BY

I
.5

MANUEL JOS QUINTANA

EDITBD

BY

JOS PL

.5

EL CID
AND

GUZMN EL BUENO
BY

MANUEL

JOS QUINTANA

WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES AND VOCABULARY

BY

JOS PL
LFCTURER
TN SPANISH. KINg's COLLEGE,

UNIVERS1TY OF LONDON

13.

1123

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1921

CONTENTS
PAGE

INTRODUCTION
EL CID

iii

GUZMN EL BUENO
NOTES VOCABULARY

........

26

49
83

2126-3

INTRODUCTION
I.

A
of

short account ot the principal events in the Ufe

affords us not only an

Manuel Jos Quintana

insight into a very remarkable personality, but also

a fairly good picture of the national sentiments and

bitter
political

passions which so violently stirred

first

the soul of Spain during the

third of the nine-

teenth century.

Quintana's patriotic conduct during

the Napoleonic campaigns on Spanish soil

may

well

be considered as representative of the attitude then bravely taken by the bulk of his countrymen with such
disastrous consequences to the great Corsican warrior.

On

the other hand, Quintana's fortunes and misforfield

tunes in the political

run parallel with the

tri-

umphs and
that

defeats of one of the two big parties into

political

which Spanish

opinin was divided during

unhappy period.

When

liberal ideas

were

in

the ascendant, Quintana rose to comparatively high posts in the councils of the nation ; when despotism

held the upper hand, he sufered in prison or in voluntary exile.

In his writings as in his deeds, Quintana always displayed such sterling objectivity of motive, such indomitable and whole-hearted devotion to principies

which, rightly or wrongly, he deemed good for the welfare of his country, that his own life would not be quite unworthy of inclusin among the lives of celea 2

iv

INTRODUCTION

brated Spaniards, written by him for the edification of

his

young countrymen, and from which those of the Cid and Guzmn the Good, here edited, have been
Quintana's
life

extracted.
vvhat

is

an exact reflection of

one would expect it to be after reading his leading prose and poetical works. Whatever his political mistakes, in theory or in practice, may have been, posterity has been bound to acknowledge that he was thoroughly justified when, on the day of his reception as a member of the Spanish Royal Academy, he boasted o the perfect and never-broken harmony which had always existed between his heart and his pen \ Until death carne, he lived strictly up to the principies which he had preached and fought for, without ever wavering for a single hour, not even when it was evident to all that those principies had miserably failed and that their accomplishment, given the backward state of the country, would still be His was indeed impossible for a good many years. an almost fanatical consistency. In the writings of his youth we can discern, almost in their definite expression, all the articles of the faith in which he was to live and cise his years. This, the strongest feature of his personality, may be said to have been his capital defect as a politician and also as an historian, for his
'

inflexible adhesin to general principies

made him

a dreamer, preventing him from seeing the realities which surrounded him or had prevailed in the past.

The son of a civil servant of the State, Manuel Jos Quintana was born at Madrid on April n of the very year, 1772, in which the French Encyclopaedists published the last volume of their monumental work as

INTRODUCTION
this

had been originally planned, a

fact

not uninterest-

ing to note, as the influence of these epoch-making

books appears plainly in most of Quintana's writings. 1 That almost superstitious respect for the freedom of the individual and for scientific progress which seems to permeate all Quintana's works was, no doubt, In the pages of derived from the Encyclopdie. Diderot and d'Alembert our author imbibed, in his
early years, his social philosophy, his

human
It

theoin
in-

sophy, and even his conception of

stances, even sought his inspiration.

art.

was

those revolutionary volumes that he, in several

After a short stay at Crdoba, where he learned the

elements,

young Quintana was sent by

at the od

his father to

study humanities
in the Pennsula.

University of Salamanca,

which happily was

at that

time the centre of literature

There he met those who guided his first steps in art, men like Gaspar Melchor de Jove-Llanos, the celebrated politician and man of letters, author of El Delincuente Honrado, the first Spanish drama written on the model recommended by Diderot, and the two poets Juan Melndez Valds and Nicasio Alvarez de Cienfuegos. These distinguished writers, with a few others of minor significance, formed together the second stage of what, in

the
1

history of Spanish literature,

is

known

as the
de

The very

first line in

the

first

composition

Oda a Juan

Padilla pr'mted in the Obras Completas of Quintana de Autores Espaoles)

:

{Biblioteca

is

Todo a humillar a humanidad conspira. but a new versin o Rousseau's well~l<nown opening thought

n his

Du

Contrat social
est

L'homme

ue

libre, et

partout

il

est

dans

les fers.

vi

INTRODUCTION
artistic tenets

School of Salamanca, the principal

his essays,
'

of

vvhich were, as Quintana himself has told us in one of

careful attention to exact

symmetry

in

nietrical forms, to pleasing cadenees, to

elegance and

purity of style, and to facility and neatness in execu-

For the supporters of this School external forms were much more important than the subject chosen or the thoughts expressed by the poet or prose writer. Inspired by French neo-classicism,they aimed at saving Spanish letters both from culteranismo, a vice inherited from Gngora's time, and from prosasmo, a tendeney very strongly marked in writers of the
tion\

middle eighteenth century. Quintana's earliest literary

of poems, composed

effbrt

was a small volume

six-

when he was no more than

That was in 1788, which happens to be the same year in which he began his legal studies at the University. Three years later he wrote a didactic poem, entitled Las Reglas del Drama, with which he competed for a prize offered by the Royal Spanish Academy. In this poem, which was not awarded the prize, he formulated for the first time in print the literary principies by which, with but slight concessions, he was to abide during his whole life. Our author resided at Salamanca until, in 1795, he was called to the Bar. Then he returned to Madrid and was soon given a legal post in the Board of Commerce and Coinage. His literary abilities flourished most actively during the years 1800-8. In this short period he acted as Censor of Plays, edited a paper called El Semanario Patritico, and produced his two
teen years of age.
tragedies,

El Duque

de Viseo (1801) (a play based on

INTRODUCTION

vii

The Castle Spectre by the Englishman M. G. Lewis), and Pe/ayo (1805), a celebration of national independence and heroism. Both productions are weak as In later years Quintana dramatic compositions. himself described these two dramas as 'the offspring of inexperience and perhaps also of the audacity of their author \ a blunt criticism which posterity has accepted as thoroughly sound. In 1807 he gave to the public the first volume of his Vidas de los Espaoles Clebres, which contained those of the Cid, Guzmn, Roger de Lauria, the Prince of Viana and Gonzalo de Crdoba. His most celebrated book of poems appeared the following year. It included the compositions generally entitled A la Expedicin Espaola para propagar la Vacuna en Amrica, A Juan de Padilla, A Espaa despus de la Revolucin de Marzo, Al Armamento de las Provincias Espaolas contra los Franceses, El Panten del Escorial, and A la Invencin This last composition had already de la Imprenta. been printed in another small volume published in
1802.

Quintana' s

life

and work from 1808 onwards are but

his political, patriotic,

the logical development of the ideas consigned in this

little

volume of poems, where

philosophical and humanitarian creeds found

best expression.

their

Nobody

better than our author,

whp

had been nurtured by French ideology, knew what he, as a man, owed to France, but in the moment of national danger he did not forget what he, as
a Spaniard, also

owed

to his native land.

The

conse-

quences of the events of 1808 definitely settled his fate. The ridiculous squabble between Carlos IV


vi

INTRODUCTION

and his son Fernando, afterwards the seventh Spanish monarch of that ame, together with the perfidious occupation of the Pennsula by the French troops, disturbed the tranquillity of all Spaniards, and Quintana was one of the first who, in spite of the enormous
disproportion of forces,

deemed

the fight against the

invader a sacred duty.

powerfully, by

He

not only shared the anger

of the people against the intruder, but also contributed

word and pen, to rouse the nation and on to battle. It was during that terrible year that he composed his famous patriotic odes, destined to be enthusiastically repeated by all Spanish lips. The two odes A Espaa despus de la Revolucin de Marzo and Al Armamento de las Provincias Espaolas contra los Franceses^ both full of patriotic ardour rendered inestimable service to the fatherland, rousing the masses and making them join their forces in
urge
it

a gigantic

eflfort.

The

martial sonority of Quintana's

stanzas inspired Spaniards,

young and

od,
'

women, in their of Europe \

epic struggle against the

men and Scavenger

When

in

1808 the French entered Madrid for

left

a second time, Quintana

the

city,

and giving up

everything that was dear to him

his literary studies,

his wife, his friends,

means of subsistence

and even

his

undertook, on foot and alone, a pilgrimage to Avila,

whence he soon afterwards turned to Seville. In that town he enrolled himself under the Central Popular Junta, which at once entrusted him with the post of Chief Clerk in their secretarial department. There
he continued fulfilling as his duty the task which, out of pur patriotism, he had begun a year before at

INTRODUCTION
Aranjuez,
function

ix

His chief the first seat of the Junta. was to write all proclamations and important documents issued in the ame of the Provisional Government. From Seville he passed on to Cdiz, where he served in the same position until the J unta was dissolved and the Regency created. At the beginning of 1810 the Regents appointed him Secretary of the Foreign Intelligence Department, a position in which he continued writing all official documents addressed by the Government to Spain and Spanish America. During his residence at Cdiz he also prepared a Report on the ways and means of organizing Spanish public instruction, a paper in which he put forward with method and lucidity all his ideas, very advanced for his time, concerning a measure of such
crucial importance for Spain.
in this

The reforms advocated

be carried
out,

Report were not

to

however,

until 1822.

of the
1814,

Soon afterwards Quintana was appointed a member Supreme Junta of Censorship, and in March,
took possession of a chair in the Spanish

Academy. This was the culminating point of his good fortune. From this date misfortune dogged his footsteps. When the Regency wished to reward his eminent services to the patriotic cause by appointing him their General Secretary with the rank and emoluments of a Minister of the Crown, his political and literary enemies clamorously opposed the measure on the ground of unpatriotic conduct. This accusation was based pn a certain paragraph of the Convocation to the first Cortes in which Quintana, addressing, as
Secretary of the Junta, the Spaniards of America, liad

INTRODUCTION
in

expressed himself

terms which his opponents con-

sidered unjustifiably severe on the colonial system

which

until then

had prevailed.

The Spanish

Parlia-

ment proved weak enough to lend a favourabe ear to the cry raised by Quintana' s detractors, and refused to sanction the honours which the Regents were prepared to bestow upon him. Quintana at once resigned his post and retired into prvate life. On the return of Fernando from his tragi-comical captivity at Bayonne in 1814, Quintana, with most prominent Spanish Liberis, was arrested and imprisoned.
tion

was the od accusation of

Thepretext forsuchanunexpected prosecuanti-patriotic conduct

during his tenure of the Junta's secretaryship, now levelled at him with stronger forc, but in reality he had to suffer for the liberal ideas he had lauded in his

poems of 1808. Envy and vengeance never forgave him the frankness with which he had expressed his
political convictions.

The monarch, mistrusting the which was to judge the poet, decided to take the law into his own hands and sentenced him to six years' imprisonment at Pamplona. This cruel treatment by the king and the partisans of despotism did not weaken Quintana's patriotic fervour or his love of truth. The time spent in his cell he devoted to writing a defence of his conduct which he afterwards He did not recover his published in pamphlet form. freedom till 1820, when Rafael del Riego, a major in the army, proclaimed at the village of Cabezas de San
attitude of the tribunal

Juan the re-establishment of the Constitution of 1812, which the king had abolished as soon as he landed in Spain. That revolutionary movement quickly spread

INTRODUCTION
over the Pennsula, forcing Fernando to submit again
to the will of the people,

and Quintana was triumat

phantly released from his prison by the Pamplona

Liberis.

The new Government

once reinstated

our author in all the posts and honours of which he had been deprived in 1814, and appointed him President of the Board of Education. From 1820 to 1823 Quintana did not produce anything of importance except a speech delivered at

Madrid when the Central University was opened, and which is justly reckoned among his best prose writings. He then thought that liberal ideas had definitively triumphed in Spain over despotism. He was greatly
mistaken.
three years.

The liberal illusion lasted little more than The Holy Alliance soon intervened in Spanish affairs and sent the Duke of Angoulme at

the head of a strong forc to restore despotism in

Fernando, consistent in dishonour hastened to declare nuil and void everything that he
the Pennsula.

had signed or promised since 1820, and a

persecution of Liberis followed.

terrible

Quintana, however,
in 1814, for

was luckier now than he had been

a small village in Extremadura. a detailed historical account of

he was

allowed to retire undisturbed to Cabeza de Buey,

During

this period

of exile he composed his Cartas a Lord Ho/iand,

all the events which Spain during the short-lived constitutional rgime. The friendship between Quintana and Lord Holland had sprung up when this illustrious Englishman visited Spain in search of material for his well-known work entitled Some Account of the Life and Writings of Lope Flix de Vega Carpi, printed in

had taken place

in

xii

INTRODUCTION
in

London

1806 and dedicated to the Spanish poet

is

in

terms of the warmest eulogy.

the death of Fernando.
dura,

These Carias were

long after
his exile in

naturally not published until 1852, that

ExtremaQuintana also wrote some poems of minor importance, the principal of which is La Fuente de la Mora Encantada, conceived in a romantic mood and very different from the style and spirit of all his other
compositions, with the sol exception, perhaps, of

During

El

Panten del Escorial.

Having succeeded,
to
fix

in 1828, in obtaining permission

Madrid, he entirely devoted himself, probably as a sort of mitigation to

his residence again at

his disillusionment in the field of practical politics, to

literary pursuits.

Then it was that he prepared the second edition of the Poesas Selectas Castellanas, which he had collected for the first time in 1807, and added the second volume to his Vidas de los Espaoles Clebres, that is, the lives of Vasco Nuez de Balboa and Francisco Pizarro, which appeared in 1830. Three years later he gave to the public the continuaron of this work, which includes the biographies of Don Alvaro de Luna and Fray Bartolom de las Casas. After this date he did not publish any important

work

if

we

except a recasting of the

critical

biography of Miguel de Cervantes which he had written thirty years before for an edition of Don Quijote. From 1833, the year of Fernando's death, he sank into almost absolute silence, leading a very
quiet
life

in

some subordnate

official posts,

the scanty
to

emoluments of which scarcely enabled him his most urgent needs.

meet

INTRODUCTI O
When
at

N
liberal

the death of

Fernando a more

atmosphere was at last created in the Spanish Court, the hour came for Quintana to reap, to some extent, the fruits of a life loyally devoted to study and the
welfare of his country.
at the

He was then

reinstated in the

Interpretership of Languages which he had held in

1814

time of his arbitrary imprisonment, was

of the Upper Legislative Chamber, and appointed again President of the Board of Education, a post which (at least nominally) he held until his death. Four years later he was appointed tutor to Queen Isabel II, the daughter of Fernando, and in 1855, when General Baldomero Espartero was in power, Quintana, on the initiative of the daily paper La Iberia, was crowned poet laurate by the Queen herself. This ceremony, which took place with pomp in the building of the Senate, was no doubt, as he himself said in the speech delivered on that occasion, more a public acknowledgement of his devoelected a
tion
to liberal

member

principies, then at least temporarily

gifts.

triumphant, than a tribute to his poetical

As

we know now through

member

of his family, Quin-

tana^ purse at that time was so low that, in order to buy the clothes he wore on that day, he had to borrow the money from a friend. He died two years after this theatrical episode, on March 11, 1857.

Such
author's

are, briefly told, the principal events in

life.

We may add that he had been

are to believe tradition,

our married

to a beautiful

lady born at Saragossa, an alliance

which,
prvate

if

we

made Quintana's
life

life

as

unhappy as

his public

had been.

We

mention

this tradition,

which

is

supported by


xiv

INTRODUCTION
anonymous
letter printed for the first
in that writer's

a certain

time

by

J.

R.

Lomba y

Pedraja

undated

Obras en prosa y verso of Jos Somoza, because some of Quintana' s actions and even words as the omission of the dedication of the 1802 volume
edition of the

of

poems

to

Toribio

his complaint in the

Nez in all new dedication

it,

later editions,
to Nicasio

and

lvarez
if true,

de Cienfuegos about the treacherous conduct of friends

seem

to corrobrate

and

also because,

this ill-starred marriage, as

Marcelino. Menndez y Pelayo has said, might well explain that profound
life

sadness and tedium vitae which permeated the

the poet, previously so
full

of

of enthusiasm, after 1808.

II.

As

the reader will have gathered from the pre.

ceding bio-bibliographical sketch, Providence bestowed

upon Manuel Jos Quintana, with no niggardly hand,

He handled his an historian, a literary critic, a political pamphleteer, an educationalist, a playwright, and But although in all these branches of a lyrical poet.
the most varied intellectual faculties.
brilliantly as

pen

literature

he displayed uncommon
field

talents,

poetry was

the sphere in which he chiefly excelled.

When

he

took up the pen, the

a poor one.

of Spanish letters was

The
or,

eighteenth

century had

been,

especially for Spanish lyrical poetry, an age of almost

sheer barrenness,
insipidity.

what

is still

worse, of academic
the whole

From

the time of Quintana's appearance,

filis

he alone, with his great heroic voice,

period which, in the history of Spanish poetry, extends

INTRODUCTION
from Juan Melndez Valds (1754-1817) to Jos de Espronceda (1808-42). By reason of his education and ideas, Manuel Jos Quintana must be considered as belonging to the Salamancan School. Of that group, founded in 1771 by Jos de Cadalso, the author of Cartas Marruecas, and the Augustinian scholar Fray Diego Tadeo
Gonzlez, Quintana was, no doubt, the most brilliant
star.

But although he always gratefully acknowledged Melndez Valds as his 'master' and, in the second

edition of his

poems
'

(1813),

he delighted in calling
either in

himself a

'

disciple

of Nicasio lvarez de Cienfuegos,

he really had

little in

common,

temperament
If affected

or in performance, with those two singers.

and often insipid, Valds's voice was far more delicate and graceful than that of our author, whose Muse was
always more inclined to express energetic
virility

than

emotions of melancholy and tenderness. Quintana was a man of heroic, turbulent passions, an inciter to immediate action, far removed from the complicated
field

of meditation on psychological

moods or
He,
it is

the

easy path of stereotyped bucolic song.

followed Melndez Valds in

true,

some of the amorous

is

compositions of his youth, but in this vein he

cold

always inferior to his model. Cienfuegos, a romantic soul born in an age preoccupied withstif classicism,was richerthan Melndez
rhetorical,

and too

Valds

in virile thought, but his execution, his lyrical

resources, were poor and often of not very refined

taste. When he abandons himself to the cali of his innermost feelings he is apt to lose the thread of his thought and to wander about in a cloud of words, not

xvi

INTRODUCTION
Quintana was gifted with finer qualities Melndez Valds or Cienuegos. His

always of the purest descent, from the mist of which, however, there occasionally rise magnificent poetical
sparks.

than

either

inspiration rose higher than that of

Melndez Valds,
it

but he was always careful not to allow

to

venture too

much
to

into

unknown

altitudes.

He

confined himself

themes which most appealed to his temperament and powers, and thus he succeeded, as his biographer Enrique Pieyro wrote, in avoiding both the risks of Melndez Valds's timid facihty and the rapture of Pieyro Cienfuegos. Whenever the three of them adds always cise to one another by reason of their opinions, drew closer still in consequence of the identity of the theme chosen, we can at once realize the superiority of Quintana both by the boldness of the conception and the exuberance of the expression. As Marcelino Menndez y Pelayo said, nothing is simpler than the classification of Quintana as a poet. His harp is far from being Aeolian. A1I his poetry is lyrical, and lyrical in only one kind the heroic type. Quintana's education, his temperament, and the age in which he lived, all combined to narrow down to a mnimum the range of his poetical subjects. If it is true that he had several good chords in his lyre, it is no less undeniable that only two of them were of the highest merit. The Muse of Quintana

almost absolutely exeludes some of the richest sources

of lyrical inspiration.
universe

The supreme

riddle of the

life

and death

would seem to have had no

poems we hardly come

great fascination for him. In his

across any profound note prompted by admiration

INTRODUCTION
is

xvii

towards the Creator of the universe. So conspicuous the absence of any religious feeling in Quintana's compositions that Menndez y Pelayo has called his

odes

'

temples without

God

He

is

also almost

entirely indifferent to the external beauties of

N ature,

and of the relations between Nature and our inner selves he hardly says anything worth remembering. No mysterious anxieties of the soul are ever mingled in his verse. As for womanly love, we must wade through a good deal that is dull, cold, and trivial, in the extremely few compositions of this kind which are due to our poet, before arriving at any sincerely
emotional
line.

Quintana, naturally, admires

woman

and, on two or three occasions, sings her physical

charms, but of the individual love which enchains

one soul
in

to

another there

is

hardly the slightest echo

his panegyrists
is

his lyre.

His song, as one of

of the Spanish
to a
It

Academy has
that

written,

never a song

woman, but a hymn

is

to the entire feminine world.

possible

the most delicate flowers of

Quintana's sensibility were parched up by the violent

shock which

befell

him owing

to the special historical

circumstances of his time and perhaps also to the sentimental misfortunes which, as we have indicated,

he suffered in the prime of his manhood but what seems to be more probable is that Quintana's Muse was never at all adequate to the expression of love. Her brow is seldom smooth she has no soft caress;
;

always stern, arrogant, inexorable, constantly urging to action in thundering tones.

;

ing melodies

she

is

Quintana therefore excelled in those genres of poetry which require more greatness than refinement of
2120 3

xviii

INTRODUCTION
more
elevation

soul,

than grace

in

the

flight

iniagination,

more impetuosity than gentleness in the description of affections, more pomp than daintiness in colour, more gravity and majesty than sweetness and suavity of sound. He was thus lacking in just
the very qualities which he himself found absent from

Toms de
play
all

Iriarte's compositions.

His poems

dis-

the imposing external nobility of the best

Gothic cathedrals, but none of that mysterious, soulpervading beauty which enhances the charm of their
interiors.

He

had no liking
full
is

for twilight effects.

His

compositions are
clangour.

of explosive passions, of martial

He

never confidential, never the

man

who

Far from being the poet to be read near the hearth, in a low tone of voice, amid the silence of solitude, his verses must be declaimed in the open, at noon with resounding voice, in front of a thousand souls anxious to march to battle. It is in declamatory eloquence that he shines and becomes a giant. He had the orator's temperament. Some of his poems are indeed rhymed harangues. He seldom forgets to preach, and is always ready to thump the dust of
attempts to speak as from soul to soul.
;

official

interpretation out of a historical page.

So

much

so that he has frequently been accused of

having transformed Parnassus into a splendid platform from which to further his political or humanitarian
ideas, with the result that the politician or the social

reformer not seldom supersedes the poet.

The

true sources of Quintana* s inspiration were

the love of national independence and a blind con-

fidence in the innate goodness and indefinite advance-

INTRODUCTION
ment of mankind. Progress and heroism never fail to him highly. His soul burns, his personality rises clear and resplendent whenever he takes up his pen to curse despots or to sing political freedom, the triumph of knowledge over ignorance, the inventions and discoveries of the human intellect, the audacity
inspire

of great

navigators.

He
his

reaches,

however,

his

mximum
ment.
In

height

when

theme

is

national senti-

patriotism

inspiration, his accents of

he really found his highest most profound sincerity,

lyrical splendour.

and
fire

his

most radiant
fantasy

Then we

see the treasures of his eloquence displayed and the of his

flow with

the

impetuosity of

a torrent descending from a mountain.

his rhapsodies

He

is

then

magnificently thrilling in the structural conception of

and luxuriant
as
it

in the

musical rendering
both

of his sentiments.

Paradoxical

may sound,

Quintana's

sources of inspiration were opened to him by France.

The French

invasin of the Pennsula transformed

the cosmopolitan spirit which our poet

had years

before imbibed in the pages of the French Encyclopaedists.

It

inflamed his dormant patriotism and

;

made him
historical

was the poet of that moment, the singer of Spanish indepenthe national bard he

dence.
with

With genuine emotion, with liturgical accent, impressive imagery and eloquent flashes of
poems
arms against the invader
that race

thought, he burst forth in fiery and martial

to cali to

which seemed degenerate, but soon rose as a powerful giant before the eyes of an astonished Europe. His two odes, A Espaa despus de la revolucin de Marzo and


XX

INTRODUCTION
de las provincias espaolas, are the most
faithful

Al armamento
dignified

and most

expression

we possess of

the noble warlike spirit which in 1808 animated the

souls of his countrymen.

In these two odes, which have gained him immortality, he has enshrined for ever the heroism of Spain during the Napoleonic And we must add here, in justice to him, invasin. that though patriotism was for Quintana a very real, deep, and ardent sentiment, it was one which never obscured his reason. He constantly places himself His concepfar above any narrow racial prejudice.
tion of the fatherland
is

truly great.

We

may be

sure that he would have sung any other people's

independence in similar circumstances. He loves his country with all his heart, but he is never blind, as he several times courageously proved, to what he deems the black spots in the history of Spain and he could always, while extolling the heroism of his countrymen, pause in his poems as he did in
;

Trafalgar 1 before

Nelson's shadow

to

praise
I

fit-

tingly the bravery of the

enemy.

