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Power Flow Analysis
• When analyzing power systems we know neither
the complex bus voltages nor the complex current
injections
• Rather, we know the complex power being
consumed by the load, and the power being
injected by the generators plus their voltage
magnitudes
• Therefore we can not directly use the Ybus
equations, but rather must use the power balance
equations
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Power Balance Equations
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Power Flow Requires Iterative Solution
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Gauss Iteration
There are a number of different iterative methods
we can use. We'll consider two: Gauss and Newton.
(0)
To iterate we first make an initial guess of x, x ,
and then iteratively solve x (v +1) h( x ( v ) ) until we
ˆ such that xˆ h(x).
find a "fixed point", x, ˆ
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Gauss Iteration Example
Example: Solve x - x 1 0
x ( v 1) 1 x ( v )
Let v = 0 and arbitrarily guess x (0) 1 and solve
v x(v ) v x (v )
0 1 5 2.61185
1 2 6 2.61612
2 2.41421 7 2.61744
3 2.55538 8 2.61785
4 2.59805 9 2.61798
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Stopping Criteria
A key problem to address is when to stop the
iteration. With the Guass iteration we stop when
x ( v ) with x ( v ) x ( v1) x ( v )
If x is a scalar this is clear, but if x is a vector we
need to generalize the absolute value by using a norm
x ( v )
j
Two common norms are the Euclidean & infinity
n
x 2 i
x 2
x max i x i
i 1
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Gauss Power Flow
We first need to put the equation in the correct form
*
n n
Si Vi I i* Vi YikVk Vi Yik*Vk*
k 1 k 1
n n
S*i Vi* I i Vi* YikVk Vi* YikVk
k 1 k 1
S*i n n
Vi*
YikVk YiiVi YikVk
k 1 k 1,k i
1 S*i n
Vi * YikVk
Yii V k 1,k i
i
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Gauss Two Bus Power Flow Example
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Gauss Two Bus Example, cont’d
1 S2 * n
V2 * YikVk
Y22 V2 k 1,k i
1 -1 j 0.5
V2 (5 j15)(1.00)
5 j14.70 V2 *
(0)
Guess V2 1.00 (this is known as a flat start)
v V2(v ) v V2(v )
0 1.000 j 0.000 3 0.9622 j 0.0556
1 0.9671 j 0.0568 4 0.9622 j 0.0556
2 0.9624 j 0.0553
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Gauss Two Bus Example, cont’d
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Slack Bus
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Stated Another Way
• From exam problem 4.c we had
Bus 2 j0.2 Bus 1
15 5 10
j 5 15 10
j0.1 j0.1
Bus 3 Ybus
10 10 20
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Gauss with Many Bus Systems
With multiple bus systems we could calculate
new Vi ' s as follows:
1 S*i n
Vi( v 1) (v )* YikVk(v )
Yii V
i k 1, k i
hi (V1(v ) ,V2(v ) ,...,Vn( v ) )
But after we've determined Vi(v 1) we have a better
estimate of its voltage , so it makes sense to use this
new value. This approach is known as the
Gauss-Seidel iteration.
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Gauss-Seidel Iteration
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Accelerated G-S Convergence
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Newton-Raphson Method (scalar)
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Newton-Raphson Method, cont’d
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Sequential Linear Approximations
At each
iteration the
N-R method
uses a linear
approximation
Function is f(x) = x2 - 2 = 0. to determine
Solutions are points where the next value
f(x) intersects f(x) = 0 axis for x
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Newton-Raphson Comments
• When close to the solution the error decreases quite
quickly -- method has quadratic convergence
• f(x(v)) is known as the mismatch, which we would
like to drive to zero
• Stopping criteria is when f(x(v)) <
• Results are dependent upon the initial guess. What
if we had guessed x(0) = 0, or x (0) = -1?
• A solution’s region of attraction (ROA) is the set of
initial guesses that converge to the particular
solution. The ROA is often hard to determine
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