1 - Review of Basic Concepts

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Lecture 1
REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
 Electrical power system overview.
 Types of loads in power system.
 Analysis of voltage and current waveforms.
 Types of power in power system.
 Power factor correction.
 Numerical example on power factor correction.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
OVERVIEW
Electrical power system:
An electrical power system is a collection of equipment
and devices. It consists of four major stages:
1. Generation
2. Transmission
3. Distribution
4. Consumption

127 V
13.8 kV 33 kV 220 V
21 kV 66 kV 380 V
generation sub-transmission consumption
transmission distribution
115 kV 13.8 kV
132 kV 24 kV
230 kV
380 kV
500 kV
From generation to consumption:

Three phase system:

Single line diagram (SLD): (one line diagram)
SLD is a simplified notation for representing a three phase
power system using a symbol for each component. It is a
graphical representation of the power system.

TYPES OF LOADS IN POWER SYSTEM
Types of loads in power system:
• Resistive loads
• Inductive loads
• Capacitive loads

1. Resistive loads: heating loads
unity power factor Power factor =cos(Ф)= 1

2. Inductive loads: any load having coils
lagging power factor Power factor=cos(Ф)< 1

3. Capacitive loads:
Leading power factor Power factor=cos(Ф)< 1

4. Electronic loads: TV, charger

How do we evaluate the impedance of R, L and C ?
ZR  R
Inductive reactance
Z L  jX L Where, X L  2 fL
Z C   jX C Where, 1
XC 
2 fC
Capacitive reactance
This is the final equivalent circuit of the circuits with R, L
and C combinations:
Ohm’s Law: V=I×Z
Impedance

The equivalent impedance is formed in complex form as:
Impedance
Z = R + jX
Resistance Reactance
Its magnitude is:
Z  R X
2 2

Y= ___
1
Z
Admittance
Y = G + jB
Conductance Susceptance
At steady state, it is
usually very small so
it is neglected.

ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
WAVEFORMS
• Pure resistive: only P, pf=cos(0)=1

• Pure inductive: only Q, pf=cos(90)=0

• Pure capacitive: only Q, pf=cos(-90)=0

• Opposite action of power for pure inductive and pure
capacitive cases:

• Not Pure inductive (R & L): angle=60, P and Q.

TYPES OF POWER IN POWER SYSTEM
The power, S can be found as:
S V  I*
 (I  Z )  I *
 I  ( R  jX )
2
 I R j I X
2 2
 P  jQ

Another way of expressing S: S V  I*
V *
V ( )
Z
*
V
V  *
Complex power:
Z
2
S  P  jQ V
Apparent power:  *
Z
S  P2  Q2
Apparent power is the magnitude
of the complex power

From the power triangle, we can also write:
P
cos( ) 
|S|
P
 cos( ) 
|V |  | I |
 P | V |  | I |  cos( )
 P | V |  | I |  pf

• dd

Motor will not work without Q. Magnetization is
important. It is theory of operation.
Example:
V  12000 Z1  60  j 0 
Z 2  6  j12 
Z 3  30  j 30 
Find: (a) current at each branch (b) total current

(c) power absorbed by each load (d) total power
V 12000
(a) I1    20  j 0 A
Z1 60  j 0
V 12000
I2    40  j80 A
Z2 6  j12
V 12000
I3    20  j 20 A
Z 3 30  j 30
(b) I  I1  I 2  I 3  80  j 60 A
(c)
S1  V  I1*  (12000 )  (20  j 0)  24000 W  j 0 VAR
S2  V  I 2*  (12000 )  (40  j80)  48000 W  j 96000 VAR
S3  V  I 3*  (12000 )  (20  j 20)  24000 W  j 24000 VAR

(d) S  S1  S2  S3  96000 W  j 72000 VAR
Or, S  V  I *  (12000 )  (10036.87 )

 12000036.87  96000 W  j 72000 VAR
2
Or, V (1200) 2
S1  *   24000 W  j 0 VAR
Z1 60  0 j
2
V (1200) 2
S2  *   48000 W  j 96000 VAR
Z 2 6  j12
2
V (1200) 2
S3  *   24000 W  j 24000 VAR
Z 3 30  j 30
 S  S1  S2  S3  96000 W  j 72000 VAR

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
What is power factor?
- The ratio of the real power absorbed by the load to the
apparent power flowing in the circuit.
- The power factor is mathematically defined as the cosine of
the angle  which is the resultant phase difference between
the voltage phase V and the current phase  I associated to a
circuit component.
- Power factor is a measure of how effectively we are using
electricity.

- Most of the loads in power system are inductive (not pure
inductive).
- In addition to the inductor, there is also a resistor.
- In this case, the angle is not 90 as the case of pure inductive

case. It is less than 90.

- Who should care about low power factor?
- Why do we care about low power factor?

What do we mean by power factor correction?
For inductive loads:

- To improve the power factor, we need to add something
that has the same effect of the inductance but in opposite
direction.
- What is the component that has an opposing effect of

inductor?

Let’s draw the power triangle:
S
QL
Where is the impact of adding a capacitor in parallel?

