4-1

Chapter 4 Microwave network analysis

4.1 Impedance and equivalent voltages and currents
equivalent transmission line model (|, Zo)
4.2 Impedance and admittance matrices
not applicable in microwave circuits
4.3 The scattering matrix
properties, generalized scattering parameters, VNA measurement
4.4 The transmission (ABCD) matrix
cascade network
4.5 Signal flow graph
2-port circuit, TRL calibration
4.6 Discontinuities and modal analysis
microstrip discontinuities and compensation

4-2
4.1 Impedance and equivalent voltages and currents
Equivalent voltages and currents
Microwave circuit approach
Interest: voltage and current at a set of terminals (ports), power flow
through a device, and how to find the response of a network
For a certain mode in the line, the line characteristics are represented by
its global quantities Zo, |, l.
Define: equivalent voltage (wave) transverse electric field
equivalent current (wave) transverse magnetic field
voltage (wave)/current (wave) = characteristic impedance or
wave impedance of the line
and voltage current = power flow of the mode
use transmission line theory to analyze microwave circuit
performance at the interested ports

4-3
Impedance
characteristic impedance of the medium
wave impedance of the particular mode of wave
characteristic impedance of the line
input impedance at a port of circuit
c

q =
+
+
=
t
t
w
H
E
Z
o
V
Z
I
+
+
=
( )
( )
( )
in
V z
Z z
I z
=

4-4
Discussion
1. Transmission line model for the TE10 mode of a rectangular
waveguide
value unique - non , dependent x :
) , (

= -
} }
dy E l d E z x V
y
transverse fields (Table 3.2, p.117) transmission line model
10
10
1
2
*
( ) sin sin
1
( ) sin sin
1
2
j z j z
y
j z j z
x
TE
y
TE o
x
y x
x x
E A e A e C V
a a
x x
H A e A e C I
Z a a
E
k
Z Z
H
P E H dxdy
+ | |
+ | |
+
+
+ + +
t t
= +
t t
=
q
= =
|
=
}
*

1
2
j z j z
o o
j z j z
o o
o o
j z j z
o o
o o
o
o o
o o
V V e V e
I I e I e
V V
e e
Z Z
V V
Z
I I
P V I
+ | |
+ | |
+
| |
+
+
+ + +
= +
= +
=
= =
=
x
y

4-5
(derivation of C
1
and C
2
)
10
10 10
10
1
1 1
2
2 2
2
*
0 0
( ) sin ( ) sin
,
1
( ) sin ( ) sin
,
1 1
2 4 2
j z j z j z j z
y o o
o o
j z j z j z j z
x o o
TE
o o
TE TE
a b
y x o
TE
x x
E A e A e C V e V e
a a
A A
V V
C C
x x
H A e A e C I e I e
Z a a
A A
I I
C Z C Z
ab
P E H dxdy A V I
Z
+ | | + | |
+
+
+ | | + | |
+
+
+ + + + +
t t
= + +
= =
t t
= +
= =
= =
} }
10
10
10
2
* *
1 2
*
1 2
2
2
1 1
1 2
2
2
=-1
2 2
,
o
TE
TE
o
TE o
o
A
C C
C C Z ab
A C Z
V C
Z Z
I C A C
C C
ab ab
+
+
+
+
+ +
= =
= =
= =

4-6
2. Ex.4.2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
, ,
1 1
, , ,
2 2 2
, ,
/
2.286 2 4.472 137 6.56 , 4.17
if 10 2 / 209 , 158
r
od oa
od oa
o o
oa od o o r o
a d
c c
a c o d c c
c p
r
c c c a c
o a
Z Z
Z Z
k k
Z Z k k k k
f f
k k k k k
a v
c
a cm a cm k m f GHz f GHz
f GHz k f c m m

I =
+
q q
= = q = q = c
| |
t t t t
| + = | + = = = = =

c
= = = = = =
= = t = | =
1 1
1 1
1 1
10
, 2.54 333 , 304
if 6 201 in , 147 ,
126 in , 54 , " "
r d
r o c r d
o c a
k m m
f GHz k k m k m
k m k air j m TE non exist



c = = | =
= = c = > c | =
= < | =
cr co
TE10
Zoa, |a I Zod, |d
Q: What if the incident wave is
from the other direction? N
incident
wave

4-7
4.2 Impedance and admittance matrices
N-port
network
port 1
port N
t1
tN
V1, I1
V1
+
, I1
+
VN, IN
VN
+
, IN
+
reference plane
for port N
(plane
for )
reference plane
for port 1
(plane
for )
, ,
1 1
Re{ *}, Re{ *}
2 2
i
i i
i i
i
i i
oi
i i
oi
i i
inc i in i i i
i i
V V V
V V
I I I
Z
V V
Z
I I
P V I P V I
+