'

Wherever

find

he said on a memorable occasion either in the past or in the present, aggressors and victims, oppressors and oppressed, in spite of all considerations of ulterior advantage, or in spite even of any kind of national sentiment, I cannot take sides with the former or His life and his refuse my sympathy to the latter.'
writings stand the test well.
1

Tambin Nelson

all

...

Terrible sombra,

no esperes, no, cuando mi voz te nombra, que vil insulte a tu postrer suspiro ingls te aborreci, hroe te admiro
:
!

INTRODUCTION
With regard
had
been
to literary principies,

Quintana was

always a resolute upholder of classicism as classicism

by French writers of the This he made quite plain in several of his writings besides the Reglas del Drama, in which his orthodoxy went so far as to condemn the entire dramatic production of the Spaniards of the seventeenth century, which, he said, arle, decoro y propiedad hollaba. For him the anaemic tragedies
understood
eighteenth century.

of Voltaire represented the acm of perfection, the

sacred model for
tions
all

playwrights.
limit

Voltaire's innovathat

marked

for

him the

should dar to go beyond.

Hugo

Blair's Lessons

Rhetoric and Poetics were his oracle.

no dramatist on His artistic

conscience, however, could not help rendering sincere

homage, towards the end of the above-mentioned poem, to the glorious ames of Lope de Vega and Caldern de la Barca. This extreme conservatism of Quintana in matters of art has been often contrasted with his daring and radical ideas in the field of politics. As to his methods of craftsmanship, we know that our author thought out and even wrote first in prose his poetical compositions, and Menndez y Pelayo has drawn attention to the fact that most of Quintana's poems open with a phrase of a general or abstract character from which, by means of a series of logical deductions, he derives all the connected train of thought of the idea he is developing in his In metrical resources he is poor, for among verses. all the rich variety that Spanish poetry oflfers he almost invariably chose the hendecasyllabic or the lose silva with occasional rhymes.

xxii

INTRODUCTION
period of Quintana's poetical production was

The

very short.

His

first

good composition, the Oda

a Juan de Padilla, was written in 1797, and after 1808, as we have seen in the previous pages, he
hardly produced anything which could increase his fame as a poet. 'Had he died at forty/ Professor Fitzmaurice-Kelly writes, his fame would be even greater than it is for in his last years he did nothing but repeat the echoes of his youth/ Really, vvhen considering his individual case, one is irresistibly tempted to take Hypocrates's aphorism in its literal sense and reverse it into Ars brevis, vita onga, for Manuel Jos Quintana lived eighty-five years, and the bulk of his poetical work, to which he chiefly owes his position in the history of Spanish literature, does not include more than thirty-four compositions, of which only about a dozen truly deserve immortality. This small group of poems is, however, of such high quality that, so long as the Spanish language exists, it will be read and admired, no matter what the taste of the day may be. After all, scantiness of production has nothing whatever to do with intrinsic merit and the reputation of a man of letters. Jorge Manrique, to mention a Spanish poet, only survives for his Coplas on the death of his father, and his fame is for ever as much assured as that of Cervantes or Lope de Vega. Menndez y Pelayo calis Quintana a great
'
;

poet whose best poems it is not possible to read without feeling admiration and without allowing oneself to be carried away by the impetuous current
of his

robust
his

and ardent verse;

that

comparing

him

with

contemporaries,

illustrious

scholar

INTRODUCTION
places

xxiii

the

Spanish poet

on a lower plae than

Goethe, but on the same level with Andr Chnier and Robert Burns, and far above Alfieri and Monti.
Quintana's prose
style of his
is

not what one might naturally

expect from the elevated, even sometimes pompous,

poems.

Far from

it.

Our author meant

His prose

to be classical in his prose and, so far as his con-

ception of classicism went, he succeeded.

style,

although frequently showing

his impetuous

temperament, is generally simple, easy, and direct. In composing his Vidas his best prose work after the Musa Epica he adopted nothing more of his characteristics as a poet than what might safely be given to a prose work he very sparingly indulged

in the

use of lyrical or epic language, with the result

is

his prose pages very glowing rhetorical enthusiasm which distinguishes the diction of his poems. If he is indeed far from attaining the classic purity of the other great Spanish lyrical poet, Fray Luis de Len,

that

there

a sobriety in

different

from the

him by some of his the most worthy of literary respect was Leandro Fernndez de Moratn as a grievous sinner against verbal accuracy and grammatical correctness, are much beyond the mark. His diction, no doubt, is not always without reproach from an academical point of view, but most of the gallicisms, verbal or syntactical, used by him were
the bitter attacks levelled at

contemporaries

among

whom

those

in

circulation

in

the

literature of his

time.

His good

taste prescribed certain limits. which

he
of

very diferently from most of his contemporaries

never

dared

to

transgress.

The

inluence

xxiv

INTRODUCTION

Quintanas French culture manifests itself principally unnecessary employment of articles and pronouns, the omission of which would give more liveliness and grace to his sentences. Despite this defect, Quintana is, as Enrique Pieyro has remarked, often quoted as a model of grammatical construction by the best Spanish authorities. Considered as an historian, we must acknowledge that Quintana is not infrequently lacking in that rare but fundamental gift which Menndez y Pelayo has
in the

called

'

retrospective

imagination
to conjure

that

is,

in

the

creative

power necessary

up and display

before his readers' eyes the civilizations of the past. In other words, Quintana could not reckon

among

his

many

gifts

that

objective sensibility which should

enable the ideal historian to sympathize with and

love the ages gone by, thus permitting

him

to

undernot

stand past events loyally, even

when he does

agree with the ideis and sentiments Which underlay those events. Quintana, as an historian, is always
a one-sided
sectarian,

the inflexible partisan of a

school of thought, the

a political ideal

man

fanatically in love with

the ideal of the French

Revolution
in

who would not admit any world-conception but his

own.
his prejudices to

Thus he very seldom succeeded make any concession

bending

to times or

places. A strict follower of the Encyclopaedists, he judged the lives and times of the Cid, Alfonso X, Alvaro de Luna, and the Spanish century of imperial expansin in America, by the very same political, moral, and intellectual standards set for the times yet It is not to be to come by eighteenth-century France.

INTRODUCTION
wondered
'

xxv

at that thus equipped he described the Spaniards of Charles V's time as un odioso tropel de hombres feroces colosos para el mal\ and that he
x ,

often failed in interpreting for us events with the

inspiring motives of which he had not the slightest sympathy.

Yet,

when judging Quintan a's work

as an historian

especially
pages

as he appears to us in the following

must not forget either his purpose or his he wrote he had naturally no sources Since that at his disposal but those then known. date many important documents have been discovered which throw new light on certain of the events he described. Of this drawback he was fully conscious It would be a great mistake at the time of writing. he said in the Preface to the first volume of the Vidas to approach these writings of mine in quest of the solution of any of those obscure questions which, for want of authentic documents, our history presents at every step.' His purpose, he tells us in the same Preface, was to prepare a series of histtime.

we

When

'

'

rica!

sketches suitable for readers in those youthful

is

years in which the heart

to,

naturally

more

inclined

and believes more easily in, the virtues of others, when our souls, enamoured with everything which is great and heroic, become encouraged by, and aspire to the imitation of, the deeds of the noblest
1

True

this rash

it is, however, that ten years afterwards he rectified judgement by saying in his Oda a la Propagacin de la

Vacuna

that the conquerors'

atroz codicia, su inclemente saa

crimen fueron del tiempo,

no de Espaa.

xxvi

INTRODUCTION

men

in history/ Judged by the standards set by the avowed aims of its author, the Vidas de los Espaoles Clebres must be deemed a sincere and efficient work,

elegantly written as Plutarcos Paral/el Lives which Quintana wished to imtate. If it is true that he vvas not the man to open new roads in historical methods or to bring to light new documents bearing on his subjects, we must at least do him the justice of acknowledging that he had the rare merit, especially for a poet, of never transgressing, in the development of his story, the bounds of historie probability.
as
Finally, apart from professional scholars, our author

was, without any reasonable doubt, the most learned

man

of letters of his
in

generation in
entitled

Spain.

His

writings

the

periodical

Variedades de

Ciencias; Literatura

Artes, as well as the Intro-

ductions he prepared for his anthologies of Spanish

poets, testify to his qualifications for the criticism of
literary

productions

according,

naturally,

to

the

aesthetic principies which he

deemed sound.
first

We
the

must also mention that

romances, and

to

Quintana has been allotted

collector of
first

the distinction of hiaving been the

also the
critic

who

called

attention of the public to these beautiful compositions,

then almost forgotten, which he rightly considered to be the highest type of Spanish lyrical poetry.

INTRODUCTION
III.

xxvii

I have mainly conand sometimes followed very closely, the following works Manuel Jos Quintana : Ensayo crtico y biogrfico. By Enrique Pieyro, Paris and Madrid, 1892. Don Manuel Jos Quintana, considerado como poeta By {Estudios de Crtica Literaria, tomo v.) lrico.

In preparing this Introduction

sulted,

Marcelino Menndez y Pelayo, Madrid, 1908. Discursos de la Real Academia Espaola, vol. ii, By the Marqus de Valmar and pp. 133-93. Antonio Alcal Galiano, Madrid, 1861. Lesposies lyriques de Quintana, Bulletin Hispanique,
tom.

By E. Mrime. iv, 1902, pp. 119-53. History of Spanish Literature, chapters xi and By Prof. J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly, London, 1898.
Historia
de
la

xii.

Lengua y Literatura

Castellana,

tomo

vi,

Article on Quintana, pp. 225-63.

By

Julio

Cejador y Frauca, Madrid, 1917. The complete works of Manuel Jos Quintana were published at Madrid in 1897-8. The latest edition of his Vidas de los Espaoles Clebres is that
printed by Perlado, Paez y
Clsica,
in

C ,a

for

the Biblioteca

Madrid. Volume xix of the Biblioteca de Autores Espaoles contains all of Quintana's important works. In the present edition of the Cid and Guzmn el Bueno I have followed the
1914, at
reprint of the Biblioteca Clsica, after comparing
text with those of the 1807
its

accentuation,

however,

and 1867 editions. The has been modernized in

xxviii

INTRODUCTION
notes following the text have been prepared
first year of their Spanish have added, however, a few notes of a more

accordance with the latest reforms introduced by the Spanish Academy.

The
course.

primarily for students in the

I

advanced character, so as to make this little book fit seeond year. As advanced students are supposed to have a good dictionary, I have not deemed it necessary to include in the Vocabulary words appearing in the quotations given
for class-reading in the
in the notes.
It
is

my

desire to cise these introductory lines

with a sincere word of thanks to the General Editor

of this series, Professor Fitzmaurice-Kelly, for his

kindness

in

reading

my

manuscript
its

valuable suggestions for

and making I improvement. also

have derived
benefit.

wish

to

express

my general

indebtedness to a number
I

of writers from

whose works

JOS PL.
London, December, 1919.

MANUEL JOSE QUINTANA

EL CID
Y

GUZMN

EL

BUENO

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
31

DCCCC XX

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK LONDON TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY

HUMPHREY MILFORD
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY

EL C

Cuando se fijan los ojos en los tiempos antiguos de nuestra historia, la vista no percibe ms que sombras, donde estn confundidos los personajes, los caracteres y las costumbres. La mayor sagacidad, la ms diligente crtica, no pueden abrirse camino por medio de las memorias rudas y discordes, de los privilegios controvertidos y de las tradiciones vagas que nos han dejado nuestros abuelos por testimonios de sus acciones. Si despus de una prolija indagacin se cree haber descubierto la verdad en este o aquel hecho, otras consideraciones y otras pruebas vienen al instante a hacer incierto el descubrimiento y el resultado de un trabajo tan fastidioso no es en los escritores sino una serie ms o menos coordinada de conjeturas y probabilidades. En medio de semejante obscuridad se divisa un campen, cuya fisonoma, ofuscada con los cuentos populares y la contrariedad de los autores, no puede determinarse exactamente, pero cuyas proporciones colosales se distinguen por entre las nieblas que le rodean. Este es Rodrigo Daz, llamado comunmente* el Cid Campeador, objeto de inagotable admiracin para el pueblo, y de eternas disputas entre los crticos; Jos cuales, desechando por fabulosas una parte de las hazaas que de l se cuentan, se ven precisados a reconocer por ciertas otras igualmente extraordi;

10

20

narias.

Muchas de las fbulas, sin embargo, se hallan tan asidas a la memoria del Cid, que sin ellas la relacin de su vida parecer a muchos desabrida y desnuda 30 de inters. La imaginacin hallaba all un alimento apacible, y vea sealados todos los pasos de este

A2

EL CID

personaje con circunstancias maravillosas y singulares.

Aquel desafo con el conde de Gormaz, los amores y persecucin de su hija, el dictado de Cid con que le saludan los reyes moros cautivos, su expedicin
bizarra a sostener la independencia de Castilla contra las pretensiones orgullosas del emperador de Alemania todo preparaba el nimo a la admiracin de las hazaas siguientes. Mas estos y otros cuentos,
:

adoptados
10 sido

imprudentemente

por

la

historia,

han
;

confinados a las novelas, a los romances y al teatro, donde se ha hecho de ellos un uso tan feliz y Rodrigo, por ser menos singular en su juventud, no se presenta menos admirable en el resto de su
carrera.

Naci en Burgos, hacia la mitad del siglo XI, de D. Diego Lainez, caballero de aquella ciudad, que contaba entre sus ascendientes a D. Diego Porcelos, uno de sus pobladores, y a Lan Calvo, juez de Reinaba entonces en esta provincia FerCastilla. 20 nando I, que, reuniendo en su mano el dominio de Len, Castilla y Galicia, fund la preponderancia que despus goz la nacin castellana sobre las dems de Este monarca tuvo cinco hijos, y a la Pennsula. todos quiso dejarlos heredados en su muerte. Ni las desgracias sucedidas por igual divisin que hizo su padre, el rey de Navarra D. Sancho el Mayor, ni las representaciones de cuantos hombres cuerdos haba en su corte, pudieron moverle de su intento. El amor de padre lo venci todo; y por hacer reyes a 30 sus hijos labr la ruina de dos de ellos y sumi al Estado en los horrores de una guerra civil. Cupo en la particin Castilla a Sancho, Len a Alfonso,, y Galicia a Garca las dos infantas Urraca y Elvira quedaron heredadas, sta con la ciudad y contornos de Toro, aqulla con Zamora; y se dice que todos por mandado del padre juraron respetar esta diviVana diligencia, sin y ayudarse como hermanos. jams respetada por la ambicin, y nunca menos que entonces porque D. Sancho, superior en fuerzas, era
; ;

EL CID
valor y en pericia a sus hermanos, luego que muri su padre revolvi el pensamiento a despojarlos de su herencia y a ser el nico sucesor en el imperio del rey difunto. Era entonces muy joven Rodrigo Daz (1065), hurfano de padre; y D. Sancho ; por gratitud a los servicios que Diego Lainez haba hecho al Estado, tena a su hijo en su palacio y cuidaba de su educacin. Esta educacin sera toda militar; y los progresos que hizo fueron tales, que en la guerra de Aragn y 10 en la batalla de Grados, donde el rey D. Ramiro fu vencido y muerto, no hubo guerrero alguno que se Por esto el Rey, que para aventajase a Rodrigo. honrarle le haba armado poco antes caballero, le hizo alfrez de sus tropas, que en aquellos tiempos era el primer grado de la milicia, al modo que despus lo fu la dignidad de condestable. Desembarazado Sancho de las guerras extraas, volvi su pensamiento a la civil, que tal puede llamarse la que hizo al instante a sus hermanos. Los historia- 30 dores estn discordes sobre a quin de ellos embisti primero mas la probabilidad est por la opinin comn, que designa a don Alfonso como la primera vctima. Sus Estados lindaban con los de Sancho, y no es creble que ste quisiese atacar antes al ms lejano. La lucha no poda durar mucho tiempo entre dos concurrentes tan desiguales. El rey de Castilla, ardiente, esforzado, feroz, con un poder mucho ms grande, con una destreza militar superior a la de todos los generales de su tiempo, deba arrollar 30 fcilmente al de Len, mucho ms dbil, muy joven todava y falto de prctica en las cosas de la guerra. Mas no por eso este prncipe se dej arruinar sin estrago y peligro de^sus contrarios. Vencido en las primeras batallas, toma fuerzas de su situacin desesperada, junta nuevo ejrcito, y vuelve a encontrar a su hermano a vista de Carrin. Su mpetu fu tal, que los castellanos, rotos y vencidos, abandonaron el campo de batalla y se encomendaron a la fuga.
;

EL CID
este desastre, lejos de perder el nimo,
al

Rodrigo en
aconseja

que, reuniendo sus tropas .dispersas, acometa aquella misma noche a sus vencedores. Ellos, le dijo, se abandonarn al sueo con el regocijo de la victoria, y su confianza va a destruirlos. Hecho as, los castellanos, puestos en orden por Rodrigo y el Rey, dan con el alba sobre sus contrarios, que descuidados y dormidos no aciertan a ofender ni a defenderse, y se dejan matar o aprisionar. Alfonso huyendo se refugia a la iglesia de Carrin, donde cae en manos del vencedor, que le obliga a renunciar el reino y a salir desterrado a Toledo, entonces poseda de los moros. La guerra de Galicia fu ms pronta y menos disputada (107 1), aunque con ms peligro de D. Sancho. Su hermano Garca tena enajenadas de s las voluntades de sus vasallos. Cargados de contribuciones, atropellados por un favorito del Rey, a quien haba

Rey

20 al

abandonado toda la administracin, su paciencia lleg trmino, y convertida en desacato, a los ojos mismos del monarca hicieron pedazos al privado. Con esto, divididos en facciones y mal avenidos, no pudieron sostenerse contra los castellanos, que entraron

Huy D. Garca a Portugal, pujantes en Galicia. los soldados que quisieron seguirle o vinieron a defenderle, quiso probar fortuna junto a Santarn, y di batalla a su hermano. Pelearon l y su gente como desesperados, y la fortuna al principio los favoreci: D. Sancho se vi en poder de sus enemi30 gos; y Garca, dejndole entregado a unos caballeros, Entretanto, el Cid con vol a seguir a los fugitivos. su hueste, aun entera, acometi a la parte donde estaba el rey de Castilla prisionero, y disipando la guardia que le custodiaba, se apoder de l, y ponindole a su frente, sali a buscar a D. Garca. Volva ste de su alcance cuando le anunciaron el vuelco
y con
que haban dado las cosas, y sin desmayar por ello pero, a pesar de su acometi a los castellanos esfuerzo, vise arrancar la victoria que ya tena, y
;

EL CID
castillo

precisado a entregarse prisionero al arbitrio de su rival, que le despoj del reino y libertad y le envi al

de Luna.

Sera mejor quiz para el honor de la especie humana pasar en silencio estos escandalosos debates, hijos de una ambicin desenfrenada, que olvida enteramente los lazos ms sagrados de la alianza, de la compasin y la sangre. Seor de Castilla, de Galicia y de Len, Sancho II no se consideraba rey si no posea tambin la corta porcin de sus dbiles hermanas. Lanz de Toro a Elvira, y puso sitio sobre Zamora. Aqu la suerte le tena guardado el trmino de su carrera y el terror de tantos reyes se estrell en una ciudad defendida por una flaca mujer. Cuando ms apretado tena el sitio, Vellido Dolfos, un soldado de Zamora, sali de la plaza a manera de desertor, gan la confianza del Rey, y sacndole un da para ensearle una parte del muro que por ser mal defendida poda facilitar la entrada en el pueblo, hall modo de atravesarle con su mismo venablo, y huy a toda carrera de Zamora. Dcese que Rodrigo, viendo de lejos huir al asesino, y sospechando su alevosa, mont a caballo aceleradamente, y que por no llevar espuelas no pudo alcanzarle, de lo cual irritado, maldijo a todo caballero que cabalgase sin
;

ellas.

Mas, dejando aparte todas las fbulas que se cuentan de este sitio (1072), luego que fu muerto D. Sancho los leoneses y gallegos se desbandaron, y los castellanos solos quedaron en el campo acom-

paando el cadver, que fu llevado a sepultar en el monasterio de Oa. Entretanto, don Alfonso, avisado de aquella gran novedad, parti a toda prisa de Toledo a ocupar los Estados del difunto. En Len no hubo dificultad ninguna y en Galicia, aunque D. Garca pudo escaparse de su prisin y trat de volver a reinar, fu arrestado otra vez y D. Alfonso, tan culpable con l como su hermano, le conden a prisin perpetua y ocup su trono. Castilla presen;

8
taba

EL CID
ms obstculos
:

irritados sus naturales de la muerte alevosa de su rey, no queran rendir vasallaje a Alfonso mientras l por su parte no jurase que aquella infamia se haba cometido sin participacin suya. Avnose el Rey a hacer la protestacin solemne de su inocencia; mas ninguno de los grandes de Castilla osaba tomarle el juramento por miedo de ofenderle. Slo Rodrigo se aventur a representar la lealtad y entereza de su nacin en la ceremonia, y sta se celebr en Santa Gadea de Burgos delante de toda la nobleza. Abierto un misal, y puestas el Rey sus manos en l, Rodrigo le pregunt Juris, rey Alfonso, que no tuvisteis parte en la muerte de D. Sancho por mandato ni por consejo ? Si juris en falso, plega a Dios que muris de la muerte que l muri, y que os mate un villano y no caballero. Otorg Alfonso el juramento con otros vasallos suyos, y repitise otra vez mudndosele en ambas el color al Rey, ya abochornado de la sospecha, ya indignado del atrevimiento. No falta quien deseche tambin esta incidencia como una fbula pero adems de. no ser muy fuertes las razones que se alegan para ello, cuadra tan bien con las costumbres pundonorosas del tiempo, hace tanto honor a Rodrigo, y da una razn tan plausible del rencor que toda su vida le tuvo el Rey, que no he querido pasarla en silencio. Al principio no estuvo descubierto este odio, ni la poltica lo aconsejaba. Rodrigo, enlazado con la familia real por su mujer doa Jimena Daz, hija de un conde de Asturias, acompa al Rey en sus primeros viajes, fu nombrado campen en varios pleitos que, segn la jurisprudencia de entonces, haban de decidirse por las armas, y fu enviado a Sevilla y a Crdoba a cobrar las parias que sus prncipes pagaban a Castilla. Hacanse entonces guerra el rey de Sevilla y el de Granada, a quien auxiliaban algunos caballeros cristianos. Estos con los granadinos venan la vuelta de Sevilla para combatirla, y aunque el Cid les
:

E L C

intim que respetasen al aliado de su Rey, ellos despreciaron su aviso y entraron por las tierras enemigas talando los campos y cautivando los Rodrigo entonces sali a su encuentro al hombres. frente de los sevillanos, los atac junto al castillo de Cabra, los derrot enteramente, y volvi a Sevilla, cuyo prncipe no slo le entreg las parias que deba, sino que le colm de presentes, con los cuales honrado y enriquecido se volvi a su patria. En ella le aguardaba ya la envidia para hacerle pagar las ventajas de gloria y de fortuna que acababa de conseguir. Tuvo Alfonso que salir de Castilla a sosegar algunos rabes alborotados en la Andaluca, y Rodrigo, postrado por una dolencia, no pudo acompaarle. Los moros de Aragn, valindose de la ausencia del Rey, entraron por los Estados

10

castellanos y saquearon la fortaleza de Gormaz ; lo cual sabido por Rodrigo, aun no bien cobrado de su enfermedad, sali al instante a ellos con su hueste, y no slo les tom cuanto haban robado, sino que, 20 revolviendo hacia Toledo, hizo prisioneros hasta 7.000 hombres, con todas sus riquezas y haberes, y se los trajo a Castilla. Era el rey de Toledo aliado de Alfonso VI, y por lo mismo ste y toda su corte llevaron a mal la expedicin del Cid. Rodrigo, decan los envidiosos, ha embestido las tierras de Toledo y roto los pactos que nos unan con aquella gente, para que irritados con su correra nos cortasen la vuelta en venganza y nos hiciesen perecer. Alfonso entonces, dando rienda al encono que le 30 tena, le mand salir de sus Estados, y l abandon su ingrata patria con los pocos amigos y deudos que quisieron seguir su fortuna (1076). El poder de los moros en aquella poca haba degenerado mucho de su fuerza y extensin primitiva.

