18EES101J-BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (LABORATORY)

Experiment No. 8 a) SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Date :
Aim
To construct a half wave rectifier using diode and to draw its performance characteristics.
Apparatus Required Components Required
S. S.
Name Range Qty Name Range Qty
No. No.
1 Transformer 230/(6-0-6)V 1 Diode IN4007
1 1

2 Resistor 1K Ω 1
2 R.P.S (0-30)V 2 Bread
3 - 1
Board
4 Capacitor 100µf 1
5 CRO - 1

Formulae

With out Filter

(i) Vrms = Vm / 2
(ii) Vdc = Vm / ∏
(iii) Ripple Factor = √ ((Vrms / Vdc)2 – 1)
(iv) Efficiency = (Vdc / Vrms)2 x 100

With Filter
(i) Vrms = √ (Vrms2 + Vdc2)
(ii) Vrms = Vrpp / (√3 x 2)
(iii) Vdc = Vm – V rpp / 2
(iv) Ripple Factor = Vrms / Vdc

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Procedure
Without Filter
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to the
Rectifier I/P.
3. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
4. Plot its performance graph.

With Filter
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to the
Rectifier I/P.
3. Connect the Capacitor across the Load.
4. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
5. Plot its performance graph.

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Circuit Diagram

Experimental Setup
Without Filter

With Filter

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Without Filter

Vm (V) Vrms (V) Vdc (V) Ripple factor Efficiency

230 115 73.211 1.210 40.526%

With Filter

Vrpp (V) Vrms (V) Vdc (V) Ripple factor

1.09 0.314 114.455 2.743*10-3

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Model Graph

Graph
Input Voltage Graph

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Output Voltage (Without Filter)

Output Voltage (With Filter)

Result : Peak voltage = 230V and Frequency = 50Hz.

Without Filter:
Vrms=115V
Vdc=73.211V
Ripple Factor=1.210
Efficiency=40.526%

With Filter:
Vrpp=1.09V
Vrms=0.314V
Vdc=114.455V
Ripple Factor=2.713*10^-3

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Experiment No. 8 b) SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Date :

Aim
To construct a single phase full-wave rectifier using diode and to draw its
performance characteristics.

Apparatus Required Components Required

S. S.
Name Range Qty Name Range Qty
No. No.
1 Transformer 230/(6-0-6)V 1 Diode IN4007
1 2

2 Resistor 1K Ω 1
Bread
3 - 1
2 R.P.S (0-30)V 2 Board
4 Capacitor 100µf 1
1Hz-20M
5 CRO 1
Hz
Connecting
6 - Req
wires

Formulae
Without Filter
(i) Vrms = Vm / √2
(ii) Vdc = 2Vm / ∏
(iii) Ripple Factor = √ ((Vrms / Vdc)2 – 1)
(iv) Efficiency = (Vdc / Vrms)2 x 100

With Filter
(i) Vrms = Vrpp /(2*√ 3)
(ii) Vdc = Vm – V rpp
(iv) Ripple Factor = Vrms’/ Vdc

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Procedure
Without Filter
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to the
Rectifier I/P.
3. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
4. Plot its performance graph.

With Filter
1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Give 230v, 50HZ I/P to the step down TFR where secondary connected to the
Rectifier I/P.
3. Connect the Capacitor across the Load.
4. Take the rectifier output across the Load.
5. Plot its performance graph.

Circuit Diagram

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Experimental Setup

Without Filter

With Filter

Tabular Column
Without Filter
Vm Vrms Vdc Ripple factor Efficiency
230V 162.63V 146.42V 0.4841 81%

With Filter
Vrms Vrpp Vdc Ripple factor
3.487V 12.08V 217.92V 0.016

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Model Calculations

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Model Graph

Graph
a) Input Voltage

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b) Output Voltage(Without Filter)

c) Output Voltage (With Filter)

Result : Input Voltage = 230V and Frequency = 50Hz.

Without Filter:
Vrms= 162.63V
Vdc= 146.42V
Ripple Factor= 0.4841
Efficiency= 81%

With Filter:
Vrpp= 12.08V
Vrms= 3.487V
Vdc= 217.92V
Ripple Factor= 0.016

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POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. What is Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF)?

Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF) is defined as the ratio of DC power output of

a rectifier to the effective Transformer VA rating used in the same rectifier.
Effective VA Rating of transformer is the average of primary and secondary VA
rating of transformer.

2. Mention the value of ripple factor for HWR, FWR & rectifier with centre
tapped transformer.

3. What is the difference between uncontrolled rectifier and controlled rectifier?

Which is advantageous and why?

An uncontrolled rectifier is a simple diode which conducts for half cycle or 180 degree of
sinewave and remains cut-off for remaining 180 degrees. In a controlled rectifier, the
conduction can start at any angle in positive half cycle - namely 0 to 180 degree. A
controlled rectifier is advantageous over an uncontrolled one because it can compensate
the DC line voltage variations caused by voltage variations on the medium voltage power
network and keep voltage constant even in case of load variations and also control the
fault current on faults far from the electrical substation and consequently help increase line
protection settings.

4. State the average and peak value of output voltage and current for full wave
rectifier and half wave rectifier.

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5. What is PIV of a diode in half wave and full wave rectifier?

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) is the maximum voltage that the diode can withstand during
reverse bias condition. If a voltage is applied more than the PIV, the diode will be
destroyed. Peak Inverse Voltage of single-phase center-tap full wave rectifier is the
maximum possible voltage across a diode when it is reversed biased.

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Clippers
PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1. What are the differences between linear and nonlinear wave shaping circuit?