+

+

+

+

+ +
= +

= + =
= =
= =
0
N
V
+
=
1
0 V
+
=
V1, I1
+
_
IN ,VN
+
_
1 o Z
on Z

4-8
Admittance matrix
| | | | | |
1 11 12 1 1
2 21 2 2
0, 0,
1 2
, ,
k k
N
N
i i
ij
j j
V k j V k j
N N N NN N
I Y Y Y V
I Y Y V
I response
I Y V Y
V source
I Y Y Y V
= = = =
- -
( ( (
( ( (
- - -
( ( (
( ( (
= - = - - - - - - = =
( ( (
- - - - - - -
( ( (
( ( (
- -

Impedance matrix
| | | | | |
1 11 12 1 1
2 21 2 2
0, 0,
1 2
, ,
k k
N
N
i i
ij
j j
I k j I k j
N N N NN N
V Z Z Z I
V Z Z I
V response
V Z I Z
I source
V Z Z Z I
= = = =
- -
( ( (
( ( (
- - -
( ( (
( ( ( = - = - - - - - - = =
( ( (
- - - - - - -
( ( (
( ( (
- -

4-9
(derivation)
source port 1 port 2
a V1a, I1a V2a, I2a
b V1b, I1b V2b, I2b
reciprocity theorem: V1aI1b + V2aI2b =V1bI1a + V2bI2a
21 12 1 2 1 2 21 12
2 1 21 1 2 12 2 1 21 1 2 12
2 2 22 1 21 1 2 12 1 11 2 2 22 1 21 1 2 12 1 11
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
0 ) )( (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
Z Z I I I I Z Z
I I Z I I Z I I Z I I Z
I I Z I Z I I Z I Z I I Z I Z I I Z I Z
I
I
Z Z
Z Z
V
V
a b b a
a b a b b a b a
a b b a b b b a a b a a
= =
+ = +
+ + + = + + +
(

=
(

Discussion
1. Reciprocal network
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
,
, and Y : symmetric matrix
,
t
ij ji
t
ij ji
Z Z Z Z
Z
Y Y Y Y
= =
= =

4-10
2 2
1
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
1 2
11 1 3 21 3 12
1 1
0 0
2
22 2 3
2
0
3 12 1 11 12 2 22 12
( )
,
, ,
I I
I
derivation
V Z Z I
V Z Z I
V V
Z Z Z Z Z Z
I I
V
Z Z Z
I
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
= =
=
( ( (
=
( ( (

= = + = = =
= = +
= = =
Z1 Z2
Z3
I1 V1
I2=0
V2
2. T and networks

4-11
2 2
1
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
1 2
11 1 2 21 1 12
1 1
0 0
2
22 1 3
2
0
1 12 2 11 12 3 22 12
( )
,
, ,
V V
V
derivation
I Y Y V
I Y Y V
I I
Y Y Y Y Y Y
V V
I
Y Y Y
V
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
= =
=
( ( (
=
( ( (

= = + = = =
= = +
= = + = +

4-12
4. Problems to use Z- or Y-matrix in microwave circuits
1) difficult in defining voltage and current for non-TEM lines
2) no equipment available to measure voltage and current in
complex value (eg. sampling scope in microwave range,
impedance meter <3GHz)
3) difficult to make open and short circuits over broadband
4) active devices not stable as terminated with open or short circuit
3. Reciprocal lossless network
0 } Re{ =
ij
Z

4-13
4.3 The scattering matrix
N-port
network
11 12 1
1 1
21 2
2 2
0, 0,
1 2
response
, ,
source
k k
N
N
i i
ij
j j
V k j V k j
N N NN
N N
S S S
V V
S S
V V
V
V S V S
V
S S S
V V
+ +
+
+

+
+
= = = =
+
- - ( (
(
( (
(
- - -
( (
(
( (
( ( ( ( = = - - - - - = =
- -

( (
(
- - - - -
- -
( (
(
( (
(
- -


port 1
t1
V1
V1
+
port N
t1
V1
+
V1
tN
VN
VN
+
tN
VN
VN
+
u1=|l1
uN=|lN

4-14
Discussion
1. Ex 4.4 a 3dB attenuator (Zo=50)
| |
11 22
2 2 1 1 1 1 21 1
2
1
8.56 41.44 50
0
41.44 50 1 1
0.707
41.44 8.56 50 8.56
2 2
1
0
2
: lossy, reciprocal, symmetric
1
0
2
1
incident power to port 1:
2
transmitted power f
in
in o
in o
o
Z
Z Z
S S
Z Z
V V V V V V S V
S
V
Z
+ +
+
= + =

