4 - Load Flow Analysis

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Lecture 4
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
4a. Basic concept of load flow analysis.
4b. Problem statement of load flow.
4c. Mathematical formulation of load flow problem.
4d. Numerical example in load flow: example I.
4e. Numerical example in load flow: example II.
Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Lecture 4a
BASIC CONCEPT OF LOAD FLOW

ANALYSIS
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Lecture 4
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:

Lecture 4b
PROBLEM STATEMENT OF LOAD

FLOW
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

- Objective:
- Criteria:
- Problem:
- Solution:

Lecture 4
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:

Lecture 4c
MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION OF
LOAD FLOW PROBLEM
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Load buses:
PV buses:
At each load bus:
At each PV bus:

I1  ( y10-13  y13  y10-12  y12 )V1  y12V2  y13V3
P1sch  jQ1sch
 *
 ( y10-13  y13  y10-12  y12 )V1  y12V2  y13V3
V1
P1sch  jQ1sch
 *
 y12V2  y13V3  ( y10-13  y13  y10-12  y12 )V1
V1
P1sch  jQ1sch
*
 y12V2  y13V3
V1
V1 
y10-13  y13  y10-12  y12
P2sch  jQ2sch
*
 y21V1  y23V3
V2
V2 
y20-21  y21  y20-23  y23
P3sch  jQ3sch
*
 y31V1  y32V2
V3
V3 
y30-31  y31  y30-32  y32

P1sch  jQ1sch
*
 y12V2  y13V3
V1
V1 
y10-13  y13  y10-12  y12
P2sch  jQ2sch
*
 y21V1  y23V3
V2
V2 
y20-21  y21  y20-23  y23
P3sch  jQ3sch
*
 y31V1  y32V2
V3
V3 
y30-31  y31  y30-32  y32
Pi sch  jQisch
Vi*( k )
  ij j
y V (k )
Vi ( k 1)  ji
 yij
Pi sch  jQisch
Vi*( k )
  ij j
y V (k )
Vi ( k 1)  ji
 yij
Pi sch  jQisch

Vi *( k )
  y V
ij j
(k )
 Vi
( k 1)
 yij
Pi sch  jQisch

Vi *( k )
 Vi
( k 1)
 ij  ij j
y  y V (k )
 Pi sch  jQisch  Vi *( k ) [Vi ( k 1)  yij   yijV j( k ) ]
 *( k ) ( k ) n n
(k ) 
Qi( k 1)   Vi [Vi  yij   yijV j ] j i
 j 0 j 1 
Pi sch  jQisch
Vi*( k )
  ij j
y V (k )
Vi ( k 1)  ji
 yij
 *( k ) ( k ) n n
(k ) 
 j 0 j 1 
Pi sch  jQisch
Vi *( k )
  y V
ij j
(k )
Vi ( k 1)  ji
 yij
Lecture 4
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
4d. Numerical example on load flow: example I.
4e. Numerical example on load flow: example II.

Lecture 4d
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE ON LOAD

FLOW: EXAMPLE I
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Example:
The figure below shows the SLD of a simple three-bus power
system. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05
per unit. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100-MVA
base and the line charging susceptances are neglected.

(a) Using the Gauss-Sidel method, determine the phasor values
of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3.
Solution:
All lines impedances in the SLD are converted to admittances:

Can we estimate the minimum generated power from the
slack bus generator?

Pi sch  jQisch
Vi*( k )
  ij j
y V (k )
Vi ( k 1)  ji
 yij

 V2(1)  0.9825  j 0.0310
 V3(1)  1.0011  j 0.0353
 V2(2)  0.9816  j 0.0520
 V3(2)  1.0008  j 0.0459

The process is continued and a solution is converged with an
accuracy of 0.00005 per unit in seven iterations as given below:
V2(3)  0.9808  j 0.0578 V3(3)  1.0004  j 0.0488

V2(4)  0.9803  j 0.0594 V3(4)  1.0002  j 0.0497
V2(5)  0.9801  j 0.0598 V3(5)  1.0001  j 0.0499
V2(6)  0.9801  j 0.0599 V3(6)  1.0000  j 0.0500
V2(7 )  0.9800  j 0.0600 V3(7)  1.0000  j 0.0500
Therefore, the final solution is:

V2  0.9800  j 0.0600  0.98183  3.5035 pu
V3  1.0000  j 0.0500  1.00125  2.8624 pu
(b) Find the real and reactive power of the slack bus.
S1  4.095  j1.89
 P1  4.095 pu  409.5 MW
 Q1  1.89 pu  189 MVAR
Plosses  409.5  (256.6  138.6)  14.3 MW

