High Voltage, Lec.

5
Dr. Jehan Shazly

3- Reflection and transmission shape of traveling wave

- When the traveling wave on T.L reaches a point, which the line constants are
different (a cable connected to a T.L or more lines), a part of the wave is reflected
back along the line and another part is transmitted on the new section.

- If there is a junction between the two lines whose surge impedances are Z1 and Z2
respectively, consider an incident voltage or current reaches the junction, a part of the
wave is reflected back along the line 1 and another part is transmitted on line 2.

- If the reflected wave reaches the sending end, it will again be reflected. This process
continues. A surge absorber (arrester) is provided to the stations - towers for
protection.

The surge that is travelling along line 1 (incident wave) has voltage V1 and current i1
V1
i1 
Z1
 at the junction:
The reflected wave has voltage V1\ and current i1\
The transmitted wave has voltage V2\ and i2\
 V1\ V2\
i 
1
\
, i 
\
2
Z1 Z2

The voltage and current of the transmitted wave are equal to resultant V&I of the
incident and reflected waves. (incident + reflected = transmitted)

i1  i1\  i2\ , V1  V1\  V2\

V1 V1\ V2\
 
Z1 Z1 Z 2

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 High Voltage, Lec. 5
Dr. Jehan Shazly

Z 2  Z1
The reflected wave Voltage V1  V1  r.c  V1
\

Z 2 Z1
2Z 2
The transmitted wave voltage V2  V1  t.c  V1
\

Z 2 Z1
Z 2  Z1
The quantity r.c = is the reflection coefficient
Z 2  Z1
2Z 2
The quantity t.c = is the transmission coefficient
Z 2  Z1

Special cases:

1) In case of (Z2 = Z1)

0 2Z1
r.c  0 , t.c  1
2Z1 2Z1

V1\  r.c  V1  0 , V2\  t.c  V1  V1

 V1\ V2\ V1
i1\  0 , i2\  
Z1 Z 2 Z1
V V
i2\  i1  i1\  1  0  1
Z1 Z1

2) In case of open circuit (Z2 =  )

Z1 Z
1 1 1
r .c 
Z2
  1
Z1 Z1
1 1
Z2 
2 2
t .r   2
Z1 Z1
1 1
Z2 
V1\  r.c  V1  V1 , V2\  t.c  V1  2V1

 V1\  V1 V2\ 2V1

i 
\
 , i 
\
 0

1 2
Z1 Z1 Z2
V V
i2\  i1  i1\  1  1  0
Z1 Z1

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 High Voltage, Lec. 5
Dr. Jehan Shazly

3) In case of short circuit (Z2 = 0)

0  Z1 0
r.c   1 , t.c  0
0  Z1 0  Z1

V1\  r.c  V1  V1 , V2\  t.c  V1  0

 V1\ V1
i1\    i1 , i2\  i1  i1\  2i1
Z1 Z1

Example: -
An overhead T.L 186 miles having a surge impedance of 500 Ω is short- circuited at
one end, and a steady voltage of 3000 volts is applied at the other end (at the sending
end the voltage is held to 3000 V), which is established every 0.002 sec.
a- Explain with diagrams, how the current and voltage change at different parts of the
line.
b- Calculate the current at the sending end of the line 0.004 seconds after the voltage is
applied.

Solution:

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 High Voltage, Lec. 5
Dr. Jehan Shazly

Time Voltage Current

t < 0.001 sec

1st travel starts

t = 0.001 sec
1st travel along the line

0.001 sec < t < 0.002 sec

1st reflection takes place

t = 0.002 sec
the first reflection reaches
the sending end

0.002 sec < t < 0.003 sec

2nd voltage (3000V) is
established along the line

t = 0.003 sec
2nd travel along the line

0.003 sec < t < 0.004 sec

2nd reflection takes place

t = 0.004 sec

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 High Voltage, Lec. 5
Dr. Jehan Shazly

Example: -
A cable with a surge impedance of 100 ohm terminated in two parallel connected
wires having surge impedance of 600 ohms, and 1000 ohms respectively. If a deep
fronted voltage wave of 2 kV traveling the cable, find the voltage and current in the
cable and the wire lines immediately after the travelling wave has reached the
transition point.

Solution:

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