Smart Grid Self Healing: Function Application Developments

Kushagra Bindra, Md Edrees, Pranit Saurav, Russell DSilva,S.Senthil Murugan

Dept. of EEE, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur Chennai India
kushagra.bindra@srmuniv.edu.in;edreesmd98@gmail.com;
pranit.saurav2@gmail.com; russelldslva@gmail.com

Abstract— Modern Power system is more flexible and
complex than the conventional power system from the
reliability point of view it is important to identify and isolate
the fault as fast as possible from the neighboring zones. This
paper proposes production solution for smart grid. In
particular, the main focus of this paper is on 3 different
production namely Line fault, Line to ground fault, Line to
line fault. The proposed production solutions are validated
through MATLAB software simulation.
Keywords— Traditional power grid; Smart grid; Line fault;
Line to ground fault; Line to line fault; Self-healing
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in
the deployment of renewable energy resources in electrical
power system. This is because of increased environmental
concerns and global climate change. Europe and other
developed countries have started to construct smart grids.
They consider this as an important part of their national
power strategy. Today, smart grid has named as the next
generation of the power grid which uses two-way
communication of electricity and digital technology to supply
electricity. Smart grid improves the reliability and reduces
the peak demand. It also helps to increase the energy
efficiency along with the environmental benefits gained by
such efficiency. However, it poses a vast number of
difficulties to electrical engineers in all aspects especially in
developing appropriate protection solutions because of the
bidirectional power flow capability.
Conventional power system uses various protective relays
to isolate a device or a system during a fault. In this paper, middle of conductor and ground.
self-healing is connected to improve the unwavering quality
to keep away from false excursions thereby keeping the
unsettling influences from spreading over the whole power
grid. In a shrewd grid, the PC and correspondence
frameworks will send restorative measures in under a large
portion of a second on account of a fault thereby triggering
the electrical switch to segregate the faulty line, and this
prevents other lines from being damaged. For writing this
research paper we took reference from 1. "A framework for
self healing smart grid with incorporation of multi agents"
from which we studied about the smart grid and self healing
and also took reference from many more papers mentioned
below in the reference section. From "The case for smart
grid" we studied in deep about smart grid and its upcoming
scope in the developing nations reference 3. we also managed
to study about all the type of faults that can't be rectified classification based on generations.
easily.
II. Matlab Methodology
Cross section explore office is a multi-world view numerical
enlisting condition and fourth period programming vernacular
made by Math-Works, MATLAB grants grid controls, plotting 7)Solid State Relay: They utilize transistors, operation amps,
of limits and data, execution of computations, beyond any
doubt of UIs and interfacing with undertakings written in
various tongues. Notwithstanding the way that MATLAB is
proposed in a general sense for numerical enrolling an optional smaller in size requiring less panel space.
apparatus compartment uses the MuPAD average preparing
limits. An additional pack, Simulink, incorporates graphical
multi-space amusement and model based arrangement for
dynamic and introduced system. MATLAB customers start
from various establishments of structuring, science and money
related perspectives. MATLAB is comprehensively used as a
piece of insightful and research associations and likewise
mechanical endeavors. Moreover MATLAB gives an appealing
area with a few trustworthy and exact inborn limits. MATLAB
family participate with Simulink programming to show
electrical, mechanical and control systems.
III. Transmissions Line Fault
As examine above in three-phase transmission line of power
system essentially two sorts of fault happens, balance fault which
is additionally called symmetrical fault and unbalance fault called
as unsymmetrical fault. Yet, this paper just arrangements with the
unsymmetrical fault which for the most part happens between a
few conductors of the three-phase system or some time in the
middle of conductor and ground.
Contingent on this the unsymmetrical faults can be characterized
into fundamental three sorts:-
Single Line to Ground fault.
Double Line fault.
Double Line to Ground fault.
above in three-phase transmission line of power system
essentially two sorts of fault happens, balance fault which is
additionally called symmetrical fault and unbalance fault called as
unsymmetrical fault. Yet, this paper just arrangements with the
unsymmetrical fault which for the most part happens between a
few conductors of the three-phase system or sometime in the
A. Protective Relays
A champion among the most indispensable sections of a power
protection system is the transfer which is a device that treks the
circuit breakers when the data voltage and current signs identify
with the blame conditions expected for the hand-off task.:
1)Directional Relays: They react to the distinction in phase angle
between two contributions to the relay.
2)Differential Relays: They respond to the magnitude of the
logarithmic whole of its different wellsprings of data..
3)Size Relays: They respond to the magnitude of the info sum.
4)Pilot Relays: They respond to the data flags that are sent to the
relay from a remote territory.
5)Remove Relays: They respond to the extent of two data phasor
signals
. Over the years the relay technology has developed and the
6)Electromechanical Relays: They are the first generation of
relays. They use the principle of electromechanical conversion.
They are rugged & immune to electromagnetic interference. But
with recent advancements, technology, techniques they have
been turned obsolete in most areas.
and so on. They are progressively flexible with a self-check
facility, consuming less power and having improved unique
execution than the electromechanical relays. They also were
8)Numerical Relays: They utilize transistors, operation amps, To accomplish self-healing in a power grid, the framework ought
and so on. They are progressively flexible with a self-check to have sensors, robotized controls, and propelled programming
facility, consuming less power and having improved execution that utilizes continuous dissemination of information to identify
than the electromechanical relays. They also were smaller in and the seclude shortcomings and to reconfigure the conveyance
size requiring less panel space. system to limit the power blackout and client sway.
These signals are then processed using the protection algorithms Distribution Automation: This automatically reroutes power
and the necessary decisions are taken. The advantages of a based on the load requirements, the generation level and fault
Numerical Relay are: conditions. Due to the communication feature of smart grid this
a) High flexibility. facilitates to make intelligent decisions.
b) Multiple functionalities. Recloses: In a normal grid, when there is a fault the CB will open
c) Self-checking and correspondence chance. and after sometime the CB will reconnect to check whether the
d) Can be adaptive. fault still persists in the system. But in a smart grid, the reclose
will report the failed test of communication network and wait for
IV. Smart Grid Self Healing Circuit further instructions. Fault circuit indicators: These track the
power lines and feeders by constantly sensing the voltage, current
and fault conditions. In the case of a fault, it will communicate
this information immediately for corrective actions to take place.

