Content

Foundation system…………………………………………………1

The horizontal support…………………………………………….2

The Vertical support………………………………………………..3

Arches and Vaults…………………………………………………..4,5,6

The Dome………………………………………………………........7

Shells…………………………………………………………………8,9

Cable System………………………………………………………..10
 Foundation Systems
• The foundation’s primary function is to support and anchor the superstructure above and transmit its loads

safely into the earth.

Superstructure

• the foundation system must be designed to both accommodate the form and layout of the superstructure above and respond to

the varying conditions of soil, rock, and water below.

• When a load is applied on the ground, it increases the vertical effective stress, which increases the vertical strain in the soil,

causing the ground to move downward. This downward movement of the ground is called settlement. Settlement usually occurs

in new or relatively new buildings and is caused by the ground compacting beneath the building or different construction
Anchorage
required to resist
sliding, uplift, or materials settling down with different shrinkage rates.
overturning

Substructure

Foundation
Active earth pressure
exerted by a soil mass on
a basement wall Passive earth pressure is
Supporting Soil or developed by a soil mass.
Rock

Lateral forces can cause the

Some shear resistance is provided by foundation to impose
the friction between the foundation nonuniform pressure on the
1 and the underlying soil. supporting soil.
The horizontal support
planks or decking
Beams or girders
The horizontal supports are:
Joists

1. Beams
2. Frames Bearing wall
3. Trusses span

beam frame
• Beams:

Beams are rigid structural are designed to resist loads applied laterally to their axis. They transfer
loads applied on their length to the endpoint and transmit the load to a column, wall, or foundation. frame

• Frames:
joint

Rigid frame system, which is also termed as moment frame systems, consists of linear element like
beams and columns. The word rigid means ability to resist the deformation. It is used in steel and beam column
reinforced concrete buildings. A rigid frame is capable of resisting both vertical and lateral loads by
the bending of beams and columns.

• Trusses:
Web is the integral system
of members connecting
A truss is a triangulated system of straight interconnected structural elements. Trusses are used in the
upper and lower chords of
buildings to provide support to roofs, floors, and internal loading such as services and suspended a truss.
ceilings. The main reasons for using trusses are:
To span large distances
Top and bottom chords are
To support heavy loads the principal members of a Heel is the lower,
truss extending from end to supported end of
To reduce deflection
end and connected by web A truss.
Panel point is any of the joints between
To create strong and long-lasting structures. members
2 A principal web member and a chord .
To be cost-effective.
The Vertical support

• Vertical support is a structural member that provides support in the vertical direction.

• Vertical beams are structural elements that are used to support a load and transfer that load to the
foundation of a building or other structure. Some examples of vertical beams include:

L and T shaped
Square or Circular
Column
-Columns: Columns are vertical beams that are used to support the weight of a building. Rectangular Column
Column

-Piers: Piers are vertical beams that are used to support the weight of a bridge or other structure.

-Pilings: Pilings are vertical beams that are used to support the weight of a building or other structure in
areas with loose or unstable soil.

3
 Arches and Vaults

 An arch is a curved structure used in architecture and construction to span an

opening, such as a doorway or window, and distribute weight evenly across
supports, such as walls or columns. Arches are typically made of stone, brick, or
concrete, and are held in place by a combination of gravity and lateral forces.

Arches have several advantages over horizontal beams or lintels in construction.

These advantages include:

• Arches can span much wider openings because they can be made from small,
easily carried blocks of brick or stone.

• An arch can carry a much greater load than a horizontal beam can support.

• Arches can be constructed from almost any material.

• Arches continue to provide support without distortion over time.

4
5
 A vault is a type of roof or ceiling made from a series of arches. Vaults are often
used in churches, castles, and other large buildings.

Vaults and Load

Types of Vaults

6
 The Dome

 A rounded vault forming the roof of a building or structure, typically with a circular base.“

 The thickness of dome is very small as compared to its other dimensions -it varies from 75mm to 150mm.

Meridional forces acting along a vertical section cut through the surface of the dome
are always compressive under full vertical loading.

 Known as “the kings of all roofing,” domes cover a few of our crucial structures.

Domes are entirely curved buildings—having no corners nor angles–and they

confine a massive quantity of area without the aid of any columns.

 Benefits of Dome Structures

1. Durability and Strength
2. Energy-Efficient
3. Aesthetically pleasing
4. Environment-Friendly
 Cons of Building with Domes
1. Limited Usable Space:
2. Difficulty In Construction:
3. Acoustics
7
 Shells

 Shells are thin, curved plate structures typically constructed of

reinforced concrete. They are shaped to transmit applied forces by
membrane stresses—the compressive, tensile, and shear stresses acting

in the plane of their surfaces.

Barrel Shells carries load longitudinally
as a beam and transversally as an arch.

Type of Shells:
1. Barrel vault shell
2. Folded plate
3. Hyperbolic Paraboloid

 The material which the shell is made of: like reinforced Folded Shells

concrete, plywood or steel, because each one has

different properties that can determine the shape of the

building and therefore, these characteristics have to be

considered in the design.

Hyperbolic Paraboloid

8
 Folded-Plate Hut in Osaka
Kimmel Cultural Campus.

9
 Cable System
o Major System:
1. Form active structure systems
2. Non rigid, flexible matter shaped in a certain way and secured by fixed ends, support
itself & span space.

o Cable System Material:

1. PTFE (poly tetra fluoric ethylene): coated glass fiber fabric is a dynamic tensile material
unmatched for its aesthetics and durability making it ideal for large scale roof and tensile
membrane structures.
2. Reinforced concrete is a composite material which are count erected by the inclusion of
reinforcement, having high compressive and tensile strength.
3. Rubber: The aim of using rubber for this building is to achieve a maximum of weight
saving in individual components and parts. Rubber offer a considerable potential due
to its low density and flexibility compared with metal counterparts.
4. Steel is used mainly for its roof construction. Arranged radially over the fabric surface
area the 72 tensioned steel stringer cables in pairs of 32mm diameter steel spiral strand.

o Advantages:
1. Extremely light weight- Large span (size)- Minimum amount of structure.
2. Cost efficiency
3. Design Freedom
4. Noise pollution

Cable Types
10