Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Corporate Governance
Glossary
2010 1-
FOREWORD
The Corporate Governance Development Center is pleased to present this EnglishMongolian glossary of corporate governance and related terms. The glossary is designed to fill a current void in Mongolia of a standard lexicon and concepts that are
generally accepted in business and financial communities and is primarily intended for
those involved in corporate practice and regulatory aspects of corporate governance.
There is now increased pressure on companies and corporations to improve their
governance: transparency, accountability, protection of shareholders rights, etc. Mongolian companies can ignore this trend only at their own peril. Listed and limited liability companies in particular need to improve their governance to be able to compete in
the rapidly changing marketplace.
Founded in 2009, the Center is devoted to improve corporate governance by:
We thank the Economic Policy Reform and Competitiveness Project (EPRC), funded
by the United States Agency for International Development, for the support in the development of this glossary. The terms and definitions included herein should make
core corporate governance concepts easier to understand.
The publication is also available to the general public in electronic format on the
Corporate Governance Development Center website: www.cgdc.org.mn. We hope
you will find this glossary helpful and look forward to your comments at
info@cgdc.org.mn to make future editions more useful.
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English term
English definition
Abuse
Accountability
The state of
answerable.
Accountant's opinion
A report signed by independent certified auditor representing results of verification of account books
and registration documents of organizations.
Accounting
Acquisition
Administrative authorities
Governmental authorities.
Advance
Advisory Board
A body usually found in LLC, family-owned structures, NGO, universities. A body that advises the
board of directors and management of a corporation
but does not have authority to vote on corporate
matters, nor a legal fiduciary responsibility.
Affiliated/Associated
company
being
accountable,
liable
or
,
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English term
English definition
10
Affiliated person
11
12
13
Annual meeting
14
Annual Report
15
Anti-crisis management
10
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English term
English definition
16
Anti-dilution provision
17
Anti-takeover provision
18
Appreciation
19
20
Audit
21
Audit committee
22
Audit report
23
Auditor
24
Authorization
25
Authorized stock
16
17
18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
24
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8
English term
English definition
26
Balance Sheet
27
28
29
Bankruptcy
30
31
Benchmarking
32
Beneficial owner
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is an institution created by the central bank Governors of
the Group of Ten nations, created in 1974 and meets regularly four times a year
26
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2006 .
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English term
English definition
33
Best practice
34
Board Committee
35
Board of Directors
36
Board of Trustees
37
38
Bylaws of a company
39
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33
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34
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English term
English definition
40
Corporations thus rely heavily on the capital markets for financing; total bank assets are 60% of
GDP. US, UK, and other countries.
41
Capital surplus
A part of the companys equity which typically results from funds accumulated from any re-valuation
of non-current assets and the positive difference
between the nominal value and the issuing of the
companys shares.
42
43
Change-of-control
arrangements
44
Rules and procedures for the governance and control of private sector companies.
45
Chief executive officer CEO The highest ranking officer of the company.
46
The corporate executive responsible for the financial planning and tracking of a company.
47
48
49
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41
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42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
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English term
English definition
50
Class of shares
51
Classified board
52
53
Code of ethics
A set of rules governing the behavior of members of the organization that has established
the code.
54
Codetermination
55
Common stock
56
Common-law voting
57
Compensation committee
58
Compliance
59
Concentrated ownership
60
Confidentiality
15
50
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English term
English definition
61
Conflict of interest
A conflict between the private interests and the official responsibilities of a person in a position of
trust.
62
Conflicted transaction
63
Conglomerate
64
Contingent Liability
65
Control transaction
66
Corporate charter
67
Corporate culture
68
Corporate finance
17
61
62
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63
64
65
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English term
English definition
69
Corporate governance
70
Corporate Governance
Committee
71
Corporate law
72
Corporate opportunity
73
Corporate secretary
A company secretary is a senior management position in a private company or a public organization. Corporate Secretary is the
company's named representative on legal
documents. They are responsible to ensure
that the company and its directors operate
within the rule of law, to register and communicate with the shareholders, that the dividends are paid, and company records are
well maintained.