VI. Future Scope Of Smart Grid In India

A "smart grid" is an idea for changing a power grid, with the
cutting edge correspondence, mechanized checks and other types
of data innovation. It incorporates new, inventive apparatuses and
advances of age, transmission and appropriation to home
machines and hardware. The earnestness for Smart Grids in India
emerges from the difficulties that the business is at present in
front. India works the third biggest transmission and
appropriation organize on the planet, still faces various
difficulties, for example, insufficient access to power supply
deficiencies (pinnacle and energy), high system misfortunes, low
quality and dependability and wild theft. The advancement
towards Smart Grid would deliver these issues and to change the
current system in a productive, solid, protected and less confined
In order to study and understand transmission line fault: grid that would help, access to power for all. A smart grid takes
- The 2 sources are connected to the transformer. power from generating bodies to customers utilizing two-way
- In between the 2 transformer bus systems are connected. Also advanced innovation to control apparatuses at buyers residence to
the resistive load is connected between different busses which provide some extra energy, decrease expenses and increment
are bus 2 and bus 3, and fault is generated near bus 2. unwavering quality and straightforwardness.
- The period for creation of fault is of 0.1 to 0.4 second. The Smart Grid Panels in India will be definitely beneficial for
the upcoming generation and for the development of the country.
V. Self Healing Smart Grid
To accomplish self-healing in a power grid, the framework VII. Challenges Smart Grid In India Faced
ought to have sensors, computerized controls, and propelled Some of the challenges faced Smart Grid in India are
programming that utilizes ongoing circulation of information to environmental impact, cost, theft control, maintenance and
recognize and the disconnect flaws and to reconfigure the regular checkups some of these have been explained below.
dispersion system to limit the power blackout and client sway. Environmental Impact:- Smart Grid development in a quick pace
One of the key destinations of a self-healing grid is to improve due to the wide enthusiasm of politics and utilities in reducing the
the framework unwavering quality. This can be practiced by unfriendly effect that happens the energy utilization on the earth.
reconfiguring the CBs and relays and recloses introduced on the Since the most extreme generation today in greenhouse gas
dispersion feeder to rapidly confine the flawed segment of the emissions, smart grids lessens the results of air pollution and
feeder and restore the support of whatever number clients as plays a significant role in the fight against global climate change
could be allowed from interchange sources or feeders. To issue.
achieve this high data transmission interchanges might be Cost:- The capacity to sidestep the expense of the plant and
required. system extension is an extraordinary preferred standpoint, both
Self-healing is the property that empowers a framework to see the utilities and customers and smart grids won't lessen subsidize
whether a framework isn't working accurately and, without development, obviously; therefore contributed intensely to set up
human intercession, make vital acclimations to reestablish the a connection between the customer and the smart grid required.
framework is self dependent else to ordinariness. Self-healing as Energy effectiveness would be the second need so as to spare the
a rule alludes to reconfigure, load, and controlling the expenses regarding customer.
generators' output powers. Self-healing activities are a multi- Theft Control:- This isn't an issue in created nations, for example,
objective, nonlinear streamlining issue with various imperatives. USA, yet in creating nations like India, where individuals a look
Propelled calculations should be created utilizing man-made at the grid and higher neediness rate, the power theft is very
