BONES of UPPER LIMB.

OBJECTIVES
Skeleton definition and functions specially bones. Brief review of classification of bones. Common land marks or features of bones. Individual features of Upper limbs bones

SKELETON
Skeleton system consist of several types of tissue
Cartilage( connective tissue semi rigid) Bones (rigid type of connective tissue)

The Skelton (Bones) provides

Protection Locomotion Storage of (Minerals) Synthesis of blood (from bone marrow)

Classification of Bones

BONES MAY BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO

REGION. (Appendicular and Axial ) SHAPE. (Long ,Short ,Irregular, Flat and Sesamoid) DEVELOPMENTAL (Cartilaginous and Membranous) STRUCTURAL ( Spongy and Compact)

APPENDICULAR SKELETON SHOULDER GIRDLES Clavicle Scapula 2 2

UPPER EXTREMITIES
Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges 2 2 2 16 10 28

PELVIC GIRDLE
Hip bone 2

LOWER EXTREMITIES Femur

Patella Fibula Tibia Tarsals Metatarsals phalenges

2
2 2 2 14 10 28

AXIAL SKELETON.
SKULL Cranium Face Auditory ossicles Hyoid Vertebrae (including sacrum and coccyx) Cervical 7 ,thorax 12 and lumbar 5 Sternum Ribs 8 14 6 28 1 26 1 24

Classification
According to shape. Long . eg, Clavicle Humerus Radius Ulna. Femur Tibia Fibula. Short. eg, Hand and Foot bones. Irregular . eg, Vertebrae , Hip bones . Flat . eg, Scapula Sternum Skull. Sesamoid. eg, Patella and Pisiform.

EACH LONG BONES HAS

Epiphysis Diaphyis. Metaphysis. Epiphysial plat. Is a Cartilage present in between the diaphysis Epiphysis . Bone

Epiphysis.

Metaphysis

Diaphysis

COMMON FEATURES OF THE BONES

Condyles: Rounded Knuckle Like Area Crest: Thick border Epicondyle: eminence superior to condyle Facet: a smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage where bone articulates with another bone. Grove: elongated depression Head: a large rounded end makes the articulation Tubercle: a small rounded elevation Tuberosity : a large rounded elevation

THE CLAVICLE
Is the long bone lying in horizontally connects the upper limb with the axial Skelton Main features of the clavicle Two ends medial & lateral Two curvatures medial & lateral Two surfaces inferior & Superior Two borders. Anterior and posterior.

Clavicle

SCAPULA

Flat triangular bone

Following are the important features

Three Borders :lateral , medial and superior. Three Angles: Superior inferior and lateral. Spine: Triangular in shape at the posterior surface of
scapula.

Acromion process projects above the glevoid cavity from

the lateral side of spine.

Glenoid cavity. Pear shaped at lateral angle. Three Fossae supraspinous , infraspinous & subscapular. Two notches supra-scapular & spino-glenoind.
Two Surfaces. Anterior(costal) and posterior.

SCAPULA

HUMERUS
Is the long bone of arm Following are main features Head: Tubercle: Lesser and greater tubercle. Bicipital grove: Between two tubercles. Trochlea: Pulley shaped on lateral side of lower end . Capitulam:On Medial side lower end Epicondyle: lateral and medial.

RADIUS
Is located on lateral side of forarm Following are main features Head (disc shape) Neck Tuberosity Latereral styloid process

RADIUS AND ULNA.

ULNA
Medial side bone of the fore arm

Following are the important Features. Head (on lower side.) Medial Styloid process Trochlear notch Olecranon process Ulnar notch

CARPAL BONE
Arranged in two rows Proximal and Distal. Scaphoid . Lunate. Triquetral. Pisiform. Trepezium. Trepizoid. Capitate. Hamate.

(Eight bones)

METACARPAL Five in numbers present in the palm of the hand.

First number starts from lateral side.

PHALANGES.
Total fourteen Two in the thumb Three in each of the remaining fingers.