SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR USING OP-AMP (software)

Aim: - To design and verify the operation of square wave generator using op-amp and to
measure time period and amplitude of the square wave generated.

Software required:-
Multisim

Apparatus:-
1. Op-amp - ua741CD 1 No
2. Resistors - 5 KΩ 2 No
3. Potentiometer 10 KΩ 1 No
4. Capacitors - 1µF 1 No
5. Power supply- +12V, -12V
6. CRO

Theory:-
In this circuit,square wave generator using op-amp,the priniciple of generation of
square wave output is to force an op-amp to operate in the saturation region.The output is
R2V0
feedback to the positive input terminal. Thus the reference voltage V ref is and may
R 1+ R 2
R 2 (+V ) sat R 2 (−V )sat
take values as or . The output is also feedback to the inverting input
R 1+ R 2 R 1+ R 2
terminal after integrating by means of a low pass RC combination. Whenever input of the (-)
input terminal just exceeds V ref , switching takes place resulting in a square wave output.

Design procedure:-
The voltage across capacitor is given by
−Tc
V C ( t ) =V final +( V initial−V final)e R 1 C .............. (1)

WhenV id =V 1−V 2 is+ ve , V o =V sat

R2 R2
V ref = V ¿ β V sat Where β=
R 3+ R 2 sat R 3+ R 2

WhenV id =V 1−V 2 is−ve , V o =−V sat

R2
V ref = (−V ¿¿ sat )¿ ¿−β V sat
R 3+ R 2

SubstitutingV initial =−β V sat and V final =V sat in (1)

The voltage across capacitorV c ( t ) at time Tc is given by
−Tc
V c ( t ) = β V sat =V sat-V (1+ β) e R 1 C
sat

1+ β
Re arranging above equation, we get,T c =R1 C ln ⁡( )
1− β

1+ β
Time period for square wave is T=2T c=T c +T d =2 R 1 C ln ⁡( )
1−β

Choosing R3=1.16 R2, Time period expression is simplified to T¿ 2 R1 C

1
And frequency, f=
2 R1 C

Circuit diagram:-

R1

5kΩ

VEE -12V

XSC1
C1
4

U1
Ext Trig
2 +
1µF _
6
R2 A B
3 + _ + _

5kΩ UA741CD
7

VCC 12V

R3

10kΩ
Key=A 59 %

Procedure:-
1. Open multisim software. Open the new project.

2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

3. After connecting press the run key and then double click on the CRO.

4. Adjust the Time base Channel A and Channel B

5. Then let the two channels be in the dc mode and make the zero adjustments.

6. Then later adjust the both channels in dc mode and observe the transfer characteristics.

7. Observe the square wave output at channel-2 and note down the amplitude and time period

Waveforms:-

Calculations:-
Amplitude=

Theoretical Frequency of Oscillation fo = 1/2πRC =

Practical Frequency of Oscillation fo = 1/T=

Result:-
 TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR USING OP-AMP (software)

Aim:- To design and verify the operation of triangular wave generator using op-amp and to
measure time period and amplitude of the triangular wave generated.

Software required: -
Multisim

Apparatus: -
1. Op-amp - ua741CD - 1No
2. Resistors - 5kΩ - 2No
3. Potentiometer 10 KΩ 1 No
4. Capacitors - 1µF 1 No
5. Power supply- +12V,-12V
6. CRO

Theory:-
Triangular wave generator using lesser number of components is basically consists of
a two level comparator followed by an integrator. The output of the comparatorA 1 is a square
wave of amplitude +Vsat and is applied to the (-) input terminal of the integrator A 2
producing a triangular wave. This triangular wave is fed back as input to the comparator A 1,
through voltage divider R2, R3.
Initially, let us consider that the output of comparator A1 is at+ Vsat: The output of the
integrator A2 will be a negative going ramp. Thus one end of the voltage divider R 2,R3, is at a
voltage + Vsat and the other at the negative going ramp of A. Ata time t = i 1, when the
negative going ramp attains a value of -Vramp the effective voltage at point P becomes
slightly less than 0V. This switches the output of A, from positive saturation to negative
saturation level -Vat: During the time when the output of A is at Vsat the output of A,
increases in the positive direction. And at the instant t= t2, the voltage at point P becomes just
above 0 V, thereby switching the output of A 1from - Vsat to + Vsat The cycle repeats and
generate a triangular waveform. It can be seen that the frequency of the square wave and
triangular wave will be the same. However, the amplitude of the triangular wave depends
upon the RC value of the integratorA2 and the output voltage level of A1. The output voltage
of A, can be set to desired level by using appropriate zener diodes. The frequency of the
triangular waveform can be calculated as follows.
Design procedure:-
The effective voltage at point P(pin3 of op-amp A1) during the time when output ofA1 is at
+V sat level is given by,
-Vramp +R2/(R2+R3 )[+Vsat-(-Vramp)]...........................................................1
At t=t 1 ,the voltage at point P becomes equal to zero. Therefore,from Eq. (1),
-Vramp = -(R2/R3)(+Vsat)
Similarly. at t= t2.When the output of A1, switches from -Vsat to +Vsat,
Vramp=-R2/R3[-Vsat)
= R2/R3[Vsat]
Therefore, peak to peak amplitude of the triangular wave is
V0(pp)=+Vramp-(-Vramp)
=2R2/R3[Vsat]..............................................................................2
The output switches from -Vramp to + Vramp in half the time
period T/2. Putting the values in the basic integrator equation

V0 =-1/RC∫ V 1 dt
T/2

V0 (pp)=-1/R 1C1 ∫ (−Vsat ) dt

0
=Vsat/R 1C1(T/2)
Or, T=2 R 1C1[V0(pp)/Vsat]
Putting the value of V0 (pp) from Eq.(2),we get
T=4R 1C1R2/R3
Hence the frequency of oscillation f0 is,
f0 =1/T=R 3 /4R 1C1 R2

Circuit diagram:-

VEE
-12.0V C1
XSC1
1µF
Ext Trig
+
_
U2
4

A B
U1
4

R1 + _ + _

2
2 5kΩ 6
6
R3 3
3
10kΩ 100 %
UA741CD
7

UA741CD Key=A
7

R2

5kΩ

12V VCC
Procedure:-
1. Open multisim software. Open the new project.

2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram

3. After connecting press the run key and then double click on the CRO.

4. Adjust the Time base Channel A and Channel B

5. Then let the two channels be in the dc mode and make the zero adjustments.

6. Then later adjust the both channels in dc mode and observe the transfer characteristics.

7. Observe the Triangular wave output at channel-2 and note down the amplitude and time
period

Waveforms:-

Calculations:-
Amplitude=

Theoretical Frequency of Oscillation fo = 1/2πRC =

Practical Frequency of Oscillation fo = 1/T=

Result:-