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English term
English definition
74
Corporate social
responsibility
75
Corporation
76
Cross-shareholding
The holding of shares between two or more publicly listed companies that give each company involved an equity stake in the other.
77
21
74
,
.
75
76
77
22
English term
English definition
78
Debtor
79
Dilution
80
Dilution of ownership
A reduction in the fractional ownership of a shareholder's stock in the charter capital as a result of
the issuance of additional shares of common stock
and/or the conversion of convertible securities.
81
Director
82
83
Disclosure
84
Dispersed ownership
85
Distribution stock
86
Divergence cost
23
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84
85
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English term
English definition
87
Dividends
88
Duty
89
Duty of candor
90
Duty of care
91
Duty of loyalty
Acting in good faith for the benefit of the organization and all its shareholders and other stakeholders, including avoiding self-dealing.
25
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88
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English term
English definition
92
93
Employee stock
ownership plan
94
95
Equitable Treatment of
Shareholders
96
Equity
97
Event study
27
92
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93
94
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95
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96
97
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28
English term
English definition
98
Ex-Dividend
The time period between the declaration of a dividend and the payment of the dividend.
99
Ex-dividend date
100
Executive director
101
External auditor
102
Extraordinary General
Shareholders Meeting
29
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99
-
.
100
101
102
30
English term
English definition
103
Fair disclosure
The release of all material, market-influencing information to the public at the same time.
104
Float
105
Fiduciary duty
106
Fiduciary law
107
Financial Statements
Presentation of financial data balance sheets, income statements and statements of cash flow, or any
supporting statement intended to communicate an
entity's financial position at a point in time and its results of operations for a period then ended.
108
Fixing date
109
110
Forward looking
statement
111
Fraud
112
Friendly takeover
by
the
103
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104
105
106
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107
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112
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English term
English definition
113
Generally Accepted
Accounting Principles
(GAAP)
114
Global Corporate
Governance Forum
The Global Corporate Governance Forum is an International Finance Corporation (IFC) multi-donor trust
fund facility located within IFC Advisory Services that
sponsors initiatives on supporting corporate governance.
115
Going Concern
116
Golden bungee
117
Golden handshake
118
Golden hello
119
Golden parachute
33
113
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114
115
116
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117
118
119
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English term
English definition
120
Governance
121
Governance committee
122
Greenmailing
35
120
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121
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122
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English term
English definition
123
Hedge fund
124
Historical cost
An accounting principle requiring all financial statement items to be based on original cost.
125
Holding company
126
Hostile takeover
An unsolicited takeover not supported by the management and board of directors of the target company.
127
Human resources
management
37
123
,
.
124
125
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126
127
38
English term
English definition
128
Incentive cost
129
Income Statement
130
Independence
131
Independent
132
Independent auditor
133
Independent chairman
134
Independent director
135
136
Inside director
137
Insider System
138
Insider trading
is
not
directly
128
129
130
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138
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I&J
English term
English definition
139
Insolvency
140
Internal audit
141
Internal control
142
International Financial
Reporting Standards
143
Investment bank
144
Issue
145
146
41
139
140
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141
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142
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(
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English term
English definition
148 Liquidation
149 Listed
Provisions included as part of the initial public offering process or included in executive stock or stock
option based compensation schemes that restrict the
terms for future sale of shares of a publicly listed
company.
43
147
70%
148
,
.
149
150
44
English term
English definition
151
Management
152
Management accounting
Accumulating and analysis of financial data for internal use (management, data for shareholders and
controlling bodies).
153
Management decisions
154
Management psychology
155
Materiality
156
Management buyout
45
151
152
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)
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153
154
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.
155
156
46
English term
English definition
157 Merger
47
157
,
.
158
159
2007
2007
,
2004 -
.
160
161
,
.
48
N&O
English term
English definition
162
Nominating committee
163
164
Non-executive director
165
166
167
Outsider system
49
162
163
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.
164
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.