Qlosses  189  (110.2  45.2)  33.6 MVAR
(c) Determine the line flows and line losses.
Line 1-2:
 S12  1.995  j 0.84 pu  199.5 MW  j84 MVAR

 S 21  1.91  j 0.67 pu  191 MW  j 67 MVAR
 Slosses _ line12  S12  S21  8.5 MW  j17 MVAR
Line 1-3:
 S13  V1I13*  210 MW  j105 MVAR

 S31  V3 I 31
*
 205 MW  j 90 MVAR
 Slosses _ line13  S13  S31  5 MW  j15 MVAR
Line 2-3:
 S 23  V2 I 23
*
 65.6 MW  j 43.2 MVAR
 S32  V3 I 32
*
 66.4 MW  j 44.8 MVAR
 Slosses _ line 23  S23  S32  0.8 MW  j1.6 MVAR
 Total losses  Slosses _ line12  Slosses _ line13  Slosses _ line 23
 14.3 MW  j 33.6 MVAR

Finally, the power flow diagram is:
Check the values:

ETAP:

PowerWorld Simulator:

Lecture 4
LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Outline:
4d. Numerical example on load flow: example I.
4e. Numerical example on load flow: example II.

Lecture 4e
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE ON LOAD

FLOW: EXAMPLE II
Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Example:
The figure shows below the SLD of a simple three bus power
system with generator at buses 1 & 3. The magnitude of voltage
at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is
fixed at 1.04 pu with real power generation of 200 MW. A load
consisting of 400 MW and 250 MVAR is taken from bus 2. Line
impedances are marked in pu on 100 MVA base, and line
charging Susceptance are neglected. Obtain Gauss-Siedel power
flow solution.

Solution:
All lines impedances in the SLD are converted to admittances:

Can we estimate the minimum generated power from the slack
bus and the PV bus?
P1  400  200
Q1  Q3  250
P1  200 MW
Therefore, the generated real power from the slack bus must be
greater than 200 MW. Also, the reactive power generated from
the two generators must be greater than 250 MVAR.
Initial estimate:
Iteration # 1:
 V2(1)  0.9746  j 0.0423

 *( k ) ( k ) n n
(k ) 
 j 0 j 1 

• Therefore,
 Q3sch (1)  V3*(0) [( y31  y32 )V3(0)  ( y31V1(0)  y32V2(1) )]

 Q3sch (1)  2.3919  j1.1599
 Q3sch (1)  (1.1599)  1.16
Therefore,
Q3sch (1)  1.16

 V3(1)  1.03783  j 0.00517
| V3(1) | (1.03783) 2  (0.00517) 2  1.0378 pu

V3(1)  1.03783  j 0.00517
will be adjusted retained
V3  V32R  V32m
 (1.04)  V32R  (0.00517)2 

  V3  1.039987  j 0.00517
(1)
 V3 R  1.039987 

Iteration # 2:
V2(2)  0.971057  j 0.043432

Q3sch (2)  V3*(1) [( y31  y32 )V3(1)  ( y31V1(0)  y32V2(2) )]  1.38796

V3(2)  1.03908  j 0.0073
V3  V32R  V32m
2


2
 (1.04)  V3 R  (0.0073)   V3(2)  1.039974  j 0.0073
2 2
 V3 R  1.039974 


4 - Load Flow Analysis

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4 - Load Flow Analysis

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POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

BASIC CONCEPT OF LOAD FLOW

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

PROBLEM STATEMENT OF LOAD

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

At each load bus:

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 Pi sch  jQisch  Vi *( k ) [Vi ( k 1)  yij   yijV j( k ) ]

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE ON LOAD

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

All lines impedances in the SLD are converted to admittances:

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 V3(2)  1.0008  j 0.0459

V2(3)  0.9808  j 0.0578 V3(3)  1.0004  j 0.0488

Therefore, the final solution is:

Plosses  409.5  (256.6  138.6)  14.3 MW

 S12  1.995  j 0.84 pu  199.5 MW  j84 MVAR

 S13  V1I13*  210 MW  j105 MVAR

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Check the values:

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

NUMERICAL EXAMPLE ON LOAD

Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

All lines impedances in the SLD are converted to admittances:

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 V2(1)  0.9746  j 0.0423

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

 Q3sch (1)  V3*(0) [( y31  y32 )V3(0)  ( y31V1(0)  y32V2(1) )]

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

| V3(1) | (1.03783) 2  (0.00517) 2  1.0378 pu

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

will be adjusted retained

 (1.04)  V32R  (0.00517)2 

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

V2(2)  0.971057  j 0.043432

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC

Prepared by: Dr. Ahmad Al-Subhi - YIC