Simply we can say that the linear circuit is an electric circuit and the parameters of this
circuit are resistance, capacitance, inductance and etc are constant. The non-linear circuit
is also an electric circuit and the parameters of this circuit differ with respect to the current
and the voltage.

2. What are the applications of wave shaping circuit?

Applications of wave shaping circuit are:

● To hold the waveform to a particular d.c. level.
● To generate one wave form the other.
● To limit the voltage level of the waveform of some presenting value and
suppressing all other voltage levels in excess of the present level.

3. What is wave shaping?

A wave shaping circuit is the one which can be used to change the shape of a waveform
from alternating current or direct current. For example, a clipper circuit

4. What is the necessity of wave shaping?

The process by which nonsinusoidal waveforms are altered in passing through the circuit
elements (such as diodes, resistors, inductors and capacitors) is called waveshaping. The
wave shaping is used to generate one wave from the other.

5. Mention the application of clipper and clamper.

Clippers find several applications, such as

● Separation of synchronizing signals from the composite picture signals.
● The excessive noise spikes above a certain level can be limited or clipped in FM
transmitters by using the series clippers.
● For the generation of new waveforms or shaping the existing waveform
● Clippers can be used as voltage limiters and amplitude selectors.

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Clampers can be used in applications

● As direct current restorers as they clamp the wave forms to a fixed DC potential.
● These are frequently used in test equipment, sonar and radar systems.
● For the protection of the amplifiers from large errant signals clampers are used.
● Clampers can be used for removing the distortions
● Clampers can be used as voltage doublers or voltage multipliers.

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Experiment No. 8c) CLIPPERS

Date :

Aim
To study the clipping circuits for different reference voltages and to verify the
responses.

Apparatus Required Components Required

S.No. Name Range Qty S.No. Name Range Qty
1 CRO 1Hz-20MHz 1
2 RPS (0–30) V 1
1 Resistor 10KΩ 1
Bread
3 - 1
Board
Connecting
4 - Req
Wires
2 Diode IN4007 1
Function
5 1Hz-1MHz 1
Generator

Theory
The non-linear semiconductor diode in combination with resistor can function as
clipper circuit. Energy storage circuit components are not required in the basic process of
clipping. These circuits will select part of an arbitrary waveform which lies above or
below some particular reference voltage level and that selected part of the waveform is
used for transmission. So they are referred as voltage limiters, current limiters, amplitude
selectors or slicers. There are three different types of clipping circuits.
1) Positive Clipping circuit.
2) Negative Clipping.
3) Positive and Negative Clipping (slicer).
In positive clipping circuit positive cycle of Sinusoidal signal is clipped and
negative portion of sinusoidal signal is obtained in the output of reference voltage is
added, instead of complete positive cycle that portion of the positive cycle which is above

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the reference voltage value is clipped. In negative clipping circuit instead of positive
portion of sinusoidal signal, negative portion is clipped. In slicer both positive and
negative portions of the sinusoidal signal are clipped.

Procedure

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the function generator at the input terminals and CRO at the output terminals
of the circuit.
3. Apply a sine wave signal of frequency 1 KHz, Amplitude greater than the reference
voltage at the input and observe the output waveforms of the circuits.

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Circuit Diagram

Positive Clipper

Negative Clipper

Experimental Setup

Positive Clipper

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Negative Clipper

Tabulation:
Positive Clipper Negative Clipper

Unbiased Clipper
Vref = 0V Vref = 0V
Output voltage Time Period Output voltage Time Period
(V) (ms) (V) (ms)
0.6124 20 -0.6126 20
Biased Clipper
Vref = 2V Vref = 2 V
Output voltage Time Period Output voltage Time Period
(V) (ms) (V) (ms)
2.6 20 -2.6 20

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Positive Clipper

Graph:

Unbiased Clipper:

Input Waveform: Output Waveform:

Biased Clipper:
Input Waveform: Output Waveform:

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Negative Clipper

Graph:

Unbiased Clipper:

Input Waveform: Output Waveform:

Biased Clipper:

Input Waveform: Output Waveform:

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Result
Positive Clipper

Unbiased Condition:
● Vref = 0V
● Peak Output Voltage = 0.6124V
● Time Period = 20 ms.

Biased Condition:
● Vref = 2V
● Peak Output Voltage = 2.6V
● Time Period = 20 ms.

Negative Clipper

Unbiased Condition:
● Vref = 0V
● Peak Output Voltage = -0.6126V
● Time Period = 20 ms.

Biased Condition:
● Vref = 2V
● Peak Output Voltage = -2.6V
● Time Period = 20 ms.

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POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. Differentiate +ve and -ve Clippers.

Positive clipper-the clipper which removes the positive half cycles of the input voltage,
while the negative clipper the clipper which removes the negative half cycles of the input
voltage.

2. What is the function of Clampers?

Clampers can be used in applications

● As direct current restorers as they clamp the wave forms to a fixed DC potential.
● These are frequently used in test equipment, sonar and radar systems.
● For the protection of the amplifiers from large errant signals clampers are used.
● Clampers can be used for removing the distortions
● Clampers can be used as voltage doublers or voltage multipliers.

3. Write the classifications of clippers and clampers.

Clippers can be broadly classified into two basic types of circuits. They are:
1. Series clippers
2. Shunt or parallel clippers.

Clampers can be broadly classified into two basic types of circuits. They are:
1. Positive Clampers
2. Negative Clampers

4. Draw the output for the given input to the clamper circuit

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5. What is the need of wave shaping circuit?

The process by which nonsinusoidal waveforms are altered in passing through the circuit
elements (such as diodes, resistors, inductors and capacitors) is called waveshaping. The
wave shaping is used to generate one wave from the other.

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