Extinguido el linaje de los Abenhumeyas, que dominaron a todos los rabes de Espaa, su imperio se desmoron, y cada provincia, cada ciudad, cada
castillo

tuvo su reyezuelo independiente, casi todos

IO

E L C ID

tributarios de los cristianos. Debilitados, por otra parte, con el regalo del clima, y entibiado, su fanatismo, estaban muy distantes de aquel valor intrpido y sublime que en los primeros tiempos
la mitad del universo. Nuestros prncipes, al contrario, se extendan y aseguraban, y contemplando la diferente posicin de las dos naciones, se extraa cada vez ms que nuestros ascendientes no arrojasen ms pronto de la Pennsula a los moros. Pero los reyes y los pueblos que debieran emprenderlo estaban ms divididos entre s que debilitados sus enemigos y la particin impoltica de los Estados, las guerras intestinas, las alianzas con los infieles, los socorros que se les daban en las guerras que ellos se hacan todo contribuy a alejar la poca de una reunin en que estaba cifrada la restauracin de Espaa. En tal situacin de cosas no es difcil de presumir, a pesar de la obscuridad de los tiempos y la contrariedad de los escritores, cul fu la suerte del Cid despus de su destierro. Cuando una regin se halla dividida en Estados pequeos, enemigos unos de otros, es frecuente ver levantarse en ella caudillos que fundan su existencia en la guerra y su indepenSi la victoria corona sus dencia en la fortuna. primeras empresas, al ruido de su nombre y de su gloria acuden guerreros de todas partes a sus banderas y, aumentando el nmero de sus soldados, conEspecie de reyes vagabundos, solidan su podero. cuyo dominio es su campo, y que mandan toda la Los rgulos tierra en donde son los ms fuertes. que los temen o los necesitan, compran su amistad y su asistencia a fuerza de humillaciones y de prelos que les resisten tienen que sufrir todo el sentes estrago de su violencia, de sus correras y de sus Cuando ningn prncipe los paga, la saqueos. mxima terrible de que la guerra ha de mantener la guerra es seguida en todo rigor, y los pueblos infelices, sin distincin de aliado y de enemigo, son
;
:

haba espantado y dominado

io

20

30

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vejados

ii

sus extorsiones o inhumanamente robados y oprimidos. Hroes para los unos, foragidos para los otros, ya terminan miserablemente su carrera cuando, deshecho su ejrcito, se deshace su poder ya, dndoles la mano la fortuna, se ven subir Tales fueron algunos al trono y a la soberana. generales en Alemania cuando las guerras del siglo XVII tales los capitanes llamados condottieri por los italianos, en los dos siglos anteriores y tai probablemente fu el Cid en su tiempo, aunque con ms gloria y quiz con ms virtud. La serie de aventuras que los noveleros le atribuyen en esta poca dara materia a un cuento interesante y agradable, pero fabuloso ; las memorias histricas, al contrario, no presentan ms que una sucesin de guerrillas, cabalgadas y refriegas sin incidentes, sin variedad y sin inters. Su narracin, seca por necesidad, sumaria y montona, fatigara al historiador, sin instruccin alguna ni placer de los lectores. Por tanto, parece que bastar decir lo nico que se puede saber. Rodrigo, saliendo de Castilla, se dirigi primero a Barcelona, y despus a Zaragoza, cuyo rey moro Almoctader muri de all a poco tiempo, dejando divididos sus dos Estados de Zaragoza y Denia entre sus dos hijos, Almuctaman y Alfagib.

con

Rodrigo asisti siempre al primero y Zaragoza, defendida por l de los ataques que contra ella intentaron Alfagib, el rey de Aragn D. Sancho Ramrez, 3' el conde de Barcelona Berenguer, le debi la constante prosperidad que goz mientras la vida de Almuctaman. Sus enemigos, o no osaban pelear con Rodrigo, o eran vencidos miserablemente si entraban en batalla y el rey de Zaragoza, cediendo a su campen toda la autoridad en el Estado, colmndole de honores y de riquezas, aun no crea que acertaba a galardonar tantos servicios. As se mantuvo el Cid hasta la muerte de aquel prncipe despus se resolvi a volver a Castilla, y el rey Alfonso, contento con la conquista de Toledo
;

12

EL CID
;

que acababa de hacer (1088), le recibi con las muestras mayores de honor y de amistad. Hzole muchas y grandes mercedes entre ellas la de que fuesen suyos y libres de toda contribucin los castillos y villas que ganase de los moros. Rodrigo levant un ejrcito de siete mil hombres; se entr por tierras de Valencia libr a esta ciudad del sitio que tena puesto sobre ella el conde Berenguer, y hecho tributario el rgulo que la mandaba, march a Requena, donde se detuvo algn tiempo. Inundaban entonces los almorvides las costas orientales y occidentales de Espaa, y pareca que la buena fortuna de los rabes, vindoles tan humillados en la Pennsula, haba suscitado para vigorizarlos esta nueva gente, que a manera de raudal impetuoso se derram por toda la Andaluca. Criados a la sombra del fanatismo y de la independencia, y sacudidos despus por la ambicin, los almorvides salieron del desierto de Sahara conducidos por Abubeker, su primer jefe entraron en la Mauritania, donde ganaron a Segelmesa, y extendieron sus conquistas hasta el Estrecho, ocupando a Tnger y a Ceuta. Jucef, sobrino y sucesor de Abubeker, fund a Marruecos, estableci en ella la silla de su imperio, y tom el ttulo de Miramamoln o comandante de los musulmanes. Quiz el mar hubiera contenido esta plaga pero el rey de Sevilla, Benavet, la llam sobre s, creyendo que con su auxilio se hara seor de todas las provincias que en Espaa posean los moros. Era suegro de Alfonso VI por su hijaZaida, casada con el monarca castellano y esta grande alianza exalt de tal modo su ambicin, que ya no caba en Tuvo los Estados que pacficamente le obedecan. Alfonso la flaqueza de condescender con sus deseos, y apoy la demanda del auxilio que se pidi a Jucef. Los almorvides vinieron mandados por Al, capitn valiente, ejercitado en la guerra y locamente ambicioso y su venida a nadie fu ms fatal que a Por una ocasin los imprudentes que los llamaron.
;
:

EL CID

13

ligera los berberiscos se volvieron contra los sevillanos, cuyo Rey fu muerto en la refriega ; y Al, apoderndose del Estado que haba venido a auxiliar, hizo obedecer su imperio a todos los moros espaoles, neg vasallaje a Jucef, y se hizo tambin llamar

Miramamoln.

Para acabarle de desvanecer

la for-

tuna, en el poco tiempo que le favoreci dos veces se encontraron los castellanos con l, y dos veces la una en Roda, y la otra en fueron vencidos
:

rey Alfonso mandaba en persona. Pero este prncipe, ms estimable an en la adversidad que en la fortuna, rehizo sus gentes y acometi al usurpador a tiempo que desbandado su ejrcito no pudo hacer frente a los cristianos, y tuvo que enceEstrechado all, no vi otro rrarse en Crdoba. arbitrio para salvarse que comprar a gran precio la paz de sus enemigos y hacerse tributario suyo. Pero ni aun as pudo corregir su mala estrella porque de all a poco Jucef, respirando venganza, pas a Espaa, hizo cortar la cabeza al rebelde, afirm su dominacin en la Andaluca toda, y se dispuso a seguir las conquistas de su gente en el pas. Con un ejrcito poderoso, compuesto de sus almorvides y de las fuerzas de los reyes tributarios suyos, se puso sobre la fortaleza de Halaet, llamada A lid por los rabes, que hachen mencin de este sitio en sus historias, y hoy da conocida con el nombre de A ledo. Alfonso, que prevena en Toledo tropas para marchar contra Jucef, avis a Rodrigo que viniese a juntarse con l, y le di orden de que le esperase en Beliana, hoy Villena, por donde haba de pasar el ejrcito castellano, Pero aunque Rodrigo se apost en parte donde avisado pudiese efectuar su unin, sea descuido, sea error, sta no se verific, y el Rey con slo su presencia ahuyent a los sarracenos. Aqu fu donde sus enemigos, hallando ocasin favorable al rencor que le tenan, se desataron en quejas y acusaciones. Pudieron ellas tanto con Alfonso, que, no contento con desterrar otra vez al Cid de sus

Badajoz, donde

el

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Estados, ocup todos sus bienes y puso en prisin a su mujer y sus hijos. Rodrigo envi al instante un soldado a la corte a retar ante el Rey a cualquiera que le hubiese calumniado de traidor. Mas su satisfaccin no fu admitida bien que ya ms apaciguado el nimo del Prncipe permiti a doa Jimena y a sus hijos que fuesen libres a buscar a aquel caudillo, el cual tuvo segunda vez que labrarse su fortuna por
;

ni el conde Berenguer podan perdonarle sus antiguas afrentas (1089) el Conde principalmente haca cuantos esfuerzos le eran posibles para vengarlas, y la suerte le present, al parecer, ocasin de ello en las tierras de Albarracn. Hechas paces con el rey de Zaragoza, auxiliado con dinero por el de Denia, y asistido con un nmero crecido de guerreros, Berenguer fu a encontrar a Rodrigo, que con su corto ejrcito se haba apostado en un valle defendido por unas alturas. El rey de Zaragoza, acordndose de los servicios hechos por el Cid a sus Estados, le avis del peligro que corra. El contest que agradeca el aviso, y que esperara a El Conde sus enemigos, cualesquiera que fuesen. tom su camino por las montaas, lleg cerca de donde estaba su adversario, y creyendo ya tenerle destruido con la muchedumbre que le segua, le envi una carta para escarnecerle y desafiarle. Decale en ella que si tanto era el desprecio que tena hacia sus enemigos, y tanta la confianza en su valor, por qu no se bajaba a lo llano y dejaba
:

mismo. Ni Alfagid, rey de Denia,

aquellos cerros donde estaba guarecido, ms confiado en las cornejas y en las guilas que en el Dios verdadero ? Desciende de la sierra, aada, ven al campo, y entonces creeremos que eres digno del nombre de Campeador si no lo haces, eres un alevoso, a quien de todos modos vamos a castigar por tu insolencia, tus estragos y profanaciones. esto respondi Rodrigo que efectivamente despreciaba a l y a los suyos, y los haba comparado siempre a

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15

El mujeres, largas en palabras y cortas en obrar. lugar ms llano de la comarca, le deca, es ste donde estoy; aun tengo en mi poder los despojos que te aqu te espero, cumple tus quit en otro tiempo amenazas, ven si te atreves, y no tardars en recibir la soldada que ya en otra ocasin llevaste. Con estas injurias enconados ms los nimos, todos Los del Conde ocuparon se apercibieron a la pelea.
;

por

la

noche
;

el

monte que dominaba

el

el

campamento

del Cid

al

rayar

da embisten atropelladamente 10

dando gritos furiosos. Rodrigo, puestas sus tropas a punto' de batalla, sale de sus tiendas, y se arroja a ellos con su mpetu acostumbrado. Ya ciaban, cuando el Cid, cado del caballo, quebrantado y herido, tuvo que ser llevado a su tienda por los suyos, y este accidente restableci el equilibrio. Mas lo que en otras ocasiones hubiera sido causa de una derrota, lo fu entonces de la victoria. Los invictos castellanos siguieron el impulso dado por su general, y arrollaron por todas partes a los franceses y catalanes gran 20 nmero de ellos 'fueron muertos, cinco mil quedaron prisioneros, entre ellos el Conde y sus principales cabos ; y todo el bagaje y tiendas cayeron en manos del vencedor. Berenguer fu llevado a la tienda de Rodrigo, que
:

sentado majestuosamente en su silla escuch con semblante airado las disculpas y humillaciones abatidas del prisionero, sin responderle benignamente y sin consentirle sentarse. Orden a sus soldados que le custodiasen fuera ; pero tambin mand que se le tratase esplndidamente, y a pocos das le concedi la libertad. Tratse luego del rescate de los

30

dems cautivos. En

los principales

no hubo

dificultad

pero qu haban de dar los infelices soldados? Ajustse, sin embargo, su libertad por una suma alzada, y partieron despus a recogerla a su patria. Parte de ella trajeron, presentando sus hijos y parientes en rehenes de lo que faltaba. Mas Rodrigo, digno de su fortuna y de su gloria, no slo los dej ir

ID
libres, sino

E L

D
:

ro

20

que les perdon todo el rescate accin excesivamente generosa, pues en la situacin a que sus enemigos le haban reducido, su subsistencia y la de su ejrcito dependa enteramente de los rescates, de los despojos y de las correras. La suerte, al parecer, mejraba entonces sus cosas para volver a Castilla. Alfonso marchaba contra los almorvides, que haban ocupado a Granada y buena parte de Andaluca. La reina doa Constanza y los amigos del Cid le escribieron que sin detenerse viniese a unirse con el Rey y le auxiliase en su expedicin, pues de este modo volvera a su favor y a su gracia. Sitiaba el castillo de Liria cuando le lleg este aviso y aunque tena reducida aquella fortaleza a la mayor extremidad, levant el sitio al instante, y march a toda prisa a juntarse con el Rey. Alcanzle en el reino de Crdoba, junto a Martos; y Alfonso, oyendo que vena, sali a recibirle por hacerle honor. Uno y otro se encaminaron. a Granada el Rey coloc sus tiendas en las alturas, y el Cid acamp ms adelante en lo llano, lo cual al instante fu tenido a mal por el rencoroso Monarca, el cual deca a sus cortesanos ayer iba detrs de Ved cmo nos afrenta Rodrigo nosotros como si estuviese cansado, y ahora se pone
: :

delante como si se le debiese la preferencia. La adulacin responda que s; y era por cierto bien triste la situacin de aquel noble guerrero, el cual no poda ni ir detrs ni ponerse delante sin que moviese un enojo o motivase una sospecha. Los berberiscos no osaron venir a batalla con el 30 ejrcito cristiano; y Jucef, que estaba en Granada, sali de ella, y parti al frica, donde el estado de sus cosas le llamaba. Alfonso se volvi a Castilla, siguindole Rodrigo: al llegar al castillo de Ubeda (1092), el Prncipe di rienda a su enojo disimulado ; le ultraj al Cid con las palabras ms injuriosas imput culpas que no tenan realidad sino en su encono y en la envidia de sus enemigos ; y las satisfacciones, en vez de aplacar su clera, la avivaban
;

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ms
a cada

i?

momento. Rodrigo, que haba sufrido con moderacin las injurias, sabiendo que se trataba de prenderle, mir por s, y se separ una noche con
los

suyos del real castellano.

es posible comprender bien este odio tan enconado y constante en un prncipe de las prendas de Llamado liberal por sus mercedes y bravo Alfonso. por su valor justo en su gobierno y atinado en sus empresas; comedido y moderado en la fortuna firme y esforzado en la desgracia el primero de los reyes de Espaa, y uno de los ms ilustres de su tiempo por su poder, su autoridad y su magnificencia, no sufra junto a s a un hroe, el mejor escudo de su Estado y el mayor azote de los moros, Era envidia, La obscuridad de era preocupacin, era venganza? los tiempos no lo deja traslucir; pero las circunstancias con que esta aversin ha llegado a nosotros la presentan como injusta, y es una mancha indeleble en la fama de aquel monarca. Muchos de sus compaeros abandonaron entonces al Cid por seguir al Rey y l, triste y desesperado ya de toda reconciliacin con su patria, se entr en las tierras de Valencia, con nimo, probablemente, de adquirir all un establecimiento donde pasar respetado y temido el resto de sus das. Con este objeto reedific el castillo de Pinnacatell, le fortific con todo cuidado, y le provey de vveres y armas para una larga defensa. Desde all, el terror de su esfuerzo y de su fortuna le someti a todos los rgulos de la comarca. Zaragoza, invadida por el rey de Aragn, le debi, como en otro tiempo, su salud, pues en consideracin a Rodrigo hizo la paz aquel prncipe con ella. Despus, ensoberbecido con esta consideracin y con la prosperidad que guiaba sus empresas, volvi su nimo a la venganza, y quiso humillar a su mayor enemigo. Era ste D. Garca Ordoez, conde de Njera, comandante en la Rioja por el rey de Castilla; la segunda persona del Estado por el lustre de su casa, 2029.3 B
; ; ;
;

No

i8

EL CID
la familia real,
;

por su enlace con por sus servicios

10

por sus riquezas y pero envidioso, enconado con el Cid, atizador del odio que el Rey le tena, y causador de sus destierros. Rodrigo, pues, entr en la Rioja (1094) como en tierra enemiga, tal los campos, saque los pueblos, persigui los hombres qu culpa tenan estos infelices de los malos procedimientos del Conde? Pero siempre los errores y pasiones de los grandes vienen a caer sobre los pequeos. El Cid, irritado, no escuchando ms que la sed de venganza que le agitaba, sigui adelante en sus estragos, y Alberite, Logroo y la fortaleza de Alfaro tuvieron que rendirse a su obediencia. Don Garca, que vi venir sobre s aquel azote, junt sus gentes, y envi a decir a su enemigo que le esperase siete das l esper ; mas las tropas del Conde, al acercarse, se dejaron vencer del miedo, y no osaron venir a batalla con el campen
;
:

burgals. Satisfecho su enojo, y rico con el botn, di la 20 vuelta a Zaragoza, donde supo que los almorvides se haban apoderado de Valencia; y entonces fu cuando concibi el pensamiento de arrojarlos de all y hacerse seor de aquella capital. Valencia, situada

30

sobre el mar, en medio de unos campos frtiles y amenos, bajo el cielo ms alegre y el clima ms sano y templado de Espaa, era llamada por los moros su paraso. Pero este paraso haba sido en aquellos tiempos brbaramente destrozado por el mal gobierno de los rabes y sus divisiones intestinas. Fu siempre considerada como una dependencia del reino de Toledo, y en tiempo de Almenn gobernada por Abubeker con tal madurez y prudencia, que los valencianos, cuando muri este rabe, dijeron que se haba apagado la antorcha y obscurecido la luz de Valencia. Hiaya, hijo de Almenn, reinaba en Toledo cuando Alfonso la ocup y uno de los partidos que sac al rendirse fu que los cristianos le pondran en posesin de Valencia, donde se crea que Abubeker, acostumbrado al mando, no se lo querra dejar. Pero Abubeker
;

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falleci entonces,

19
pacfica-

y Hiaya siendo admitido

mente a

la posesin del reino, con l entraron de tropel todas las calamidades. Manda mal ordinariamente y es peor obedecido aquel que perdiendo un Estado, se pone a gobernar otro. Hiaya, aunque bien acogido al principio por los valencianos, no tard en manifestar la flojedad de su espritu y la inconstancia de sus La autoridad y las armas del Cid, cuyo consejos. amigo y tributario se hizo, le haban salvado de los dos reyes de Denia y Zaragoza, que quisieron arrojarle de Valencia. Pero no pudieron librarle del odio de sus subditos, ya mal dispuestos con l, y mucho ms cuando vieron la cabida que daba a los cristianos y los tesoros que les reparta, acumulados a fuerza de tirana y de vejaciones odiosas. Viendo, pues, ocupado al Cid en su expedicin de la Rioja, entraron en consejo los principales ciudadanos, y siguiendo el dictamen de Abenjaf, alcaide que era de la ciudad, resolvieron llamar a los almorvides, que a la sazn haban tomado a Murcia. Vinieron ellos, y ocupada Denia, se pusieron delante de Valencia, que a pocos El miserable Hiaya, sin das les abri las puertas. consejo y sin esfuerzo, quiso a favor del tumulto salvarse del peligro ; y abandonando su alczar, a cuyas puertas ya arrimaban el fuego sus enemigos, huy disfrazado vilmente en traje de mujer, y se acogi a una alquera. All fu hallado por Abenjaf, que sin compasin alguna le cort la cabeza, y mand arrojar a un muladar su cadver, haciendo tan triste fin el monarca de Toledo y de Valencia por no saber ser
;

hombre

ni ser rey. Entretanto, la fama de esta revolucin lleg al Cid, que irritado de la muerte de su amigo, y de que los cristianos hubiesen sido expelidos de Valencia, jur vengar una y otra ofensa y apoderarse de todo. Dirigise all, ocup el castillo de Cebolla o Juballa, ya muy fuerte por su situacin, pero mucho ms con las obras que hizo construir en l ; y en aquel punto estableci el centro de sus operaciones. Llegados los

b 2

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la

esto, sali con sus gentes,. sent sus reales ciudad, destroz todas las casas de campo y tal las mieses. Los moradores, afligidos de tantos estragos, le pedan que cesase en ellos l les puso por condicin que echasen de Valencia a los almorvides; pero ellos o no podan o no queran, y se volvieron a encerrar y a fortificarse. Jucef, en cuyo nombre estos rabes desolaban las partes orientales de Espaa, le haba intimado insolo entemente que no entrase en Valencia; pero Rodrigo, acostumbrado a despreciar la vana arrogancia de los reyes, despus de volverle en su carta insulto por insulto, public en todas partes que Jucef no osaba salir de frica de miedo ; y sin intimidarse por los inmensos preparativos que dispona contra l, estrech el sitio con el rigor ms terrible. Rindisele primeramente el arrabal llamado Villanueva, y despus embisti el de Alcudia, mandando que al mismo tiempo una parte de sus soldados acometiese a la ciudad por Defendanse los valencianos 20 la puerta de Alcntara. como leones, y rebatidos los cristianos que asaltaron la puerta, se les redobl tanto el nimo, que la abrieron y dieron sobre sus enemigos. Entonces el Cid, formando de los suyos un escuadrn solo, revolvi sobre el arrabal, y sin dejar descansar un momento ni a moros ni a cristianos, les di tan rigoroso combate, fu tal la mortandad, y el pavor que les caus tan grande, que empezaron los de dentro a gritar Paz, paz . Ces el estrago, y qued la Alcudia por el Cid, 30 que, usando benignamente de la victoria, otorg a los rendidos el goce de su libertad y de sus bienes. Pero mientras los dos arrabales, por su reduccin y el buen trato del vencedor con ellos, gozaban de la mayor abundancia, la ciudad, al contrario, se vea reducida al mayor estrecho por la falta de todas las cosas necesarias a la vida. Constreidos al fin por la necesidad sus moradores, ofrecieron echar a los almorvides de all y entregarse a Rodrigo, si dentro de cierto tiempo no les venan socorros del frica.

meses del

junto a

EL CID

21

Con estas condiciones consiguieron treguas por dos meses, en cuyo trmino parti el Cid a hacer algunas correras en los contornos de Pinnacatell, donde encerr todo el botn que haba cogido, y despus pas a las tierras del seor de Albarracn, y las estrag todas en castigo de habrsele rebelado aquel moro. Pasado el tiempo de las treguas, y no habiendo venido el socorro de Jucef, intim a los valencianos pero ellos se negaron el cumplimiento de lo pactado a rendirse, fiando en el auxilio que todava aguardaban. Vino con efecto un ejrcito de almorvides a sostenerlos ; pero ya fuese por miedo, ya por mala inteligencia con los sitiados, ya por causas que se ignoran, estos rabes nada hicieron, y se desbandaron, dejando a Valencia en el mismo aprieto que antes. Valor y constancia no faltaban a sus moradores. Desbarataron con sus mquinas las que el Cid asestaba contra ellos rebatironle en los asaltos que les di, y hubo da en que, precisado a recogerse en un bao contiguo a la muralla para defenderse del diluvio de piedras y flechas que le tiraban, los sitiados salieron, le cercaron en aquel bao, y le hubieran muerto o preso a no haber tomado el partido de aportillar una de las paredes y romper por la abertura con los que le acompaaban. Mas la hambre espantosa que los
;

era un enemigo ms terrible que las armas Campeador seguro de domarlos por ella, haba mandado que se diese muerte a todos los moros que
afliga

del

se saliesen de Valencia, y obligado por fuerza a entrar en la plaza a los que con ocasin de la tregua estaban en el campo y en los arrabales. Agotados todos los

mantenimientos, apurados los manjares ms viles y

asquerosos, caanse muertos de flaqueza los habitantes por las calles; muchos se arrojaban desesperados desde los muros a ver si hallaban compasin en los enemigos, que cumpliendo el decreto del sitiador inflexible les daban muerte cruel a vista de las murallas para escarmentar a los otros. Ni la edad ni el sexo encontraban indulgencia todos perecan, a excepcin
:

22

EL CID
;

de algunos que a escondidas fueron vendidos para esclavos. Al ver el uso abominable que el hombre hace a veces de sus fuerzas al contemplar estos ejemplos de ferocidad, de que por desgracia ni las
naciones ni los siglos ms cultos estn exentos, las panteras y leones de los desiertos parecen mil veces menos aborrecibles y crueles. Al fin, perdida la esperanza de socorro, el tirano Abenjaf rindi la plaza a condiciones harto moderadas ; pero l no consigui libertarse del destino que le persegua. La sangre de Hiaya gritaba por venganza, y su asesino pereci tambin trgicamente de all a pocos das, ya por el odio de los suyos, ya por mandato del Cid, que quiso castigar de este modo la alevosa hecha a su antiguo

amigo

(1094).

