Lecture 2 Feedback Amplifier

• Introduction of Two-Port Network

• Negative Feedback (Uni-lateral Case)
• Feedback Topology
• Analysis of feedback applications
– Close-Loop Gain
– Input/Output resistances

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 1

Two-Port Network (z-parameters)
(Open-Circuit Impedance)
I 1 I 2 V1   z11 z12   I1 
V    z z 22   I 2 
+ +  2   21
z 11
z22

V 1 V 2 V1  z11 I1  z12 I 2
zI + + z21I1
 
12 2

  V2  z 21I1  z 22 I 2

At port 1 At port 2

Open-circuit V Open-circuit forward z  V2

z11  1 21
I1 I 2  0
input impedance I1 I 2  0 transimpedance

V2
Open-circuit reverse z  V1 Open-circuit z 22 
transimpedance
12
I 2 I1  0 output impedance I 2 I1  0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 2

Two-Port Network (y-parameters)
(Short-Circuit Admittance)
I 1 I 2  I1   y11 y12  V1 
I    y y22  V2 
+ +  2   21
1/y11 1/y 22

V 1 V 2
I1  y11V1  y12V2
y V
12 2 yV21 1

  I 2  y21V1  y22V2

At port 1 At port 2

Short-circuit I Short-circuit forward y  I 2

y11  1 21
V1 V2  0
input admittance V1 V2  0 transadmittance

I2
Short-circuit reverse y  I1 Short-circuit y22 
transadmittance
12
V2 V1  0 output admittance V2 V1  0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 3

Two-Port Network (h-parameters)
(hybrid)
I1 I2 V1   h11 h12   I1 
 I   h h  V 
+ +   
2 21 22  2 
h11 1/h22
V1 V2 V1  h11 I1  h12V2
h12V2 + h21I1
   I 2  h21I1  h22V2

At port 1 At port 2

Short-circuit V Short-circuit forward h  I 2

h11  1 21
I1 V2  0
input impedance I1 V2  0 current gain

I2
Open-circuit reverse h  V1 Open-circuit h22 
voltage gain
12
V2 I1  0 output admittance V2 I1  0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 4

Two-Port Network (g-parameters)
(inverse-hybrid)
I1 I2  I1   g11 g12  V1 
+ + V    g g 22   I 2 
1/g11 g22  2   21
V1 V2 I1  g11V1  g12 I 2
g12I2 + g21V1
  
V2  g 21V1  g 22 I 2

At port 1 At port 2

Open-circuit I Open-circuit forward g  V2

g11  1 21
V1 I 2  0
input admittance V1 I 2  0 current gain

V2
Short-circuit reverse g  I1 Short-circuit g 22 
current gain
12
I 2 V1  0 output impedance I 2 V1  0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 5

 z-parameter example
I1 I2 I1 I2 I1 12 3 I2
+ + + 12 + + +
V 1 6 V 2 V1 V2 V1 6 V2
   3   
Z11  6 Z 22  6 Z11  12 Z 22  3 Z11  18 Z 22  9
V1 V1 V1 6I
Z12   6 Z12   0 Z12   2  6
I 2 I1  0 I 2 I1  0 I 2 I1  0 I 2
V2 V2 V2 6I
Z 21   6 Z 21   0 Z 21   1  6
I1 I 2  0 I1 I 2  0 I1 I 2  0 I1

 Z   
6 6
 Z   
12 0
 Z   
18 6
  
6 6   0 3  6 9
Note: (1) z-matrix in the last circuit = sum of two former z-matrices
(2) z-parameters is normally used in analysis of series-series circuits
(3) Z12 = Z21 (reciprocal circuit)
(4) Z12 = Z21 and Z11 = Z22 (symmetrical and reciprocal circuit)
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 6
 y-parameter example
I 1 0.05S I 2 I 1 0.1S 0.2S I
2

