CHAPTER 8

Two Port Network

TWO-PORT NETWORK- DEFINITION
A port : an access to a network and consists of two terminals

One-port network
I
+ Linear
V I network
−

- One pair of terminal

- Current entering the port = current leaving the port

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TWO-PORT NETWORK- DEFINITION
Two-port network
I1 I
Input port + Linear 2 + Output port
V1 network V2
− I I −
1

- Two pairs of terminal : two-port 2

- Current entering a port = current leaving a port

- V1,V2, I1 and I2 are related using two-port network parameters
- In SEE 1023 we will study on four sets of these parameters
Impedance parameters Admittance parameters
Hybrid parameters Transmission parameters 3
TWO-PORT NETWORK
- Typically found in communications, control systems, electronics
- used in modeling, designing and analysis

- Know how to model two-port network will help in the

analysis of larger network
- two-port network treated as ‘black box’

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TWO PORT PARAMETERS

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IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z PARAMETERS)
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2
V2 = z 21I1 + z 22I2

 V1   z11 z12  I1 

 V  = z z  I 
 2   21 22   2 

Parameters can be determined by calculations or measurement

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 IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z PARAMETERS)
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2
V2 = z 21I1 + z 22I2

z11 and z21

Output port : open
I2 = 0
I1 I2
Input port : Apply voltage source
+
V1
V1 V1 = z11I1 z11 =
V2 I1 I
2 =0

−
V2
V2 = z 21I1 z 21 =
I1 I2 =0

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 IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z PARAMETERS)
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2
V2 = z 21I1 + z 22I2

z12 and z22

Input port : opened
I1 = 0
I1=0 I
Output port : Apply voltage source
+ 2
V1
V1 = z12I2 z12 =
V1 V2 I2 I =0
1
V1
V2
V2 = z 22I2 z 22 =
− I2 I1 =0

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IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z PARAMETERS)
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2
V2 = z 21I1 + z 22I2

Equivalent circuit based on these equations:

I1 I2
z11 z 22
+ I2 z12 + + +
I1z 21
− −
V1 V1

− −
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IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z PARAMETERS)
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2
V2 = z 21I1 + z 22I2

Linear network with NO dependent sources: RECIPROCAL

• Voltage source and ideal ammeter connected to the ports
are interchangeable

I I
V Reciprocal A A Reciprocal
network network V

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IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z PARAMETERS)
V1 = z 11I1 + z 12 I2
V 2 = z 21I1 + z 22 I 2

Linear network with NO dependent sources: RECIPROCAL

• Voltage source and ideal ammeter connected to the ports are

interchangeable
• z12 = z21
• Can be replaced with T-equivalent circuit:

+ Z11-z12 Z22-z12 +
V1 Z12 V2
− −
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IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z PARAMETERS)
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2
V2 = z 21I1 + z 22I2

Linear network with NO dependent sources: RECIPROCAL

Network with mirror-like symmetry: SYMMETRICAL

z11 = z22
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IMPEDANCE PARAMETERS (Z PARAMETERS)
V1 = z11I1 + z12I2
V2 = z 21I1 + z 22I2

Linear network with NO dependent sources: RECIPROCAL

Network with mirror-like symmetry: SYMMETRICAL

If the two-port network is reciprocal and symmetrical, only 2

parameters need to be determined

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ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y PARAMETERS)
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y 21V1 + y 22 V2

I1   y11 y12   V1 

I  =  y y  V 
 2   21 22   2 

Parameters can be determined by calculations or measurement

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ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y PARAMETERS)
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y 21V1 + y 22 V2

y11 and y21

Output port : shorted
V2 = 0
I1 I
Input port : Apply current source
+ 2+
I1
I1 = y11V1 y11 =
V1 V2 =0
V1 V2 = 0
I2
I2 = y 21V1 y 21 =
− − V1 V2 =0

