REPORT ON:

{THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS}

SUMITTED TO:
“MA’AM ANUM SHABBIR”
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY:
SAMI REHMAN 2K17-ELE-05
JUNAID SABIR 2K17-ELE-01
M.HAMZA YOUSAF 2K17-ELE-21
SHEES ZULFIQAR 2K17-ELE-16
AMARA NADEEM 2K17-ELE-47
AIMAN NADEEM 2K17-ELE-48

SEMESTER
FINAL YEAR (8TH Semester)
 Abstract:
The primary aim of this research work is to build up a MATLAB based Simulation model for 3
phase symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. To deal with the MATLAB programming in which
transmission line model is composed and different issues has been re-enacted utilizing tool
compartment. Fault Analysis for different sorts of faults has been done and it impacts are appeared
in simulation output, for example, voltage, current, control alongside the positive, negative and
zero grouping segments of voltage and current output as far as waveforms.
 Acknowledgements:
I would like to thank my advisor, Engr. MA’AM ANUM SHABBIR, for her teaching, guidance,
and especially her patience throughout the past one years. Thanks also to the ELE Department of
NFC Institute of Engineering and Technology for providing me so many opportunities as an
undergraduate student. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to my family and friends who
have been so supportive and understanding throughout my continuing University journey.
 Introduction

Usually, a power system operates under balanced conditions with all equipment's carrying normal
load currents and also the bus voltages inside the prescribed limits. This condition can be disrupted
because of fault within the system. If the electrical fault current exceeds the interrupting rating of
the protective device, the consequences can be devastating. It can be a serious threat to human life
and is capable of causing injury, extensive equipment damage.

Short circuit fault current is many times larger than the normal current. A short circuit is simply a
low resistance connection between the two conductors supplying electrical power to any circuit.
This results in excessive amount of current flow in the power systems through the path of low
resistance and may even cause the power source to be destroyed and causes more heat and fires.

The fault analysis of a power system is needed in order to provide information for the choice of
switch-gear, size of conductors, setting of relays, finding the rating requirements of other power
equipment and confirming system stability. All the equipment must be chosen to work with the
fault current that sometimes flows in great quantity. In this project our goal is to interrupt the fault
current as early as possible with minimum disruption to upstream devices by achieving good
coordination between protective devices and precise trip settings.

Power are builds step by step this outcomes to transmit more power by expanding the transmission
line limit from one place to the next place. For example, L-L fault (line to line), L-G fault (single
line to ground) and 2L-G fault (twofold line to ground (Phase to Phase to Ground fault). These
faults influence the power framework types of gear which are associated with it. Now –a – days
due to continuous expansion of Power System Network, controlling and monitoring of Power
systems is unavoidable. Solutions through advanced data communications model are in evident.
When different types of fault occurs in power system then in the process of transmission line fault
analysis, determination of bus voltage and the rms line current are possible. While consulting with
the power system the terms bus voltage and rms current of line are very important. In case of three
phase power system mainly two faults occurs, three phase balance fault and unbalance fault on
transmission line of power system, such as double line to ground fault, line to ground fault and
double line fault. The transmission line fault analysis helps to select and develop a better for
protection purpose. For the insurance of transmission line has been placed the circuit breakers and
its rating is depends on triple line fault. The reason behind is that the triple line fault current is very
high as compare to other fault current. Hence by using MATLAB simulation in computer, the
analysis of transmission line fault can be easily carried out. The principle reason for this paper is
to study the general fault types which are balance and unbalance faults of transmission line in the
power system. Also to perform the analysis and obtain the result of various parameters (voltage,
current, power etc.) from simulation on those types of fault using MATLAB. A new modelling
framework for analysis and simulation of unbalance fault in power system is procedure includes
the frequency information in dynamical models and produces approximate nonlinear models that
are well adopted for analysis and simulation. The transformer display incorporates saturation. The
parameters have been acquired from reasonable or exploratory estimations. From the study it is
seen that sags can create transformer saturation when voltage recovers. This prompts deliver an
inrush current that is like inrush current created amid the transformer energizing. The study call
attention to that the voltage recovery moment can take just discrete value, since the fault clearing
is delivered if there should arise an occurrence of regular current zeros. The moment of voltage
recovery compares to the moment of fault clearing. For phase to phase fault and single phase fault,
a solitary point-on-wave of voltage recovery can be defined. Then again for two-phase to-ground
and three-phase fault, the recovery happens in a few stages. In petrochemical industry, the
establishing and ground fault security are critical factors. For that first it is essential to have the
correct framework establishing for the specific framework application, and alongside this it is
similarly critical to have the best possible assurance against the ground-fault.

