Power system analysis

Prepared by col/Ashebir kelibe

 Function of power system analysis

 To monitor the voltage at various buses, real and reactive power flow between
buses.

 To design the circuit breakers.

 To plan future expansion of the existing system

 To analyze the system under different fault conditions

 To study the ability of the system for small and large disturbances (Stability studies)
 Components of power system

1. Alternator

2. Power transformer

3. Transmission lines

4. Substation transformer

5. Distribution transformer

6. Loads
 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

 A single line diagram is diagrammatic representation of power system in which the

components are represented by their symbols and interconnection between them
are shown by a straight line(even-though the system is three phase system).

 The ratings and the impedance of the components are also marked on the single line
diagram.
Single line diagram
 Purpose of using single line diagram

 The purpose of the single line diagram is to supply in concise form of the significant information
about the system.

 Per unit value.

 The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the ratio of the actual value of the any
quantity to the base value of the same quantity as a decimal.

Per unit=Actual value / Base value

 The components or various sections of power system may operate at different voltage and power
levels. It will be convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage, power, current and
impedance rating of components of power system are expressed with reference to a common value
Symmetrical three phase fault

 The faults which involve all the three phases is known as the symmetrical fault. Such
types of faults remain balanced in the sense that the systems remain symmetrical
even after the fault, or we can say the lines displaced by an equal angle (i.e., 120°
in three phase line).

 The symmetrical faults mainly occur at the terminal of the generators. The fault on
the system may arise on account of the resistance of the arc between the
conductors or due to the lower footing resistance.

 It is the most severe type of fault involving largest current, but it occurs rarely.
Types of three phase fault

1. Line to Line to Line (L – L – L) Fault:

 This type of fault mainly occurs due to a breakdown of insulation between all the
three phases.

 The chance of such type of fault is hardly 2 % to 3 %.

 But it is the most severe type of fault which involves the largest short circuit current
play pivotal role in short circuit calculations for the selection of protective devices
and circuit breaker.
Circuit diagram of L-L-L fault
Cont…

2. Three-phase line to the ground (L – L – L – G) fault:

 It is the most severe type of the fault and very rarely occurs in the
power system.

 It occurs due to a breakdown of insulation between all the phases as well as to the
earth.
 It is 2% to 3% in the power system.
Circuit diagram of L-L-L-G fault
 Unsymmetrical faults

 The fault which gives rise to unsymmetrical current, i.e., current differing in
magnitude and phases in the three phases of the power system are known as the
unsymmetrical fault.

 It is also defined as the fault which involves the one or two phases.

 The unsymmetrical makes the system unbalanced.

 The unsymmetrical fault is the most common types of faults occur in the power
system.
Classification of unsymmetrical fault

1. Single Line to ground (L – G) Fault:

 It is also called a Single Phase to ground fault.

 It mainly occurs due to insulation breakdown between one of the phase and earth.

 Single-line-to-fault is most frequently occurring in the power system.

 Their chances of appearance in the power system are 70% - 80%.

Circuit diagram of L-G fault
2. Line to Line Fault (L – L)

 It is also called Phase to Phase fault.

 It occurs when two conductors are short circuited.

 The major cause of this type of fault is the heavy wind.

 The heavy wind swinging the line conductors which may touch together and hence
cause short-circuit.

 Their chance of appearance is approximately 15% - 20% in the power system.

Circuit diagram of L-L fault
3. Double Line to ground (L – L – G) Fault

 In this type of fault breakdowns of insulation between two phases and earth occur.

 It is also called Line-to-line-to-ground fault or two phase to ground fault.

 It is the one of the severe type of fault but rarely occurs in the power system.

 The probability of such types of faults is nearly 10 %.

 Symmetrical components

Introduction

 In balanced system,analysis can be done on a single phase basis.

 The knowledge of voltage and current in one phase is sufficient to determine the voltage
and current in other two phases.

 Real and reactive powers are three times the corresponding per phase values.

 When the system is unbalanced,the voltages, the current and the phase impendences are
in general unequal.

 Unbalanced system operation can result due to unsymmetrical fault.

 Cont…

 Unbalanced operation may also result when loads are unbalanced. unbalanced
operation can be analyzed through symmetrical component.

 Unbalanced three phase voltages and currents are transformed into 3 set of
balanced voltages and currents called symmetrical components.
Symetrical components

 The majority of faults in power systems are asymmetrical.

 To analyse an asymmetrical fault, an unbalanced 3- phase circuit has to be solved.

 Since the direct solution of such a circuit is very difficult, the solution can be more
easily obtained by using symmetrical components since this yields three (fictitious)
single phase networks, only one of which contains a driving emf
General principles
 Any set of unbalanced 3-phase voltages (or current) can be transformed into 3 balanced sets. These are:
 1.positive sequence
A positive sequence set of three symmetrical voltages (i.e. all numerically equal and all displaced from each
other by 1200) having the same phase sequence abc as the original set and denoted by Va1,Vb1,Vc1 as
shown in the fig below.
2. Negative sequence

 A negative sequence set of three symmetrical voltages having the phase sequence opposite to that of the original
set and denoted by Va2, Vb2, Vc2 as shown in fig(1b)
3.Zero sequence

 3. A zero sequence set of three voltages, all equal in magnitude and in phase with each other and denoted by
Va0, Vb0, Vc0 as shown in fig (1c) below:
Unsymmetrical fault

Introduction
 The term unsymmertrical fault is used to mean an unbalanced condition.
 It is a connection or situation which causes an unbalance among the three
phases. If an unbalanced connection is attached at a point F on a balanced
system then F is called the fault point of the system.
 Thus, if there is a single line to ground fault at bus M then bus M becomes the
fault point.
 The different types of unbalanced fault that occurs in power systems are:
1. shunt type fault and 2. series type fault
 Shunt type fault

1. Single line to ground (L-F) fault

2. Line to line (L-L) fault

3. Double line to ground (L-L-F) fault

4. Three phase short circuit fault (L-L-L) and

5. Three phase to ground fault (L-L-L-F)

2. Series type fault

 The series type fault is open conductor fault.

 A series fault is an unbalance in the line impedances.

 It does not involve any connection between lines or

between line and ground at fault point.
Vector diagram of symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault
Cont…
Cont…
Operator ‘a’
Cont…
Cont…
Cont…
Power Invariance
Single line to ground fault

 A three phase generator with neutral grounded through impedance Z n

 Cont…
 Assuming that the fault occurs on phase ‘a’ through impedance Zf.
 Also assuming that the generator is initially on no load and the boundary conditions at the fault point are:
Ib=0
Ic=0
Va=ZfIa
Cont…

 In many practical applications,the positive and negative impedances are found be

equal, if the generator is solidly grounded and for bolted faults Zf=0.