+ + + +
V 1 V2 V 1 V
2

   0.025S 
1
 1 1 
y11  0.05S y22  0.05S y11      0.0692S
 0.1 0.2  0.025 
I1  0.05V2 1
y12    0.05S  1 1 
V2 V1  0 V2 y22      0.0769S
 0.2 0.1  0.025 
I2  0.05V1 I1
y21    0.05S y12 
V1 V2  0 V1 V2 V1  0
0.05  0.05 But I 2  y22V2  0.0769V2
 y      I1 I 2  I 1
 0.05 0.05  
0.1 0.025
 I1  0.8I 2  0.0615V2
y12  0.0615S
By reciprocal, y21  y12  0.0615S
0.0692  0.0615
 y    
 0.0615 0.0769 
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 7
 y-parameter example (Cont’)
y11  0.05  0.692  0.1192 0.05S
y22  0.05  0.769  0.1269
I1
I1 0.1S 0.2S I2
y21  y12 
V2 V1  0 + +
I 2  y22V2  0.1269V2 V1 V2
0.05  0.025S 
I 0.05 S  I 2  0.05V2
0.1269
I 0.2 S  I 2  I 0.05 S  0.0769V2
Note: the y-matrix is equal to
0.1 the sum of two former ones.
I 0.1S  0.0769V2  0.0615V2
0.1  0.025 Therefore, y-parameters is
I1  0.0615V2  0.05V2  0.1115V2 normally used in analysis of
 y12  0.1115  y21 shunt-shunt circuits
0.1192  0.1115 
Y    
What connection should be for h-
 0.1115 0.1269  or g- parameters?

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 8

 General Feedback Structure
Vs + V V A : Open Loop Gain
Source  A Load
- A = Vo / V

Vf  : feedback factor
  = Vf / V o

Vo A 1 T
V  Vs  V f Close loop gain : ACL    ( )
Vs 1  A  1  T
V f   Vo Loop Gain : T  A  
V  VS   Vo Amount of feedback : 1  A  
1
Vo  A  V Note : ACL 
A 


Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 9

 Negative Feedback Properties
• Negative feedback takes a sample of the output signal and applies
it to the input to get several desirable properties. In amplifiers,
negative feedback can be applied to get the following properties
– Desensitized gain : gain less sensitive to circuit component
variations
– Reduce nonlinear distortion : output proportional to input
(constant gain independent of signal level)
– Reduce effect of noise
– Control input and output impedances by applying appropriate
feedback topologies
– Extend bandwidth of amplifier
• All of these properties can be achieved by trading off gain

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 10

 Gain De-sensitivity
• Feedback can be used to desensitize the closed-loop gain to variations in the
basic amplifiler.
• Assume  is constant. Take differentials of the closed loop gain equation give
s,
A dACL 1 dA
ACL  Differential respected with A  or dACL 
1  A dA (1  A ) 2 (1  A ) 2

• Divided by Av, the close loop gain sensitivity is equal to,

dACL dA (1  A ) 1 dA
 
ACL (1  A ) 2 A 1  A A

• This result shows the effects of variations in A on ACL is mitigated by the feed
back amount.
• (1+A) is also called the desensitivity amount.
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 11
 Basic Feedback Topologies
Depending on the input signal (voltage or current) to be amplified
and form of the output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be
classified into four categories. Depending on the amplifier
category, one of four types of feedback structures should be used.