= = =
+
= = = = = =
+ +
(
(
(
=
(
(

2
2 2
1
2 1
1 2
1
1 1 1 1
2
rom port 2: : 3dB attenuation
2 2 2 2
input match
attenuator design ,
attenuation value
o o o
V
V V
Z Z Z
R R
+
+
= =

8.56O 8.56O
141.8O
V
1
V
2
50O
{
141.8//58.56=41.44O
Z
in

4-15
2. T-type attenuator design
{
{
th
E
o
Z
o
Z
1
V
2
V
2
R
1
R
1
R
in
Z
( )
1 2 1
//
in o o
Z R Z R R Z = + + =
( )
( )
2 1
2
21
1 1 2 1 1
//
//
o
o
o o
R R Z
Z V
S
V R R R Z R Z
+
= = =
+ + +
o
1
1
1
o
R Z
o
o

=
+
2
2
2
1
o
R Z
o
o
=

1
2
2
1 2 1
1
1
2 1
3 attenuator
2
2
2 2
1
o o
o o
R Z Z
dB
R Z Z

= =
+
+
=
= =

o
o
o
o
o
{

4-16
3. Relation of [Z], [Y], and [S]
| | | | | | ( ) | | | | ( ) | | | |
1 1
Z Y , U Z U Z S

= + =
| | | || | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
1
Let 1,
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
n n n
on
n n n
V V V
Z
I V V
V Z I V V Z V V
Z V V Z V V
Z U V Z U V
V S V Z U S V Z U V
S Z U Z U
+
+
+ +
+ +
+
+ + +

= +
=
=
( ( ( (
= + =

( ( ( (
+ =

( (
+ =

( ( ( (
= + =

= +

(derivation)

4-17
4. Reciprocal network
| | | | | | matrix symmetric : , S S S
t
=
(derivation)
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1 1
3
1 1
( ) / 2
Let 1,
( ) / 2
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
( ) ( )
2 2
( )( ) ( )( )
(( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n n n
on
n n n n n n
from
t
t t
V V V V V I
Z
I V V V V I
V V I Z U I
V V I Z U I
V Z U Z U V S Z U Z U
S Z U Z U Z U Z U S
+ +
+
+

+

= + = +
=
= =
(
= + = +

(
= =

( (
= + = +

= + = + =

4-18
5. Lossless network (unitary property)
| | | | | |
0
1
,
*
1
*

=
=
= =

=
j i
j i
S S U S S
kj
N
k
ki
t
(derivation)
| | | |
,
* *
*
* * *
Let 1
lossless (incident power=transmitted power) net averaged input power =0
1 1
Re( ) Re[( ) ( )]
2 2
1
Re[
2
on
in i
i
t
t
in
t t t
Z
P
P V I V V V V
V V V V V V V
+ +
+ + + +
=

( ( ( ( = = +

( ( ( ( ( ( ( = +

| |
| | | |
| | | | | |
*
* * *
*
*
)] 0
t
V S V
t t t
t
t
V
V V V V V S S V
S S U
+

( (
=

+ + + +
( =

( ( ( ( ( ( = =

=
Im
6. Lossy network 1
*
1
<

=
ki
N
k
ki
S S

4-19
7. Ex.4.5
| |
0 0
0.15 0 0.85 45
=
0.85 45 0.2 0
o o
S
(
Z Z
(
Z Z

| |
2 2
11 21
11
22
21
11
:not symmetric a non-reciprocal network
0.745 1 a lossy network
port 1 20 log 16.5
port 2 20 log 14
20 log 1.4
port 2 terminated with a matched load 0
0.15
L
in
S
S S
RL S dB
RL S dB
IL S dB
S

+ = =
= =
= =
= =
I =
I = =
12 21
11
22
, 20 log 0.15 16.5
port 2 terminated with a short circuit 1
0.452, 6.9
1
L
L
in
L
RL dB
S S
S RL dB
S
= =
I =
I
I = + = =
I

4-20
9. S-matrix is not effected by the network arrangement.
| |
1 1
2 2
'
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
n-port network:
0 0 0 0
N N
j j
j j
j j
e e
e e
S S
e e
u u
u u
u u
( (
- -
( (
- -
( (
(
=

( (
- - - - - - - -
( (
- -
( (

8. Shift property
port 1
t1
V1
V1
+
port 2
t1
V1
+
V1
t2
V2
V2
+
t2
V2
V2
+
u1=|l1 u2=|l2
1 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 ' ' ' '
11 11 21 21 12 12 22 22
, , ,
j j j j j j
S e S S e S e S e S e S e S
u u u u u u
= = = =