brainpower procedures and multi-operator frameworks to take normal. With the advancement of smart grid power theft can be
care of these issues. Rebuilding issues are quite refined in keen controlled to a more noteworthy degree, thereby improving the
grids because of the difficulties, for example, bidirectional proficiency of our dissemination framework. So Grids to make
power flow, work associated topologies, and restricted limits of higher quality and solid power supply, and it will be less power
distributed energy resources (DERs). blackouts.
 VIII. Rectifying Faults
Now to get different types of transmission fault we need to
select the different types of fault you need to rectify and check
which can be done by the window below.
In this window you can select Line to Line Fault, Line to
Ground Fault, 2 line fault, 3 line fault, 2 line to ground fault,
Line Fault, 3 line to ground fault etc.
This Block parameter (3 phase fault) is used to get the
waveforms of different types
found by limiting objective capacity, which is the capacity of the
contrast between the enrolled and mimicked process
Unsymmetrical Faults
The frequency of occurrence of the single line to ground fault is
more in the three phase system followed by the L-L fault and
three phase fault.
Smart Grid development in a quick pace due to the wide
enthusiasm of politics and utilities in reducing the unfriendly
effect that happens the energy utilization on the earth. Since the
most extreme generation today in greenhouse gas emissions,
smart grids lessens the results of air pollution and plays a
significant role in the fight against global climate change issue.

IX. Key defining functions

a. Maximize the Active Participation of Customers
b. Accommodation of All Generated and Storage Options
c. Enable New Products, Services, and Markets
d. Gives Power Quality for the Digital Economy
e. Optimize Asset and its Utilization
f. Await and React to System Disturbances
g. Operate flexibily Against Attacks and Natural Disasters.
h. Operate Efficiently

X. Simulations
a. Line to Ground Fault

fig. Block Parameters

Line to ground fault is the most widely recognized occasion in
the conveyance connect with protected or repaid impartial.
About 79% of ground fault are transitory and have negative
effect on the state of the electrical hardware protection. That is
the reason the assessment of the procedures, occurring in the
electric power organize if there should be an occurrence of
transitory ground fault, is vital for the system state assessment
and control activity making. In the event of perpetual fault it is
vital distinguish the faulted line quick and dependably and to
clear the ground fault to avert other faults Fig a. Line to ground fault.
Particularly, it must be done rapidly in link lines. Fault place
area allows the support administrations of the power dispersion b. Double Line to Ground Fault.
system to kill proficiently the happened earth fault and/or to
counteract conceivable faults, which may happen for certain
reasons (the sparkle, touch of the tree limbs, and so on.). Surely
understood techniques permit the ID of a perpetual one stage to
ground faults, yet transient self-vanishing fault identification is
as yet an unsolved issue
The strategy depends on the enlistments of the fault started zero
arrangement voltage and current homeless people. The
enlistment is gotten utilizing quick transient procedures
enrollment framework. The better exactness and speed of the
fault area are accomplished by utilizing littler than 100 ns
discretization step and little examination window which is no
longer than 100 ns
For the arrangement of the procedures ID errands as indicated
by transient procedures investigation, it is important to have an
exact numerical model of electrical system assessing asymmetry Fig b.Double Line to ground fault.
of line parameters, parameters of lumped capacitances in hubs,
number of lines associated with transport bars and line
parameters reliance on recurrence.