(Type of Feedback) (Type of Sensing)

(1) Series (Voltage) Shunt (Voltage)
(2) Series (Voltage) Series (Current)
(3) Shunt (Current) Shunt (Voltage)
(4) Shunt (Current) Series (Current)

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 12

 Feedback Structure (Series-Shunt)
Basic amplifier
Voltage Gain Calculation:
Ii + ro +
+ Vo  A V
V ri  AV Vo
  V f    Vo
+ Vo
Vi  Vi  V  V f     Vo
A
(Close Loop Voltage Gain)
+
 Vf=Vo V
 ACL  o  (
1 T
)
Vi  1  T
where T  A
Feedback network
And, we get
 Voltage amplifier voltage-controlled
voltage source V A
Vo  i
 Requires high input impedance, low 1 A  
output impedance Vi  V (1  A   )
 Voltage-voltage feedback
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 13
 Input/Output Resistance (Series-
Shunt)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
Vi (Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
Rin  Vo
Ii Rout |Vi 0  ro Io
Io
Vi  (1  T ) V
Vo  A  V + AV +
V Vi Io    Vo
Ii    ro
ri (1  T )  ri
V    Vo  Vi  0
Vi
Rin   (1  T )  ri V     Vo
Ii
Vo  A    Vo
Io 
ro
Vo ro r
 Rout    o
Io 1 A   1  T

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 14

 h-parameter Modeling
I1
zs + Only uni-lateral case
h11a
1/h22a 1/yL will be considered :
h12aV2 + h21aI1
V 1
  V 2 (1) NO reverse depend
ent signal found in
+ the amplifier netwo
 rk. |h12a| = 0
h11f h21f I1 (2) NO reverse depend
1/h22f ent signal found in
h12f V2 +
 the feedback netwo
rk. |h21f| = 0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 15

 I1
zs
h11a
1/h22a 1/yL
1/h22f
V 2 Uni-lateral
h21aI1
V 1

+ From Input port : V1  (h11a  h11 f  Z s ) I1  h12 f V2

 From output port : (h22 a  h22 f  YL )V2  h21a I1  0
h11f
h21a I1
Put V2   back to first equation,
h12f V2 +
 (h22 a  h22 f  YL )
For h12 f  0, the Open Loop Gain,
V2  h21a  h21a
A  
V1 (h11a  h11 f  Z s )(h22a  h22 f  YL ) zi yo
where zi  h11a  h11 f  Z s and yo  h22a  h22 f  YL
With the feedback f  h12 f , the Closed Loop Gain is
 h21a
A z i yo  h21a
ACL   
1  A  h21a  h12 f zi yo  h21a  h12 f
1
zi yo
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 16
 Series-Shunt Example
Given : A  105 , R1  1k, R2  9k, r  10M and ro  40

Vi +
V Vo Amplifier
 Vi +
Vf V r r Vo
+
R  AV
2


R1

Vf Vo
R1 R2
It is observed that:
(1) Series connection in input ports Feedback
(2) Shunt connection in output ports
 Series-Shunt connection Equivalent circuit
h-parameter should be used.
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 17
 h-parameter analysis
I1
V1 V2 h11 f  V1  R1 // R2 
R1 R2
 0 .9
R2 I1 V2  0 R1  R2
R1 h12 f   
V1

I 2 R1

R1
 0.1
V2 I1  0 I 2 ( R1  R2 ) R1  R2
I2 I2 1 1
h22 f    
V2 I1  0 I 2 ( R1  R2 ) R1  R2 10k

h 11f
1
h 22f

h V +

12f 2

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 18

Firstly, set h12 f  0 for open loop circuit and
I1 r
from the input port, +
+ +
 r  r V
V  V1 
r h  1
 ~V

+
 1/h22f V 2
  11 f  AV
from output port, V 1
h11f


V2  AV
 h22 f  V2  0
ro
h12f V2 +
1  
by putting V1  Vε and h22 f  , we get
R1  R2
1 1  AV1
  V2 
 ro R1  R2  ro
Therefore, the open loop voltage gain is The input impedance,
V2 A( R1  R2 ) R in  (1  AOP  )(h11 f  r )  
A OP   ~ A  105
V1 r0  R1  R2
The output impedance,
And the close loop voltage gain,
ro //(1 / h22 f )
AOP 105 R out  0
A CL   ~ 10 1  AOP 
1  AOP  1  (10 )(0.1)
5