As acab Rodrigo aquella empresa, igual a la conquista de Toledo en importancia, superior en dificultades, y mucho ms gloriosa al vencedor. Toledo haba sido sojuzgada por el Rey ms poderoso de Espaa, con cuyos Estados confinaba, y auxiliado de las fuerzas de naturales y extranjeros. Valencia, rodeada por todas partes de morisma, socorrida por el frica, llena de pertrechos y de riquezas, fu vencida por un caballero particular sin otras fuerzas que Mas lo que las tropas acostumbradas a seguirle. pareca temeridad, y lo fuera sin duda en otro que en l, fu resolverse a mantener aquella conquista, a pesar de las enormes dificultades que lo contradecan. Para ello, lo primero a que atendi fu a establecer una buena polica en la ciudad, de modo que cristianos y moros se llevasen bien entre s. La Crnica general contiene en esta parte particularidades preciosas, que es lstima desterrar entre el cmulo de las fbulas que El prescribi a los suyos el porte refiere del Cid. corts y honroso que deban tener con los vencidos, de modo que stos, prendados de aquel trato tan generoso, decan que nunca tan buen hombre vieron, ni tan honrado, ni que tan mandada gente trajese. Gobernlos por sus leyes y costumbres, y no les

E L C

D
las

23

impuso ms contribuciones que

que anteriormente Dos veces a la semana oa y juzgaba solan pagar. aVenid, les deca, cuando quisiereis, a m, sus pleitos. y yo os oir; porque no me aparto con mujeres a cantar ni a beber, como hacen vuestros seores, Yo, al contrario, a quienes jams podis acudir. quiero ver vuestras cosas todas, y ser vuestro compaero, y guardaros bien, como amigo a amigo y pariente a pariente. Volvi despus la atencin a los cristianos y temiendo que, ricos con la presa que haban hecho, no se desmandasen, les prohibi salir de Valencia sin su permiso. La principal mezquita fu convertida en catedral, y nombr por obispo de ella a un eclesistico llamado D. Jernimo, a quien los historiadores hacen compaero de aquel D. Bernardo que fu colocado en la silla de Toledo despus de ganarse esta ciudad a los moros. En vano el injuriado Jucef intent por dos veces arrancarle la conquista enviando ejrcitos numerosos Los berberiscos, acaudillados por un a destruirle. sobrino del mismo Jucef, fueron ahuyentados primeramente de las murallas de Valencia con las fuerzas solas del Cid, y derrotados despus completamente por l y D. Pedro, rey de Aragn, en las cercanas de Jtiva. Estas dos victorias, y la rendicin de Olocau, Sierra, Almenara, y sobre todo de Murviedro, plaza antigua y fortsima, acabaron de asegurar a Valencia, que permaneci en poder de Rodrigo todo el tiempo que vivi. Su muerte acaeci cinco aos despus de la conquista de aquella capital (1099), que aun se mantuvo todava casi tres por los cristianos bajo la autoridad y gobierno de doa Jimena. Mas los moros, libres ya del terror que les inspiraba el Campeador, vinieron sobre ella, y la estrecharon tanto, que a ruego de la viuda de Rodrigo tuvo Alfonso VI que acudir a socorrerla. Los brbaros no osaron esperarle y l, considerada la situacin de la ciudad y la imposibilidad de conservarla en su dominio, por la distancia, sac de all a los cristianos con todos sus haberes,

10

20

30

24
entreg
Castilla.
la

EL CID
poblacin a las llamas, y se los llev

Dej el Cid, de su esposa doa Jimena, dos hijas, que casaron, una con el infante de Navarra, y la otra con un conde de Barcelona algunas memorias le dan tambin un hijo que muri muy joven en un combate que su padre tuvo con los moros cerca de Consuegra. El cadver de Rodrigo fu sacado de Valencia por su familia al retirarse de all, y llevado solemnemente al 10 monasterio de San Pedro de Cardea, junto a Burgos, donde aun se ve su sepulcro, que es siempre visitado por los viajeros con admiracin y reverencia. Tal es la serie de acciones que la historia asigna a este caudillo, entre la muchedumbre de fbulas que la ignorancia aadi despus. Todas son guerreras, y su exposicin sencilla basta a sorprender la imaginacin, que apenas puede concebir quin era este brazo de hierro que arrojado de su patria, con el corto nmero de soldados, parientes y amigos que quisieron 20 seguirle, jams se cans de lidiar, y nunca lidi sino para vencer. Escudo y defensa de unos Estados, azote terrible de otros, eclips la majestad de los reyes de su tiempo, pareciendo en aquel siglo de ferocidad y combates un numen tutelar que adonde quiera que acudiese llevaba consigo la gloria y la fortuna. Los dictados de Campeador, mi Cid, el que en buen hora nascd, han pasado de siglo en siglo hasta nosotros como una muestra del respeto que sus contemporneos le tenan, del honor y ventura que en l se imaginaban. 30 A primera vista se hacen increbles tantas hazaas y una carrera de gloria tan seguida. Mas sin que el Cid pierda nada de su reputacin, la incredulidad cesar cuando se considere que casi todas sus batallas fueron contra ejrcitos colecticios, compuestos de gentes diversas en religin, costumbres e intereses, la mayor parte rabes afeminados con los regalos del pas, uno de los ms deliciosos de Espaa y del mundo. Desgracia fu de Castilla privarse de semejante guerrero su esfuerzo y su fortuna, unidos al poder del rey
:

E L

25

Alfonso, hubieran quiz extendido los lmites de la monarqua hasta el mar, y la edad siguiente viera La envidia, la la expulsin total de los brbaros. calumnia, un resentimiento rencoroso lo estorbaron y las hazaas del Cid, dndole a l renombre eterno, no hicieron otro bien al Estado que manifestar la debilidad de sus enemigos.

GUZMN EL BUENO
Reinaba en Castilla Alfonso el Sabio, y era ya el tiempo en que la suerte haba convertido las glorias de sus primeros aos en una amarga serie de desventuras. Fu la seal de ellas su viaje a Francia en demanda del Imperio de Alemania, pues aunque haba arreglado las cosas para que en su ausencia no padeciese el Estado, todos los males se desataron a un tiempo para desconcertar las medidas de su prudencia. Los moros de Granada rompen las treguas ajustadas con l, y llamando en su ayuda a Aben Jucef, rey de Fez, inundan la Andaluca, llevndola Don uo de Lara, comantoda a fuego y sangre dante en la provincia, muere en una batalla el prncipe heredero, gobernador del reino, fallece en Villareal ; y el arzobispo de Toledo, D. Sancho, que sali con un ejrcito a encontrar al enemigo, empea un combate con ms ardimiento que prudencia, y es hecho prisionero y despus muerto. Debi en tal conflicto la monarqua su salud a la actividad y acertadas medidas del infante D. Sancho, hijo segundo del Rey, ayudado poderosamente del seor de Vizcaya D. Lpez Daz de Haro, que con toda la nobleza castellana baj al socorro del Medioda. Con D. Lope vino entonces D. Alonso Prez de Guzmn, joven de veinte aos, nacido en Len, de D. Pedro de Guzmn, adelantado mayor de Andaluca, y de una noble doncella llamada doa Teresa Ruiz de Castro. El seor de Vizcaya ataj el mpetu de los brbaros, los derrot junto a Jan y veng la muerte del arzobispo. Este fu el primer combate en que se hall Guzmn ; y no slo se seal por
; ;

GUZMN

EL

BUENO

27

sus hechos entre todos, sino que tambin tuvo la fortuna de hacer prisionero al moro Aben Comat, privado de Jucef, lo cual fu gran parte para la conclusin de la guerra, porque vuelto Alfonso de su intil viaje, y escarmentados los enemigos con aquel descalabro, empezaron a moverse condiciones de concierto ; y Guzmn, que fu el ministro de esta negociacin, pudo con el influjo de Abn Comat, antes cautivo suyo y ya su amigo, ajustar treguas por 10 dos aos con el rey de Berbera (1276). En celebridad de este suceso se hizo un torneo en Sevilla delante de la corte, donde, del mismo modo que en la batalla, Guzmn se llev la prez del lucimiento y bizarra. Llegada la noche, el Rey, que no haba presenciado la fiesta, pregunt a sus cortesanos quin se haba distinguido ms en ella ; a lo Seor, que contestaron muchos a un tiempo Cul D. Alonso Prez es el que lo hizo mejor. Alonso Prez? repuso el Rey, porque haba algunos otros del mismo nombre. Entonces D. Juan Ramrez 20 de Guzmn, hijo del adelantado D. Pedro, que se haba criado en palacio, y que despus sucedi a su padre en la casa de Toral, dijo al Monarca Seor, Alonso Prez de Guzmn, mi hermano de ganancia. Pareci mal esta razn a todos, y ms que a nadie a Guzmn, que crey ver motejada en ella la ilegitimidad de su nacimiento, porque entonces llamaban hijos de ganancia a los que nacan de mujeres no veladas, y su madre no lo haba sido. Vindose, pues, sonrojado as delante de los Reyes, de las 30 damas y caballeros presentes, respondi mal enojado Decs verdad, soy hermano de ganancia, pero vos sois y seris de prdida ; y si no fuera por respeto a la presencia de quien nos hallamos, yo os dara a entender el modo con que debis tratarme. Mas no tenis vos la culpa de ello, sino quien os ha criado, que tan mal os ense. El Rey, a quien al parecer iba arrojada esta queja, dijo entonces No habla mal vuestro hermano, que as es costumbre de llamar
:

28

GUZMAN

EL

BUENO

en Castilla a los que no son hijos de mujeres veladas Tambin es costumbre de los con sus maridos. hijosdalgo de Castilla, replic l, cuando no son bien tratados por sus seores, que vayan a buscar fuera quien bien les haga yo lo har as, y juro no volver ms hasta que con verdad me puedan llamar de ganancia. Otorgadme, pues, el plazo que da el fuero a los hijosdalgo de Castilla para poder salir del reino, porque desde hoy me desnaturalizo y me despido de Quiso reducirle el Rey, mas 10 ser vuestro vasallo. siendo vanos sus esfuerzos, hubo de concederle el plazo que peda, en el cual Guzmn vendi todo cuanto haba heredado de sus padres y adquirido por s mismo en la guerra, y se sali de Castilla acompaado de algunos amigos y criados, en todos treinta, que quisieron seguir su fortuna. En las estrechas relaciones que haba entonces entre las dos naciones que se disputaban el seoro de Espaa, era muy comn ver a los caballeros 20 cristianos irse a servir a los moros, y a los moros venir a los Estados de los cristianos. Estaba todava en Algeciras Abn Jucef, y Guzmn se resolvi a seguirle, prometindole que le asistira en todas sus empresas menos contra el rey de Castilla o cualquiera
otro prncipe cristiano. El monarca berberisco rey a sus compaeros con el mayor agasajo y dndole el mando de todos jos cristianos que estaban a su servicio, se le llev al frica consigo. La primera expedicin en que le ocup fu la de ir 30 a sujetar los rabes tributarios de su imperio, que, debindole ya dos aos de contribuciones, se resistan a pagarlas. Estos rabes, siguiendo siempre la costumbre de andar divagando, no tenan asiento ni domicilio fijo; no pagaban jams sino forzados; y entonces, orgullosos con su muchedumbre, llevaron la insolencia hasta amenazar al rey de Fez que le quitaran la corona. Guzmn, encargado de reducirlos, propuso a Abn Jucef que comprase o hiciese dar libertad a todos los cautivos cristianos que hubiese
cibi a l

GUZMAN
llevar

EL

BUENO

en la ciudad, los cuales, agregados a sus soldados, bastaran a sujetar a los rebeldes, sin necesidad de

muchos moros consigo. Hzolo as el Rey, y Guzmn, al frente de mil seiscientos cristianos y de algunos moros que tambin le siguieron, sali en busca de los rebeldes, a quienes arremeti y con
grande estrago ah uyent hasta sus tiendas. Espantados y escarmentados sus alfaques, vinieron al campo cristiano, y no slo ofrecieron las pagas que deban, sino que aadieron muchos dones para sus vencedores Haba muchos a fin de que los dejasen en sosiego. en el ejrcito de Guzmn que opinaban por que no se admitiesen sus ofertas y ensoberbecidos con su fortuna, queran que se destruyese del todo y ani;

10

quilase aquella gente amotinada. Mas el caudillo espaol, conociendo que la seguridad de los cristianos de Africa consista en la necesidad que de ellos tuviese el Rey para tener sujetos a los rabes tributarios, no consinti su destruccin, y acept las pagas y dones que le hicieron. Con esto di la vuelta a Fez, y el 20 Rey hizo generosamente merced de una de las pagas a Guzmn, el cual la parti con sus soldados. Con este servicio, con su prudencia y sus dems virtudes, se hizo un lugar tan distinguido en aquella corte, que Aben Jucef pona en l toda su estimacin y confianza. El poder y autoridad que all disfrutaba resonaban en Castilla a tiempo que la monarqua, desgarrada en dos facciones, estaba en el punto de padecer una revolucin lastimosa. En medio de las prendas eminentes que adornaban a Alfonso el Sabio, 30 vease en sus consejos y determinaciones una irresolucin y una inconstancia muy ajenas del carcter entero y firme que tan respetable haba hecho a su padre. los dos grandes errores de su reinado, la alteracin de la moneda y la aceptacin del imperio, aadi al fin de sus das la intencin de variar la sucesin del reino, solemnemente declarada en Cortes a favor de su hijo Sancho, Es verdad que esta declaracin haba sido hecha en perjuicio de los hijos

3o
del

GUZMAN

EL

BUENO

prncipe heredero D. Fernando de la Cerda, muerto en Villarea al tiempo de la invasin de los moros, Pero Sancho haba defendido el Estado y el vigor y la prudencia que manifest en aquella ocasin, ganndole las voluntades de los grandes, de los pueblos, y an del Rey, fueron recompensados con llamarle a la sucesin, excluyendo de ella a sus sobrinos. Si esto fu una injusticia, ya estaba hecha, y cualquiera innovacin iba a causar una guerra civil, 10 porque Sancho no era hombre de dejarse despojar tranquilamente del objeto de su ambicin, conseguido ya por sus servicios. Estaban anteriormente encontradas las voluntades de hijo y padre con disgustos domsticos, enconados miserablemente por los mismos que debieran concertarlos. As, cuando el Rey propuso una nueva alteracin en la moneda, y que se desmembrase el reino de Jan para darle a uno de sus nietos, rompi por todas partes el descontento y juntos en Valladolid los ricos-hombres con D. 30 Sancho, declararon inhbil a administrar y gobernar el reino al legislador de Castilla. Las ms de las ciudades, los prelados, los grandes, sus hijos, su esposa, todos le abandonaron, menos Sevilla, que se mantuvo sola en su obediencia. Los otros prncipes de Espaa aliados y parientes suyos no le acudieron, y el rey de Granada, su enemigo, confederado con su hijo, haca ms espantoso el peligro y ms escandalosa
la rebelin.

30

En tan amargo apuro el infeliz Monarca, todo entregado a su desesperacin, pens meterse con todas sus riquezas en una nave que hizo preparar y pintar de negro; y dejando su ingrata patria y su desnaturalizada familia, abandonarse a las ondas y a la fortuna. Mas antes de poner en obra este desesperado designio, volvi los ojos al frica, y se acord de Guzmn, y quiso implorar la autoridad y el poder que disfrutaba en la corte de Fez. Entonces fu cuando le escribi la carta citada por casi jtodos nuestros historiadores, monumento singular de alic-

:; ;

GZMN

EL

BUENO
:

31

cin y de elocuencia, al mismo tiempo que leccin Su coninsigne para los prncipes y los hombres. texto literal es el siguiente La mi cuita Prez de Guzmn ce Primo D.Alonso es tan grande, que como cay de alto lugar, se ver de luee ; e como cay en m, qu'era amigo de todo

camiento, que

mundo, en todo l sabrn la mi desdicha e afinel mo fijo a sin razn me face tener con ayuda de los mos amigos y de los mios perlados los cuales, en lugar de meter paz, no a escuso ni a
el
;

10

Non encubiertas, sino claro, metieron asaz de mal. fallo en la ma tierra abrigo, nin fallo amparador ni valedor, non me lo mereciendo ellos, sino todo bien
que yo
fallece

E pues que en la ma tierra me les fice. quien me haba de servir e ayudar, forzoso me es que en la ajena busque quien se duela de m pues los de Castilla me fallecieron, nadie me tern en mal que yo busque los de Benamarn. Si los mos hijos son mis enemigos, non ser ende mal que yo tome a los mis enemigos por fijos ; enemigos en 20 la ley, mas non por ende en la voluntad, que es el buen rey Abn Jucef, que yo le amo e precio mucho, porque l non me despreciar ni fallecer, ca es mi atreguado e mi apazguado. Yo s cunto sodes suyo, y cunto vos ama, con cunta razn, e cunto por vuestro consejo far. Non miredes a cosas pasadas, sino a presentes; cat quien sodes e del linaje donde venides, e que en algn tiempo vos far bien ; e si lo vos non ficiese, vuestro bien facer vos lo galardonar ; que el que face bien nunca lo pierde. 30 Por tanto, el mo primo Alonso Prez de Guzmn, faced a tanto con el vuestro seor y amigo mo, que sobre la ma corona ms averada que yo he, y piedras ricas que ende son, me preste lo que l por bien tuviere ; e si la suya ayuda pudiredes allegar, no me la estorbedes, como yo cuido que non faredes antes tengo que toda la buena amistanza que del vuestro seor a m viniere ser por vuestra mano Fecha en la ma sola y la de Dios sea con vusco.

32
leal

GUZMAN

EL

BUENO

10

20

ciudad de Sevilla, a los treinta aos de mi reinado El Rey. y el primero de mis cuitas (1282). Guzmn, olvidando el desabrimiento pasado, expuso a Jucef la triste situacin del Monarca castellano, y le present la corona que haba de ser prenda del auxilio que se peda. V, respondi el generoso moro, y lleva a tu seor sesenta mil doblas de oro para que de pronto se socorra ; consulale y ofrcele mi ayuda, y vulvete luego para ir conmigo. La corona del Rey quiero que quede aqu, no en prendas, sino para memoria continua de su desgracia y mi promesa. Guzmn pas el estrecho, y vino a Sevilla acompaado de una muchedumbre lucida de amigos y criados, y present al Rey desvalido el tesoro que le traa. As cumpli con gloria suya la terrible palabra que di al salir del reino, de no volver a l sino cuando pudiesen llamarle verdaderamente de ganancia. Recibido de Alfonso con el honor y agasajo debidos a tal servicio, entre las dems seales de agradecimiento que mereci, fu la de unirle con doa Mara Alonso Coronel, doncella noble de Sevilla, y por su hermosura, su riqueza y sus virtudes el mejor partido de toda Andaluca. Tena entonces Guzmn veintisis aos, y la boda se celebr en Sevilla, haciendo el Rey donacin de Alcal de los Gazules a los desposados. De all a pocos das di la vuelta al frica, de donde vi-no despus acompaando a Jucef, que seguido de gran tropel de jinetes berberiscos trajo el socorro prome-

30 tido.

Vironse los dos prncipes junto a Zahara en el campamento moro, rindiendo el africano toda clase de obsequio y de respeto al rey de Castilla. Hizo

que entrase a caballo en su tienda magnficamente aderezada, y le oblig a colocarse en el asiento principal, dicindole Sintate t, que eres rey desde la cuna que yo lo soy desde ahora en que Dios me lo hizo ser. A lo que respondi Alfonso No da Dios nobleza sino a los nobles, ni da
:


33 honra sino a los honrados, ni da reino sino al que lo merece y as Dios te dio reino porque lo merecas. Tras de estas y otras cortesas trataron amistosamente del plan que haban de seguir en sus operaciones. Dame un adalid, dijo el moro, que me lleve por la tierra que no te obedece, y la destruir toda, y har que te rinda la obediencia. Disele, con efecto, el rey de Castilla, pero encargndole que llevase a los moros por donde menos mal hacer pudiesen cuidado paternal, bien digno del que, despidindose pblicamente de los sevillanos al ir a las vistas con Jucef. Amigos, les dijo, vedes a qu so venido, que por fuerza he de ser amigo de mis enemigos, e enemigo de mis amigos esto sabe Dios que non place a m. Las huestes confederadas llegaron a Crdoba, donde ya estaba el prncipe D. Sancho. El moro quiso tentar las vas de negociacin, y envi a D. Alonso de Guzmn y a un intrprete a exhortarle al deber y a reconciliarse con su padre. Ya eran entrados en la ciudad y admitidos a la presencia del Prncipe, cuando ste supo que los moros se haban acercado a las barreras y haban muerto algunos peones. Cmo me vens vosotros con tal mensaje, les dijo irritado, cuando los moros estn dando muerte a los mos ? Idos pronto de aqu no estis un punto ms en mi presencia, pues vive Dios que no s quin me detiene de haceros morir y arrojaros por encima de
;
:

GUZMAN

EL

BUENO

los

adarves.

Ellos salieron

dando gracias

al cielo

por haberles salvado de tanto peligro, y causando admiracin a todos que en el justo motivo de la indignacin de Sancho su clera parase en amenazas. Su presencia en Crdoba y su diligencia inutilizaron los esfuerzos de los africanos, los cuales, despus de haber talado y destruido las dehesas y pueblos de la Andaluca y la Mancha, se volvieron con su presa, sin haber hecho cosa de momento en favor de su aliado. Sospechas y desconfianzas sembradas entre unos y otros, y credas por el rey de Castilla, que, como tan ultrajado de los hombres, a
2029.3

34

GUZMN

EL

BUENO

todos les tena miedo, los separaron al fin, yndose Alfonso a Sevilla, y Jucef a Algeciras, para desde all volverse a sus Estados. Con l se fu al frica Guzmn, llevndose su esposa, la cual era tratada en Fez con el respeto que su honestidad mereca. El caudillo espaol asisti al rey Jucef en todas las guerras que por aquel tiempo tuvo que mantener con sus vecinos, debiendo en todas ellas a su valor y a su consejo la victoria io y ventajas que consegua. Las expediciones ms sealadas fueron las dos que se hicieron sobre Marruecos en la primera las armas de Jucef ayudaban a Budeluz, un moro principal que se haba alzado contra el Miramamoln Almortuda, de quien era pariente muy cercano. Guzmn, por cuya direccin se gobernaba el ejrcito de Fez, present y venci en batalla al Miramamoln, a quien di muerte por su mano peleando con l. Con esto Budeluz fu alzado por rey de Marruecos ; pero a poco tiempo, hallndole 20 Jucef ingrato a sus beneficios, y viendo que no quera cumplir las condiciones estipuladas en su confederacin, envi a Guzmn contra l. Vencido y muerto Budeluz en la batalla que se di junto a Marruecos, este Estado vino a parar a la dominacin de Jucef. La misma fortuna sigui a Guzmn despus en la expedicin contra Segelmesa, que tuvo tambin que Al leerse estas sujetarse al imperio de aquel rey. proezas, segn las cuentan los cronistas de la casa de Medinasidonia, y vindolas seguidas de la aventura 30 de la sierpe y del len, parece que su intento ha sido hacer de su hroe un paladn, y de su narracin una leyenda caballeresca. Pero aun cuando por ventura haya alguna exageracin en sus Memorias lo que no
:

fama de los hechos de Guzmn, saliendo de los trminos de frica y de Espaa, llegaba a Italia a odos del Papa, que le escriba a l y a sus compaeros en trminos y elogios magnficos. Las riquezas adquiridas con tan nobles trabajos fueron tantas, que los dos esposos llegaron a recelar de la
tiene

duda es que

la

GUZMN

EL

BUENO

35

codicia de los brbaros que los perdiesen por ella.

