PENGIRAAN MENTAL /CONGAK (MENTAL COMPUTATION) & PENGANGGARAN (COMPUTATIONAL ESTIMATION)

Mental computation

Computing without the aid of external tools (doing it in your head) Basic facts serve as a foundation or stepping stone for many mental computation (rujuk modul ppg) Examples: 15 + 7, 35 + 7, 50 + 70 32 7, 800 300 30 x 4, 300 x 40, 120 3, 4200 70

Addition strategies
1. 2.

3.
4. 5.

Counting on: 2 + 9 Bridging tens (ten combination) 8+ 5 Compensation: 9 + 6 Relate to a known fact: 8 + 7 Doubles and near doubles: 8 + 7

6. Identification of patterns when adding 0 the number stays the same 4+0=4 when adding 9 the number is one less in the units 8 + 9 = 17 when adding 1 the sum is the next counting number 5+1=6

Subtraction strategies
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6.

Relate to addition: 13 8 = ? Counting down: 9 2 = ? Counting up: 13 9 = ? Bridging tens : 15 7 = ? Compensation: 15 9 = ? Identification of patterns; 8 - 0 = 8 , 8 1 = 7, 15 9 = 6

Multiplication strategies

Counting in multiples: 6 x 3 Repeated addition: 3 x 8 Relate to known facts: 9 x 7 Identification of patterns

Division strategies
1.

2.
3.

Relate to multiplication : 63 7 Repeated subtraction :18 3 Compensation: 64 8 ,

Rational of mental computation pg 235

Very useful Provides a direct and efficient way of doing many calculations An excellent way of to develop critical thinking and number sense and to reward creative problem solving Contributes to increase skill in estimation

Computational estimation - estimation skills - why doing estimations

Computational estimation (pg 239)

Is a process of producing answers that are close enough to allow for good decisions without making elaborate or exact computations Is typically done mentally, but there are circumstances that may require recording some results

Why doing estimations?

Estimation is an important life skill Estimation is an important check on computations The learner is more actively involved mentally in computation activity

Several strategies

Front- end estimation (4219+7912+2446) Adjusting or compensating Compatible numbers Flexible rounding (29 x 24) Clustering or averaging (82+90+87+97+94)