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 19

 Feedback Structure (Series-Series)
Basic amplifier Gain Calculation :
Ii I
I o  A  V
+ AV
V f    Io
V ri
Vi  ro Io
Vi  V  V f     Io
+ V A
 (Close Loop Transadmittance Gain)
I 1 T
Vf=Io +  ACL  o  ( )
Vi  1  T

where T  A
And, we get
Feedback network V A
Io  i
1 A 
Vi  V (1  A   )

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 20

 Input/Output Resistance (Series-
Series)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
Vi
Rin  Vo
Ii Rout |Vi 0 
Io
(1  T ) V
 from input port,
Ii
V  V f     I o
 (1  T )  ri
from output port,
Vo V
I o  AV   T  I o  o
ro ro
Vo
 Rout   (1  T )ro
Io

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 21

 Series-Series Example
+VCC B C
+ +
R1 RC r r
vo E
vs vs vo
R1//R2 RC
RE
R2 RE  
Feedback network

CE amplifier with an un-bypassed emitter ac small signal equivalent circuit

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 22

 Feedback Network with z-parameter
I1 I2
ii

+ i
V1 RE V2 o

r v
 

+  r o +
 vs gv 

z
11f v o
v1
z11 f 
i1 i2  0
 RE
z 
z i +
22f


12f o
v1
  Z12 f   RE
i2 i1  0
Reduce equivalent circuit
v
Z 22 f  2  RE
i2 i1  0

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 23

 Close loop analysis
 r 
v   vs and io  gv
r Z 
  11 f 
io rg
Then open loop transadmittance gain is Aop   
vs r  RE
Therefore,
r g
Aop r  RE r g
The close loop transadmittance gain is ACL    
1  Aop  1  r gRE r  RE  r gRE
r  RE
Input impedance is :
 r gR 
R in  (r  z11 f )(1  AOL  )  (r  RE )1   E 
 (r  RE ) 
 (r  RE )  gr RE
Output impedance is :
R out  [( z 22 f )(1  AOL  )]
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 24
 Final Rin and Rout
i i

+ io

r v
 

+  r +
gv
o
 
vs z 11f v o
R1//R2 RC
z 
z i +
22f
12f o

R'in Rin Rout R'out

R'in  R in // R1 // R2 R'out  R out // RC

 [(r  RE )  gr RE ] // R1 // R2  [( z 22 f )(1  AOP  )] // RC

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 25

 Feedback Structure (Shunt-Shunt)
Basic amplifier Gain Calculation :
Vo  A  I   A( I i  I f )
+ I ro + I f    Vo
Ii + Vo
Vi ri  AI A( I i   Vo )  Vo
  AI i  (1  T )Vo
(Close Loop Transimpedance Gain)
V 1 T
 ACL  o  ( )
Ii  1  T
If= Vo
where T  A
And, we get
Feedback network I A
Vo  i
1 A 
I i  I  (1  A   )
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 26
 Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-
Shunt)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
V
Rin  i Vo
Ii Rout |Vi 0 
Io
I   ri
 from input port,
I  (1  T )
ri I    I f    Vo

(1  T ) from output port,
Vo  AI  Vo  TVo
Io  
ro ro
Vo ro
 Rout  
I o (1  T )

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 27

 Shunt-Shunt Example
Vcc
Rs
+
RC V  r
gV
RF Vs +  Rc RL Vo

RS C2

C1 RL
vS +
RF


CE amplifier ac small signal equivalent circuit

Shunt-Shunt connection found!  y-parameter

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 28

 I1 I2

I1  y11V1  y12V2 V1 RF V2
I 2  y21V1  y22V2
Feedback Network
I1 1
y11  
V1 V2  0 RF
I I 1 I1 I2
y12  1  2 
V2 V1  0 V 2 RF 1/RFVo
RF
I2 1 V1 RF
y22  
V2 V1  0 RF