La confianza y amor de Jucef hacia Guzmn eran siempre los mismos; pero su hijo Aben Jacob y un sobrino que tena, llamado Amir, envidiaban su privanza y le aborrecan, siendo de temer que, faltando el Rey, el favor y la fortuna que hasta all haba gozado se convirtiesen en persecucin y desgracia. Acordaron> pues, separarse, aparentando estar desavenidos y no poderse llevar bien viviendo juntos. El Rey crey el artificio y favoreci la separacin, de modo que doa Mara Coronel se pudo volver a Espaa con sus hijos y la mayor parte de los tesoros de su marido. Muri de all a poco Jucef, sucedindole en el seoro de Fez y de Marruecos su hijo Aben Jacob. Cuanto el padre haba tenido de generoso, de franco y de leal, tena el hijo de feroz, vengativo y alevoso. Aborreca a Guzmn y a los cristianos defensores de su imperio y su rencor, atizado por Amir, no tena ms freno que el temor de que el pueblo se sublevase por la desgracia de Guzmn, cuyas virtudes se amaban y respetaban del mismo modo que se admiraban sus hazaas. En esta poca es donde los historiadores colocan la batalla con la serpiente monstruosa que tena aterrada mas las circunstancias a Fez y a sus contornos increbles con que se cuenta esta proeza tienen demasiado aire de fbula para adoptarla como cierta, y el valor de Guzmn no necesita de semejantes ficciones para recomendarse a la admiracin dlos hombres. Resueltos ya los brbaros a perderle, tomaron el arbitrio de enviarle con pocos cristianos a cobrar el tributo de los rabes, avisando a stos que le atacasen con la mayor muchedumbre que pudiesen, y ofreciendo perdonarles la contribucin si acababan con el y sus compaeros. Supo l esta alevosa por Aben Comat, aquel moro que fu su cautivo en la batalla de Jan, y que despus se haba constantemente mostrado amigo suyo. Estaba ya por aquellos das
; ;

36

GUZMN

EL

BUENO

pensando en los medios de salir de Marruecos; y parecindole aquella ocasin oportuna, acept la comisin que se le daba, y parti con sus cristianos mas determinado a oponer artificio a artificio, derram
escuchas por todas las veredas para ver si poda coger al mensajero que llevaba a los rabes el aviso acordado. Consiguilo ; y substituyendo otro en que se les deca que Guzmn iba a ellos con gran nmero de gentes, envi Con l a uno de los suyos. Los rabes, que con tanto dao haban experimentado su valor, no quisieron volver a hacer la prueba, y le enviaron con sus alfaques las pagas atrasadas, y muchos dones para l y sus gentes. Hecho esto, manifest a los soldados las prfidas intenciones de la corte de Fez, y les propuso' salir del frica y volver a Espaa. Djoles que ya tena avisado al general de las galeras de Castilla que le esperase en una cala junto a Tnger; reparti con ellos las riquezas adquiridas en aquella expedicin, y todos a una voz le prometieron seguirle. Revolvi luego hacia el mar, y atravesando por los lugares de la costa, donde ech voz que iba por mandado del Rey para defenderla de las invasiones de los castellanos, All le aguardaban las se acerc al sitio convenido. galeras, donde embarcado con sus compaeros, que seran hasta mil, entr por fin en Sevilla con toda la solemnidad y regocijo de un triunfo (1291). Ya en esta sazn haba muerto Alfonso el Sabio, y reinaba en Castilla su hijo Sancho. Guzmn fu a verse con l a poco tiempo de su llegada y a ofrecerAdmitilos el Prncipe, dicindole le sus servicios. cortsmente que mejor empleado estara un tan gran caballero como l sirviendo a sus Reyes que no a los Informse largamente de las cosas de africanos. aquel pas, del poder de sus jefes y de la manera ms Haba en aquellos ventajosa de nacerles guerra. das ganado nuestra escuadra una victoria de los berberiscos, tomndoles trece galeras y a Sancho pareci ocasin oportuna de embestir a Tarifa, plaza
;

GUZMN

EL

BUENO
;

37

importante, situada en la costa, y una de las puertas por donde los africanos entraban fcilmente en Espaa. No haba dinero para la empresa Guzmn lo apront, y junto el ejrcito, atac a Tarifa por mar y por tierra. Dur el sitio seis meses, siendo siempre Guzmn el voto ms atendido en los consejos y el brazo ms fuerte en los ataques. Los moros se resistieron con el mayor bro ; pero al cabo la plaza fu entrada por fuerza y sus moradores hechos esclavos, y aunque hubo pareceres de que se desmantelase, creyendo imposible mantenerla, por su situacin, el maestre de Calatrava se ofreci a defenderla por un ao, esperando que a ejemplo suyo algn otro caballero se encargara despus de ella, como efectivamente sucedi. En aquel tiempo Guzmn, pagando el tributo a la Su edad flaqueza humana, se dej vencer del amor. su esposa, doa no llegaba a los cuarenta aos Mara Coronel, por indisposiciones que han llegado a nosotros mal disimuladas en el incidente del tizn, se haba hecho inhbil para el uso del matrimonio, y el clima de Sevilla, donde Guzmn de ordinario resida, es a maravilla ocasionado a la galantera y a los amores. Tuvo, pues, de una doncella noble de aquella ciudad, con quien trataba, una hija natural, a quien se llam Teresa Alfonso de Guzmn. Los festejos y profusiones a que con este motivo se abandon su corazn franco y generoso fueron tales, que llamando la atencin de doa Mara, la hicieron rastrear el seci-eto, y conocer que, si posea toda la estimacin, respeto y confianza de su esposo, no as su corazn ni su gusto. Disimul, sin embargo, su desabrimiento, y tom el partido que convena a una matrona tan prudente y virtuosa como ella. H izo en primer lugar traer cerca de s a la nia, y la cri y educ como si fuera propia suya, y andando el tiempo la cas con un caballero sevillano, y la dej heredada en su testamento. Dems de esto, sin quejarse ni acriminar a su marido, le empez a in;

38

GUZMN

EL

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sinuar suavemente que sera mejor se fuesen a vivir a algunos de sus lugares o castillos, a la manera que lo hacan los seores en Francia, pues de este modo o haran bien a sus vasallos viviendo con ellos, o desde algn castillo fronterizo haran dao en los moros y serviran al Estado; que la residencia en Sevilla era expuesta a gastos, para los cuales sus rentas no eran bastantes, y que al cabo tendran que vender las posesiones y heredades que con tanto trabajo haban io adquirido para establecer sus hijos ; y sola aadir que las ciudades no se haban hecho para vivir en ellas los caballeros, sino los mercaderes, oficiales y traDejse persuadir D. Alonso, como quien tantes. tanto la estimaba y conoca a qu fin se dirigan aquellos consejos ; y resuelto a dejar a Sevilla, tom una resolucin verdaderamente digna de su reputacin y valor. Cumplase a la sazn el trmino que. el maestre de Calatrava haba sealado a su tenencia de Tarifa ; y como ningn otro caballero se ofreciese 20 a sucederle, Guzmn tom sobre s aquel servicio, y dijo al Rey que l la defendera por la mitad del Llev all su costo que hasta all haba tenido. familia, repar los muros, pertrechla de todo lo necesario, y encerrse en ella, sin prever que el sacrificio de sus bienes y su persona no era nada en comparacin del grande y terrible holocausto que haba de hacer muy pronto al pundonor y a la patria. Entre los personajes malvados que hubo en aquel siglo, y los produjo muy malos, debe distinguirse al 30 infante don Juan, uno de los hermanos del Rey. Inquieto, turbulento, sin lealtad y sin constancia, haba abandonado a su padre por su hermano, y despus a su hermano por su padre. En el reinado de Sancho fu siempre uno de los atizadores de la discordia, sin que el rigor pudiese escarmentarle, ni contenerle el cualquiera soplo de esperanza, por vana favor.
*

y vaga que fuese, mudaba de senda y de partido, no reparando jams en los medios de conseguir sus ambicioso sin fines, por injustos y atroces que fuesen
:

GUZMN

EL

BUENO

39

capacidad, faccioso sin valor, y digno siempre del odio y del desprecio de todos los partidos. Acababa el Rey su hermano de darle libertad de la prisin a que le conden en Alfaro cuando la muerte del seor de Vizcaya, cuyo cmplice haba sido. Ni el juramento que entonces hizo de mantenerse fiel, ni la autoridad y consideracin que le dieron en el gobierno, pudieron sosegarle. Alborotse de nuevo, y no pudiendo mantenerse en Castilla, se huy a Portugal, de donde aquel rey le mand salir por respeto a D. Sancho. De all se embarc, y lleg a Tnger, y ofreci sus servicios al rey de Marruecos. Aben Jacob, que pensaba entonces hacer guerra al rey de Castilla, le recibi con todo honor y cortesa, y le envi, en compaa de su primo Amir, al frente de cinco mil jinetes, con los cuales pasaron el estrecho y se pusieron sobre Tarifa.

Tentaron primeramente

la lealtad del alcaide, ofre;

cindole un tesoro si les daba la villa y la vil propuesta fu desechada con indignacin. Atacronla despus con todos los artificios blicos que el arte y la animosidad les sugirieron, mas fueron animosamente rechazados. Dejan pasar algunos das, y manifestando a Guzmn el desamparo en que le tienen los suyos, y los socorros y abundancia que pueden venir a ellos, le proponen que, pues haba hecho desprecio de las riquezas que le daban, si l parta cndilos su tesoro descercaran la villa. Los

buenos caballeros, respondi Guzmn, ni compran ni venden la victoria. Furiosos los moros, se aprestan nuevamente al asalto, cuando el inicuo Infante acude a otro medio ms poderoso para vencer la constancia
del caudillo.

Tena en su poder al hijo mayor de Guzmn, que sus padres le haban confiado anteriormente para que le llevase a la corte de Portugal, con cuyo rey tenan deudo. En vez de dejarlo all, se le llev al frica, y le trajo a Espaa consigo y entonces le crey instrumento seguro para el logro de sus fines. Sacle
;

4o
al

GUZMAN
la tienda

EL

BUENO
le

present plaza le mataran a su vista. No era esta la primera vez que el infame usaba de este abominable recurso. Ya en los tiempos de su padre, para arrancar de su obediencia a Zamora, haba cogido un hijo de la alcaidesa del alczar, y presentndole con la misma intimacin, haba logrado que se le rindiese. Pero en esta ocasin su barbarie era sin comparacin ms horrible, pues, 10 con la humanidad y la justicia, violaba a un tiempo la amistad, el honor y la confianza. Al ver al hijo, al oir sus gemidos, y al escuchar las palabras del asesino, las lgrimas vinieron a los ojos del padre; pero la fe jurada al Rey, la salud de la patria, la indignacin producida por aquella conducta tan execrable, luchan con la naturaleza, y vencen, mostrndose el hroe entero contra la iniquidad de los hombres y el rigor No engendr yo hijo, prorrumpi, de la fortuna. para que fuese contra mi tierra ; antes engendr hijo 20 a mi patria para que fuese contra todos los enemigos de ella. Si don Juan le diese muerte, a m dar gloria, a mi hijo verdadera vida, y a l eterna infamia en el mundo y condenacin eterna despus de muerto. para que vean cun lejos estoy de rendir I4 plaza y faltar a mi deber, all va mi cuchillo si acaso les falta arma para completar su atrocidad. Dicho esto, sac el cuchillo que llevaba a la cintura, lo arroj al campo, y se retir al castillo (1294). Sentse a comer con su esposa, reprimiendo. el dolor Entretanto, 30 en el pecho para que no saliese al rostro. el Infante, desesperado y rabioso, hizo degollar la vctima, a cuyo sacrificio los cristianos que estaban en Sali al ruido el muro prorrumpieron en alaridos.
la

maniatado de

donde le tena, y se padre, intimndole que si no renda

de donde naca, volvi a la mesa Cuid que los enemigos entraban en De all a poco los moros, desconfiados de Tarifa. allanar su constancia, y temiendo el socorro que ya vena de Sevilla a los sitiados, levantaron el cerco, que haba durado seis meses, y se volvieron a frica

Guzmn, y
diciendo
:

cierto

GUZMN
sin

EL

BUENO

41

que la ignominia y el horror que su execrable conducta mereca. La fama de aquel hecho llen al instante toda Espaa, y lleg a los odos del Rey, enfermo a la sazn en Alcal de Henares. Desde all escribi a Guzmn una carta en demostracin de agradecimiento por la insigne defensa que haba hecho de Tarifa. le confirma el reComprale en ella a Abrahm nombre de Bueno, que ya el pblico le daba por sus virtudes le promete mercedes correspondientes a su lealtad, y le manda que venga a verle, excusndose de no ir l a buscarle en persona, por su dolencia. D. Alonso, luego que se desembaraz del tropel de amigos y parientes que de todas partes del reino acudieron a darle el parabin y psame de su hazaa, Salan vino a Castilla con grande acompaamiento. a verle las gentes a los caminos sealbanle con el hasta las doncellas recatadas dedo por las calles pedan licencia a sus padres para ir y saciar sus ojos viendo a aquel varn insigne qu tan grande ejemplo de entereza haba dado. Al llegar a Alcal, sali la corte toda a su encuentro por mandado del Rey, y Sancho al recibirle dijo a los donceles y caballeros Aprended, caballeros, a sacar que estaban presentes labores de bondad cerca tenis el dechado. A estas palabras de favor y de gracia aadi mercedes y privilegios magnficos ; entonces fu cuando le hizo donacin para s y sus descendientes de toda la tierra que costea la Andaluca, entre las desembocaduras del Guadalquivir y Guadalete. Tuvo, pues, en la estimacin pblica y en la veneracin de aquel siglo toda la recompensa que cabe en los hombres la accin heroica de Guzmn. Estaba reservado para nuestro tiempo, tan pobre de virtudes civiles, disminuir esta hazaa, achacndola ms a ferocidad que a patriotismo. Injustos y mezquinos, medimos las almas grandes por la estrechez y vileza de las nuestras y no hallando en nosotros el mvil de las acciones sublimes, queremos ajarlas ms bien

ms

fruto

42

GUZMN

EL

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;

20

con una calumnia, que admirarlas y agradecerlas. a quin vamos a tachar de ferocidad ? A quien no presenta en toda la serie de su vida un rasgo solo que tenga conexin con semejante vicio al que en las grandes plagas de hambre y peste que afligieron la Andaluca en su tiempo, tuvo siempre abiertos sus tesoros y sus consuelos a la indigencia y al infortunio al que mereci, en fin, de la gratitud de los pueblos el renombre de Bueno por su ndole bondadosa y compasiva, antes que la autoridad viniese a sancionrselo por su herosmo. El rey D. Sancho falleci en Toledo, aquejado de la enfermedad que contrajo por sus fatigas personales en el sitio de Tarifa. Prncipe ilustre sin duda por su actividad, su prudencia, su entereza y su valor, su memoria sera ms respetable si no la hubiera amancillado con su inobediencia y alzamiento, y con el rigor excesivo y cruel que a veces us para escarmentar a triste y necesaria los que eran infieles a su partido condicin de los usurpadores, tener que cometer a cada paso nuevos delitos para sostener el primero. Fuera de esto, es innegable que posea cualidades

30

eminentes. Su mismo padre, aunque injuriado y desposedo por l, le haca esta justicia y cuando le dieron la falsa nueva de que haba muerto en Salamanca, el lastimado viejo lloraba sin consuelo, y exclamaba que era muerto el mejor home de su linaje . De diez y ocho aos salv el Estado de la invasin de los sarracenos y declarado heredero, supo mantener y asegurar su derecho incierto al trono contra su mismo padre, que le quera despojar de l, contra las voluntades enemigas de muchos pueblos y grandes, contra la oposicin de casi todos los reyes comarcanos.
;

Pero estas circunstancias, que constituan la gloria y mrito de su vida, se reunieron a atormentarle al tiempo de morir. La mano que haba sabido contrarrestarlas iba a faltar, y su hijo en la infancia se vera expuesto sin defensa alguna a la borrasca que iba a Conoarreciarse con ms mpetu que al principio.

GUZMAN

EL

BUENO
:

43

riendo los grandes talentos de su esposa, la clebre reina doa Mara, la nombr por gobernadora, y antes Partid vos de espirar dijo a Guzmn estas palabras a Andaluca, y defendedla, y mantenedla por mi hijo

que yo fo que lo haris, cmo bueno que sois, y yo os lo he llamado. Muerto el Rey, todos los partidos levantaron la cabeza. Los Cerdas, apoyados por Francia y Aragn, queran apoderarse de la corona el infante D. Juan, desmembrarla, hacindose rey de Andaluca; el de los grandes y pueblos Portugal, dilatar su frontera desfavorecidos o castigados por Sancho, vengarse y satisfacerse en la menor edad de su hijo; otros personajes, tener parte en el gobierno para mantener su todos procediendo con una ambicin y su codicia villana, un descaro y una sed tan hidrpica de Estados y dinero, que difcilmente se encontraran ejemplares de escndalos iguales en las clases ms necesitadas o en las profesiones ms viles. A estos males se aadi otro mayor, creyendo que fuese un remedio de los dems. Era venido por aquellos das de Italia el viejo D. Enrique, hermano de Alfonso el Sabio y habase acordado en Cortes del reino darle parte en el gobierno, para que su autoridad fuese un freno que contuPero este infante era tan malo o viese a los otros. peor que su sobrino D. Juan su genio inquieto y sedicioso le haba llevado desde Castilla a Aragn, desde Aragn a Tnez, y desde Tnez a Italia, sin que en parte ninguna se le pudiese tolerar. Ejerci el empleo de senador de Roma, dignidad a que entonces estaba afecta casi toda la autoridad civil de aquella
; ; ;

10

20

metrpoli del mundo ; y hacindose gibelino, asisti a los prncipes alemanes en su expedicin contra Carlos de Anjou. Hecho prisionero despus de la batalla de Tagliacozzo, tan fatal a Conradino, estuvo privado muchos aos de su libertad, hasta que, al fin, unos dicen que huido, otros que a ruegos, pudo volverse a su patria. Los aos le haban privado del esfuerzo personal, nica cualidad brillante que tena,

44

GUZMN

EL

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no haban corregido los vicios de su carcter. Ansiando administrar slo la tutela a cuya parte haba sido admitido, incapaz de orden ni de sosiego, y abusando torpemente de la confianza que haban hecho de l, trataba a un tiempo con el rey de Portugal, con el de Granada y con los grandes sediciosos, engaando a unos y a otros, y destrozando el Estado con sus maquinaciones insidiosas. Su venida a Espaa fu un agero infausto, su autoridad una calamidad pblica, y su muerte una alegra universal. Contra este raudal de males la Reina opona en las ocasiones pequeas las artes de su sexo, el disimulo y la condescendencia y en las grandes una entereza y una superioridad de espritu, que a nada se doblaba ni venca. Guzmn entre tanto, considerado como el principal personaje de Andaluca, defendi aquellos reinos de las invasiones de Portugal y Granada, y asegur su quietud con la prudencia de su gobierno. En una de las salidas que tuvo que hacer de Sevilla para contener a los portugueses, estuvo la ciudad a punto de perderse porque, de resultas de una diferencia entre los naturales y los genoveses sobre asuntos mercantiles, se alter el pueblo, di muerte a algunos de aquella nacin, y saque y quem sus casas. El hecho era injusto y lastimoso, y expona la ciudad a todo el resentimiento de la repblica genovesa, floreciente entonces por sus riquezas, su comercio y sus fuerzas martimas. En esta crisis volvi Guzmn de su expedicin, y propuso a los sevillanos satisfacer a los genoveses los daos que haban sufrido, imponindose todos una contribucin para este fin. Aprobado el acuerdo por los hombres buenos de Sevilla, se hizo el convenio con los genoveses, y los males que amagaban por esta parte se desvanecieron. No era tan fcil desviar los que amenazaban por la de los moros. Si para ello hubiera bastado vencerlos, la ventaja que les llev Guzmn con su hueste sevillana en todos los reencuentros pudiera escarmentarlos pero confiados en las tramas que urda con ellos el

las desgracias

GUZMN
artificioso

EL

BUENO
:

Enrique, no sosegaban jams, y esperaban hacerse dueos de Tarifa, ya con las armas, ya con la Ofrecan por aquella plaza veintids negociacin. el Infante castillos y pagar todas las parias atrasadas vena en ello pero Guzmn tena a mengua cederles una de las puertas de Espaa, ganada anteriormente con tanta gloria, y defendida tan a costa suya. La Reina conoca las malas artes de Enrique, y no se Guzmn, al contrario, se atreva a hacerle frente opuso abiertamente a ellas, y le hizo jurar solemnemente en Sevilla que no dara ni sera en consejo de dar Tarifa a los moros. No contento con esto, y vindose sin fuerzas para resistir si los brbaros, ayudados del Infante, se ponan sobre la plaza, escribi al rey de Aragn pidindole dinero para pertrecharla, y ofrecindole que la mantendra a su nombre hasta que el rey de Castilla, llegado a mayor edad, pudiese
;
;

10

satisfacerle. Recordbale al mismo tiempo la honra que ganara en amparar a un prncipe hurfano y desvalido contra las injurias de los extraos y contra los engaos y falsedad de sus parientes mismos. El aragons alab mucho su lealtad y su celo, y no envi socorro alguno mas en medio de todas las contrariedades, el esfuerzo y la industria de Guzmn fueron ms poderosos que ellas, y Tarifa se mantuvo por el Rey.
;

20

No toca a nuestro propsito referir todas las inquietudes y agitaciones de aquella minoridad borrasLos prncipes de la casa real, la mayor parte cosa. de los grandes, a manera de bandidos, siempre con las armas en la mano y siempre destruyendo y guerreando, desgarraban el Estado con su ambicin insolente y descarada codicia. La Reina acuda con su prudencia a todas partes contemporizaba con los unos, ganaba a los otros, ceda a stos lo que no poda defender, y con las fuerzas que as se procuraba resista el embate de los dems. Consumironse en estas agitaciones una gran parte de los labradores; y los campos de Castilla, hurfanos de los brazos que los cultivaban, dejaron de producir. Una hambre
:

30

46

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EL

BUENO

10

20

30

espantosa como nunca se haba conocido vino a colmar aquellas desventuras. Faltos de los granos alimenticios, recurrieron los hombres a la grama, sin que este pasto miserable les impidiese caer muertos de hambre por las plazas y por las calles. As castigaba la naturaleza la ferocidad de estos brbaros, y les enseaba que los brazos se les haban dado para otra cosa que para matar y destruir. Entretanto, creca el Rey, y a medida de su edad iba aumentndose el respeto y serenndose la tormenta. Luego que tom en su mano las riendas del gobierno, hizo la guerra a los moros, y se puso sobre Algeciras. Cercla por mar y tierra, y mientras duraba el sitio envi a Guzmn con el arzobispo de Sevilla y D. Juan Nuez a atacar a Gibraltar. Llegado all, y viendo la obstinacin del enemigo, hizo levantar una torre que dominaba sobre la muralla, y los moros, aquejados del estrago que desde ella les haca, se rindieron por fin, entrando los cristianos en esta plaza por la primera vez desde que, los sarracenos la tomaron quinientos aos antes. Este fu el ltimo servicio que Guzmn hizo a su patria de all a poco, enviado por el Rey a contener las correras de los moros convecinos, que inquietaban el campo de Algeciras, se entr por las cercanas de Gausin, y en un encuentro que tuvo con los brbaros, ya los haba ahuyentado, cuando, adelantndose imprudentemente, cay mortalmente herido con las flechas que de lejos le dispararon. Su cadver, llevado primeramente a los reales del rey de Castilla, fu despus conducido a Sevilla por el Guadalquivir. Aquella ciudad, gobernadapor susconsejos y defendida por sus armas, le sali a recibir con la pompa ms lgubre y majestuosa. Todos a una voz y llorando le aclamaban su mejor ornamento, su amparador, su Sucedi esta desgracia en 1309, cuando l padre. tena cincuenta y dos aos de edad y sus huesos fueron depositados en el monasterio de San Isidro del Campo, fundado y dotado por l para que sirviese de enterramiento a s y a su familia.
:

47 Tal fu en vida D. Alonso Prez de Guzmn el Bueno, primer seor de Sanlcar de Barrmeda y fundador de la casa de Medinasidonia. En un siglo en que la naturaleza degenerada no presenta en Castilla ms que barbarie, rapacidad y perfidia, l supo hacerse una gran fortuna a fuerza de hazaas y de servicios, El sin desviarse jams de la senda de la justicia. espectculo de sus virtudes, en medio de las costumbres de aquella poca tan desastrada, suspende y consuela al espritu, del mismo modo que la vista de un templo bello y majestuoso que se mantiene en pie cercado de escombros y de ruinas. Su memoria excita entre nosotros un respeto igual al que inspiran los personajes ms sealados de la antigedad un Escipin, por ejemplo, o un Epaminondas; y su nombre, llevando consigo el sello del ms acendrado patriotismo, no es pronunciado jams sino con una especie de veneracin religiosa.
:

GUZMN

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10

NOTES
EL CID
Heavy numeris
refer to pages ; light ones to Unes.
'

se fijan los ojos: When our eyes are fixed.' The Spanish impersonal construction is very often equivalent to the English passive voice. 3. donde estn confundidos los personajes. In Spanish the subject of a sentence is very frequently placed after the This inverted order gives more life and elegance to verb. the phrase. 6 as testimony of 8. por testimonios de sus acciones

Page

3. i.

Cuando

their deeds.' 20. por entre

22.

through.'

Cid Campeador. The most generally accepted opinin as to the origin and meaning of this title is that Cid is a Spanish form of the Arabic word Sidy Lord or My Lord According to legend, Rodrigo Daz de Vivar was
6 '

'

'.

thus addressed by certain Saracen chieftains, his prisoners of war, in the presence of the king of Castile, and the latter ordered that by this ame he should always be known in future. The title is first found in a Latin poem (c. 1 160), the subject of which is the capture of Almera by the Christian hosts. The Crnica de Veinte Reyes (fourteenth century) says that Rodrigo received this title after defeating Almudafar, king of Granada, who had waged war against Almutaniz,

king of Seville E de alli adelante llamaron moros y cristianos a este Ruy Diaz de Vivar el Cid Campeador, que quiere decir
'

Campeador appears first in the Latin forms Campidator, Campidictur^ and Campidoctus, meaning Battler ', Champion' a ame which appears to nave been bestowed upon him for his prowess in those single combats which were very frequent in the Middie Ages. R. Dozy holds that Campeador meant among Spaniards the same as Barras among the Mussulmans, that is, one who had the mission of challenging, before beginning the battle, the champion of the enemy armies. The ame, however, does not seem to have had in early Spanish any other meaning
'

batallador.' The adjectival title

'

2126.3

5
'

NOTES:

3.

