EXPERIMENT NO.

- 01

TITLE: Study of various system faults using a DC analyzer.

OBJECTIVE: To simulate the following system in a DC network analyzer and
calculate the fault current in different parts of the system for i) 3-phase fault ii) S.L.G
fault iii) L.L fault iv) D.L.G fault.
APPARATUS LIST:
SI ITEM QT RANGE / RATING MAKER’ MAKER’
No. Y S NAME S NO
1. Network 2 0 - 25 - 50 V - -
Analyzer
Board
2. DC Multi- 1 i) Used as DC -
meter voltmeter -
(true RMS) 0 - 75 V

System Diagram:
11KV 6.6KV

132KV
Line

Tr - 1 Tr - 2

Hydel Power Station

Thermal Power Stattion Syn. Motor

Turbo alternator: 50MVA, 11KV each Step-up Transformer: 11/132KV,
100MVA
Positive sequence reactance = 5% Step-down Transformer: 132/11KV,
Negative sequence reactance = 2.5% 100MVA
Zero sequence reactance = 2% Leakage Reactance = 10%
Water wheel generator 20MVA, 6.6KV (for both transformers)
Positive sequence reactance = 4% 132KV line length = 66Km
Negative sequence reactance =1% Positive sequence reactance =
0.132ohm/KV
Neutral reactance = 0.073 ohm Negative sequence reactance =
0.132ohm/KV
Synchronous Motor: 10MVA, 6.6KV Zero sequence reactance = 1%
Positive sequence reactance = 5%
Positive sequence reactance = 2%
Zero sequence reactance = 1%

PROCEDURE:
1. Convert all the data to per unit quantities choosing 100MVA base.
2. Draw sequence box connections for above faults, and check it with the help
of teacher-in-charge.
3. Simulate the network with proper interconnection on the analyzer, taking a
scale factor of
1 p.u volt = 10 volts
1 p.u Ohm = 1 KΩ Determine the scale factor for current.
4. Note the current value in p.u. in all parts of the system.
Single line diagram and their equivalent 𝑍𝑝.𝑢

G1

G3

G2 Tr - 1 Tr - 2

M
 The formulas used in the below calculations are:
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ∗ ( 2 ) = 𝑍𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ∗
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐾𝑉 2
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑛𝑒𝑤
𝑍𝑝.𝑢.𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢.𝑜𝑙𝑑 *( ) = 𝑍𝑝.𝑢.𝑜𝑙𝑑 ∗ ( )
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑙𝑑 (𝑀𝑉𝐴)𝑜𝑙𝑑

Base MVA = 100

Turbo Alternators (G1, G2): Base voltage = 11KV
+VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.05 x (100/50) = 0.1
-VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.025 x (100/50) = 0.05
ZERO SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.02 x (100/50) = 0.04
Transmission Line: Base voltage = 132KV
+VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = (0.132 x 66) x (100/1322) = 0.05
-VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = (0.132 x 66) x (100/1322) = 0.05
ZERO SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = (0.264 x 66) x (100/1322) = 0.1
Water wheel Generator (G3): Base voltage = 6.6KV
+VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.04 x (100/20) = 0.2
-VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.02 x (100/20) = 0.1
ZERO SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.01 x (100/20) = 0.05
Neutral grounding: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = (3 x 0.073) x (100/6.62) = 0.5
Synchronous Motor(M): Base Voltage = 6.6KV
+VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.05*(100/10) = 0.5
-VE SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.02*(100/10) = 0.2
ZERO SEQUENCE: 𝑍𝑝.𝑢 = 0.01*(100/10) = 0.1
Transformer (T1 & T2):
+VE SEQUENCE, -VE SEQUENCE and ZERO SEQUENCE p.u. reactance: 0.1
3 Phase (3-ø) Fault
Va  Vb  Vc  ( I a  I b  I c )Z f

I f  I a  I b  I c  E a (Z 1  Z f )

+ve sequence

1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 1 0V

1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0
F
I LF I RF

IF

OBSERVATION TABLE: -
Observation Table 1. 3 Phase (3-ø) Fault
Current (mA)
Sl Fault Resistanc Voltage %
No. Point e (Ω) (V) Theoretic Measure Error
al d
1 F1 50 50.00
2 F1 100 41.18
Total IF 91.18
I f  I L  I R  91. 18mA
1. Single Line to Ground (SLG) Fault

Va  Z f I a , Ib  Ic  0

I 1a  I a2  I a0  E a (Z 1  Z 2  Z 0  3Z f )

I f  I a  3I 1a

+ve sequence

1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0
F1
I L F1 I R F1
I F1

-ve sequence

5 0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0V

1 0 0 5 0 F2 1 0 0

I LF2 I RF2
IF2

zero sequence 5 0 0

4 0 4 0 1 0 0
5 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 F0 1 0 0

I LF0 I RF0
I F0
OBSERVATION TABLE: -
Observation Table 2. Single Line to Ground (SLG) Fault
Current (mA)
Sl Fault Resistanc Voltage %
No. Point e (Ω) (V) Theoretic Measure Error
al d
1 F1 50 15.76
2 F1 100 12.98
Total IF1 28.74
3 F2 50 14.02
4 F2 100 14.72
Total IF2 28.74
5 F0 100 21.98
6 F0 100 06.76
Total IF0 28.74

I f  3I 1F  8 6 . 2 2mA
2. Line to Line (LL) Fault

Vb  Vc  I b Z f , Ib  Ic  0 , Ia  0

I a0  0 , I 1a   I a2  E a (Z 1  Z 2  Z f )

I f  I b   I c  (a 2  a) I 1a   j 3I 1a

+ve sequence

100 100 200 500

100 50 100

F1
I L F1 I RF1
I F1

10V

-ve sequence

50 50 100 200

100 50 F2 100

I LF2 I RF 2
IF2
OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Observation Table 3. Line to Line (LL) Fault

Current (mA)
Sl Fault Resistanc Voltage %
No. Point e (Ω) (V) Theoretic Measure Error
al d
1 F1 50 28.12
2 F1 100 23.15
Total IF1 51.27
3 F2 50 -25.01
4 F2 100 -26.26
Total IF2 -51.27

If  3I 1F  8 8 . 8 0m A

3. Double Line to Ground (LLG) Fault

Vb  Vc  ( I b  I c )Z f , I a  I 1a  I a2  I a0  0

Z 2 ( Z 0  3Z f ) E  I 1Z 1 E  I 1Z 1
Va1  Va2 , I 1a  E a {Z1  } , I a2   a a , I a0   a a
Z 2  Z 0  3Z f Z2 Z 0  3Z f

I f  I b  I c  3I a0
 P

+ve sequence

1 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 5 0 1 0 0
F1
I L F1 I R F1
I F1

1 0V

-ve sequence

5 0 5 0 1 0 0 2 0 0

1 0 0 5 0 F2 1 0 0

I LF2 I RF2
IF2

zero sequence 5 0 0

4 0 4 0 1 0 0
5 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 F0 1 0 0

I LF0 I RF0
I F0
OBSERVATION TABLE: -

Observation Table 4. Double Line to Ground (LLG) Fault

Current (mA)
Sl Fault Resistanc Voltage %
No. Point e (Ω) (V) Theoretic Measure Error
al d
1 F1 50 33.34
2 F1 100 27.46
Total IF1 60.80
3 F2 50 -19.03
4 F2 100 -19.99
Total IF2 -39.02
5 F0 100 -16.65
6 F0 100 -5.13
Total IF0 -21.78

I f  3I F0  6 5 . 3 4mA