corrected. The clear
aperture of this optical lens shall not exceed 1/20 of the focal distance (f). To obtain a basically
parallel light beam, the distance between this lens and the light source shall be able to be adjusted.

An aperture slot is inserted at one side that is at a distance of 100 mm±50 mm from the lens far away
from the light source so as to limit the diameter of light beam within 7 mm±1 mm.

7.2.5 Scattered Light Measuring Equipment

As shown in Figure 3, it is comprised of a photocell and an integrating sphere that has a diameter of
200 mm to 250mm. The inlet and outlet of light shall be set on the integrating sphere. The inlet shall
be circular and its diameter shall be at least twice as large as the diameter of light beam.

According to the procedure requirements as described in 7.4.3, a light absorption hood or standard
reflector is installed at the outlet of integrating sphere. When no test sample is inserted into the light
beam, the light absorption hood shall absorb the light completely. The axis of light beam shall pass
through the center of inlet and outlet. The diameter b of the light outlet hole shall be 2a X tg4°, in
which a is the inner diameter of the integrating sphere.

The photocell shall be installed at a place that the light directly reflected from the inlet or standard
reflector cannot reach.

The internal surface of integrating sphere and the internal surface of standard reflector shall have the
basically equal reflectivity and shall be lusterless and unselective.

Within the scope of available luminous intensity, the output of photocell must be linear and its error
shall be less than 2%.

It shall be dark inside the integrating sphere through the design of this instrument and the current
meter shall be displayed as zero.

The complete set of device shall be inspected regularly by haze on-gauge plate.

If the other equipment or method is used for determining the haze, its result must be corrected with
the result determined by the above device to be consistent with the result as above determined.

Unit: mm

1 - optical lens;

2 - integrating sphere;

3 - photocell;

4 - baffle plate;

5 - light absorption hood;

6 - switch for light absorption hood;

7 - parallel light beam;

8 - lamp bulb.

Figure 3 Scattered Light Measuring Equipment

7.3 Test Sample

The test sample is a square flat test piece of which the side length is 100 mm. Its two surfaces shall
be flat and basically parallel and a fixed hole which has a diameter of about 7 mm shall be drilled in
its center.

7.4 Test Procedure

7.4.1 It is required to ensure that the abrasion test shall be conducted on both the internal surface and
the external surface of safety glass. When the internal surface and the external surface are both made
of glass, it is only required to conduct the abrasion test on the external surface.

7.4.2 Before and after the abrasion test, the test sample shall be cleaned by taking the following
method:

a) Wipe it with gauze in the clean tap water;

b) Rinse it with distilled water or softened water;

c) Blow it dry with air or nitrogen;

d) Lightly wipe off the water stain with gauze and when necessary place the test sample between
two pieces of gauze to soak up all the water.

The ultrasonic equipment shall not be used for conducting any treatment over the test sample.

It is only allowed to contact the edge of the cleaned test sample and it shall be properly stored so as
to prevent from damaging or contaminating its surface.

7.4.3 Before the glass surface of safety glass is tested, the test sample shall be placed for at least 48h
at the temperature of 20℃±2℃ and under the relative humidity of 40% to 80%.

Before the plastic surface of safety glass is tested, the test sample shall be placed for at least 48h at
the temperature of 23℃±2℃ and under the relative humidity of 45% to 55%.

7.4.4 The test sample shall be placed dead against the inlet of integrating sphere, the included
angle between the normal of test sample surface and the axis of light beam shall not exceed 8°,
and then four values as shown in Table 1 shall be measured.

Table 1

Reading Test sample Light absorption Standard reflector Representative

hood amount of light

Absence Absence Presence Amount of

incident light

Presence Absence Presence Total pervious

light amount of
test sample

Absence Presence Absence Scattered light

amount of
 instrument

Presence Presence Absence Scattered light

amount of
instrument and
test sample

As shown above, the values of , , and at the stipulated position of test

sample shall be repeatedly read to determine the uniformity.

Calculated total transmittance of light: ;

Calculated transmittance of scattered light: ;

Calculated haze or scattered light or their percentage: X100

At least four uniformly-distributed points shall be found out in the area that is not abraded and
then the initial haze of test sample shall be determined according to the above formula. Each result
of each test sample shall be averaged; or the test sample shall be rotated at 3r/s or a faster speed to
obtain an average value, so the above four measured values can be replaced.

Each kind of safety glass shall be tested for three times under the same load. As for the external
surface of safety glass, 1,000 revolutions shall be made to express the haze of deeply grinded
surface; and as for the internal surface, 100 revolutions shall be made to express the haze of lightly
grinded surface.

The abrasion test of safety glass shall be conducted while the environment is the same for placing
the test sample and the grinding wheel.

At least four measured values shall be taken along the track on the abrasion marks.