284. 10

than that of conqueror as may be seen in the following where Gonzalo de Berceo (? 1 198-1264) alludes to the vietory of San Milln over Belcebu El bon campeador por toda la victoria non dio en si entrada a nulla vanagloria. Vida de San Milln, verse 123. 28. se hallan tan asidas are so intimately connected with \ Besides estar, ser, and the impersonal haber, existence may be expressed in Spanish by means of other verbs such as hallarse (in the passage quoted), encontrarse, quedar, quedarse, verse, sentirse, ir, andar, and andarse. Henee, when rendering 6 to be into Spanish, the translator must carefully consider the exact meaning of the English sentence, so as to convey the same nuance of the existence-idea in the Spanish composition by means of one of the verbs just mentioned.
lines,
:
'

'

'

according a tradition preserved in the Crnica Rimada, a work written about the end of the fourteenth century killed a duel when he was not yet
wife,

Page

4.

2.

conde de Gormaz.

The

father of the Cid's

whom

Rodrigo

to

in

thirteen years od.

10. romanee. short pico - lyric poem of popular character, originally composed in lines of sixteen syllables with the same assonant throughout. Though these compositions are generally supposed to be very od, modern criticism has been able to prove that none of those extant is older than the beginning of the fifteenth century. The first writer to mention these popular compositions was the Marquis of Santillana, hhnself a famous poet, in a letter addressed to the Constable of Portugal about the middle of that century. Their subject-matter, generally chivalric, is full of charm. The best collections of Spanish romances in English are those of J.H.Lockhart (1823), John Bowring (1824), and J.Y.Gibson Dr. S. Griswold Morley, of the University of California, ( 1 887). has published a volume of Spanish Ballads, especially prepared for the use of English-speaking students. The Cid's adventures soon became a favourite theme with the Spanish minstrels. The ballads which had the Cid for their hero were so conspicuous a feature in the Romanceros of the sixteenth century that, as early as 161 2, Juan de Escobar found it worth while to collect and issue them separately as the Romancero del Cid, which has been reprinted many times. A very large collection of the Cid ballads is to be found in Agustn Durn's Ro?nancero General, volume x. of

NOTES:

4.

10 18

51

the Biblioteca de Autores Espaoles. J. Y. Gibson's book, reprinted in 1898, contains some eighty romances of the Cid translated into English. The most celebrated plays based upon the Cid's life are those of the Spaniard Guillen de Castro (1 569-1631), Las Mocedades del Cid (The Cid's First Exploits), and Pierre Comparing the Spanish with Corneille ( 1 606-1 684), Le Cid. the French play, Professor J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly writes Corneille, treating Castro's play with the freedom of a man but not all of genius, founded the French school of tragedy Though Castro wrote no his changes are improvements. masterpiece, he begot one based upon his original conception, and some of Corneille's most admired tirades are but amplified
:

translations.'
'

Juan Bautista Diamante (1625-1687) wrote a play entitled Cerco de Zamora. Before Diamante, Juan de la Cueva (? 15 50-? 1606), one of the earliest Spanish dramatists to treat national themes, had composed another play with the same title. The Cid is also the principal character in Lope de Vega's Las Almenas de Toro (The Battlements of loro), which was described by Friedrich Bouterwek as one of the best of Lope's productions in the class to which it belongs The latest drama connected with Rodrigo Daz de Vivar is Las Hijas del Cid (1908), by Eduardo Marquina (b. 1879). in conse12. por ser menos singular en su juventud quence of his being less unique (remarkable) in his youth/ 15. Burgos, the capital of Od Castile, is situated on the right bank of the Arlanzn, at the foot of an eminence upon which an od castle displays its ruins, once the abode of the Counts and afterwards of the Castilian kings. In od times the city was remarkable for its riches, industry, and commerce. Burgos was also the birthplace of another of the most celebrated military hroes in the history of Spain, Fernn Gonzlez, the first Count of Castile, concerning whom there is In the reign of Charles the a whole body of popular ballads. Fifth a triumphal arch in very good taste was erected by the local authorities in memory of the Count, under whose rule,

El

'

'.

'

became a powerful state town paid a similar tribute to the memory of the Cid by raising a monument upon the spot where his house is supposed to have stood. 18. Lan Calvo and uo Rasura were chosen by the
in the tenth century, Castile first
;

and

in 1784 the

them

Castilians, in the tenth century, to decide disputes among in order that they might not be obliged to go to Len in

D 2

52
quest of justice.

NOTES:

4.

1838

Thus Calvo and Rasura were the first two judges of Castile semi-independent of Len. The two families were connected by marriage, and from this connexion sprang, in the fifth generation, Diego Lainez, father of the The family of Porcelos were the ancestors of Count Cid. Fernn Gonzlez. 19. Fernando I began his reign in 1035 and died in 1065. he24. quiso dejarlos heredados en su muerte wanted them to inherit (some part of his dominions) at his
:
'

death.'

a paternal love 29. El amor de padre lo venci todo overame everything else.' The neuter substantive todo, which means everything when employed as an accusative complement, must be accompanied by lo, another neuter substantive, also used in the accusative case. This rule holds good in the inverted order Todo lo venci el amor de padre. Note that todo may also be used as a masculine substantive. Example El todo es ?nayor que cualquiera de las partes. In this case it may be reproduced by le or lo. When neuter it can only be reproduced by lo. and in order to make y por hacer reyes a sus hijos
: '

'

his children kings.'

31. Cupo en la particin Castilla partitin Castile fell to Sancho s share.'
;

a Sancho
:
'.

4
:

in the

33. Urraca y Elvira quedaron heredadas and Elvira inherited a part of their father's fortune

'

Urraca
Cf. note

to p. 4, 1. 24. 37. ayudarse made in Spanish

No distinction is 'to help one another'. between the reciprocal and reflexive forms Sometimes, however, the reciprocal meaning is of verbs. made quite clear by the use of complements such as entre si, el uno al otro, mutuamente^ etc. The 38. jams respetada or no respetada jams. reason why jams < iam 4- magis requires the negative particle no when following the verb, but not when preceding that originally it was a Andrs Bello explained it, is
:

The same etymological positive and not a negative word. (cosa) reason explains the modern use of the words nada * 'anything ', and nadie (hominem) existing-thing' nata natum (omne) nado, which by influence of the pronominal flexions became nadi and finally, through confusin, nadie. (On this derivation see M. Pidal's Manual de Gramtica Histrica Espaola, Fourth Edition, p. 207.) The present use of these words with the negative particle may therefore be

<

<

>

NOTES:
<
<

4.

3 8~5. 15

53

considered as a survival of their od positive meaning. The practice has been extended by analogy to the words ninguno nunquam, which, as may be seen nec + unum, and menea by their etymons, criginally had a negative meaning. The primitive positive meaning of jams and nafa is sometimes odo Vd. jams found in Modern Spanish. Example: The alguna vez) fiada (anything) semejante? (ever following are examples of the od use of the words nadie and nada in positions contrary to modern practice

Ha

Que a myo Cid Ruy Diaz que nadi

Cantar de Mi

nol diessen posada. Cid, edited by R. Menndez Pidal,

verse 25.

Par aquesta barba que nadi non messo. Ibid., verse 3186. Estonce dixo el rrey a su fijo Todos estos disen nada. Libro de los Engannos et los Assayamientos de las Mugeres (? 1253), edited by Sr. Bonilla y San Martn,
:

Bibliotheca Hispnica, line 1037.

Sepan cuantos son nascidos aquesta sentencia mia Que contra muerte y amor nadie non tiene valia. Gil Vicente (1470-1540), Romance de
Beso sus manos, seor. Yo las de vuestra merced

Don Duardos.

como

cierto servidor.
?

Manda nada

Bartolom Palau, Farsa llamada Salmantina (1552) Bulletin Hispanique, tome ii (1900), line 2516. See also Guzmn el Bueno, note to p. 33, 1. 36. Page 5. 6. hurfano de padre fatherless.' 12. alguno and alguna follow the substantive in negative sentences when these words may be substituted by ninguno, ninguna. Cf. note to p. 4, 1. 38. In Od Spanish, ninguno oceurs sometimes vvith a positive valu in front of the verb Conbidarle ien de grado, mas ninguno non osava. Cantar de Mi Cid, verse 21. La mulier que fuere dexada del marido, ninguno non se case con ella. Fuero Juzgo (125 1), libro 111, ttulo vi. Todos son hombres mancebos, ninguno non habia cano. Romance de la Jura, quoted in note to p. 8, I. 15. alfrez. The high office oAIJrez del Rey was always 1 5. lled by royal personages or povverful nobles. Thus Alfonso
:

'

54

NOTES:

5.

156. 5

the Learned's Alfrez was his brother the Infante Don Juan Manuel. In one of the oldest Spanish fueros it is said that fue estabilido que todo Rey de Espaa hubiese Alfrez que tenga la su sea y haya cien caballeros y en casa del Rey mesa de su cabo y en la pascua florida copa de oro e de plata del Rey por suya y los vestidos y lechos y un caballo. The Constableship of Castile was not created until 1382 by King Juan I. 16. al modo que despus lo fu la dignidad de condestable such as afterwards was the office of Lord High Constable.' Lo, the accusative case of the neuter noun ello, is usually employed to reproduce substantives in the form of
4 :

extensions of predicates. In the phrase here considered lo stands for the complement el primer grado de la milicia. 19. volvi su pensamiento a la civil 'turned his mind to the civil (war).' que tal puede llamarse la que hizo al instante a sus hermanos for such may be called that (war) which he waged at once against his brothers.' Que is a causal conjunction obtained by elisin o por in porque, It is used, as porque or pues, to announce a reason or logical ground. La que = that which Spanish differs from most other languages in this peculiar use of the article instead of the demonstrative pronoun. The reason is etymological el < Ule, illa. la 22. la probabilidad est por la opinin comn probability is on the side of general opinin.' ' that of Len.' Cf. note to p. 5, 1. 19. 31. al de Len 33. Mas no por eso este prncipe se dej arruinar
:
' ;

'

'

<

This prince, sin estrago y peligro de sus contrarios however, did not allow himself to be ruined without (first causNote the use of ing) great havoc and danger to his enemies.' a Spanish infinitive after dejarse witha passive-voice meaning. he 35. toma fuerzas de su situacin desesperada draws strength from his desperate position.' Notice in this
: '

'

narrative the

employment of the present instead of the past

tense, which is a very frequent practice among historians, novelists, and poets, in order to impart more vigour and actuality to the mental pictures they desire to set before us. meets his 36. vuelve a encontrar a su hermano :
'

Volver a implies doing for a second time brother again \ the action expressed by the following infinitive. PAGE 6. 5. Ir a, used as an auxiliary verb, has, as in English to be going to an inchoative meaning.
*

NOTES:
6.

6.

67. 18
'

55
at

Hecho

as
el

7/

dan con

This (thus) done.' alba sobre sus contrarios

1 : '

fall,

dawn,

upon
8.

their enemies.'

no aciertan a ofender

do not know how

'

to attack.*

15.

con ms peligro de D. Sancho:

(

more dangerous

for

D. Sancho.' tena enajenadas de s: had alienated from himself.' Tener is somet mes used- as an auxiliary, instead of haber, with past participles employed as adjectives, which must then agree in gender and number with the substantive-accusative they refer to. Sentences may be constructed also with tener in combination with a substantive past participle, but only on
16.

condition that this latter implies a passive meaning and that there may be an indefinite tacit accusative to which the speaker mentally refers. Note the following two sentences : Le tengo comprado mucho (' that-which-he-sells ' is the accusative mentally referred to) Le tengo comprados muchos
;

libros.

20. a los ojos mismos del monarca hicieron pedazos under the very eyes of the monarch tore the al privado favourite into pieces.' who powerully 23. que entraron pujantes en Galicia: entered Galicia.' Note this use of an adjective with the forc of an adverb. 30. dejndole entregado a unos caballeros : ' ieaving him in the hands of some of his knights.' ' the turn 36. el vuelco que haban dado las cosas Dar el vuelco or dar la vuelta 6 to that things had taken.' '. turn upside down,' to turn round
: '
'

'

he saw himself deprived 39. vise arrancar la victoria Cf. note to p. 5, 1. 33. of the victory.' the ofTspring of.' Page 7. 6. hijos de 11. puso sitio sobre Zamora: laid siege to Zamora. Puso, past definite o poner. Zamora is situated on the right bank of the river Duero, to the south of Len. 12. le tena guardado. See note to p. 6, 1. 16. According to the historian Sandoval, the real ame of this soldier was Heliel Alfons. Don Rodrigo Ximenez de Rada, the author of the Estoria de los Godos, sometimes calis him Velidc Atalfo and at other times Velido Adolfos.
:

'

a manera de desertor pretending to be a deserter.' por ser mal defendida: by reason of being badly defended.' Most modern writers would use here estar instead
16.
18.
:
'

'

of ser.

56
.

NOT ES
'

7.

218. 15

2 1 a toda carrera : at full speed.' Cf. a similar adverbial toda prisa. The expression in the following paragraph episode is thus related by the Archbishop of Toledo, Don Rodrigo Ximenez de Rada (i 170-1247), in his Estoria de los
:

Godos Pues un cavalero Velido Atalfo, por cuydar fazer servitio a donna Urraca et por descercar Camora, sali en un cavallo, commo que yva fuyendo de parte del agua, mientre combatie la villa a derredor, et firio a don Sancho de una lanca, et don Ruy Diaz fue empos el hasta las puertas de la villa por ferirRuy Diaz quiso entrar, et cerraron lo, et entro don Velido Chapter lxvi. la puerta, et firio en ella.' he cursed any horseman.' 25. maldijo a todo caballero Note this peculiar employment of the singular form of the adjective lodo, implying the plural. The plural form would require the use of the article before the substantive Maldijo a todos los caballeros. See notes to p. 4, 1. 38, 35. no hubo dificultad ninguna. and p. 5, 1. 12. Page 8. 1. irritados sus naturales de. Note the fre: ' ;

'

quent use of the preposition de instead o por in the passive voice, especially when referring to mental actions. 2. rendir vasallaje : to pay allegiance.' so long as he would not 3. mientras l ... no jurase

'

swear.'
6.

mas ninguno

osaba:

'

the sentence quoted from the

1.

Poema
'

but no one dared.' Cf. del Cidra note to p. 5,

.
.
. .
.

12.
8.
'

.' Slo Rodrigo se aventur : Rodrigo alone dared El (Alfonso) fue presto por salvarse et por iurar, et non

ovo y qui
recibilo
10.
;

lo quisiese recebir, et

mas adelantse Ruy

Diaz, et

esto peso al rey

el.'

que se adelantaya, aviendo y

Estoria de los Godos, ch. lxvii. A small Gothic church still in existence at Burgos. 11. y puestas el Rey sus manos en l 'and the king (having) placed his hands upon it third person singular present 15. plega : ' may it please Popular imagination has, from very subjunctive of placer. od times, connected the oath episode with the animosity afterwards displayed by Alfonso towards the Cid. The
meiores que

Santa Gadea de Burgos.

'

following assertion

romance may serve as an

:

illustration

of

this

;;

NOTES:
En
alli

8.

1527

'

57

Sancta Gadea de Burgos, -~ do juran los hijosdalgo, toma la jura el Cid al rey castellano. que al buen rey ponen espanto Las juras eran tan fuertes, sobre un cerrojo de hierro y una ballesta de palo villanos, que no hidalgos, Villanos te maten, Alonso, que no sean castellanos de las Asturias de Oviedo. no con lanzas ni con dardos mtente con aguijadas, no con puales dorados con cuchillos cachicuernos, que no zapatos con lazo abarcas traigan calzadas, no de conttay, ni frisado capas traigan aguaderas, no de holanda, ni labrados con camisones de estopa, que no en muas ni caballos caballeros vengan en burras, que no cueros fogueados. frenos traigan de cordel, que no en villas ni en poblado, Mtente por las aradas, por el siniestro costado, saquente el corazn de lo que te fuere preguntado, si no dijeres la verdad en la muerte de tu hermano. si fuiste, ni consentiste que en tal nunca se ha hallado Jurado habia el rey, malamente y enojado pero alli hablara el rey Cid, muy mal me has Muy mal me conjuras, Cid, conjurado
le

mano. jura, maana me besaras mas hoy me tomas Por besar mano de rey no me tengo por honrado Porque beso mi padre me tengo por afrentado. Vete de mis Cid, mal caballero probado, dende este dia en un ao. y no vengas mas a Plceme, dijo buen Cid, plceme, de grado, primera cosa que mandas en tu reinado. por ser Tu me destierras por uno, yo me destierro por cuatro. Ya se parte buen Cid, sin rey besar mano, con trescientos caballeros, todos eran hijosdalgo todos son hombres mancebos, ninguno non habia cano.
;

la

la

la

tierras,
el

ellas

dijo,

la

el

al

la

Todos llevan lanza en puo y el hierro acicalado, con borlas de colorado y llevan sendas adargas, mas no le falto al buen Cid adonde asentar su campo.

27. Al principio no estuvo descubierto este odio At first this grudge was not openly shown.' Estar, when combined with an adjectival participle, expresses not so much the real or imaginary impression of the subject on the object
*

of the sentence (as is the case in the passive voice, ser) as the state which is the consequence of that impression. Henee the difference in meaning between the above sentence and the following one with ser : Al principio no fu descubier-

58
to este odio

NOTES:
c

8.

279. 30

any

one).'

= At first this grudge was not discovered (by As a further exercise compare the following two
:

sentences in which the distinction is clearer Todas las cartas estn escritas a mano and Todas las cartas son escritas a mano. 29. Doa Ximena Daz was, according to recent historical research, the daughter of Diego, Count of Oviedo, one of the most powerful nobles of Len, and of Ximena, daughter of Alfonso of Castile. She was thus cousin to the reigning king.

38.
'

venan la vuelta de Sevilla

were coming towards

Seville.'

Nombro su Alteza Serensima Principe Filiberto treinta galeras para ir en corso la vuelta de Levante, en busca de navios y galeras turcas.' La Vida y Hechos de Estevanillo Gonzlez Madrid, 1655,
',

p. 20.

Tras el mismo vallado estaban dos clrigos, esperando quien los llevara caballeros la vuelta de Cazalla.' Vida del Picaro Guzmn de Alfarache (1599): Biblioteca Renacimiento, p. 79. Page 9. 23. y se los trajo a Castilla and brought them to Castile.' The ethical or superfluous dative is very common in Spanish. It is generally used to emphasize the
4

'

which the speaker, or the subject of the sentence, takes in the action meant by the verb. for this reason,' or * henee \ 24. por lo mismo took the expedition 25. llevaron a mal la expedicin ill,' i. e. were resented by the expedition \ giving vent.' 30. dando rienda It is at the time of the Cid's departure into exile that the fragment of the od Spanish Chanson de Geste, known as the Poema de Mi Cid, one of the greatest monuments of Spanish mediaevalliterature, beginsits narrative, the dramatic subjectmatter of which is an imaginary event the unhappy marriage of Rodrigo's daughters to the Infantes of Carrin. The Poema is the oldest extant work of Spanish literature, and
interest
:

must have been

written, according to D. Ramn Menndez The Poema, in the fragmentary form in Pidal, about 1140. which we know it, has come down to our days, thanks to a certain Per Abbat, who copied it, not always very carefully, in the year 1307. As to the valu of the Poema or Cantaras a work of art, perhaps,' says Professor Fitzmaurice-Kelly, * the greatest testimony to the early poet's worth is to be found in this that his conception of his hero has outlived
4
:

: :

NOTES:
Ormsby and

9.

3014. 30

59

the true historie Cid, and has forced the child of his imaginaThere are two good tion upon the acceptance of mankind one by John partial English translations of the Poema
:

the other by John Hookham Frere. Professor Menndez Pidal, of Madrid University, published in 1908-11 a most learned work on the grammar and vocabulary of the Cantar, together vvith his edition of the text. Page 10. 2. con el regalo del clima : by the delights of the climate.' which were given to them.' 14. que se les daban 15. se hacan. Reciprocal form of the verb.
1

'

16. en que estaba cifrada la restauracin de Espaa on which the hope for the restoration of Spain was based.' Page 11. 35. aun no crea que acertaba a galardonar tantos servicios: 'even thus he did not think that he was
:
i

suitably rewarding so many services.' Page 12. 3. entre ellas la (merced) de que fuesen los castillos : amongst them the favour that the suyos should be his/ castles
.

'

7. 8.

tena puesto.

See note

to p. 6,

1.

16.
: '

the hecho tributario el rgulo que la mandaba chieftain who commanded it havingbeen made his tributary.' from the Arabic Al-morabi, a defender 11. almorvides
:

powerful Moorish dynasty which held sway in Africa and in some parts of Spain from 1070 to 1146. O ver some small matter.' 39. Por una ocasin ligera : Page 13. 6. Para acabarle de desvanecer la fortuna Fortune, to make him completely swell with pride'. liad the rebel's 20. hizo cortar la cabeza al rebelde :
of the faith.
'
*

'

head cut
25. se

off.'

puso sobre

4
:

laid siege to.'

37. se desataron en quejas y into complaints and aecusations.'

acusaciones

'

broke out

ellas (quejas y acusaciones) tanto con These had so great an efTect upon Alfonso.' Page 14. 4. Mas su satisfaccin no fu admitida But his (contended) vindication was not accepted.' whoever they might be.' 23. cualesquiera que fuesen: that which is plain, the plain.' The neuter 30. lo llano article lo is used with adjectives and adverbs employed as substantives. It often reproduces nouns as extensions of predicates, modifying the verbs ser, estar, parecer, and others of analogous meaning. Examples Aunque parece espaol no lo es Hoy son colonias de Inglaterra, antes lo eran de Espaa.
38.

Pudieron
:
*

Alfonso
4

'

'

6o
In the

NOTES:

14.

3020. 23

first example/? reproduces the adjective espaol, while second it stands for the substantive colonias, l^ote that this lo has no plural. It is sometimes also used with masculine or feminine substantives employed with the forc of adjectives Todo fue grande en San Ferliando : lo rey, lo capitn, lo santo, that is, Saint Ferdinand was great as a king, as a captain, as a saint The fact that any word joined to lo becomes ipso facto an adjective has induced the well-known Spanish grammarian Seor Benot to cali it the Spanish substantive par excellence. Cf. note to p. 5, 1. 16. For other peculiar uses of lo see Gramtica Castellana by BelloCuervo, where the subject is admirably treated. Students using Sr. Sann Cano's Elementary Spanish Grainmar, published in the Oxford Series, are referred to Chapter XI, which deals with the neuter gender. Page 15. 6. la soldada que ya en otra ocasin llevaste the reward that you already on another occasion bore ofT.' 10. al rayar el da at the break of day.' 12. a punto de batalla ready for battle.' 17. lo fu entonces. See note to p. 14, 1. 30.

in the

'

'.

'

'

what 34. qu haban de dar los infelices soldados ? could the unhappy soldiers give?' Page 16. 21 fu tenido a mal por : was taken amiss by.
'
.

26. 35.

que

s:

that

it

was

so.'

di rienda.
17.
3.

Cf.

note to
:

p. 9,

1.

30.

mir por s looked after himself.' se separ una noche con los suyos del real castellano went away one night with his followers from the
'
: *

Page

qu culpa tenan estos infelices de los malos procedimientos del Conde ? what had these un6

Castilian camp.' Page 18. 6.

happy ones to do with the evil behaviour of the Count ? 10. no escuchando ms que: Mistening only to.' one of 36. uno de los partidos que sac al rendirse
'

'

the advantages he derived from his surrender.'

Page

19. 6.

no tard en manifestar:
:
\

'

was not long

in

showing.' 13. la cabida

16.

23.

que daba the protection he was entraron en consejo met in ctncil/ taking advantage a favor del tumulto
: *

giving.'

'

of

the

uproar.'

Page 20.

23.

dieron sobre sus enemigos

'
:

fell

poh

their enemies.'

NOTES:
29.

20.

2923. 14
el

61
re-

y qued
6

la

Alcudia por

Cid: 'and Alcudia

mained

in the Cid's hands.'

21. 6. en castigo de habrsele rebelado aquel as punishment for the rebellion of that Moor.' Le, ethical dative.

Page
:

moro
12.
'

ya fuese por miedo, ya por mala inteligencia:

y hubo da en que a no haber tomado
:
'

either through fear or misunderstanding.'

19.

23.

el

and there were days in which.' partido de aportillar had

4 :
'

he not decided to make a breach.' Page 22. 1. a escondidas: secretly.' There are several adjectives in Spanish which, like escondido, are used as substantives in their feminine plural to form, with a preposition, adverbial complements. Examples of these expressions are a las claras, de veras, a obscuras, por las buenas, etc. Analogical with these constructions are idioms such as ojos vistas, a pies jtmtillas, a sabiendas, a hurtadillas, etc. 26. y lo fuera sin duda en otro que en l and it vvould have been no doubt in another man.' For the valu
:

'

of lo see

note to

p. 14,
'

1.

