i yhot is e forcel

bjeCtSdO not move by themselves. They need

physiColforce to make them move. A force
t t₀ ₑtginqthat we cannot see. But we can
the effectof a force on an object.
D tO remember that a force is either a push 0/g pUII3For a push or a pull to
happen, there must be
two objects.
When John jumps on his trompoline he pushes down. The flexible material of the
trampoline pushes
back on his feet. 'Flexible' means to bend easily. The effect is that he bounces in
the air. The
material and )ohn are both needed for the effect of the forces that
make John bounce and the trampoline move.

John is using physical force to jump on the Lrampoline.

Look at these pictures closely. Thinkabout what is happening in each one. Then
answer the
questions.
Whereare the forces at wo* RFI Lochplct *e*
) Is each force a push or n Ul!t
Science word flexible

Physics — Unit 7 Forces

Pushes ond pulls

A push is when you use a physical force to move something away.

A pull is when you use a physical force to move or bring, something towards you.

What do you already know about forces? Sort these pi4ures into 'push' and 'pull'.

What pushes and pulls have you used today?

Look around your classroom to find objects or activities that need a push or a
pull. Make a list
and draw diagrams to show where you need to use a push or a pull.

Kari and Samuel are going canoeing. They must wear these special clothes. Sort the
items into
'push' or pull' to show which force they must use when putting them on.

90

y, • and weight

//xot in thedifference betweenwg'ipht and „„„S›

y/gtght Is different from mass.
§t weight of nn object is the force pulling down on it t¿e heavier the object,the
more the force
pulling it Sign. This makes it more diffiCUlt tO move.
gu is different to weight.
^*• *^ ••'**•
mass
uas is the amount of material in on object.We measure mass
in gfams(g) and kilograms (l‹g).
To moss (amount. of stuff) of an object will never change.
The weight of an object con change, depending on where
the object is.
for example, you may weigh 26 kg on Earth, but ›n outer space you would be
weightless. You would
not weigh anytf›ingI

astronaut in space mould know if they were eotinp too much, if they cannot weigh
themselves2

Astronauts need to tie down their f•od or It will float freely around the
ttntsrnationol Space stem,

Physics - Unit 7 ForceS

How to measure Of'CCS ,

Scientists use equipment called a force meter to measure fottes (such as weight)
The one side of the force
meter has n scale that measures force in newtons (w ”i\ten as
N). This side is called a newton The other side of the
scale shows the moss in grams or kilograms
All force meters have a spring that stretches when you
hong an object on the hook.
The object applies a force. " 'S not there at the
The plastic ring moves to show the measurement of

force in newtons (N) and the moss in grams per kilogram (g/kg) of the object on the
hook.
objects

yellow force meter (50 N/5 kg)

When you hang on object on a force meter, gravity pulls it down. Gravity is a
pulling force thot
keeps us on our planet.
Hook different objects on n force meter, What happens to the spring once the object
is attached to
the hook*

What is the force in newtons {N) for each object? What is the mass ef each object
in grams (g)
or kilograms (kg)*
Which object has the most N (greatest force)2 Which object has the least N (least
force)?
Science words
equipment force meter newtons calibrate gravity

r «ctiseusing a force meter

You wttt need...

clear p[astiC bags with ha dl S

newton meter up
to 10 N or up to 5 N
ice objects {rom <Fdund the classy om
prow each object Then put each one in a tlear
ba

Hongonebog
ata time on the force meter. Read the
scole.On your drawings, record the N and g of each object.
Order your objectsfrom the most N to the least N What do you notice about the mass
of the objects
with
the most N*

Find another five objects.

Predict how many newtons it will take to lift each object from the table using a
force meter,
Copy and complete this table to record your prediction. One example has been done
for you.
3 N 200
Use a force meter to measure how many newtons it takes to lift each object. Record
the actual N and
the mass in your table.
Which object took the most force to lift in newtons* Explain your answer (include
the word,
’mass’).
ls lifting a pushing or a

madein different

Them

'ysurement,newtons(N)I,s
sirI•oacNewton.He
F feemetefs *e emeter $hOt 0 ,x«s the scientist whO diSCDVP'fed

colours.The fofe
to Used£'PyngSon
CIuld0/t thnt the bl

srientist »Osf2 ct
hold. 9
0 t an object,the bigger

the mass of the obje Look at the m SS{let metersCat hOid•

up
‹zs0 g)- blues
these force

SO N
I]OW
the m S* thOt isneederl tO ITloVeik

Identifyhow the two force metersbeloworethe same and how they are different.
Copy and complete thistable:

both have S Fingsare

y « s dt erent sizes

up to 20 N (500 g) - green (Jkg) - red

Work with n partner.find a picture

Of Sir[5QOcNg'wton and find Out
when he lived. Do you think be is a modernscientists
FlOw do youknow?

ghOOSea force metgr

P”
pu wilt need...
selection o{ /orce meters:
(5 L§/S0 N, 2 itg/20 N, 1 kg/10 N,
500 g/5 N, 250 g/2.5 N)
bricL
textbooit

coat )
bag o) sugar {
choir
school bog

How will you find out the answer to the enquiry question: Which (orce meter is best
for
measuringthe{orce needed to lifi: tf›e items o the tod/e?
First predict which force meter will be best to measure the force of each objecL
Write a reason
why. You could use a table like this:
briclt I think it would red
be best to use the red force meter because ...
12 N yes

b Now, carry out the test and record your results in the tnble.
C Were your predictions correct* :.t:Think about
d What do you notice about the weight of your results?' Look nt the the
object when object
nnd the force needed choosing a force
to move the object Off meter.

the table. What pattern con you see In your result*

e Write down yourconclusion.
Is the object heavy
or light?

Ph..y.s..ic.s .-..U.ni.t.7...Forces ................ .-

Start objects moving

When an object moves or changes

direction, forces are working. Most forces ore invisible, so we show them using
arrows. Arrows can
show the direction and size of a force. Look at the forces in these pictures.
you wttt *e«d••• —
• cardboard box
• paper stFQW5
• paper ball

Use the cordboafd box to mnke

o blow-football game like the one
in the picture below. To play, start the ball in the middle. Blow it with a straw
to move it
towards each goal.
a What force makes the ball move?

forwards

• marbles
• ruler
backwards
b What happensto the b«ll when
you increase the force*
c How can you make the ball move slower?
d How can you change the
direction of the ball?
e Try the game using a different
ball, such as a marble. Is there a

Push a marble with your fingef.

Try a small push and then
a bigger push.
b Measure the distance the marble travels each time, in centimetres.
What happens to the distance when you increase the force (push)?
What do you have to do to changethe direction of the marble?
difference in the force you need, compared with the paper ball* Why?' Explain your
answer using the
words, ’mass' and ‘force'.

- .-..P..h.y..s.ics U..n.it 7 F.o.rc.e..s.

y/hen t•Osurfaces rub together,an invisible force tgp₅ them from moving easily.
This invisible
force jt C IIₑd friction. Friction IS a force that slows downmovementwhen two
surfacesare in
contact
(touching). Friction is caused by the roughnessof the
Surfaces.ThlS SIOWS down the movement of the object.

• okve oil
• page towel

Feel friction between your hands.

a Rub your hands together fast. What do you feel?
b Now put a little olive oil onto your hands. Rub them together fast.
Compare the two rubs. Which was easier? Talk to a partner about the difference
between when you
rubbed with oil and without oil.
Use the words 'frlctlon' and 'surface'.
d Clean the oil off your hands.

Science words friction surfaces

• board with a smooth surface
• wooden block
Look at the picture. Set up your board and block In the some way.
a Predict what will happen to the block when you lift one end of the board. Why?
b Llft one end of the board slightly.
Was your prediction correct*
c How dld the surface of the board affect the way the block moved?
d Would you 9et the same result if you used a rough surface* Why*
wooden block

smooth board on table

Physics — Unit 7 Foices

Surfaces and frictiOn

When things slide easily or the surfaces are smooth, there is less friction. We say
thot the
surface has IOW ffict ion.
When surfaces are rough, and things do not slide so easily, there is mole friction.
We say that the
surface hOS high friction.

You will r eeA... smooth piece o/ wood ruler

empty matchbox
small rock
srr‹atl plost c cube
cotton wool ball
‹ce cube

Find out which objects move the fastest down a slope and why. Put all the objects
at the end of the
piece of wood. They should all be in the same starting position,
Slowly tilt the wood until the objects start to move.
Record which objects move first, then which objects moved next, until you hove
recorded all the
objects.
Why do you think different objects start to move at different times2
Write down your ideas. Use the word 'moss'.

› Activity 1 again, but this timE' use a metal £rQ}r instead of the piece of wOOd.
What are the similarities and differencesin how the objects move on metal compared
to how they move
on wood?
Which surface (wood or metal) has the lowest friction (smoothest surface)?
Why do you think some objectsmoved before others? Use 'friction' and 'surface' when
writing your
conclusion.

98

Physics- Unit 7 Forces

high and low friction in everydaylife

wk Us€* friction to thange the way
thingsmove.
cars,buses, bicycles, motorcycles and trciCtOfSQII have patterns on their
tyrgs.This is called a
tread pattern.
The tread pattern increases the grip
(ffi‹tiDn) between the tyre and the T actor tyres hove a lot of fidqes for›n-
rood surface.
This grip stops the car creased grip on the road and muddy fields from sliding.
Grip is very
useful when
rain falls on road surfaces. A wet road is a smooth surface
and has low friction. so is more likely to make a car slide.
Differentvehicles have different tyres. The thicker the
tyres and the more ridges (the rougher the surface). the Science words
higher the friction between the tyre and the rood surface. grip ridges

Do these pictures show high friction or low frictions

A B ' Talk about other examples of high
and low friction. a When can
friction be
helpful?
soles of hiding shoes i( coming down a slide \ plastic grip mQ/ b When con it be

A normdl cor tyre has high friction to stop the car from sliding on the rood. But,
normal car tyres
are a problem for racing cars that want to go fastl Racing car tyres hav0 low
friction (smooth
surfaces). There is less friction to slow them down.

ng
very smooth tyres.

Physics — Unit 7 Forces

..........................-. " ”

Change the fricti•<

• gelatine cubes
• paper p!rite

• chopsticks
• ceramic
p(ote
• grantilnted sugnr
• cook ^9 Otl

Change the effect of friction on gelatinecubes.

Place one cube on the ceramic plate. Tr

it up with the chopsticksl
to pick

Why? Use the words,

WoSit £*a₅y Of diffiCUlt to pick up a CLJbe?
'high friction' or ‘low friction’ in your answer.
b Whnt happens if you put the cube on a paperplate?
Was it easier or more difficult to pick it up?Why7
Pour a little cooking oil over a few cubes on the ceramic plate. Does this make it
easier or more
difficult IO pick up the cubes? Why? Use the words,
’high friction' or ‘low friction’ in
your answer.
d Roll some cubes in gronulated

sugar. Try to pick up the cubes from the ceramic plate. Describe the effect of the
sugar on the
friction between the cube and the chopsticks. Use the words ‘low friction' or ’high
friction’
in your answer.
Talk to a partner about how this snowboarder has reduced friction so that he can do
snowboarding
tricks.

Think about the different surfaces of the ceramic plate, cubes and chopsticksl

100

\yhot hoVe you e••nt abOUt forCesy

Physics - Unit 7 Forces

write down the

E' Su‹ement
shown On this
Agree meter.
Look at the pictureof the bicycle.
Read the labels.

smooth seat
C : oil on the chctfn

‹ Which labels show high friction?

.› Which labels show low friction*

You have learnt about forces. You con:

name the two forces that make things move. name the equipment to measure forces.
say what unit is used to measure force. explain what friction means.
say what high friction is. say what low friction is.

Unit D

I can do thls.
I can do this, but I need t0 keep trylng.
I can't do this yet.

I con use someone else's data to answer a question.

l can say what kind of scientificenquiry activity someone has done.
I con make a conclusion from resu(ts.

I can describe what a mixture is.

Seehow much
you knowl

5 I can describe how to separate out solids in a mixture.

I Can describe how to separate a mixture of on insoluble soltd in a liquid.
I con explain that when a solid dissolves in a liquid, it is Still present, I know
thet this is gn
example of mixing.

I need more help with:

Pushes and pulls
Write which forces Amir is using as he makesa cake. Where is he using
a push, or • pull, or both?

mix‹ng the ingredients

putting the cake in the own

greasing the tin

cutting the cake

putting the coke mix into a tin

lifting a slice onto a plate

What forces do you use when you get ready to go to bed at night* Draw some of the
things you do.
Label them with push, pull or both.
g,«s•reforces

”'-'- - - ..--. ... .. . . .

Unit 7 Forces
. . ....-

Find the objects thQt ere shown in the table below.

b COmpletethe table. Predict the force in newtons (N) of each object.
Tnen measure the actual force using a force meter

pencil case

empty
school bag

cup

empty
lunchbox

C Answer these questions:

• Which object had the biggest force?
• Which object had the smallest force?
• Were any of your predictions correct?

The c‹•• force meter

oRonttouetheconect force meter when you measurethe brceofonobjed , for example:
2.5N force meter

Itey for different forcem .-

blue tQf1 §g§y‹
cup to 35o q (up to 1
1 2.

1fyouuseo
to measure o
bjects with a larger
N, then the spring

force than2.5
will break, or the pIastICfing WII!
go past the end of the scale.
If you use a 50 N force meter to measure objects with a smaller force than 50 N,
you willnot get on
accuratereading, becausethe plastic ring will not move very for.
Which is the most suitable force meter to measure the force of the objects in the
table below* One
example is done for you.

green (up to 500 g

N)

large book pencil case child's chair brick

music case
lunchbox
school bag (full)
shopping bag (full)
ñ98 g
35 g
900 g
1 kg
210 g
ñS0 g 850 g
3 kg
green

Which object has the biggest force?

d Why would a tan force meter be unsuitable fbr measuring.

› •• objects moving
› i and his class had fun blowing bubbles. They investigatedhow

to changethe size and movement

pull forces.
of the bubbles using push and
a Which force could they use to make the bubbles move along
in the qir?
b Which force could they use to change the direction of the bubbles moving
through the air?

c What could they do to change the speed of the bubbles?

d Which force could they use to stop the bubbles from hitting the floor?
e Which force could they use to pop the bubbles?

Draw an arrow in this picture to show the direction of the force needed to make the
bubble move.
Write the word posh or pull to show the type of force used.

Write true or false for each sentence.

a Forces can make bubbles change directions.
b A pulling force makes bubblesmove.
c The bigger the force. the more the bubbleswill move.
d A push force makesthe bubblesmove forwofds.
e A pull force makes the bubbles move bctCk tOW•rds JoCk f A smother
force mokes
smaller bubbles.

st•pobj+@t •oving
make objects

ove aDd StOp

Annoy Vygnted
toy car woUldtr |.

Ynu need a force to

Surfaces
Alected hOW F a
to find 0vt ›f differeFlt ld found three different surfaces.
Annoytook the toy car Outside o car travelled o^ each Surface. He und

He recorded the d‹stance the to

car with the same force each time.

the some toy CO*

5OiI
d shed the

80 cm 2S cm ñ0 cm
« What force stops the cor ffO 'DO•'•g’

u wh:Ch s
rf«€'
had the most ff!Ction› How can you teII7

Which surface had the least friCt On? How caF1 yoLJte!!*

a Does ba chart to show the results from Annoy's test. Give your
bar Chart a title. Label the y-axis and x-axis. Make sure the bars do
not touch.

Friction of ShOQS

hig h
hI§h

Reason:
Reason:’ lteoson:
Reason:

Ade and Ebele tested s.hoés on.a slope.to'sée.how well they grippéd the.surface.
They recorded"bow
higk.they hadlto.,roise.the slope.fof. the shoes to rriove:.They récorded their
results'oh a.béf
thiarL
e«r chart to.show:the hcIght”ofthe:slope.needed:to mah e'shoe ' 3S '
” ” ”
” ”

j 20
o 15 .
m 10
Type’of.:shoes’
Write questions tq ask ébout the InforrnbtloñIn thé bar chart. a Write.qn easy
question.

b. ’Writ'e b dlfficplt questioñ. ”..