y-parameter modeling

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 29

 From input port, +
gV Vo
V  I S ( RF // r ) RF V
V Is r RF RC//RL
 IS 
( RF // r ) 
And from output port,
Vo 1/RF¡ EVo
 gV  0
RF // RC // RL ri
Rin 
Vo   gV ( RF // RC // RL ) (1  AOP  )
Vo ( RF // r )
Open loop tranimpedance gain : 
IS (1  AOP  )
AOP   gV ( RF // RC // RL )( RF // r ) ro
Rout 
1 (1  AOP  )
With feedback factor    ,
RF ( RF // RC // RL )

the close loop transimpedance gain : (1  AOP  )
AOP Vo Vo
ACL  Voltage Gain : 
1  AOP  Vs I s ( Rs  Rin )
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 30
 Feedback Structure (Shunt-Series)
Basic amplifier Gain Calculation :
I I o  A  I   A( I i  I f )
+ I I f    Io
Ii V i ri AI ro A( I i   I o )  I o
 AI i  (1  T ) I o
(Close Loop Current Gain)
I 1 T
 ACL  o  ( )
Ii  1  T
If= Io where T  A
And, we get
Feedback network I A
Io  i
1 A 
I i  I  (1  A   )
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 31
 Input/Output Resistance (Shunt-
Series)
Input Resistance: Output Resistance
(Closed loop output resistance with zero input voltage)
V I r
Rin  i   i Vo
Ii Ii Rout |Vi 0 
Ii Io
 ri from input port,
(1  T )
 I    I f   I o
Ii
ri from output port, I o  Vo / ro  AI 

(1  T ) Vo  ( I o  AI  )ro
Vo  ( I o  T  I o )ro
Vo
 Rout   (1  T )ro
Io

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 32

 Summary
Feedback Close loop Input Output Parameter
Structure gain impedance impedance used

Series-
) Rin  (1  T )  ri R  ro
Vo 1 T h-parameter
 (
Shunt Vi  1  T out
1 T
Series- Io 1 T
 ( ) Rin  (1  T )  ri Rout  (1  T )  ro z-parameter
Series Vi  1  T

Shunt- Vo 1 T ri ro
 ( ) Rin  y-parameter
Shun Ii  1  T Rout 
1 T 1 T
Shunt- Io 1 T
 ( ri
Ii  1  T
) Rin  Rout  (1  T )  ro g-parameter
Series 1 T
Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 33
 Supplementary
+VCC
R1  100
RC  1k
R1 RC vo
vs RE  2k
  200
RE
r  10k

Find the input and output resistance from

- Two port network, and
- Circuit theory

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 34

 Circuit Theory
vs
Rin  R1 // R where R 
ib ib
vs  v E v vs  ib vo
but ib  and E  ib (   1)
r RE r
 vs  ib r  vE  ib [r  (   1) RE ] vE RC
R1
Rin  R1 //[ r  (   1) RE ] ~ 100
RE
To find Rout , vs  0  ib  0
 Rout  RC  1k

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 35

 Two Port Network
ib
v1 vs  ib vo
z11 f   RE
i1 i2  0 r
v1
Z12 f   RE
i2 i1  0 RE
v2
Z 22 f   RE
i2 i1  0

RE RE
RE 
+
 RE i2

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 36

 The Open Loop Transadmittance Gain is found by setting feedback signal  0
vs  ib (r  RE )
io  ib
io  ib  ib
AOL   
vs ib (r  RE ) (r  RE ) vs vo
   r
Rin  ( r  RE ) 1  RE 
 ( r  RE ) 
 ib
   R1 RC
Rout  RE 1  RE  RE
 (r  RE )  RE
+
 RE i o
Rin  Rin // R1 ~ R1  100
  Rout // RC ~ RC  1k
Rout
R'in Rin Rout R'out

Ref:080130HKN EE3110 Feedback Amplifiers 37