THREE PHASE FAULT ANALYSIS (TRANSMISSION LINE)

In three-phase transmission line of power system mainly two types of fault occurs, balance fault
which is also called symmetrical fault and unbalance fault called as unsymmetrical fault. But with
the unsymmetrical fault which mainly occurs between two or three conductors of the three-phase
system or some time in between conductor and ground. Depending on this the unsymmetrical faults
can be characterized into fundamental three sorts:

• Single Line to Ground fault.

• Double Line fault.
• Double Line to Ground fault.

The frequency of occurrence of the single line to ground fault is more in the three phase system
followed by the L-L fault, 2L-G fault and three phase fault. During electrical storms these types of
fault are occurs which may results to insulator flashover and ultimately affect the power system.
To study and analyze the unsymmetrical fault in MATLAB there is a need of develop a network
of positive, negative and zero sequence. In this paper us analysis positive, negative and zero
sequence voltage and current of buses at different fault situation. In addition to this we analyze the
active and reactive power and RMS bus current and voltage of the system at various fault
condition. A. Protective Relays a standout amongst the most vital segments of a power protection
system is the relay which is a gadget that slogs the circuit breakers when the information voltage
and current signs relate to the fault conditions intended for the relay operation. Relays when all is
said in done can be grouped into the accompanying classes:

1) Directional Relays: They react to the distinction in phase angle between two contributions
to the relay.
2) Differential Relays: They react to the magnitude of the logarithmic whole of its various
sources of info.
3) Size Relays: They react to the magnitude of the input amount.
4) Pilot Relays: They react to the information flags that are sent to the relay from a remote
area.
 5) Remove Relays: They react to the proportion of two information phase signals. Over the
years the relay technology has developed and the classification based on generations is as
follows:
6) Electromechanical Relays: They are the first generation of relays. They use the principle
of electromechanical conversion. They are rugged & immune to electromagnetic
interference. But with recent advancements, they have been turned obsolete in most areas.
7) Solid State Relay: They make use of transistors, op-amps, etc. They are more flexible with
a self-check facility, consuming less power and having improved dynamic performance
than the electromechanical relays. They also were smaller in size requiring less panel space.
8) Numerical Relays: Operation involves Analog to Digital conversion of currents and
voltages, which are acquired from the CTs and VT which is fed to the DSP or
microprocessor. These signals are then processed using the protection algorithms and the
necessary decisions are taken. The advantages of a Numerical Relay are:
a) High flexibility.

b) Multiple functionalities.

c) Self-checking and communication facility.

d) Can be adaptive.

Literature Review

Types of Faults in Power System

The faults in the power system are mainly categorized into two types:

1. Open Circuit Fault

2. Short Circuit Fault

1. Open Circuit Fault:

The open circuit fault happens due to the failure of one or two conductors. These faults take
place in series with the line so referred as series fault. Such types of faults have a strong impact
on the reliability of the system. The open circuit fault is classified as:

 Open Conductor Fault

 Two conductors Open Fault
 Three conductors Open Fault
 2. Short Circuit Fault:

The short-circuit fault is commonly divided into symmetrical and asymmetrical types. These faults
are further categorized as one of five types. In order of frequency of occurrence, they are:

Asymmetrical Faults:

Asymmetrical faults mandate the calculation of positive negative and zero sequence components
separately.

Single Line to Ground Fault: This type of fault occurs when you have one of the phases (A, B or
C) is shorted with the ground.

Line to Line Fault: This type of fault occurs when you have one of the phases (A, B or C) is
shorted with the ground.

Double Line to Ground Fault: This type of fault occurs when two phases are shorted with the
ground together (A-B-G, B-C-G or C-A-G)

Symmetrical Faults:

Symmetrical faults do not give rise to zero sequence or negative sequence components because
they are perfectly balanced, symmetrical faults only have positive sequence values.

Three Phase Line to Ground Fault: The 3-phase to ground faults are faults in where all the
phases (A, B and C) are shorted together and they are grounded.

Three Phase Line to Line Fault: The three phase faults occur when you have A, B and C
phases are shorted together but ground is not involved.
  Weather Conditions

The weather factors that typically cause power system faults are: lightning strikes, accumulation
of snow on transmission lines, heavy rains, high speed winds, earthquake, salt pollution depositing
on overhead lines and conductors, floods and fires adjacent to electrical instrument, etc. These
environmental conditions interrupt the power supply and also damage electrical installations.

