AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 8

Lab Title: TO VERIFY MESH ANALYSIS FOR DC CIRCUITS BOTH ON HARDWARE AND
SOFTWARE
Student Name: Naveen Salman Reg. No:220653

Objective:

LAB ASSESSMENT:
Attributes Excellent Good Average Satisfacto Unsatisfacto
(5) (4) (3) ry (2) ry (1)

Ability to Conduct
Experiment

Ability to assimilate
the results

Effective use of lab

equipment and
follows the lab safety
rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Attributes Excellent Good Average Satisfacto Unsatisfacto
(5) (4) (3) ry (2) ry (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results
 Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks: Date: Signature:

LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT
NO. 08

TO VERIFY MESH ANALYSIS

FOR DC CIRCUITS BOTH ON
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
Objectives:
1. To verify experimentally the calculated currents found by using the mesh current method.
2. To verify the same circuits on Proteus software.

DISCUSSION
Mesh Analysis

Multi-source DC circuits may be analyzed using a mesh current technique. The process involves
identifying a minimum number of small loops such that every component exists in at least one
loop. KVL is then applied to each loop. The loop currents are referred to as mesh currents as each
current interlocks or meshes with the surrounding loop currents. As a result there will be a set of
simultaneous equations created, an unknown mesh current for each loop. Once the mesh currents
are determined, various branch currents and component voltages may be derived.
A Mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it. The method is based on KVL
and Ohm’s Law. It can be seen that writing equations for meshes (instead of for loops) helps in
producing the right amount of equations. In the process of mesh analysis, assuming all the
currents in the same direction reduces the chances of sign errors.
The choice between the node voltage method and the loop current method is often made on the
basis of the circuit at hand. For the circuit shown below, with two nodes, but only one loop; the
loop current method is preferable.
For this circuit one would draw three loops, but two of them go through known current sources -
so only one equation will be needed. Nodal analysis would require two equations, one each for
the voltage on each side of R3.
Mesh analysis is a formalized procedure based on KCL equations.
Steps for Mesh Analysis:

1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, .., in to the n meshes.

2. Solve for easy meshes.
3. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes.
4. Use Ohm’s law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents.
5. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.

Lets solve an example using mesh analysis:

The first step in the Mesh Current method is to identify “loops” within the circuit encompassing
all components. In our example circuit, the loop formed by B1, R1, and R2 will be the first while
the loop formed by B2, R2, and R3 will be the second.

The choice of each current’s direction is entirely arbitrary but the resulting equations are easier to
solve if the currents are going the same direction through intersecting components (note how
currents I1 and I2 are both going “up” through resistor R2, where they “mesh,” or intersect). If
the assumed direction of a mesh current is wrong, the answer for that current will have a
negative value.
The next step is to label all voltage drop polarities across resistors according to the assumed
directions of the mesh currents. Remember that the “upstream” end of a resistor will always be
negative, and the “downstream” end of a resistor positive with respect to each other.

Using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, we can now step around each of these loops, generating
equations representative of the component voltage drops and polarities. Where two currents
mesh together, we will write that term in the equation with resistor current being the sum of the
two meshing currents.
Tracing the left loop of the circuit, we get the following equation:

At this time we have one equation with two unknowns. To be able to solve for two unknown
mesh currents, we must have two equations. If we trace the other loop of the circuit, we can
obtain another KVL equation and have enough data to solve for the two currents.
Now tracing the right loop we get:

Now, with two equations, we can use one of several methods to mathematically solve for the
unknown currents I1 and I2:
Knowing that these solutions are values for mesh currents, we must go back to our diagram to
see how they fit together to give currents through all components:

The solution of -1 amp for I2 means that we initially assumed the direction of current was
incorrect. In actuality, I2 is flowing in a counter-clockwise direction at a value of (positive) 1
amp:

This change of current direction from what was first assumed will alter the polarity of the voltage
drops across R2 and R3 due to current I2.

Lab Tasks:
1. Solve using Mesh Analysis:
a) Take seven resistor, according to the values mentioned in the figure.
b) Now construct the circuit as shown in the figure. After verifying that the circuit is
properly patched on the breadboard, switch on the trainer.
 c) Using mesh analysis, solve for each loop. Record the values and calculations. Measure
the mesh currents using DMM. Record the values in data table.
d) Now turn off the power of trainer and DMM.

Mesh Currents I (Calculated) I (Measured)

Ia 3.3mA 3.34mA

Ib 1.6mA 1.6mA

Ic 0.95mA 0.96mA

e) Now calculate and measure the current and voltage for each resistor and write down
in the following table:
Resistors V (Calculated) V (Measured) I (Calculated) I (Measured)

1k 3.28V 3.28V 3.34mA 3.34mA

2.2k 3.52V 3.52V 1.6mA 1.61mA

6.8k 11.6V 11.6V 1.73mA 1.72mA

1k 1.6V 1.6V 1.61mA 1.60mA

10k 6.6V 6.6V 6.6(10^-4)A 0.66mA

4.7k 4.4V 4.4V 0.96mA 0.96mA

2.2k 2.1V 2.1V 0.96mA 0.96mA

Theoretical Calculations:
For Loop 1:
Apply KVL
–15+Ia+(Ia–Ib)6.8=0
15=Ia+6.8Ia–6Ib
7.8Ia–6.8Ib = 0.0015—---(1)
For Loop Ib:
6.8k(Ib–Ia)+2.2kIb +10(Ib–Ic)+Ib=0

6.8kIb–6.8kIa+ 2.2kIb + 10kIb –10kIc +Ibk=0

–6.8Ia + 20Ib – 10Ic=0—---(2)

For Loop Ic:
10k(Ic–Ib)+4.7Ick+2.2kIc=0
10Ic–10Ib+4.7Ic+2.2Ic=0—-------(3)
By solving equation we get
Ia=3.32mA,Ib=1.6mA , Ic=0.94ma

Proteus Simulation:

2. Solve the following circuit by Mesh Analysis:

Using Mesh Analysis find Vo in the following figure. Perform theoretical calculations and
simulations.
 Mesh Currents I (Calculated) I (Measured)

Ia 4mA

Ib –2mA

Ic 0.25mA

Now calculate and measure the current and voltage for each resistor and write down
in the following table:
Resistors V (Calculated) V (Measured) I (Calculated) I (Measured)

Theoretical Calculations:
In loop Ia current Ia is given
Ia=4mA , Ib= –2mA
Find current Ic:
Apply mesh on Ic
4kIc–4kIb+2kIc–2kIa +6kIc –3=0
4Ic–4Ib +2Ic–2Ia+6Ic= 3
1000
12Ic–4Ib–2Ia=0.003
12Ic+4(-2)10^-3–2(4)10^-3=0.003
12Ic+8-8=0.003
Ic=0.25mA
So we have to find Voin the circuit apply KVL
3– VR4+Vo=0
3–(0.25(10^-3))(6(10^3))+Vo=0
Vo=1.5V.

Proteus Simulation:
Conclusion:
I have learned how to find mesh current in the circuit without using DMM.By
applying my knowledge on this circuit i have measured the mesh currents in
thecircuits.Then i have measured it through the ammeter and i have verified it.Then
I
have draw this circuit on the breadboard and then I measured current of loops by
breaking circuits and attaching ammeter in the series with resistor and elements in
loop.Then I have drawn the same circuit on the proteus and i have get same
voltage and current.