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ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y PARAMETERS)
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y 21V1 + y 22 V2

y12 and y22

Input port : shorted
V1 = 0
I1 I
Output port : Apply current source
+ 2+
I1
I1 = y12 V2 y12 =
V2 V1 =0
V1=0 V2
I2
I2 = y 22 V2 y 22 =
− − V2 V1 =0

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ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y PARAMETERS)
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y 21V1 + y 22 V2

Equivalent circuit based on these equations:

I1 I2
y12 V2 y 21V1
+ +
y11 y 22

V1 V2

− −
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ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y PARAMETERS)
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y 21V1 + y 22 V2

Linear network with NO dependent sources: RECIPROCAL

• Current source and ideal voltmeter connected to
the ports are interchangeable
• y12 = y21
• Can be replaced with π-equivalent circuit:
-y12
+ +
V1 y11+ y12 y22+ y12 V2
− −
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ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y PARAMETERS)
I1 = y11V1 + y12 V2
I2 = y 21V1 + y 22 V2

Network with mirror-like symmetry: SYMMETRICAL :

y11 = y22

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HYBRID PARAMETERS (H PARAMETERS)
V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22 V2

 V1  h11 h12   I1 
 I  = h h  V 
 2   21 22   2 

Some two port network cannot be expressed in terms z or

y parameters but can be expressed in terms of h
parameters
Parameters can be determined by calculations or measurement

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HYBRID PARAMETERS (H PARAMETERS)
V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22 V2

h11 and h21

Output port : shorted
V2 = 0
I1 I
Input port : Apply current source
2
+ +
V1
V1 = h11I1 h11 = (Ω)
I1 V2 =0
V1 V2 = 0
I2
− − I2 = h21I1 h21 =
I1 V2 =0

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HYBRID PARAMETERS (H PARAMETERS)
V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22 V2

h12 and h22

Input port : opened
I1 = 0
I1=0 I
Output port : Apply voltage source
2
+
V1
V1 = h12 V2 h12 =
V2 V2 I1 =0
V1
I2
− I2 = h22 V2 h22 = (S)
V2 I1 =0

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HYBRID PARAMETERS (H PARAMETERS)
V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22 V2

Equivalent circuit based on these equations:

I1 h11 I2
+ +
+ h22
V1 h11V2 − h21I1 V2

− −
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HYBRID PARAMETERS (H PARAMETERS)
V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22 V2

Linear network with NO dependent sources: RECIPROCAL

• Current source and ideal voltmeter connected to
the ports are interchangeable
• h12 = -h21

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HYBRID PARAMETERS (H PARAMETERS)
V1 = h11I1 + h12 V2
I2 = h21I1 + h22 V2

Network with mirror-like symmetry: SYMMETRICAL :

h11h22 – h12h21 = 1

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TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS (T PARAMETERS)
V1 = AV 2 − BI 2
I1 = CV2 − DI 2

 V1   A B   V2 
I  =   − I 
 1  C D  2 

Used to express the sending end voltage an current in terms of

receiving end voltage and current
I1 -I2
sending end + Linear +
receiving end
V1 network V2
− I I2 −
1
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TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS (H PARAMETERS)
V1 = AV2 − BI2
I1 = CV2 − DI2

Output port : opened I2 = 0

V1 I1
V1 = AV2 A= I1 = CV2 C=
V2 I2 =0
V2 I2 =0

Output port : shorted V2 = 0

V1 I1
V1 = −BI2 B=− I1 = −DI2 D=−
I2 V2 =0
I2 V2 =0

For RECIPROCAL network, AD – BC = 1

For SYMMETRICAL network, A = D 27
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARAMETERS
If a two-port network can be presented by different set of parameters,
then there exists relationships between parameters.
e.g. relationships between z and y parameters:
 V1   z11 z12  I1 
 V  = z  
 2   21 z 22  I2 

−1
I1   z11 z12   V1 
I  = z   
 2   21 z 22   V2 

We know that I1   y11 y12   V1 

I  =  y  
 2   21 y 22   V2 
−1
 y11 y12   z11 z12 
y  = 
Therefore  21 y 22  z 21 z 22 
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RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARAMETERS

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