30.

The neuter form lo first thing.' be joined to the ordinals, as in this case, to make up adverbial expressions. Lo segundo, lo ltimo, Cf. note to
29. lo

primero:

the

may

p. 14,

1.

30'

31.

se llevasen bien entre s:

would keep on good

terms

among

themselves.'

Castilian, which began to the direction, of Alfonso

The first important history in be compiled by order, and under X the Learned, about 1270-80. It is highly important from the point of view of literature, because the compilers made free use in their work of most of the Cantares de gesta which were then in vogue. Thanks to this fact, which no doubt greatly diminishes the historical
Crnica general.

valu of the work, we now possess a fairly satisfactory record of lost epics, and, in some cases, long fragments of them. 4 the courteous and 34. el porte corts y honroso : honourable behaviour.' Page 23. 10. temiendo que ... no se desmandasen : fearing that they might get out of control.' The pleonastic no occurs sometimes after the conjunction que, especially when this latter is comparative Ms vale callar
' .
.

que no hablar ?nal. 14. This D. Jernimo, the analogue of the archbishop Turpn in the Chanson de Roland, was a French cleric

62

N OT ES

23.

1424. 26

called D. Jernimo de Prigord. In the earliest period of the re-conquest the Spanish kings created bishops and bishoprics at their pleasure. In the case of Don Jernimo, Pope Urban II afterwards confirmed his appointment.
15. D. Bernardo seems to have been the first bishop of Toledo with primacy over all other prelates in the Pennsula According to the charter granted by the Cid to the (1088). church of Valencia (1098), D. Bernardo took a share in the consecration of his colleague D. Jernimo. completely 27. acabaron de asegurar a Valencia
:

'

secured Valencia.'
at the request of 34. a ruego de la viuda de Rodrigo Rodrigo's widow.' Page 24, 10. San Pedro de Cardea. The Cid's tomb bears this Latin inscription Blliger, invictus, famosus marte triumphis, Clauditur hoc tmulo magnus Didaci Rodericus. The remains of the Cid are supposed to be, with those of Ximena, in the Alcalda of Burgos.
:
'

24. adonde quiera que acudiese: 6 26. el que en buen hora nasc :

'wherever he vvent.' he who was born in

a happy hour.' The Cid is many times thus referred to in the Poema, where allusions are besides often made to his auguries and good fortune. The frequency with which the gleemen refer to this suggested to Mr. H. Butler Clarke the idea that the title Cid may have been derived from the Arabic etymon sa'ada, to be fortnate \ The fabulous proportions of most of the deeds ascribed by tradition to Rodrigo have led some authors, like Masdeu and Dunham, to deny the very existence of the hero others have thought to solve the difnculty of so many exploits accomplished by a single man by admitting the existence of two champions of the same ame merged into one by legend. writes Professor J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly Both schools and there were mistaken. There never were two Cids an assertion which definitely states the certainly was one incontrovertible facts reached by up-to-date historical research, and which fully supports, as far as the conqueror of Valencia is concerned, the canon's dictum in Don Quijote En lo de que hubo Cid no hay duda, ni menos Bernardo del Carpi, pero de qtce hicieron las hazaas que dicen, creo que
i
;

'

'

'

la

hay muy grande. Ouintana's narrative of the Cid's life is based, as he states, on the following works Risco's Historia del Cid Sando: ;

NOTES:
;

24.

2627.
;

11

63

Mariana's Crnica val's Historia de los cinco reyes general Historia de Valencia by Escolano and Historia de la dominacin de los rabes en Espaa by Jos Antonio Conde. Since Quintana wrote his Vidas, the leading authority in the history of Rodrigo Daz de Vivar is R. Dozy, whose work Le Cid should not be read without Consulting D. Julio Puyol's article " El Cid " de Dozy published in
;
' '

tome

xxiii

of the

Revue Hispa?iique. The most

accessible

English narrative of Rodrigo's life is that entitled El Cid Campeador-by H. Butler Clarke, in the Hroes of the Nations Series, edited by E. Abbot.

GUZMAN
:

EL

BUENO

PAGE 26. 1. Alfonso the Learned wastheeldest son of St. Ferdinand, on whose head the crowns of Castile and Len were definitively settled in 1231. The herald of them all was.' 4. Fu la seal de ellas Alfonso ascended the throne in 1252, and was elected Emperor of Germany in 1257, but owing principally to the opposition of Pope Gregory X and some of the Germn princes his not unjustified claim to the imperial sceptre never materialized. An article 19. a la actividad y acertadas medidas. referring to several substantives must agree with the first
'

one.
25. Len, which once gave its ame to an independent kingdom, was the first town of importance reconquered from the Moors. Page 27. 3. lo cual fu gran parte para la conclusin de la guerra which (fact) was greatly instrumental in ending the war.' 4. porque vuelto Alfonso: 'for Alfonso having returned.' 6. empezaron a moverse condiciones de concierto terms of agreement began to be advanced.' 9. antes cautivo suyo y ya su amigo formerly his captive and now his friend.' 11. En celebridad de este suceso se hizo un torneo To celbrate this event a tournament took place.'
:
'

'

'

64
12.

NOTES:
del

27.

1232
la batalla: 'justas in

mismo modo que en

the battle.'
'

la prez del lucimiento y bizarra carried ofT the palms o success and gallantry.' when night carne. 14. Llegada la noche 16. a lo que contestaron muchos a un tiempo : 6 to which many of them answered simultaneously.' 18. es el que lo hizo mejor he was the most successful.' Lit. it is he who did it best.'
13.

Guzmn se llev

Guzman

'

'

24.

mi hermano de ganancia

my

Ilegitmate brother.'

exact meaning of this obsolete expression appears perfectly plain further on in the text. similar use of the word ganancia is made in the opening lines of the Crnica rimada or Cantar de Rodrigo, an important literary monument possibly put together in its present form about the beginning of the fourteenth century E remaneci la tierra sin seor quando moryo el rey Pelayo. Este rey Pelayo avia una fija de ganancia,' etc. Ganancia also means gain, ftrofit henee Guzman's witty repartee calling his brother hermano de prdida (loss-brother).

The

'

25.

Pareci mal

esta

razn a todos
ella:
'

'

Everybody
in
it

objected to this answer.'

26.

que crey ver motejada en

at.'

who saw
:

a jeer

those 28. a los que nacan de mujeres no veladas who were born of a bride who had not undergone the cere-

mony, customary in those days, of being veiled mass, that is, of an unmarried mother. The term
to a

at a nuptial also applied

bridegroom, as may be seen in the following lines by the Archpriest of Hita dixo la vieja el ao es ya pasado Fija Tomad este marido por orne e por velado. Libro de Btien Amor, verse 761. his mother had not 29. su madre no lo haba sido been veiled.' Cf. El Cid, notes to p. 5, 1. 16, and p. 14, 1. 30. very angry.' 31. mal enojado You : pero vos sois y seris 32. Decs verdad, Note the but you are and always will be are right, od Spanish custom of addressing an interlocutor in the second person plural of the verb. The od Spanish polite form of address, still occasionally seen in ofncial documents, was vos, which now is reserved for the plural of the familiar

'

. .

'

prono u n
In the

t.
first

years of the seventeenth century the word vos

NOTES:
was considered too familiar
ing a person of
'

27.

32-38

65

to

tlie

same

social

be used even when addressstanding as that of the

speaker Finalmente, con una no vista arrogancia, llamaba de vos a sus iguales y a los mismos que le conocan.' Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quijote de la Mancha, chap. li. De merced usamos llamar a las personas a quien respetamos. ... De vos tratamos a los criados y mozos ... Y entre amigos, adonde no hay gravedad ni cumplimientos, se tratan de vos' Gonzalo Correas, Arte Grande de a Lengua
4

Castellana (1626). Ay cuatro maneras de cortesa en nuestra lengua una de vuesa merced^ otra de l, otra de vos, otra de t. La primera de V.M. Dios guarde a V.M. a gente de calidad. La segunda de cl\ Dios le guarde, a gente amigos familiares, o La tercera es imperativo se dize Dios le guarde, caballero. de vos Dios os guarde, a gente de menor estado. La quarta de ///, en imperativo Dios te guarde, como del padre al De manera que cuando se habla o hijo, o de amo a criado. trata a alguno de vos, lo tienen a afrenta muy grande por la causa dicha/ Ambrosio de Salazar, Espexo general de la Gramtica en Dilogos (16 14), p. 175. The modern usted is a contraction of the compound intervuestra merced medate form vtiesa merced your grace' it began to appear in print in the first half of the seventeenth century. This original meaning of the word usted explains why the Spanish verb, in the modern polite form of address, must be used in the third person singular, instead of the second plural as in other languages. Vd. tiene, e.g., means etymologically your grace has '. 33. si no fuera por respeto a la presencia de quien vvere it not out of respect for the person in nos hallamos whose presence we are.' It would be more correct to say si no fuera por respeto a la persona en cuya presencia nos hallamos.' But it is not your 35. Mas no tenis vos la culpa:
*
:

fault.'

apparently.' 37. al parecer 38. iba arrojada : was addressed.' p.3,1. 28.
4 :
'

Cf.
4

El

Cid, note to
is

No
right.'
2126.3

habla mal vuestro hermano

E

Your brother

66

NOTES:
28.
3.

28.

329. 20

is the plural form of hijodalgo hidalgo. Documents of the time of Alfonso clearly indcate that only a man, or a woman, of noble male lineage could be called a fijodalgo or jijadalgo. Thus, the son of a noble man and a villana (female commoner) was an hidalgo while that of a commoner and a noble lady was not. Fijodalgo was synonymous, in those days, with the title of caballero, taken in the moral acceptation derived from the books of caballeras (knight-errantries), which were written Originally caballero stood for a free man able to pay later. for his own horse and military accoutrement when called to war by the king. In modern Spanish caballero does not imply any degree of nobility whatever it simply stands for the English word gentleman \ 4. The Siete Partidas, the famous body of Castilian statutes compiled under the inspiration of, and perhaps revised by, Alfonso himself, granted to exiled knights a term of thirty days to leave the country. Up to the twelfth century this royal grace had been limited to only nine days. The Cid had only this number of days to cross the Castilian borders Los seys dias de plazo passados los an ;

Page

hijosdalgo

modern Spanish

= X

'

tres

an por

trocir,

sepades que non mas.

Poema

del Cid, verse 306.

According to one of the od Spanish chronicles, the extensin of this term to the thirty days, afterwards made statutory by Alfonso X, was due to a petition of the Cid to Alfonso VI. everything.' 12. todo cuanto = todo lo que: by himself with his own efTort. 13. por s mismo According to the ancient law [Fuero Viejo) of Castile, vassals had to accompany their lord into exile until he had succeeded in finding new means of subsistence. ' thirty in all.' 15. en todos treinta
' :

'

28. se le llev.

Se, superfluous or ethical dative.

32. 35.

gando

siguiendo siempre la costumbre de andar divakeeping to the habit of a wandering life.' puffed up orgullosos con su muchedumbre
: ' '
: :

because of their numbers.' Page 29. 7. ahuyent hasta sus tiendas frightened (them) back to their tents.' 12. que opinaban por que no se admitiesen sus who were of opinin that their ofTers should not ofertas be aceepted.' completely.' 14. del todo he returned to Fez/ Note the 30. dio la vuelta a Fez
' 6 : :
*

NOTES:
diference between ir la vuelta

29.

2130. 21
Cf.

67 El
Cid,

and dar la vuelta.

note to
'

p. 8,

1.

38.
:

21. el Rey hizo generosamente merced de una de ... the king generously granted one of the 39, en perjuicio de los hijos del principe heredero Don 'to the detriment of the children of the heir apparent.' Fernando was nicknamed el Infante de la Cerda on account horse-hair) which had grown of the thick, long hair (cerda
.

on his

chest.

Page 30, 8. Si esto fu una injusticia, ya estaba Cf. hecha If this were an injustice, it was already done.' El Cid, note to p. 8, 27. 9. cualquiera innovacin iba a causar una guerra civil any innovation would cause a civil war.' Not uncommonly the Spanish imperfect tense has the forc of the
:

1.

'

conditional.
10. Sancho no era hombre de dejarse despojar tranSancho was not quilamente del objeto de su ambicin
4

the man to allow himself to be quietly stripped ambition's aim.' Cf. El Cid, note to p. 5, 1. 33.

of

his

12. Estaban anteriormente encontradas las voluntades de hijo y padre con disgustos domsticos Domestic quarrels had previously placed the wills of son and father in opposition.' Lit. The wills of son and father were previously opposed on account of domestic quarrels.' by 14. por los mismos que debieran concertarlos: the very persons who ought to have made them agree.' but for 19. ricos-hombres does not stand for rich men noblenien of superior category. Rico home the Partidas say es rico por linage E ellos han a aconsejar al Rey en los grandes fechos, e son puestos para fermosear su corte.' The title began to fall- out of use about the time of
:

'

'

'

Alfonso X.
21. Quintana rightly describes Alfonso as the law-giver of Castile by reason of his having been the compiler of the Siete Partidas, to which reference has already been made in these notes. The primary object of this work was the unification of the various clashing systems of law which Alfonso encountered within his unsettled kingdom and this he accomplished with such success that all subsequent Spanish legislation derives from the Siete Partidas, which are still to some extent in forc in the republican states of Florida and Louisiana.' Prof. J. FitzmauriceKelly, Spanish Literature, p. 66.
'

68

NOTES:
:
'

30.

2131. io
*

21. Las ms de las ciudades: Most of the towns.' Note the use of the adverb ms as a plural substantive. completely given up to.' 29. todo entregado a which he ordered -to be pre31. que hizo preparar:
'

pared.'
34.

Mas

antes de poner en obra

.'
. .

But before put-

ting into practice

38. This letter, accordingto modern criticism,is apocryphal. Pedro Barrantes Maldonado, author of the Ilustraciones a la Casa de Niebla, a work compiled in 1540, declares, however, that he saw it among other very od documents in the archives of the dukes of Medina Sidonia, the descendants of Guzmn. The strongest argument against the genuineness of the document is that which refers to the familiar style of the address. The missive begins calling Guzmn Pruno, and it seems to be definitely settled that in the days in which the letter is supposed to have been written the Castilian monarchs never gave titles of kinship to any one outside the circle of those connected with them by blood. Luis de Salazar seems to have proved, in his Casa de Lara, that the oldest title of this kind bestowed upon Castilian noblemen dates from 1475. In that year the Catholic kings addressed the Duque del Infantado and his brother Cardinal Mendoza as Tos. The letter belongs probably to (that is, was pastiched in) the final
'
'

years of the fifteenth or the beginning of the sixteenth century. A likely source of it may have been, as M. Morel-Fatio has suggested, an od chronicle or biography of Alfonso Prez de Guzmn which, according to Barrantes, was preserved in the sixteenth century at the monastery of San Isidoro in Sevile. My grief.' This use of the Page 31. 4. a mi cuita article with the possessive adjective preceding the noun is now obsolete. Modern construction would require either La cuita ma or simply Mi cuita. it will be seen from far away' 5. se ver de luee : luee is diphthongized by analogy with luengo. 8. que elvmo fijo ain razn me face tener con ayuda de los mos amigos e de los mos perlados : which my son, supported by my friends and prelates, unjustly makes
:

'

'

me

sufTer.'
4

los cuales, en lugar de meter paz, no a e3cuso ni who, a encubiertas, sino claro, metieron asaz de mal instead of keeping the peace, did much evil, not by stealth or secretly, but quite openly.' A escuso is now an obsolete It is expression which has been replaced by a hurtadillas.
10.
:

; :

NOTES:
sometimes found
instead of
'

31.

10-26

69

in

Od wSpanish with the preposition en

Et yo tomava aquella masa en escuso et fasiala pan.' Libro de los Engarnios, etc., 1. 383. The word asas, derived from the Provenzal, vvhen used as
'

a substantive requires the preposition de Era mogo segn sus das (con) asaz de sotil entendimiento.' Don Juan Manuel, El Conde Lucanor (1328-29), edition E. Knapp, chap. ii.
Assaz de servicios le fizo, assaz de mritos le merescio.' Condestable de Portugal (1 429-1466). Satyra de Felice e Jnfelice Vida. Don Quijote se le ofreci con asaz de discretas y comedidas razones.'- Miguel de Cervantes. 13. non me lo mereciendo ellos, sino todo bien que yo les fice. In Pedro de Medina's Crnica de la Casa de Medinasidoiiia, one of Quintana's sources, this phrase reads Xon se lo mereciendo a ellos, sino todo bien que yo les haba Neither of these two versions seems to convey any fecho. A clearer sentence would be Non me definite meaning. mereciendo de ellos, sino todo el bien que yo les fice (When I only deserve all the good that I did unto them).
1
'

'

17.

nadie
:

me
1 '

Benamarn
'epenthetic

protection of)

terna en mal que yo busque los de nobody will take it amiss if I seek (the those of Benamarn.' Terna is an instance of
r
'

in the od form tenr < tener ha, before the created by the naso-alveolar n fixed the modern form tendr. Cf. pondr poner he. In similar cases the labio-nasal develops a b '.

metathesis of d
'

'

'

'

'

<

'

Nomine
The
rule
is

> nombre.

Femina

> hembra.

that a nasal consonant which, by syncope of a vovvel sound, comes in contact with '1' or 'r' develops an epenthetic phoneme, which in the case of ' is bilabial (b) and in that of n dental (d). Betvveen 1 and ' r ', in similar cases, epenthesis of d takes place : Sal (i)r saldr. Val(e)r valdr.

'

'

'

'

'

'

>

>

23.

ca es

mi atreguado

mi apazguado
:

'

for

he has

signed a truce and made peace with me.' quia. Ca < qua 24. Yo s cunto sodes suyo I know how friendly you are with him.' In Od Spanish the present indicative of ser
'

<

was

so, eres, es, so/nos, sodes, son.

Non miredes a cosas pasadas, sino a presentes cata quien sodes e del linaje donde venides Do not look to things past, but to those which belong to the present
26.
:
'

7o

NOTES:

31.

26

look (consider) who you are and the lineage you come from.' In Mediaeval Spanish all the second persons in the plural of verbs, with the exception of the past definite and occasionally the affirmative imperative, ended in des Latn lis. The d was first lost in verbal forms with the stress on the penultimate syllable. In documents of the fourteenth century we find vayaes and soes instead of vayades and sodes. The d of verbal forins with the stress on the antepenultimate syllable survived longer. By the beginning of the sixteenth century the present forms were almost in universal use, although the od forms still lingered in legal documents for some years more. The form in des is still heard in Asturian. The following illustrative quotation is taken from the Auto de los Reyes Magos, a liturgical play, written, as it seems, somewhere about the end of the twelfth century Que decides ? o ides ? a quin ides buscar ? Verse 79. de qual trra venides ? o queredes andar ? The earliest Spanish positive imperative, in the second person plural, ended in de, like amade, comede, definide; but apcope of the e soon took place, thus fixingthe modern forms Pus andad y buscad y a el adorad y por aqui tornad.' Auto de los Reyes Magos, verse 100.

<

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Venit los mios vasallos, sano es Apolonio, ferit palmas e cantos, echat las coberteras, corret vuestros caballos, alzat tablados muchos, penssat de quebrantarlos.' Libre de Apolonio (first half of the thirteenth cen'

tury), verse 546, edited

by Professor C. Carroll

M arden,

19*17.

'

Apretad

los cavallos.'

Poema
:

del Cid, verse 991.

in

Contracted forms, like cata in the text, are also found works of later days Por eso met el espada en la vaina.' Palmern de Inglaterra, part ii, chap. 26, Nueva B. de Autores Espaoles, tomo xi.
'

Ven ac, llegos aqu. Lope de Vega (1562- 163 5), El Maestro de Danzar,
'

escena

viii,

Biblioteca de Autores Espaoles,

tomo
'

xxxiv.
!

Morillos, bolv, espera Guillen de Castro, Las Mocedades del Cid.

'

NOTES:

31.

26 -32

This apcope has prevailed in the case of reflexive verbs used in the second person plural of the affirmative imperative Acercaos, Aprendeos, Vestios. It should be mentioned that the second person plural of the affirmative imperative was frequently replaced in Od Spanish, as in Latin, by the corresponding person of the present subjunctive, in order to attenuate the forc of the command. In the Poema del Cid examples of this kind

abound
4

Tres mili moros levedes con armas de

lidiar.'

Verse 639. Folguedes ya, mi Cid, sodes en vuestro salvo.' Verse 1074. The prohibitive imperative, however, was always expressed, as it is now, by the present subjunctive Decid me vostros nombres, no m' los querades celar.' Auto de los Reyes Magos, verse 80. Si alguna vez vos menguare o estuvieredes en algn afincamiento, non desmayedes por ello.' Don Juan Manuel, El Conde Lucanor, cap. x. ' Non vos tardedes, mandedes en sellar.'
1
:

'

'

Poema del Cid, verse 317. and if I should not do it e si lo vos non ficiese unto you.' In Modern Spanish the indirect must precede the direct object of the verb, and both should follow the negative adverb.
29.
6
:

32. faced a tanto con el vuestro seor y amigo mo, que sobre la ma corona ms averada que yo he, y piedras ricas que ende son, me preste lo que l Do as much as you can, so that your por bien tuviere lord and my friend be willing to lend me what he may think fiton the best crown I have and the precious stones thereon.'
1
:

ally

Note, in this passage, the od uses of haber din haber had the active meaning of te?ter, that

ser.
is,

Origin-

to possess,

There still remain in Modern Spanish in which haber is far from being a mere auxiliary verb. In the above passage, que yo he stands for que yo tengo, and que ende son for que all (en ella) hay or estn. Compare the use of haber and ser in the following
to

own,

to hold.

a good

many phrases

illustrations

Mas
l

ovi

miedo que era encantado.'

(thirteenth century).
?

Romance de Lope de Moros

'

Do

son tos bastimentos

el

Disputa del Alma y

Cuerpo (thirteenth century).

72

NOTES:
la del

31.

32-

33. 14

Que descansada vida

que huye
el

mundanal

ruido,

y sigue la escondida senda por dnde haii ido los pocos sabios que en el mundo han sido Fray Luis de Ln (1529-91), Oda al Campo. The adjective averada is not to be found in Sebastin de Covarrubias's Tesoro de la Lengua Castellana (161 1), or in any of the dictionaries published by the Spanish Academy. We have interpreted it as a derivative, not of averar (to Cf. the word averio certify), but of aver (property, wealth). (riches) in the following sentence taken from Consolaciones de la Vida Humana by the anti-pope Pedro de Luna, who died in 1423 or 1424 Non es averio sobre el averio de la salud del homme.' B. de Autores Espaoles, tomo li, p. 585. Elliptical expression 39. la de Dios sea con vusco. may that (hand, grace) of God be with you.' Vobiscum > con vusco con vos con vosotros. Cf. conmigo voscu{m) cum + mecu(m), contigo < cum -f tecu(m), in which the velar voiceless intervocalic consonant, instead of being apocopated, became fully voiced in accordance with one of the fundamental phonetic laws in the formation of the language. Page 32. 7. dobla de oro. Od Spanish coin approximately equal to eight shillings. so that he may get 8. para que de pronto se socorra out of difficulties for the moment.' the best 23. el mejor partido de toda Andaluca match in the whole of Andalusia. Doa Mara's dowry, Quintana states in a note, included many villages and proper,

>

>

>

<

'

'

ties in Castile,

Portugal, Galicia, and Seville.

26.

Alcal de los Gazules.

village situated
4 :

about

forty-nine kilometres from Cdiz. Page 33. 11. al ir a las vistas

to

con Jucef
'

when going
I

meet
12.

Jusef.'

vedes a qu so venido:
to.'

see what straits

have

come

14. non place a m. In Modern Spanish the synthetica forms of the pronouns, in the dative and accusative cases, must always be used. The prepositional forms are only employed pleonastically, for the sake of clearness or emphasis Modern usage would therefore require here either 110 me place a mV or simply no me place \
* '

NOTES:
'

33.

i 34.

73

16. El moro quiso tentar las vas de negociacin:: The Moor resolved to try the methods of negotiation.' 19. Ya eran entrados en la ciudad. The employment

of ser instead of haber, as the auxiliary to an intransitive verb of motion, is very seldom seen in modern prose. It was very common, however, in Od Spanish. See sentencein note to p. 33, 23.
'

1.

12.

Cmo me

How dar you come

vens vosotros con tal mensaje?: Me is an ethicaL with such a message ?

'

dative.