4-21
10. Power waves on a lossless transmission line with Zoi
| | | | | || |
0
0
2 2
*
, , ,
incident (power) wave =
2
reflected (power) wave =
2
1 1 1
Re{ }
2 2 2
k
k
i i oi i
i
oi oi
i i oi i
i
oi oi
i oj
i
ij
j
j oi
a ,k j
V ,k j
in i i i i i inc i refl
V V Z I
: a
Z Z
V V Z I
: b
Z Z
V Z
b
V S V b S a , S
a
V Z
P V I a b P P
+
+

+
+
= =
= =
+

( ( = = = =

= = =
2
,
(1 )
i inc i ii L
P S P = =
0
2 2
*
2 2 2
, , ( ),
1 1 1
Re{ }= Re{( )( ) }= Re{ }
2 2 2
1 1
= = (1 )
2 2
1
= Re{
2
k ,k i
- -
i i i i
i i
i i i i oi i i i
i
oi
oi oi oi
* * *
in,i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i
i i inc,i refl ,i inc,i ii ii
i
a
i
i
V V V - V a - b
a b V V V Z a b I
Z
Z Z Z
P V I a b a - b a - b a b - a b
b
a - b P P P S , S
a
P P
= =
+ +
+
+
= = = + = + = =
= + +
= =
+
2 2
2 2
}
i
i
i i i
i
oi oi
V V
P a , P b
Z Z
+
+
= = = =
(derivation)
Im
ZL Zoi
i
V
i
I
V
gi
P
in,i

4-22
matched 1 port with 2 port at t coefficien reflection :
matched 1 port t with coefficien ion transmiss reverse :
0
2
2
22
0
2
1
12
1
1
=
=
=
=
a
a
a
b
S
a
b
S
matched 2 port t with coefficien ion transmiss forward :
matched 2 port with 1 port at t coefficien reflection :
0
1
2
21
0
1
1
11
2
2
=
=
=
=
a
a
a
b
S
a
b
S
11. Two-port device with its S-matrix
22 2 21 1 2
12 2 11 1 1
S a S a b
S a S a b
+ =
+ =
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
b S S a
b S S a
( ( (
=
( ( (

4-23
12. Reflection coefficient and S
11
, S
22
Zg
Ig Iin
Zo, |
ZL
, , if then
in g out L L o
in g out L g o L
in g out L L o
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z

I = = I I = = I = I =
+ + +
two-port
network
Zo
Zo
two-port
network
Zo
Zo
S
11
S
22
11
in o
in o
Z Z
S
Z Z

=
+
22
out o
out o
Z Z
S
Z Z

=
+
Iout IL
Z
in
Z
out
two-port
network
PL1
PL2
1
2
insertion loss 10log
L
L
P
IL(dB)
P

Zo
Zg
Zo
Zg

4-24
1
11
1
2
21
1
at port 1: 20log 20log
from port 1 to port 2: 20log 20log
b
RL - - S
a
b
IL - - S
a
=
=
usually Zg=Zo
13. RL and IL
1
a
1
a
2
b
1
b

4-25
15. Advantages to use S-matrix in microwave circuit
1) matched load available in broadband application
2) measurable quantity in terms of incident, reflected and
transmitted waves
3) termination with Zo causes no oscillation
4) convenient in the use of microwave network analysis
14. Two-port S-matrix measurement using VNA
DUT
a1 b1 b2 a2
S11 S21
Zo
1
V
+
1
V

2
V

2
V
+

4-26
16. Generalized scattering parameters
incident power wave , : reference impedance
2 Re
*
reflected power wave
2 Re
* *
power wave reflection coefficient
power reflection coeffici
i ri i
i ri
ri
i ri i
i
ri
i i ri i L ri
ii
i i ri i L ri
V Z I
a Z
Z
V Z I
b
Z
b V Z I Z Z
S
a V Z I Z Z
+

= =
+ +
2 2
2 2
2 2
,
*
ent , conjugate match * 0
1 1
Re{ *} ( )
2 2
Ref: K.Kurokawa,"Power waves and the scattering matrix", IEEE-MTT, pp.194-201, March 1965
traveling wave alo
i L ri
ii L ri ii
i L ri
in i i i i i L
b Z Z
S Z Z S
a Z Z
P V I a b P

= = = =
+
= = =

0
0 0
0 0
ng a lossless line with real
, , ( ),
, ,
2 2
, impedance mat
i i i i i i
i i i i i oi i i i
oi
oi oi oi
i i i i i
i i i i i oi i i
oi
i i oi i L oi
ii
i i oi i L oi
Z
V V V V a b
a b V V V Z a b I
Z
Z Z Z
V V Z I V Z I
a b a b I Z a b
Z Z Z
b V Z I Z Z
S
a V Z I Z Z
+ +
+

= = = + = + = =
+
+ = = = =

= = =
+ +
ch 0
L oi ii
Z Z S = =
ZL Zoi
i
V
i
I
L
Z
gi
i
V
i
I
V
gi
P
in,i

4-27
2
2
*
,
Re 1
Re{ *}
2 2
1
Re
2 Re 2 Re
if *
1
*
*
0 0
2 Re 2 Re

L ri
gi
L
i gi i
L gi L gi
gi
L
L i i
L gi
L
ri
Z Z
ri L gi L gi
i ri i
i gi gi
L gi
ri ri
L ri
L
ri
L gi L gi
i ri i
i gi ii
ri ri
V
Z
V V I
Z Z Z Z
V
Z
P V I
Z Z
Z
Z
Z Z Z Z Z
V Z I
a V V
Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z
Z Z Z Z
V Z I
b V S
Z Z
=
= =
+ +
= =
+
+
+ +
+
= =
+
=

+ +

= = =
2
2
, ,
2
2
Re
1

2 2
1
if * = :maximum power trasfer from source
8 Re
ri gi
L in i i inc i
L gi
gi
L g L
L
Z V
P P a P
Z Z
V
Z Z P
Z
= = = =
+
=
ZL
Z
gi
i
V
i
I
V
gi
P
in,i

4-28
1 a
1 b
1 r Z
N a
N b
rN Z
| | | | | | | || |
| | | | | | | | | |
| |
| |
| | | || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1
1
1
1
1
1
( )
( * )
0 . 0
0 . 0 0
0 0 . 0
0 0 0
Re 0 . 0
0 . 0 0
1
,
0 0 . 0 2
0 0 0 Re
( *)( )
( *)( )
r
r
r
r
rN
r
rN
r r
r r
a F V Z I
b F V Z I
Z
Z
Z
Z
F
Z
V Z I b F Z Z Z Z F a
S F Z Z Z Z F

= +
=
(
(
(
=
(
(

(
(
(
=
(
(
(
(

= = +
= +

4-29
4.4 The transmission (ABCD) matrix
Cascade network
1
D C
B A
(
(

2
D C
B A
(
(

(
(

(
(

(
(

=
(
(

(
(

=
(
(

3
3
2 1
2
2
1
1
1
I
V
D C
B A
D C
B A
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
Discussion
1. ABCD matrix of two-port circuits (p.190, Table 4.1)
2. Reciprocal network AD-BC=1
3. S-, Z-, Y-, ABCD-matrix relation of 2-port network (p.192,
Table 4.2)
4. Ex. 4.6 ABCD(Z)
V3 V1 V2
I1 I2 I3
+
_
+
_
+
_

4-30
(derivation) Z (ABCD)
2 2 1
0
2
2
22
0
2 2
2
0
1
2
21
2
2
2 2 1
0
2
2
0
2
2 2
0
2
1
12
2
2
0
1
1
11
2
2
1
1
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
0 ,
1
) (
0 ,
,
1
2 2
1 1 1
2
DI CV I
C
D
I
V
Z
C DI CV
V
I
V
Z
C
BC AD
B
C
D
A
C
D
I
V
DI CV I B
I
V
A
I
BI AV
I
V
Z
C
A
CV
AV
I
V
Z
I
V
D C
B A
I
V
I
I
Z Z
Z Z
V
V
I
I I
I I I
I
+ = = = =
=
+
= =

= =
= + = = =

+
=

=
= = =
(

=
(

=
(

=
= =
= = =
=

reciprocal network
1
1
21 12
= =

=
BC AD
C C
BC AD
Z Z
symmetrical network
11 22
Z Z A D = =

4-31
(derivation) S (ABCD)
2 2 2
1 11 12 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 21 22 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
11
1 1 1 1 2 2
0 0 0
( )/ 2
, ,
( )/ ( )/ 2
o
o o
o o o
o
a V V
b S S a V V A B V V V V V Z I
b S S a I I C D I V V Z V V Z I
V Z I AV BI Z CV Z DI b V
S
a V V Z I AV BI
+ +
+ +
+

+
= = =
= + = + ( ( ( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( ( ( (
= =

+
= = = =
+ + +
2
2 2
0

o o
V
o o
o o
Z CV Z DI
A BY CZ D
A BY CZ D
+
=
+
+
=
+ + +
o o
Y V I Z I V
V
2 2 2 2
2
,
0
= =
=
+
2
I
2
V
o
Z
D CZ BY A
DI Z CV Z BI AV
V
I Z V
V
V
V
a
b
S
o o
Y V I
o o o
V V
V a
o
+ + +
=
+ + +
=
+
= = =
=
=
=
+

+
2

2
2 / ) (
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
1 1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
21

4-32
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
12
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
1 1
2 1
1
2 1 2 2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
( ) / 2
,
( ) / ( ) / 2
0 0
1
, ,
( ) / 2
2 2

( ) /
o
o o
o
o o o
V V V V V Z I
b V
S
I V V Z V V Z I a V
a V
V V
V V D B V
AD BC
I I C A V Z I
V V
DV BI Z CV Z AI DV BYV
+ +

+ +
+

= + =
= =
= = +
= =
=
( ( (
= = A=
( ( (
A

A
= =
+ A + +
1 1
2

o
o o
CZ V AV
A BY CZ D
+
=
+ + +
o o
Y V I Z I V
1 1 1 1
, = =
2
I
2
V
o
Z
D CZ BY A
D CZ BY A
V AY CV Z V BY DV
V AY CV Z V BY DV
AI CV Z BI DV
AI CV Z BI DV
I Z V
I Z V
V
V
a
b
S
o o
o o
o o o
o o o
Y V I
o
o
o
o
V a
o
+ + +
+ +
=
+ +
+ + +
=
+
+ +
=

+
= = =
=
=
+

=
+
) (
) (

) (
) (
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2
0
2
2
0
2
2
22
1 1
1 1
1
I
1
V
1 ,
reciprocal
,
l symmetrica
21 12
22 11
= A =
= =
S S
D A S S

4-33
5. Example
coaxial-microstrip transition
(a linear circuit)
[S] representation can be obtained from
measurement or calculation.
one possible equivalent circuit
t1
t2
Zoc
Zom
Zom
Zoc
[S]
C1 C2
L

4-34
4.5 Signal flow graphs
2-port representation
22 2 21 1 2
12 2 11 1 1
S a S a b
S a S a b
+ =
+ =
[S]
port 1 port 2
a1
b1
a2
b2
a1
b1
b2
a2
S11 S22
S12
S21
1
11
1
2
21
1
at port 1: 20log 20log
from port 1 to port 2: 20log 20log
b
RL - - S
a
b
IL - - S
a
=
=
1 11 12 1
2 21 22 2
b S S a
b S S a
( ( (
=
( ( (

4-35
Discussion
1. Source representation
Vs
Zs
Is
as
b1 Is
b1
} a1
as 1 a1
Is
b1
2. Load representation
b2
a2
IL ZL
b2
a2
IL
3. Series, parallel, self-loop, splitting rules (p.196, Fig.4.16)
o
s
s
s o
o
s s
Z
e
a
Z Z
Z
V e
+
= ,

4-36
4. 2-port circuit representation
Vs
Zs
ZL
Is Iin Iout IL
[S]
a1
b1
b2
a2
S11 S22
S12
S21
Is IL
as
a1
b1
Is Iin
as
b2
a2
Iout IL
12 21
1 1 11 1 21 12 22 1 11 1
22
1 12 21
11
1 22
12 21
2 2 22 2 12 21 11 2 22 2
11
12 21 2
22
2 11
(1 ...)
1
1
(1 ...)
1
1
L
L L
L
L
in
L
S
S S
S
S
out
S
S S
b a S a S S S a S a
S
b S S
S
a S
S S
b a S a S S S a S a
S
S S b
S
a S
= + + + = +

= = +

= + + + = +

= = +

4-37
5. TRL (Thru-Reflect-Line) calibration
Find [S]
DUT
from 2-port measurement using three calibrators
6 unknowns of [S]
x
and [S]
y
to be calibrated to acquire [S]
DUT
T: Through 3 eqs., R: Reflection 2 eqs., L: Line 3 eqs.
R (I) and line length (l) can be unknown
DUT
ao
bo
b1
a1
e10
e11
e01
e00
S22
S12
S11
S21
a2
b2
e32
e33
e23
e22
b3
a3
x y
[S]

4-38
I
x y
x y
exp(l)
Calibrators
T: Through
3 eqs.
R: Reflection
2 eqs.
L: Line
3 eqs.
x y
Requirement: connectors and line have same characteristics for 3 calibrators
Limitation: operation bandwidth 20l160

4-39
| |
| |
1 11 12 2
1 21 22 2
11 12 12 21 11 22 11
21 22 22 21
11 12 11 12
21 22 21 22
R matrix (wave cascade matrix)
b a

a b
1

1
error matrices ,
Through
x y
R R
R R
R R S S S S S
R
R R S S
x x y y
R R
x x y y

( ( (
=
( ( (

( (
= =
( (

( (
( = =
( (


| | | |
| | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | |
0 1 1 0
:
1 0 0 1
0 0
Line: Reflection:
0 0 1/
Thru measurement:
Line measurement:
T T
l l
L L
l l
mT x T y x y
mL x L y
S R
e e
S R
e e
R R R R R R
R R R R


( (
= =
( (

( (
= =
( (

( ( = =

( =

4-40
10 01
00
11
23 32
33
22
21
11 22 10 01 23 32 10 32 23 01
12
10 01
reflection measurement at port 1
1
reflection measurement at port 2
1
, , , ,
, ,
mx
my
mx
mT
my
mT
mT
e e
e
e
e e
e
e

S
e e e e e e e e e e
S

e e e
= +

= +

` `
)

23 32
,

l
e
, e

| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
1
01 10
00,
11
1
23 32
33,
22
,
,
x x L mL mT
y L y mT mL
e e
M R R R M R R e
e
e e
R N R R N R R e
e

=
( ( =

4-41
| || | | || |
11 12 11 12 11 12
21 22 21 22 21 22
11 11 12 21 11
2
21 11 22 21 21
11 12 12 22 12
21 12 22 22 22
(det )
0
0 1/
/
/
l
x x L
l
l
l
l
l
ailed derivation
m m x x x x
e
M R R R
m m x x x x
e
m x m x x e
m
m x m x x e
m x m x x e
m x m x x e

( ( ( (
= =
( ( ( (

+ =

+ =

+ =

+ =

| | | |
2
10 01 11 11 11
1 22 11 12 00
21 21 21 11
2
12 12 12
21 22 11 12 00
22 22 22
11 12 11 12 11 12
21 22 21 22 21 22
11 11 12
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) 0
0
0 1/
l
y L y
l
e e x x x
m m m e
x x x e
x x x
m m m m e
x x x
y y n n y y
e
R N R R
y y n n y y
e
y n y n

+ = =

+ = =
( ( ( (
( ( = =
( ( ( (


+

2
21 11 23 32 11 11 11
21 22 11 12 33
12 12 12 22
21 11 22 21 21
2
21 21 21 11 12 12 22 12
21 22 11 21 33
22 22 22
21 12 22 22 22
( ) ( ) 0
/
( ) ( ) 0
/
l
l
l
l
y e e e y y y
n n n n e
y y y e
y n y n y e
y y y y n y n y e
n n n n e
y y y
y n y n y e

=
+ = = +

+ =

+ =

+ = =

+ =

4-42
10 01 10 01
00 00 00
11 11 11
23 32 23 32
33 33 33
22 22 22
10 01 22
00 11
11 22 22
2
11
1
, ( , )
1
1
, ( , )
1
1
1
mx
mx
mx
mx
my
mx
mx
mT
mx
mx
mx
e e b e e
e b e a e
e e a e
e e d e e
e d e c e
e e c e
e e e b
e e
e e e a
b c
e
a

= + = = =

= + = = = +

= + =

+
=

22 10 01 11 23 32 11
11
10 32
21
11 22
10 32 21 11 22 23 01 12 11 22 10 01 23 32
23 01
12
11 22
11
1
, , ( ) , =( - )
1
(1 ), = (1 ) , , ,
1
1
.
mx mx mT
mx mx mT
mT
mT mT
mT
mx
mx
b b
e e e b a e e e c d e
d a e a
e e
S
e e
e e S e e e e S e e e e e e
e e
S
e e
b

e a

= =
+

12
11 11
..(also for selection),
l
m
e e m
a

= +

4-43
4.6 Discontinuities and modal analysis
equivalent circuit components
A E C, A H L
constant E (V) parallel connection
constant H (I) serial connection
Discussion
1. Microstrip discontinuities
open-end gap
Cp Cp
Cg
Coc

4-44
step
T-junction
bend
C
C
C
L L
L1
L L
L2
L3

4-45
2. Microstrip discontinuity compensation
swept bend mitered bends
mitered step mitered T-junction
w
r
r>3w
a
a=1.8w

4-46
Solved Problems
Prob. 4.11 Find [S] relative to Z0
Prob. 4.12 Find S21 of [SA] in cascade of [SB]
S21A
S22A
S12A
S11A
S21B
S22B
S12B
S11B

