Design: It is a process of formulating plan for achieving a product.

Mechanical engineering design involves the application of principles of science and technology in the creation of a product,and the considerations of various factors that effects its product and use. Design Factors:

The following factors are to be considered while designing a machine element. 1.Loads. 2.Mechanism. 3.Selection Of Materials. 4.Manufacturing Process. 5.Shape,Size And Quantity. 6.Effect Of Environment. 7.Durability And Reliability. 8.Cost. 9.Life. 10.Saftey. Classifications Of Machine Design: The machine design may be classified as follows: 1.Adaptive design:This type of design needs no special skill or knowledge .The designer only makes minor alternation or modification in the existing design part. 2.Development design:This type of design needs scientific training an design ability in order to modify the existing designs into a new idea by adopting a new material or different method of manufacture. 3.New design: This type of design needs lot of research,technical ability and creative

thinking. Explanation about design factors: 1.Loads: Any external force acting on a component is called Load. When a load acts on a body the internal resistive force (strength) resist the deformation. The load on a machine component may act in several ways due to which the internal stresses are set up. 2.Mechanisms: A mechanism describes the way in which a machine work. All machines consists of at least one type of mechanism. The design process involves the selection of the most suitable mechanism. Materials: Selection of proper materials depends upon the following factors. Suitability of materials for service conditions. Size and shape of the part Conditions of loading to which the part is subjected. Manufacturing requirements. Availability of materials. Cost. 4.Mechanical Properties: Mechanical properties are associated with behaviour of materials subjected to mechanical load. The most important mechanical properties are: 3.Selection Of

a. Strength. b. Modulus Of Elasticity. c. Ductility. d. Malleability. e. Brittleness f. Hardness. g. Resilience. h. Toughness. i. Fatigue Strength. j. Creep. Strength:It is defined as the capacity to resist external loads under given conditions. Modulus Of Elasticity:The ratio of stress to strain with in the elastic limit is called modulus of elasticity.Metals with high modulus of elasticity possess high stiffness i.e minimum deflection under load. Ductility:It is the ability of a material to deform under tensile loads. Malleability:It is the ability of a material to deform under compressive loads. Brittleness:It is the ability of a material to fracture with very little deformation i.e,the brittle materials have very low percentage of elongation Hardness:It is the ability of a material to resist abrasion,scratching or indentation.This is desirable property for parts subjected to wear.

Resilience:It is the ability of a material to store energy with in the elastic limit.It is desirable property for parets subjected to impact loads. Toughness:It is the ability of a material to absorb energy before fraction is called toughness. Creep:The slow and progressive deformation of material with time at constanst stress is called creep.

5.Shape,Size And Quantity The shape,size and the number of parts to be produced determine the economical manufacturing process. large quantity of parts having simple shape with minimum posibie size will reduce the cost of production. 6.Effect Of Envinorment To avoid damage due to atmospheric corrosion,the two disimilar metals should be separated with a non metalic washer or gasket and the exterior design should be such that it will not accumulate dirt. 7.Durability And Reliability The ability to resist the adverse effects of envinorment, use and maintenance with the progress of time is called durability. Reliability is the ability of a product to perform required function under given condition for a specified period of time. 8.Cost While estimating the cost of a product, it is necessary to consider the

quality of the product . The cost and quality are inter related. The aim of designer should be to design a product of acceptable quality at minimum cost. 9.Life It is uneconomical to provide a longer life than necessary because it increase the cost.. 10.Safety Some machines are dangerous to operate.So the designer should always provide safety devices for the safety of operator. Design Procedure The general procedure to solve a design problem is: 1.Recognition of need:Make a complete statement of the problem in the form of a data which indicates the nature of problems and purpose of design 2.synthesis(Mechanisms):Select the possible mechanism or group of mechanisms which will give the desired motion. 3.Analysis of forces:Find the forces acting on each member of the machine and the energy transmitted by each member. 4.Material Selection:Select the material best suioted for each member of the machine. 5.Modification:Modify the size of the member to agree with the past experience and judgement. 6.3D Modelling:Draw the detailed drawing of each component and the

assembly of the machine with complete specification. 7.Production:The component as per the drawing is manufactured in the workshop. Required Qualities of a product after the Design: 1.Adaptability 2.Flexibility 3.Aesthetic nature 4.Good Service Adaptability:The product should be adaptable in nature and to the conditions. Flexibility:The product should be easy to use by the customers. Aesthetic:The product should be most appealing in order to attract the customers so that it dominates in the market.