 Equipment Failures

Electrical equipment's like machines, motors, generators, transformers, cables, reactors, switch
devices, etc. causes electrical faults. These faults may be caused due to malfunctioning, ageing
and degradation, insulation failure of cables and winding, breakdown due to high switching. These
failures lead to high current to flow through the devices or equipment which further damages it.

 Human Error

Electrical faults are also caused due to human errors like choosing improper rating of equipment
or devices, forgetting metallic or electrical conducting components once coupling or
maintenance, switching the circuit while it’s below servicing, etc. A classic example is one
wherever maintenance staffs unwittingly leave isolated instrument connected through safety
earth clamps once maintenance work is completed. A three-phase to earth short-circuit fault
occurs when the equipment is re energized to return it to service.

 Smoke of Fires

The smoke of fires under overhead lines consists of tiny particles results in spark between the
lines or between conductors to insulator. This arc causes insulators to lose their insulting
capability because of high voltages. The hot air in the flames of a fire has a much lower
insulation strength than air at close temperature.

Protection of Lines/Feeder
As the length of electrical power transmission line is generally long enough and it runs through
open atmosphere, the probability of occurring fault in electrical power transmission line is much
higher than that of electrical power transformers and alternators. That is why a transmission line
requires much more protective schemes than a transformer and an alternator.

Protection of line should have some special features, such as:

During fault, the only circuit breaker closest to the fault point should be tripped.
If the circuit breaker closest to the faulty point, fails to trip, the circuit breaker just next to this
breaker will trip as back up.
The operating time of relay associated with protection of line should be as minimum as possible
in order to prevent unnecessary tripping of circuit breakers associated with other healthy parts of
power system.
These above mentioned requirements cause protection of transmission line much different from
protection of transformer and other equipment of power systems. The main three methods of
transmission line protection are:
 Time graded over current protection.
 Differential protection.
 Distance protection.

1. Time Graded Over Current Protection

This may also be referred simply as over-current protection of electrical power transmission line.
Let’ discuss different schemes of time graded over current protection.

2. Protection of Radial Feeder

In radial feeder, the power flows in one direction only, which is from source to load. This type of
feeders can easily be protected by using either definite time relays or inverse time relays.

This protection scheme is very simple. Here total line is divided into different sections and each
section is provided with definite time relay. The relay nearest to the end of the line has minimum
time setting while time setting of other relays successively increased, towards the source.

CIRCUIT MODEL FOR TRANSMISSION LINE FAULTS AND its

PROTECTION IN POWER SYSTEM

The implementation deals with the model made in MATLAB Through this advanced data
simulation model fault analysis of any power system network can be simulated with ease and its
fault analysis can be carried out.

Model before Simulation

 A. Step by Step Procedure on Development of Circuit Model:

The simulation and analysis of three phase fault to achieve results of the transmission line
parameter is convenient by using MATLAB software.

1) Start
2) Run the model file (.mdl/.slx)
3) Define no. of samples, phases, sampling time (frequency)
4) Define fault & circuit breaker operating times
5) Define system voltage, & line lengths
6) Allocate memory for Current & Voltage data from the three phases

7) Check Max & Min values of Current & Voltage in each phase & if abs
(min)>max, abs (min) =max
8) Normalize max Current & Voltage value & change matrix to array
9) Separate phase wise Current & Voltage data into different commands
10) Initialize buffer to calculate the trip time
11) Create user defined Current & Voltage waveform
12) Run Test & get the trip status & trip time of the relay
13) Save the generated plots
14) Generate report by creating another server for Excel & passing data from
MATLAB.
15) Convert the file into a pdf & save the report
16) End
 Model after simulation

Parameters
1-Source
2-Breaker

3-load

5-Fault
 Outputs

Graph of Active feeders:

The two feeders are working perfectly as shown in graph the voltage may also stable as it is
working.

Graphs of Over All:

There are 12 graphs and running graphs are for operating feeders both and after fault there a
tripping that has straight line graph:
Graph of Load:

There is power at load and this is shown where load is operated at this power consumption.

Graph of both Feeder at tripping

As in case of any fault, under voltage over voltage line to line fault or line to ground fault there is
a generation of signal that operates the breaker and feeder will be trip.

CONCLUSION:

In this report simulation of three phase transmission line fault analysis system is proposed. Single
Line to Ground fault, Double Line fault etc. in transmission line is also simulated. This system
opens the way to redesign the bus system of the power system according to its results. The
proposed work can able to implement for a larger power systems geographically apart.