1
11 22
21 21
21
B A
B A
S S
S S
S

=
| |
| |
11 22 12 21
2
22 12 21 12
21 11 22 12 21
2
2
1/ 1/
2
, ( )( )
1/ 1/
( )( ) 2
2 ( )( )
2 1/ 2 /
2 2
2
2 / 1/
o
o o
o
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o o
o
o o
Z Z
Z Z
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Z Z ZZ
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y
S
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Y Y
Z Z Z ZZ
Z Z Z Z Y Y
Z
ZZ Z
Z
Y Y
( +
= A = + + + =
(

+ + (
(
A A
= (
+ +
(
(
A A
(
(
+ + A A
( = =
(
(
A A
11 21 ,1
2 2

o o
S S
Z
Z Z Z
(
(
= (
(
(
+ +
| |
| |
2
11 22 12 21
11 22 12 21 12
21 11 22 12 21
2
2
, ( )( ) 2
( )( ) 2
2 ( )( )
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
o o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o
o
o o
o o
Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
S
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z Z ZZ
Z Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z
ZZ Z
Z Z Z Z
Z Z
(
= A = + + = +
(

+ (
(
A A
= (
+
(
(
A A
(
(

+ + A A
( = =

(
(
+ +
A A
11 21 ,1

S S
(
(
+ = (
(
(

4-47
Prob. 4.14
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0.178 90 0.6 45 0.4 45 0
0.6 45 0 0 0.3 45
0.4 45 0 0 0.5 45
0 0.3 45 0.5 45 0
( Z Z Z
(
Z Z
(
(
Z Z
(
Z Z
(

0
24
11
2
42
2
12
45 4 port and 2 port between delay phase
8 4 . 0 log 20 log 20 4 port and 2 port between loss insertion ) 4 (
20 1 . 0 log 20 log 20 1 port at loss return ) 3 (
l symmetrica ] )[ 2 (
1 8 . 0 ) 1 (
=
= = =
= = =

= = +
dB S
dB S
reciprocal S
lossy S S
0 0 0
1 1
0 0
2
0 0
3 3
0 0
4
0
3 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 3 1 1
0.178 90 0.6 45 0.4 45 0
0 0.6 45 0 0 0.3 45
0.4 45 0 0 0.5 45
0 0 0.3 45 0.5 45 0
0.4 45
0.178 90 0.4 45 0.178 90 0.16 90 0.018 90
b a
b
b b
b
b a
b a b a a a
( Z Z Z ( (
( ( (
Z Z
( ( (
=
( ( ( Z Z
( ( (
Z Z
(

= Z
= Z Z = Z Z = Z 1
1
11
1
0.018
b
S j
a
= =
(5) reflection at port 1 as port 3 is connected to a short circuit

4-48
Prob. 4.19 given [S
ij
] of a 2 two-port network normalized to Zo, find
its generalized [S
ij
] in terms of Z
o1
and Z
o2
| | | | | || |
0
0
2 1 ' ' '
11 11 12 12 21 21 22
1 2
incident (power) wave =
2
reflected (power) wave =
2
, , ,
k
k
i i oi i
i
oi oi
i i oi i
i
oi oi
i oj
i
ij
j
j oi
a ,k j
V ,k j
o o
o o
V V Z I
: a
Z Z
V V Z I
: b
Z Z
V Z
b
V S V b S a , S
a
V Z
Z Z
S S S S S S S
Z Z
+
+

+
+
= =
= =
+

( (
= = = =

= = =
'
22
S =

4-49
Prob. 4.28 find P2/P1 and P3/P1
(
(
(

0 0
0
0 0
23
23 12
12
S
S S
S
P1
P2
P3
2
3
a1
b1
a2
b2
a3
b3
2
3
S12
S12
S23
S23
2
12 2 23 12 2 12
1 1 1 2 1 3 1
2 2 2
2 3 23 2 3 23 2 3 23
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 12 2 12 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
1
2 1 1 1
12 2 2 3 23 12 2
2
2 3 23 2
2
2 3 23
2 2
3 3
3
1
, ,
1 1 1
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
(1 )
1
1 (1 )
1
in
in
S S S S
b a a b a b a
S S S
b a b S S
P
P
a b a
S S S
S
S
b a
P
P
a
I I
= = I = =
I I I I I I
I I I
= = = =
I
I I I I
I I
I I

=
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 12 2 23 3 12 2 23 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 1 1 1
12 2 2 3 23 12 2
2
2 3 23 2
2
2 3 23
(1 ) (1 ) (1 )
(1 )
1
1 (1 )
1
in
b S S S S
b a
S S S
S
S
I I I I I
= = =
I
I I I I
I I
I I
ADS examples: Ch4_prj