S1
QL
P1 Qnew=0
P2 =S2
QC
Qnew=QL-QC=0
Unity Power Factor

How if the capacitor is smaller?
S1
QL S2
Qnew
P1 P2
QC Qnew=QL-QC=+ve
Power Factor is improved

(still lagging)

How if the capacitor is much larger?
S1
QL
P2
P1 Qnew
S2
QC Qnew=QL-QC=-ve
Power Factor is now leading

What does that mean?
An appropriate capacitor value has to be chosen based on

the system conditions and the desired power factor.

Shunt Capacitors

What is the procedure to improve the power factor ?
The objective is to improve

the power factor by adding
a capacitor in parallel with
the load.

original case After capacitor adding
S1
QL S2
Qnew
1 2
P1 P2
QC
QL  P1  tan(1 ) Qnew  P2  tan(2 )
QC  QL  Qnew
- Therefore, we will have:
QC  QL  Qnew
QC  P  (tan(1 )  tan(2 ))
- The reactive power compensated by the capacitor can be
also evaluated from:
V2
QC 
XC
- And from Xc, we can find the value of C in µFarad:
1 1
XC  C 
2 fC 2 fX C

After improving the power factor:
• S and Q are reduced more transformer capacity.
• I is reduced less cross section area for wires.
• P is not changed.
• Industrial vs. residential customers.

Capacitor Placement:
• Shunt compensation of reactive power can be employed
either at load level, substation level or at transmission
level.
• Each place has its reasons depending on the system.

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE ON POWER
FACTOR CORRECTION
Example:
A load is connected to a 200 V, 60 Hz source. The current
drawn by the load has a magnitude of 10 A and the power
factor is 0.6 lagging. Evaluate the required value of the
capacitor in µF in order to improve the power factor to 0.8
lagging.

S1
QL S2
Qnew
1 2
P1 P2

- The following equation is used to evaluate the reactive
power from the capacitor:
QC  P  (tan(1 )  tan(2 ))
But, what are the values of P, 1 and 2 ?

- These will be evaluated as follows:
QC  P  (tan(1 )  tan(2 ))
P  V  I  pf1
 200  10  0.6
 1200 W pf1  cos(1 )
pf 2  cos(2 )
 0.6  cos(1 )
 0.8  cos(2 )
 1  53.1301
 2  36.8699
 QC  1200  0.5833  700 VAR
QC  P  (tan(1 )  tan(2 ))
- Therefore:
QC  P  factor from the table

QC  P  0.583  1200  0.583  700 VAR
- The required reactive power by the load (1600 VAR) will

be supplied now 900 VAR from the source and the
remaining 700 VAR is compensated by the capacitor.

- To evaluate the capacitor value in µF, the capacitive
reactance, Xc, has to be evaluated first:
V2 2002
QC   XC   57.1429 
XC 700
- Finally,
1 1
XC  C   46.42  F
2 fC 2 fX C

- What is the required Qc in order to improve the power
factor to unity?
- What is the required Qc in order to have a power factor
of 0.8 leading?

- What did we gain from power factor correction?
2000 VA
1600 VAR 1500 VA
900 VAR
1 2
1200 W 1200 W
700 VAR
- Current is also reduced from 10 A to 7.5 A.

- What did we gain from power factor correction?

700 VAR
2000 VA
1600 VAR
1500 VA
900 VAR
53.13
36.87
1200 W

• Is a capacitor source of reactive power?

• This is what happens:
C L

- Note that this example ignores the impedance of the line.
- This means that the source voltage is same as the load
voltage, with no voltage drop.
- If the line impedance is considered, power factor
correction will reduce the voltage drop and hence increase
the voltage at the load side.
- This will be discussed when analyzing power factor
correction using PowerWorld simulator software.

- Other parameters are also important to compare
between the two cases:
• Voltage drop through the line.
• Reduction in electricity bill for industrial customers.
• Payback period.
- Compensation is usually based on kVAR or MVAR not

µFarad.

Power factor correction: the whole picture:
S=25 kVA
Srated = 25 kVA P=21.25 kW
Vin Vs

Power factor correction: the whole picture:
Opportunity to supply 2.63 kVA to other loads S=22.37 kVA

Srated = 25 kVA P=21.25 kW
Vin Vs

Sequentially based on
load variation and
actual and set pf.

1 - Review of Basic Concepts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1 - Review of Basic Concepts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

REVIEW OF BASIC CONCEPTS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

unity power factor Power factor =cos(Ф)= 1

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

lagging power factor Power factor=cos(Ф)< 1

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Ohm’s Law: V=I×Z

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Its magnitude is:

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Find: (a) current at each branch (b) total current

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Or, S  V  I *  (12000 )  (10036.87 )

 S  S1  S2  S3  96000 W  j 72000 VAR

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

- In this case, the angle is not 90 as the case of pure inductive

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

- Why do we care about low power factor?

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

For inductive loads:

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

- What is the component that has an opposing effect of

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Where is the impact of adding a capacitor in parallel?

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Unity Power Factor

Power Factor is improved

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Power Factor is now leading

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

An appropriate capacitor value has to be chosen based on

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

The objective is to improve

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

QL  P1  tan(1 ) Qnew  P2  tan(2 )

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

But, what are the values of P, 1 and 2 ?

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC