5/21/22, 8:34 PM ARSC 443 - 1.

4 Loads on Structures: ARSC 443-ARCH42S2 - Architectural Structures

ARSC 443 - 1.4 Loads on Structures

To-Do Date: Aug 20 at 11:59pm

  
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Loads on Structures
 

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the session the students should be able to:

1. Learn the primary loads acting on structures.

Once the structural form has been determined, the actual design begins with those elements that are subjected to the primary loads the structure is intended to carry and proceeds
in sequence to the various supporting members until the foundation is reached. In order to design a structure, it is, therefore, necessary to first specify the loads that act on it.

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GRAVITY LOADS

The vertical loads, due mainly to the occupancy, self-weight, and snow or rain, are commonly referred to as gravity loads.

A. Dead Loads

Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and the weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure. The values for dead
loads are shown in NSCP Section 204, Tables 204-1 and 204-2 for common material densities and minimum design dead loads for common components.

B. Live Loads

Live Loads. Live Loads can vary both in their magnitude and location. They may be caused by the weights of objects temporarily placed on a structure, moving vehicles, or
natural forces. NSCP Section 204, Table 205-1 provides recommended design live loads depending on the use of the space.

C. Snow and Rain Loads

In some parts of the country, roof loading due to snow or rain can be quite severe, and therefore protection against possible failure is of primary concern.

D. Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure

When structures are used to retain water, soil, or granular materials, the pressure developed by these loadings becomes an important criterion for their design.

E. Impact Loads

When live loads are applied rapidly to a structure, they cause larger stresses than those that would be produced if the same loads would have been applied gradually. The
dynamic effect of the load that causes this increase in stress in the structure is referred to as an impact.
 

LATERAL LOADS

The horizontal loads, induced mainly by wind and earthquake are called lateral loads.

A. Wind Loads

When structures block the flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is converted into potential energy of pressure, which causes a wind loading. The effect of wind on a
structure depends upon the density and velocity of the air, the angle of incidence of the wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure, and the roughness of its surface.

B. Earthquake Loads

Earthquakes produce loadings on a structure through its interaction with the ground and its response characteristics. These loadings result from the structure’s distortion
caused by the ground’s motion and the lateral resistance of the structure.
 

NSCP 2015 Section 203.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS USING STRENGTH DESIGN OR LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR DESIGN

203.3.1 Basic Load Combinations

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Where strength design or load and resistance factor design  is used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist the  most critical effects from the following combinations of 
factored loads:

203-1          1.4(D + F)

203-2          1. 2 (D + F + T) + 1. 6(L + H)  + 0. 5(Lr or R)

203-3          1. 2D + 1. 6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0. 5W)

203-4          1. 2D + 1. 0W + f1L + 0. 5(Lr or R)

203-5          1. 2D + 1. 0E + f 1 L

203-6          0.9D + 1. 0W + 1. 6H

203-7          0.9D + 1. 0E + 1. 6H

where:

f1 = (Non-reducible live loads) 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly,  for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for  garage live load, or

    = (Reducible live loads) 0.5 for other live loads

D = Dead load

           F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights

T = self-straining force and effects arising from  contraction or expansion resulting from temperature change, shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component materials,
movement due to differential settlement, or combinations thereof

L = Live load, except roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction

H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil

Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live load reduction

W = Wind load

E = Earthquake load

    = ρEh + Ev
 

End.
 

Reference:

Nilson, A. H., Darwin, D., & Dolan, C. (2016).  Design of Concrete Structures (15th ed.).  McGraw-Hill.

McCormac, J. C., & Brown, R. (2016). Design of Reinforced Concrete (10th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, Inc. (2019). National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 Volume I: Buildings, Towers, and other vertical structures (7th ed.
second printing). ASEP.
 

For more references, kindly check TIP Online Resources

TIP Library (https://www.tip.edu.ph/library.html)

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END OF TODAY'S LECTURE

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