POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 2

PER UNIT SYSTEM

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
2a. Concept of per unit system.
2b. Theoretical analysis and approach.
2c. Examples.

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 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 2a

CONCEPT OF PER UNIT SYSTEM

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

What is per unit system ?

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What is per unit system ?

- The expression of system quantities as fractions of a

defined base unit quantity.
- It is a method of solving complicated power systems
by simple approach.

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Example:
• Quantity: 18 kV.
• Defined base quantity: 100 kV.
 Per unit quantity = 18 / 100 = 0.18 pu.
• In power system, this value could be voltage or current
or impedance or power.

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Example:
• Load 1 = 500 kW.
• Load 2 = 1000 kW.
• Load 3 = 1200 kW
Assume a base of 1000 kW:
• Load 1 = 0.5 pu.
• Load 2 = 1 pu. Easy to analyze.
• Load 3 = 1.2 pu.

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- Many parameters in power system with different and
wide range of values.

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Another advantage of per unit system:

Find the voltage at the receiving end point, V:

Using KVL:

V = Vs – I × Z

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How about:

Find the voltage at the receiving end point, V:

Using KVL:

V = Vs – I × (Z1+Z2)

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But now, consider:

Only one transformer is added to the system.

How to find the voltage, V ?

We have two different regions ==> two KVL equations

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Find the voltage at the receiving end point, V:

Using KVL:
V = V2 – I2 × Z2

V1 N1 V1  N 2 I1 N 2 I1  N1
  V2    I2 
V2 N 2 N1 I 2 N1 N2

V1  Vs  I1  Z1
Therefore,
N2 N1
V  (Vs  I1  Z1 )  ( )  I1  ( )  Z 2
N1 N2
Too complicated !! (( only one transformer ))
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- Power system usually consists of many transformers, not
only one transformer.

- Too difficult to analyze such complicated systems.

Multiple voltage levels.
- Per unit method solves this problem easily.

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POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 2

PER UNIT SYSTEM

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
2a. Concept of per unit system.
2b. Theoretical analysis and approach.
2c. Examples.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 2b

THEORETICAL ANALYSIS AND

APPROACH

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

 Converting to pu system

Easy to analyze and can be

solved by basic electric
circuits concepts
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
• For any quantity, the pu value is the actual value over the
base value.
• For example:
Vact Sact I act Z act
Vpu  , S pu  , I pu  , Z pu 
Vb Sb Ib Zb
• Base values are always real numbers.
• Actual values can be real or complex numbers.
• Out of these 4 parameters, only two parameters are selected.
• Usually, Vb and Sb are selected where Ib and Zb can be then
evaluated using:
Sb Vb
Ib  , Zb 
Vb Ib
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• Usually, the largest equipment rating is taken as the base
value.
• Also:
2
V pu
S pu  V pu  I ,
*
pu V pu  I pu  Z pu , Z pu 
S *pu

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Example: A simple power system is shown below. This system
contains a 480 V generator connected to an ideal 1:10 step-up
transformer, a transmission line, an ideal 20:1 step-down
transformer, and a load. The base values at the generator are
480 V and 10 kVA.
(a) Find the base voltage, base current, base impedance and
base apparent power at all regions of the system.

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Solution:

| |
Sb=10 kVA
| Sb=10 kVA
| Sb=10 kVA
| Vb=4800 V
| Vb=240 V
Vb=480 V
| |
Ib=20.833 A Ib=2.0833 A Ib=41.667 A
| |
Zb=23.04 Ω | Zb=2304.04 Ω | Zb=5.76 Ω

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(b) Convert this system to its per-unit equivalent circuit.

Solution:

| |
Sb=10 kVA
| Sb=10 kVA
| Sb=10 kVA
| Vb=4800 V
| Vb=240 V
Vb=480 V
| |
Ib=20.833 A Ib=2.0833 A Ib=41.667 A
| |
Zb=23.04 Ω | Zb=2304.04 Ω | Zb=5.76 Ω

Vpu=1 pu | Zpu=0.0087+j0.026 pu | Zpu=1.736/_30

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- Final equivalent reactance diagram in pu:

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- If the system components are given in pu, the actual
values can be obtained by using the same equations. i.e:

Vact
Vpu   Vact  Vpu  Vb
Vb

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- For this example, how if the selected base voltage at the
generator is not 480 V? For example, 500 V or 550 V or
450 V?
- What will be the impact on the results?