7.5 Result Expression

The average value of initial haze is subtracted from the average value of total scattered light
amount to obtain a difference value that is used for expressing the result of scattered light caused
by the abrasion of test sample. The test sample shall indicate that light source A or light source C
is used.

8. Fragment State Test

8.1 Test Purpose

Evaluate the possibility of harm caused by fragments when the safety glass is broken.

8.2 Device and Instrument

A tool that is used for breaking the safety glass, such as a small pointed hammer or automatic
punch.

8.3 Test Sample

Product

8.4 Test Procedure

The test sample is placed on the second test sample that has the same shape and dimension as it
and then a piece of sensitive paper is placed between these two test samples and then stuck firmly
along the circumference with transparent adhesive tape.

The sensitive paper shall be exposed to light within 10s after impact and then the exposure to light
shall be finished within 3 min after impact. It is only required to analyze the initial cracks which
have the deepest lines.

The position of impact point is shown as follows (See Figure 4):

Point 1: at a place where an angle is 30 mm away from the edge (in case of irregular shape, the
sharpest angle is taken).

Point 2: at a place where the center line is 30 mm away from the nearest edge.

Point 3: in the geometric center of test sample. When the whole piece of front windshield product
is used, the impact point shall be located in the center of main visual area.

Point 4: the point at which the center line of maximum curvature is taken as the impact point for
the bent glass product. Its convex surface shall be impacted, and when necessary its concave
surface shall also be impacted.

8.5 Result Expression

The fragment state shall be evaluated according to the dimension, shape and distribution state of
fragments on the sensitogram.

Unit: mm

a) Test sample with flat or single-curved surface

 b) Test sample with composite-curved surface

Figure 4 Position of Impact Point

9. Head Model Test

9.1 Test Purpose

Evaluate the minimum strength or bonding strength of safety glass under the impact of blunt
objects. If necessary, the test can be conducted on the windshield product.

9.2 Device and Instrument

9.2.1 Head Model

As shown in Figure 5, the weight of head model is 10 kg±0.2 kg.

1 - 5mmp-thick felt hat;

2 - sphere;

3 - neck-like object;

4 - crossbeam;

5 - connecting rod.

Figure 5 Head Model

9.2.2 Device

It is a device which can make the head model freely fall from the stipulated height or a pitching
device which can make the head model generate a free-fall velocity. When a pitching device is used,
the allowable deviation between its final ball velocity and the final free-fall velocity is ±1%.

9.2.3 Test Sample Support

The support for flat test piece is shown in Figure 6, which is comprised of two machined tough
type steel frames. One steel frame is placed on the other steel frame, between which a rubber
cushion is placed. At least 8 M20 bolts are used for clamping the test piece in upper and lower
steel frames. The minimum torque applied onto the M20 bolts is 30 N·m.

Unit: mm

1 - rubber cushion which has a width of 15 mm, a thickness of 3 mm and a hardness of Shore A70°;

2 - bolt.

Figure 6 Test Sample Support

9.2.4 Test Sample

A flat test piece of which the length is and the width is or the test

product is used as the test sample.

9.3 Test Procedure

9.3.1 Test on Flat Test Piece

The flat test piece shall be stored for at least 4h at the temperature of 20℃±5℃ and then the test
shall be immediately conducted.

The flat test piece shall be placed between the upper steel frame and the lower steel frame that are
placed on the test sample support as stated in 9.2.3. As for the torque applied onto each bolt, it is
required to ensure that the moving distance of test sample shall not exceed 2 mm in test. The plane
of test sample shall be vertical to the incidence direction of head model.

After the head model is lifted to the stipulated height, it shall fall down freely and the falling point
must be within 40 mm of the test sample center. The impact surface must be the internal surface of
safety glass installed on the vehicle and each test sample shall be impacted only once.

After the test, if the felt hat is broken, it shall be replaced in time.

9.3.2 Test on Test Product

This test is only applicable to such situation that the height of fall is less than or equal to 1.5m.

After the product is freely placed on the support, its impact surface shall be the surface that faces
the passenger when it is installed on the vehicle. The support is made of a rigid body which has
the same shape as the product. A layer of rubber cushion that has a thickness of 3 mm, a width of
15 mm and a hardness of Shore A70° shall be covered on the supporting surface.

After the support is placed on the surface of one rigid body, a layer of rubber cushion that has a
thickness of 3 mm, a width of 15 mm and a hardness of Shore A70° shall be covered between them.

The surface of this product shall be vertical to the impact direction.

The head model fall within 40 mm of the product center.

After the test, if the felt hat is broken, it shall be replaced in time.

9.4 Result Expression

The strength or bonding strength of safety glass shall be evaluated according to the damage degree
of test sample under the impact of blunt objects at different velocities.

As for the safety glass tested according to 9.2.3, the test results shall be evaluated according to the
bonding strength between the glass and the middle layer as well as the tear form and dimension of
the middle layer.