The spot of earth fault and model component parameters, for

example the reproduced voltage and current transient attributes
in a model just as the feeder's wave parameters and hub limit are

XI. Flowcharts
XIII. Wide area measurement and control Technology
For huge scale, distributed wide area circulation systems, it is
expected to set up a Synchronization data dependent on wide-
area assurance and control theory and innovation to Coordinate
the mix of system parts insurance, provincial enhancing control,
preventive and restorative control, crisis recuperation control
with multi-line of protection of self-healing power grid control
system. The key innovation of acknowledging self-healing
control of appropriation organize depends on wide area
measurement and data trade, which is the arrangement that
worldwide and neighborhood parts can be decentralized and
unified with coordination of capacity and speed, for
accomplishing coordination of wide-area control and the
dissemination assurance control.
A wide area measurement system (WAMS) comprises of cutting
edge measurement innovation, data tools, and operational
framework that encourage the understanding and the board of
the inexorably mind boggling conduct shown by substantial
power systems. In its present structure, a WAMS might be
utilized as a stand- alone foundation that supplements the grid's
regular supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
system. As a correlative system, a WAMS is explicitly intended
to upgrade the operator's genuine - time "situational
mindfulness" that is vital for sheltered and solid grid task
XIV. Conclusion
This paper presented the protection solutions for a smart grid. In
particular, self-healing has been employed for electrical power
networks. The electrical power networks were modeled using the
MATLAB Software . Different protections such as have been
applied for various types of faults Line-Line Fault, Line Fault,
Line-Ground Fault. The proposed protection solutions are
validated through MATLAB.We also mentioned the challenges
faced by smart grid in India and its application and uses
Grid self-healing control system is a solution of large
engineering problems, resulting in many new optimal solutions
which is a hot topic for deep research and need gradual impleme -
ntation and development. With the nonstop progress of
Technological in good condition, the idea and the system of the
grid self-healing control will keep on being clear and practical,
research will keep on achieving vital results, the power system
will gradually wind up sheltered, strong and reliable activity of
critical foundation in the Social system.
References
a. Shiwei Xia and team"A framework for self healing smart grid
with incorporation of multi agents"
b. Mohamed and Team "Smart Grid self healing function,
application & Development"
c. Massoud Amin "The case for smart grid"
d. Kaveh, Christopher Colson, Hashem Nehir "Smart Grid based
self healing"
e. Rotterdam "Self healing grid for reliable power supply"
f. Ayaz Ahmad and Naveed Ul Hassan, “Smart Grid as a Solution
for Renewable and Efficient Energy”, April 2016
g. Damir
. Novosel, M. Begovic, and V. Madan. Shedding light on
blackouts., Jan. 2004.
h. Jiapeng Zhang, Yingfei Dong, “Power-Aware Communication
Management for Reliable Remote Relay Protection in Smart
Grid” 2016
i. Nithiyananthan K., Ramachandran.V. (2004), ‘RMI based
distributed database model for multi area power system load
flow monitoring'.
j. M. Amin and B. F.Wollenberg, ―Toward a smart
grid power delivery for the 21st century
k. Zhao Hongwei, Wu Taotao, ―Review of distributed
generation based micro-grid technology
l. R. Belkacemi and A. Feliachi, ―An immune system
approach for power system automation and self healing
m. Xcel Energy smart grid—A white paper, 2017
n. Oleg O. Vasilenko “Multiagent-Based Distribution
Automation Solution for Self-Healing Grids”
o. X. Mamo, S. Mallet, T. Coste, and S. Grenard, “Distribution
automation: the cornerstone forSmart Grid development strategy.
p. M. H. -J. Bollen, Y. Yang, and F. Hassan, “Integration of
distributed generation in the power system—A power quality
approach