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Solution:

| |
Sb=10 kVA
| Sb=10 kVA
| Sb=10 kVA
| Vb=5000 V
| Vb=250 V
Vb=500 V
| |
Ib=20 A Ib=2 A Ib=40 A
| |
Zb=25 Ω | Zb=2500 Ω | Zb=6.25 Ω

Vpu=0.96 pu | Zpu=0.008+j0.024 pu | Zpu=1.6/_30

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- Final equivalent reactance diagram in pu:

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- How if the selected base voltage is in the transmission
line region? For example base voltage is 4500 V in the
transmission line region.

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- Change of base to a common base:

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- Change of base to a common base:

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Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
- Change of base to a common base:

• The generators and transformers impedances are usually

given in pu by the manufacturer.
• However, the pu values are based on the ratings of the
respective generator and transformer.
• Once components are connected together, all impedances
must be expressed in pu on a common system base.
• Therefore, change of base is necessary.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
• Thus, to evaluate the new impedance in pu based on the
new base values, the following expression is used:

old impedance value in pu (given) old base voltage (given)

new base power (selected)

new old
S V
Z new
pu Z old
pu  b
old
( b
new
2
)
S
b V b

old base power (given)

new base voltage (selected)

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POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 2

PER UNIT SYSTEM

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
2a. Concept of per unit system.
2b. Theoretical analysis and approach.
2c. Examples.

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 2c

NUMERICAL EXAMPLES ON PER UNIT

SYSTEM

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Example:
The SLD of a three phase power system is shown below. Select
a common base of 100 MVA and 24 kV on the generator side.
Draw an impedance diagram with all impedances including the
load impedance marked in per unit. The manufacturer data for
each component is given as follows:

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G: 90 MVA 22 kV X=0.18 pu
T1 : 50 MVA 22/220 kV X=0.1 pu
T2: 40 MVA 220/11 kV X=0.06 pu
T3 : 40 MVA 22/110 kV X=0.064 pu
T4: 40 MVA 110/11 kV X=0.08 pu
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV X=0.185 pu

The three phase load at bus 4 absorbs 57 MVA, 0.6 power

factor lagging at 10.45 kV. Line 1 and line 2 have reactances
of 48.4 Ω and 64.43 Ω, respectively.

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Objective:

To convert the system

to a corresponding system
and to find the values
of all impedances
in pu based on the new base

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G: 90 MVA 22 kV X=0.18 pu
T1 : 50 MVA 22/220 kV X=0.1 pu
T2 : 40 MVA 220/11 kV X=0.06 pu
T3 : 40 MVA 22/110 kV X=0.064 pu
T4 : 40 MVA 110/11 kV X=0.08 pu
M: 66.5 MVA 10.45 kV X=0.185 pu

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G: 90 MVA 22 kV X=0.18 pu

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T1 : 50 MVA 22/220 kV X=0.1 pu

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Generator:
new Sb (selected)
old Xg (given) old Vb (given)

100 22 2
X g  0.18   ( )  0.1681 pu
90 24

new Xg new Vb (selected)

old Sb (given)

Transformer 1:
100 22 2
X T 1  0.1  ( )  0.1681 pu
50 24
Or,
100 220 2
X T 1  0.1 ( )  0.1681 pu
50 240
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Transformer 2:
100 220 2
X T 2  0.06  ( )  0.1260 pu
40 240
Or,
100 11 2
XT 2  0.06   ( )  0.1260 pu
40 12

Transformer 3:
100 22 2
X T 3  0.064   ( )  0.1344 pu
40 24
Or,
100 110 2
X T 3  0.064  ( )  0.1344 pu
40 120
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Transformer 4:
100 110 2
X T 4  0.08  ( )  0.1681 pu
40 120
Or,
100 11 2
XT 4  0.08   ( )  0.1681 pu
40 12
Motor:

100 10.45 2
X m  0.185  ( )  0.2110 pu
66.5 12

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Transmission line 1:

For the transmission lines, the actual impedances in ohms are

given. Therefore, to find the impedance in pu, the following
equation is used:

actual
48.4 Ω
Z
Z pu
Line1  Line1
base
Z Line1 new base voltage for line 1

2
Vb (240) 2
*
  576 
Sb 100
48.4
Z pu
Line1   0.0840 pu
576
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Transmission line 2:

Same as the approach followed for transmission line 1:

actual
65.43 Ω
Z
Z pu
Line 2  Line 2
base
Z Line 2 new base voltage for line 2

2
Vb (120) 2
*
  144 
Sb 100
65.43
Z pu
Line 2   0.4544 pu
144
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Load:

For the load, the actual impedance in ohms is not given.

Therefore, to find the impedance in pu, the following
equation is used:
2
Vactual (10.45) 2

Z actual
*
Sactual ( P  jQ )*
Z pu
Load 
Zb new base voltage for load

2
Vb (12) 2
*
  1.44 
Sb 100
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To find P and Q, we know from the question:
• .S  57 MVA
• power factor = 0.6 lagging
• Lagging  Q is positive

 P  S  pf  57  0.6  34.2 MW 

 S  34.2  j 45.6
 Q  S  P 2  45.6 MVAR
2

(10.45)2 (10.45) 2
 Z actual    1.1495  j1.5327 
(34.2  j 45.6) (34.2  j 45.6)
*

1.1495  j1.5327
Z pu
Load   0.7983  j1.0644 pu
1.44 Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
The load impedance in per unit can be also found by:

2
2
Vact 10.45
2 ( ) ( )
V pu Vb 12
Z pu
    0.7983  j1.0644 pu
Load
S *pu Sact * 34.2  j 45.6 *
( ) ( )
Sb 100

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Finally, the per-unit equivalent circuit is:

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Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC
- This circuit can be analyzed easily in order to find any
parameter including all currents and voltages.
- Basic circuit laws can be used including KVL, KCL, Ohm’s
law…etc

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Voltages in pu:

This note Sadat book

V1 0.8873+j0.2530 0.968+j0.276
V4 0.8708 0.95
Eg 0.8983+j0.4217 0.9800+j0.460
Em 0.9675-j0.1289 1.055-j0.140

Voltages in kV:

This note Sadat ook

V1 21.295+j6.072 21.157+j6.030
V4 10.45 10.45
Eg 21.559+j10.121 21.564+j10.119
Em 11.609-j1.547 11.608-j1.541

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Example:
Draw an impedance diagram for the electric power system
shown below showing all impedances in per unit on a 100
MVA base. Choose 200 kV as the voltage base for the
transmission line. The three phase power and line-line ratings
are:

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G1 : 90 MVA 20 kV X=0.09 pu
T1 : 80 MVA 20/200 kV X=0.16 pu
T2 : 80 MVA 20/200 kV X=0.2 pu
G2 : 90 MVA 18 kV X=0.09 pu
line: 200 kV X=120 Ω
load: 200 kV S=48 MW+j64 MVAR

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Generator 1:

100 20 2
X g1  0.09   ( )  0.1 pu
90 20

Transformer 1:

100 20 2
X T 1  0.16   ( )  0.2 pu
80 20
Or,

100 200 2
X T 1  0.16  ( )  0.2 pu
80 200
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Transformer 2:
100 20 2
X T 2  0.2   ( )  0.25 pu
80 20
Or,
100 200 2
X T 2  0.2  ( )  0.25 pu
80 200

Generator 2:

100 18 2
X g 2  0.09   ( )  0.081 pu
90 20

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Transmission line:

120 Ω
actual
Z Line
pu
Z Line  base
Z Line new base voltage for line

2 2
Vb (200)
*
  400 
Sb 100

120
Z pu
Line   0.3 pu
400
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Load:
2
Vactual (200) 2
  300  j 400 
*
S actual (48  j 64)*

Z actual
Z pu
Load 
Zb new base voltage for load

2
Vb (200) 2
*
  400 
Sb 100

300  j 400
Z pu
Load   0.75  j pu
400
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Finally, the per-unit equivalent circuit is:

The circuit can be now analyzed easily to find any

parameter.

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