165
166
,
2004
167
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(, )
50
English term
English definition
168
Paid-in surplus
169
Partnership
170
Pay-for-performance
171
Pension fund
172
Pension plan
173
Perks
174
175
Poison pill
51
168
169
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.
170
171
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172
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.
173
174
,
.
175
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52
English term
English definition
176
Pooling of interests
177
Preferred Stock
178
Price-to-earnings ratio
179
Principal shareholder
180
Principal-Agent Dilemma
181
Private equity
182
Privatization
183
Proprietorship
53
non
176
177
178
12
.
179
10
180
181
,
,
182
183
-
.
54
P&Q
English term
English definition
184
Proxy
185
Proxy card
186
Proxy contest
187
Proxy statement
188
Proxy voting
189
190
Public corporations
191
Quarterly report
192
Quorum
184
185
186
187 /
188
189
190
191
192
, ().
56
English term
English definition
193
Ratification
194
Rating agency
195
Reasonable assurance
A level of comfort short of a guarantee but considered adequate given the costs of the control and
the likely benefits achieved.
196
Recapitalization plan
197
A business deal or arrangement between two parties who are joined by a special relationship prior to
the deal.
198
Replacement costs
199
Responsibility
A form of trustworthiness; the trait of being answerable to someone for something or being responsible for ones conduct.
200
Retail investor
An individual who purchases small amounts of securities for his or her own account. Also known as
an individual investor.
201
Return on assets
57
193
194
.
.
195
196
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, ,
.
197
198
199
;
.
200
201
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.
58
English term
English definition
202
Return on equity
203
Return on investment
A financial analysis ratio that measures an investor's return on investment, equal to a fiscal year's
net income divided by common stock and preferred
stock plus long-term debt.
204
Right to vote
205
Rights of appraisal
206
Risk aversion
207
Risk Management
59
202
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(
)
,
.
203
:
,
.
204
205
.
,
,
.
206
207
/
,
.
60
English term
English definition
208
Sarbanes-Oxley
209
Securities analyst
Professionals working in the securities market. Buyside analysts work for institutional investors. Sellside analysts work for brokerages and
investment banks.
210
Segregation of duties
211
Selective disclosure
212
Self-dealing
213
Separation of ownership
and control
Ownership rights are the rights to a company's profits. Control rights are the rights to determine what
the company does. The approach which resolves
the conflict-of-interest problem between owners and
managers. This involves the use of effective managerial oversight by the firm's board of directors.
214
Severance pay
215
Shadow director
208
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209
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211
212
213
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.
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215
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-
.
62
English term
English definition
216
Share consolidation
217
218
Shareholder
219
Shareholder activism
A way in which shareholders can influence a corporation's behavior by exercising their rights as
owners.
220
Shareholder proposal
221
Shareholder resolution
222
Socially responsible
investing
223
Spin-off
63
216
217
218
219
220
,
.
221
2,000 .
1%-
/
222
223
64
English term
English definition
224
Split of shares
225
Staggered board
226
Stakeholder
227
228
Statutory voting
229
Stock
230
Stock Option
231
An employee benefit plan that provides for the allocation of some of a company's stock for purchase
by its employees.
65
224
225
226
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229
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231
.
66
English term
English definition
232
Stock split
233
Stockholder
234
Strategy Formulation
235
Subsidiary company
236
Supermajority
237
Supervisory Board
238
Sustainability
An integration of economic progress, social development and environmental concern with the
objective of ensuring a quality of life for future generations at least as good as todays.
239
Synergy
240
Systemic risk
232
,
.
233
234
.
.
235
236
(67-90 )
.
237
.
-
.
238
,
,
,
.
239
240
68
T&V
English term
English definition
241
Tag-along Rights
242
Target firm
243
Take over
244
Transparency
245
Treasury stock
246
247
248
Viligant board
69
241
242
243
.
.
244
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245
246
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,
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70
W, Y & Z
English term
English definition
249
Whistleblower
250
Whistleblower protection
71
249
250
72
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