Irse is the only renexive verb which, in the 25. Idos. second person plural of the imperative, has preserved the intervocalic d '. Cf. note to p. 31, 1. 26.
'

God alive.' que en el justo motivo de la indignacin de that, given the Sancho su clera parase en amenazas
26.
30.

vive Dios:

'

jnst

grounds of Sancho's indignation, his anger should have stopped short at threats.' without having 36. sin haber hecho cosa de momento done anything of importance.' The use of the word cosa in this sentence instead of the usual indefnite pronoun nada is one of the very few survivals of the original manner of constructing indefnite negative phrases, to which reference has been made in note to p. 4, 1. 38 of El Cid, q.v. Another survival of the same kind is the expression No vale cosa = It is not worth anything from which the very usual one, No vale gran cosa It is not worth much ', has been
:
'

Examples of this use of the word cosa are very derived. frequently met with in Od Spanish literature. The first of the following illustrations is taken from Garcilaso de la Vega's Second Eclogue, and the other three are from Antonio de Nebrija's Elegancias Romaneadas No t' aconsejo yo, ni digo cosa
:

'

'

'

para que debas tu por ella darme respuesta tan azeda y tan odiosa.' Yo no har cosa maliciosamente.' No tengo cosa que escrevir.'

De Page
*

lo

que se dize de Francia no sabemos cosa

4.
: '

cierta.'

34.

Avith him.'

position a. thing, may be used without the preposition when their direct object is a personal appellative noun. Francisco de Quevedo's writings are particularly remarkable for the fre-

llevndose su esposa taking his wife Note the personal aecusative without the preVerbs, the aecusative of which is more frequently

74

NOTES:

34. 8-30

quent omission of the preposition in accusatives of this kind. For the proper use of the preposition a see Bello-Cuervo, Gramtica Castellana, 889, or Sann Cano's Elementary Spanish Grammar, 208-15. 8. debiendo en todas ellas a su valor y a su consejo. Quintana, no doubt, meant el rey Jusef"to be the subject of this sentence, but the construction of his paragraph is such an unhappy one that debiendo grammatically refers to el caudillo This is not the first instance, as the attentive stuespaol. dent will have noticed, of our author's somewhat slovenly manner of dealing with gerund-sentences.
24. vino a parar a la dominacin de Jucef : * fell to Jusef 's jurisdiction.' 28. The chronicles from which Quintana derived most of his information were, as he states, the Anales de Sevilla, by Ziga the Crnicas de don Alonso, don Sancho su hijo y don Fernando su nieto Crnica de la Casa de Medinasidonia, by Pedro de Medina the Ilustraciones a la Casa de Niebla, by Pedro Barrantes Maldonado the Memorias de Alfonso el Sabio, by Mariana and the Historia de la dominacin de los rabes en Espaa, by J. Conde. 30. The exploit here alluded to is a very fanciful one. As the story goes, there appeared in a wood cise to Fez a horrible, bloodthirsty monster, adequately provided with the custoin short, a being mary wings and scales harder than steel highly suggestive of what the missing-linkof the hypothetical Naturally nobody dared sea-serpent must have looked like. attack that freak of nature. Guzmn, however, went forth single-handed to battle with the fiery dragn. On his reacning the forest, he found the beast fighting with a lion and believed this episode to be of good ornen. Don Alfonso at once tightened his belt, and saying Oh, my God and Lord resolutely advanced towards the I commend myself to Thee wood, and, with a stroke of his spear, slew the monster. The lion then, greatly surprised at the bravery and dexterity of Guzmn, thought no doubt of the noble precedent set for all future lions by Andronicus's famous pet in the times of Titus, and, licking his hand, meekly followed the valiant knight to the palace of the Moorish king, to whom his adopted master was about to break the joyous tidings. The tale is very gravely told by Pedro de Medina in his Crnica Medina's description of the dragn, de Medinasidonia. blood-curdling as it is, becomes however pal when compared with that made by Luis Vele/, de Guevara in his celebrated
;

'

'

'

NOTES:

34.

3035. 16

75
is

tragedy Ms pesa el rey que la sangre. Here the beast depicted as ' un monstruo tan peregrino que hace verdad las mentiras de los contextos antiguos de tan horrible grandeza

que no es gentil hombre un risco de su estatura, y parece que se mueve un monte vivo. Condensa con el aliento nubes en el aire fri, que llueven de muertas aves venenosos torbellinos de una vez se pace un valle, entero se bebe un rio, y es una red barredera de rebaos y de apriscos,' etc. Jornada
;

II.

of the Romancero General, colle:ted by Agustn Durn, deals with the same subject. It is anonymous, and closes by comparing, not unfittingly, the Spanish

Romance 954

knight to St. George and St. Jerome

6

Oh, gran Alonso Prez que en la vida estas gozando

!

ser semejante a dos santos en hecho tan sealado a San Jorge en darle muerte a la sierpe que has matado y a Jernimo, pues tienes len a tus pies postrado.'
:

32.
if

Pero aun cuando por ventura haya

.'
.
.

...

But even

perchance there be

39. los dos esposos llegaron a recelar de la codicia de los brbaros que los perdiesen por ella husband and wife even suspected that the barbarians' covetousness might be their undoing (that is, of Guzmn and-his wife).'
:
'

The construction of this sentence is not to be imitated. The pronoun stos placed in front of the words los perdiesen por ella would make the meaning perfectly plain. Page 35. 5. siendo de temer que, faltando el Rey and it was to be feared that, if the king died and not 9. y no poderse llevar bien viviendo juntos to be able to live on good terms together.' 16. Cuanto el padre haba tenido de generoso, de
.

'

'

76

NOTES:
:
*

35.

2437. 2

franco y de leal, tena el hijo de feroz, vengativo y alevoso As much as the father had been generous, frank and loyal, the son was ferocious, revengeful, and treacherous.' Note the translation of tener de by to be when followed by an adjective or substantive. Example: Tiene poco de mrtir He is not mch of a martyr
i

'.

24.

tenia aterrada.

Cf.

El

Cid, note to p. 6,
:
'

1.

16.

26.

tienen demasiado aire de fbula

Cf. note to p. 35,
1.

smack

too

much

of the fabulous'.
31.

16.

tomaron

el arbitrio

they had recourse to the ex-

pedient

Page 36. 11. no quisieron volver a hacer la Cf. El Cid, note to p. 'did not want to try again.'
22.
26.

prueba
5,
1.

36.

ech voz: 'announced.'

que seran hasta mil

'

who must have been about

Conjectural use of the conditional, when refera thousand.' ring to the past. A conjecture in the present would require the use of the future indicative.

Ya en esta sazn 'by this time.' went to meet him.' fu a verse con l To this town belongs the distinction, erro39. Tarifa. neously assigned to Gibraltar. of being placed on the most southern point of Continental Europe. It is situated on the Straits several miles to the westward of the low, rocky point which bounds on that side the bay of Gibraltar, and is, in all probability, the spot at which the Moorish general Tarik, whose modified ame it bears, efTected his landing on the
28.
29.
:

'

Pennsula. Page 37. gathered.'

10.

4.

y junto

el ejrcito

'

and once the army was

'

aunque hubo pareceres

Note

although

there

were

that haber, as an impersonal verb, is only used in the singular. 16. pagando el tributo a la flaqueza humana: 'paying human frailty its due.' 20. No whit less interesting than the dragn story dealt with in note to p. 34, 1. 30, is the incident here adumbrated by opinions.'

The tale may be found in Medina's Crnica. Juan de Mena seems to allude to this episode in Copla lx^ix of his Trezientas, a work first printed in 1489 Poco mas bajo vi otras enteras, La muy casta duea de manos crueles, Digna corona de los Coroneles,
Quintana.
:

Que

quiso con fuego vencer sus hogueras.

NOTES:

37.

2141.

77

'

O indita Roma, si desta supieras Cuando mandabas el gran universo Que gloria, que fama, que prosa, que verso, Que templo vestal a esta hicieras 21. se haba hecho inhbil para el uso del matrimonio: had become unfit for married life.' 23. es a maravilla ocasionado 'is wonderfully inducive.* acted as best fitted.' 33. tom el partido que convena in the course of time.' 36. andando el tiempo 38. The procedure followed in mediaeval Spain, when adopting an orphan or illegitimate child, was so odd that it
! !

'

'

is worth mentioning here, inasmuch as a reminiscence of the custom has come down to us in the form of a Castilian proverb, viz. Metedlo por la bocamanga y salirse os ha por el cabezn, by which we are warned that vile persons whom we treat with greater benevolence than they deserve are often prone to become overbearing towards us. The ceremony in question probably imported by the Arabs into Spain consisted in the adoptive mother passing the child through the sieeve (manga) of a very ampie garment, especially made for the occasion, and making him or her then come out through the

collar (cabezn), thus simulating the re-birth of the child. Such was, according to Ambrosio de Morales and the

historian Juan de Mariana, the ceremony performed at the adoption of Mudarra Gonzlez, illegitimate brother of the famous Seven Infantes of Lara, by Doa Sancha, wife of Don Gonzalo Gustios de Lara. Mudarra was adopted by Doa Sancha as a token of gratitude to the avenger of the iniquitous death of her seven sons. Mudarra's legendary exploit forms the subject of what is, perhaps, the most eerie among the ancient Spanish ballads, that which opens with the well-known lines
:

Helo, helo, por do viene el infante vengador, .' Caballero a la gineta en caballo corredor

38. 29. y los produjo muy malos and it produced some very bad.' The subject of the Spanish interpolaron is aquel siglo. Los refers to personajes. Page 40. 21. a m dar gloria. Cf. note to p. 33, 1. 14. .: I thought that the 35. Cuid que los enemigos enemy ? Obsolete use of cuidar. 36. desconfiados de allanar su constancia ' despairing

Page

'

of overcoming his loyalty.' PAGE 41. 6. The text of this letter, as given by Pedro

78
Barrantes
follows
' :

NOTES:
in

41.

6-35
is

his

Ilustraciones a la Casa de Niebla,

:

as

Primo don Alfonso Prez de Guzman Savido avernos lo que por nos servir avedes fecho en defender esa mi villa de Tarifa a los moros, aviendoos tenido cercado seis meses y puestoos en estrecho y afincamiento principalmente supimos y en mucho tuvimos dar la vuestra sangre y ofrecer el vuestro primognito fijo por el nuestro servicio e el de Dios delante e por la vuestra onrra. En lo uno imitastes al padre Abrahan que por servir a Dios le daba el su fijo en sacrificio, y en lo al quisistes semejar a la buena sangre donde venides, por lo qual meresceis ser llamado el Bueno e yo ansi vos llamo, e vos ansi vos llamaredes dende aqui adelante, ca justo es que el que faze la bondad, que tenga nombre de Bueno e non finque sin galardn de su buen fecho porque si a los que mal fazen les tollen su heredad y fazienda, a vos que tan grande enxemplo de lealtad aveis mostrado y aveis dado a los nuestros vasallos e a los de todo el mundo, razn es que con mercedes nuestras quede memoria de las buenas obras E venid vos luego a verme, ca si malo e fazaas vuestras. no estuviera y en tanto afincamiento de mi enfermedad, nada me tollera que vos non fuera yo a socorrer itias vos faredes con nos lo que nos non podemos fazer convusco, que es venir vos luego a mi, porque quiero fazer en vos mercedes que sean semejantes a vuestros servicios. A la vuestra buena muger nos encomendamos la mia e yo, e Dios sea convusco. De Alcal de Henares a dos de enero, era de 1333. El Rey.' The od Spanish era, in accordance vvith which this docu;

'

The is dated, begins thirty-eight years before Christ. date 1333 stands, therefore, for the Christian year of 1295. Like the document referred to in note to p. 30, 1. 38, Sancho's letter to Guzmn has been denounced by M. Alfred Mrel-Fatio as a pastiche. For his reasons in support of this opinin, see La letire de Sanche IV va voL ii (1900), p. 15, of the Bulletin Hisftanique. 24. Aprended, caballeros, a sacar labores de bondad : Learn, gentlemen, how to perform good actions.' of which men are capable.' 32. que cabe en los hombres 35. It is difficult to guess what document our author had
ment
'

'

in

mind. Very likely, however, his words refer either to some commentary on Toms de Iriarte's tragic scene Guzmn el Bueno or to this work itself. In this last case, Quintana
in taking
(L>.

would not be alone

lricos del Siglo

XVIII

up that attitude. In his Poetas de Autores Espaoles tomo

,

N OT ES

41. 35

79

lxi, p. 403), the Marqus de Valmar mentions that Iriarte's production was, rightly in bis opinin, very roughly handled in an article which had been written in defence of the Italian theatre. The author of that article, entitled Discurso confutativo, maintained that Don Alfonso Prez de Guzmn, as depicted by Iriarte, was merely an ambitious man who did not hesitate to sacrifice his son for the sake of future fame. In 1789 the other celebrated Spanish fabulist Flix Mara de Samaniego wrote al so a monologue, styled Parodia de Guzmn el Bueno, which scoffs at Iriarte's dramatic art, and in which the author takes an attitude not very dissimilar to The composition that assumed in the Discurso confutativo. of Samaniego is very cleverly made up of fragments taken from his rival's soliloquy, which is really a very poor piece of work. There is a passage in this monologue in which Iriarte, possibly through clumsiness in the turn of the phrase, makes his hero say that, by lending his dagger for the sacrifice of his son, he replies to the savagery of Don Juan with his own savagery Sarraceno inicuo si acaso a tu barbarie faltan armas, la ma te las da porque me indigno de que mi sangre tina y ennoblezca aceros viles.' Here, as Samaniego pointed out, la mia stands for mi barbarie, Further on, referring to the idea of killing himself, Guzmn exclaims
: '
!

Un
(i

1 Qu meditaba ? crimen ms infame que el que evito.''

'

Besides the pieces of Iriarte (1750-91) and Samaniego 745-1 801), the principal plays based on Guzmn's terrible proof of loyalty to his king are Ms pesa el rey que la sangre (King First, Blood Second), by Luis Vlez de Guevara (i 570-1644) El Abrahm castellano, by J. Claudio de la Hoz La defensa de Tarifa, by Antonio de Zamora (? 1 645-1714) Guzmn el Bueno, by Antonio Gil y Zrate (? 1660-1728) (1793- 1860). Among other Spanish plays collected in a volume kept in the British Museum, there is an anonymous tragedy entitled El Guzmn, probably printed in 18 10. An actor-playwright called Jos Concha produced in 1805 a most absurd medley of music and rhymed nonsense, the only character in which is Guzmn's son Don Pedro. Agustn Durn's Romancero General (Biblioteca de Autores
:
;

8q

NOTES:

42.

28 46.

15

Espaoles, tomo xvi) contains four ro?nances, those numbered 955, 956, 957, and 958, the subject-matter of which is the exploit of Guzmn. Lope de Vega's novel Guzmn el Bravo does not deal with Alonso Prez de Guzmn, but its principal character is supposed to be one of his descendants. Page 42. 28. De diez y ocho aos when eighteen years of age.' Page 43. 21. Era venido. Cf. note to p. 33, 1. 19. Page 44. 2. Ansiando administrar solo la tutela a <euya parte haba sido admitido Longing to control alone the tutelage to a share in which he had been appointed.' as the consequence of.' 21. de resultas de Cf. El Cid
:
'

'

note to p. 22, 1. 1. 32. los hombres

Seville.'

buenos de Sevilla: 'prominent men

of

35. No era tan fcil desviar los que amenazaban por la (parte) de los moros : it was not so easy to avert the evils threatening from the Moors' side.' Page 45. 5. vena en ello: agreed to it.' tena a mengua : ' deemed it a shame.' ' to oppose him.' 9. a hacerle frente 11. ni sera en consejo: 'or would he advise.' Page 46. 2. Faltos de los granos alimenticios Not
' ' :
4

having cereals.' 9. a medida de su edad iba aumentndose el respeto

'

proportionately to his age, respect increased.' The ame of Sancho's son was Ferdinand IV. 15. Gibraltar was later on wrested from the Spaniards during the reign of Alfonso XI, who died in 1 350 from a disease contracted when unsuccessfully trying to retake the town. The history of the Rock is afterwards twice connected with Don Enrique de Guzmn, Count of the hou^e of Guzmn. Niebla, formed in 1435 a P^ an t0 attack the Saracen stronghold by land and sea, but imprudently skirmishing with the garrison from his galleys, before the arrival of the land forces, was forced to beat a preciptate retreat which cost him his life. Don Enrique's sad fate inspired the Spanish popular muse, witness the following frontier bailad (romancefronterizo)

Dadme

nuevas, caballeros, nuevas me querades dar don Henrique de Guzman, de aquese conde de Niebla, que hace guerra a los moros, y ha cercado a Gibraltar. ayer vi fiestas muy grandes Veo hoy lutos en mi corte, o el principe es fallecido, o alguno de mi sangre, el maestre y condestable, o don Alvaro de Luna,

NOTES:
No
un grande,

46. 15 -47. 2
;

81

es muerto, seora, el principe

mas

ha

fallecido

cuan poco vos temern, que veredes a los moros que a este solo teman y no osaban saltear. que se ba anegado en la mar, Es el buen conde de Niebla nunca se quiso salvar por acorrer a los suyos, le hicieron trastornar, en un batel donde venia socorriendo un caballero que se le iba a anegar. que no se pudo escapar, La mar andaba tan alta la fuerza de Gibraltar. teniendo cuasi ganada galanes otro que tal, Lloranle todas las damas, por ser tan buen capitn, llrale gente de guerra porque a todos sabia honrar. lloranle duques y condes, caballeros, de pesar Oh que nuevas me traedes, no se hagan fiestas mas, Vstanse todos de jerga, venga su hijo don Juan vaya luego un mensajero, mas le quiero acrecentar, confirmalle he lo del padre, duque le hago de hoy mas, y de Medina Sidonia, poco galardn se da. que a hijo de tan buen padre

(Printed in 1550.) In 1462 Gibraltar surrendered to this Don Juan de Guzmn, duke of Medina Sidonia. From that date the town remained in the hands of the Spaniards until 1704, when, during the war of the Spanish Succession, it was taken by the English admiral Sir George Rooke for the Archduke Charles of Afterwards the Treaty of Utrecht incorporated it Austria. under the English Crown. 20. desde que los sarracenos la tomaron quinientos aos antes. This sentence should be read desde que los sarracenos la fundaron unos seiscientos aos antes. Gibraltar seems to have been founded by Tarik in 711, and the Spaniards never attacked it before the time of Guzmn. 37. The tomb, still extant in the chapel of the od Hieronymite convent (situated in the district of Santiponce, near which stands all that remains of ancient Itlica, the birthplaceof the emperors Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius, as well as of the poet Silius Italicus), is ornamented by two wooden statues,beautifully carvedby Juan Martnez Montas (seventeenth century), which represent the Leonese knight and his wife in a kneeling position. Page 47. 2. The last Guzmn el Bueno died in 1779. M. Dominique Campanari, in a pamphlet printed in Paris in 1855 and addressed to M. Adrien de Longprier, conservateur des antiques au Muse du Louvre, expatiates on the
:

2*26.3

82
'

NOTES:
et

47.

215
des Co/onna,

affinit qui existe entre les Ilustres familles

grouper autour d'elles jusqu'a ees derniers temps, et mme de nos jours, o S.M. 1'Empereur Napolen III, deja alli h la famille Colonna, pouse Eugnie de Guzmn, galement
et les alliances qui vinrent se allie
15.

Guzmn,

Bonaparie

tvvo Romn generis P. Scipio or P. Scipio Emilianus, both called the African. The former defeated H annibal at Zama, thus ending the First Punic War (202 B.C.) the latter destroyed the power of Carthage, and put an end to the Punic Wars (146 E.C.). Epaminondas, the famous Theban general who defeated the Lacedemonians at the battle of Leuctra, and was killed

aux Colonna Eitherof the

'.

in the battle of
It will

Mantinea (362

B.C.).

not perhaps be out of place to cise these notes by recalling an instance from Ireland of devotion to duty as tragic as that of Guzmn, which Quintana would surely have mentioned here, had it been known to him. The deed, alluded to on one of the tombstones in the church of Saint Nicholas, at Galway, was as follovvs. gentleman of the ame of James Lynch was first magistrate of the town in 1492 when his only son, a young man of not very exemplary habits, treacheronsly stabbed to death a captain of the Spanish troops then billeted in the city. The reason for the murder is not quite clear. It may have arisen from jealousy Having in some love affair, or from a gambler's quarrel. confessed his crime, the young man was brought for judgement before his father, who in open tribunal condemned him According to the law, the prisoner to death on the gallows. had to be hanged the following morning in the public square and in the presence of the magistrate. James Lynch went to the prison to fulfil his sad mission, but, when ready to make for the square with the prisoner and his military escort, he found his way blocked by an infuriated crowd of citizens, led by his wife and other relatives, who tried to set the murderer free. Unable to reach the square, he reentered the prison and at once ordered the executioner to hang the* After a week of voluntary confineculprit from a window. ment within the walls of the prison, the Spartan father resumed his duties as magistrate of Galway, where he died, yery advanced in years.

VOCABULARY
A
a, to, at.

aceptar, to accept. approach, to acercarse,

dravv near.

abandonar, to abandon, give

se, to give up, leave; one's self up to, abandon one's self. abatido, -a, dejected, spiritless, dismayed. abertura, /. aperture,
cleft,

acertado,

-a, proper.

acertar, to guess, conjecture right, succeed. aclamar, to acclaim.

acoger, to receive, accept,

protect;
fuge.

se,

to take re-

Rap.

abiertamente, openly.
abierto, -a, open.

acometer,
panied.

to assault, attack.
-a,

acompaado,

accomm.
at-

abochornado, -a, ashamed. abominable, abominable,

aborrecer, to hate, abhor. aborrecible, hateful, detestable.

acompaamiento,
tendance, retinue.

acompaar,

to

accompany.
;

abrigo,
tion.

;//.

shelter,

protec-

aconsejar, to advise, acordar, to agree

se,

to

remember.

abrir, to op^n.

acostumbrado,
grandfather,

abuelo,

m.

ancestor.

abundancia,/, abundance. abusar, to abuse,

acabar, to
stroy
;

de, to have
to

finish,

end, dejust.

-a, accustomed, usual, acriminar, to impeach. actividad,/, activity. acudir, to have recourse, assist, run to, repair to. acuerdo, m, agreement, re-

acaecer, to happen.

solution.

acampar,

encamp.
!

acumular,

to

accu muate,

acaudillar, to lead. accidente, m. accident,

event.

accin,/, action,

feat.

aceleradamente,
swiftly.

speedily,

acendrado,

-a, purified, refined, stainless.

heap together, hoard. acusacin, /. accusation, impeachment, charge. achacar, to impute, ascribe. adalid, m. chief, commander. adarve, m. flat top of a wall. adelantado, an appellation formerly given to the governor of a province.

aceptacin,/, acceptation.

84
adelantarse,
lead,

VOCAB ULARY
to

take

the
off,

aguardar,
wait
for.

to

wait,

expect,

come forward.

adelante, ahead, farther

agero, m. ornen, augury.

higher up, forward. aderezar, to embellish. administracin,/ administration.

guila,/

eagle.
to

ahora, now.

ahuyentar,

drive away,

administrar, to administer. admiracin, y. admiration. admirar, to admire, admitir, to admit,.receive. adoptar, to adopt, father, embrace an opinin, adornar, to adorn with
talents.

put to flight. airado, -a, angry, wrathful.

aire, ;;/. aspect, look. ajar, to spoil, rumple, pul

down.
ajeno,
-a,

contrary to

an-

other's.

ajustar, to reglate, adjust, accord, concert.

al, to the.

adquirir, to obtain, acquire. adulacin,/, flattery. adversario, m. antagonist,

opponent,
foe.

alabar, to praise, extol. alarido, m. shout, outcry,

howl. dawn al , at dayalba, break. alborotar, to disturb, ex-

adversity. afecto, -a, subject. afeminado, -a, efTeminate. afincamiento, ;//. (od Sft.)

adversidad,/

/
;

cite

congoja,/, grief. afliccin,/ sorrow.

afligir, to afflict.

se, to rebel, riot.

alcaide,
castle,

afrenta,

affront, outrage,

disgrace.

governor of a warden. wife of the alcaidesa, governor of a^rastJe. alcance, reach, military

afrentar, to afTront, insult. africano, -a, African. agasajo, m. affectionate reception, attention.

excursin in pursuit of the

agitacin,/ agitation, flurry,

fretting.

agitar,

to

agtate,

ruffle,

enemy. alcanzar, to reach, overtake. royal palace. alczar, alegar, to allege, adduce, afhrm. alegre, merry, joyful, dear,
gleeful.

shake up. agostar, to exhaust.

alegra,/
alejar, to tance.

joy.

agradable, pleasant. agradecer, to show gratitude, acknowledge a favour. agradecimiento, vi. gratefulness.

remove

to a dis-

alemn, -a, Germn. Alemania, Germany.

alevosa, /. perfidy, breach of a trust, alevoso, -a, treacherous.

agregar, to aggregate, heap

together.

VOCABULARY
Musulmn doctor alfaqu, of laws. alfrez, m. ensign.
algn, see alguno, alguno, -a, some, any, some one, any one. algunos, -as, some, several.
aliado,
ally.

85
friendly

amistosamente,
familiarly.

amor, m. love. amotinar, to riot,

bellion.

excite re-

amparador, amparar, to
andar,

///. protector. protect.

to walk.

alianza,/

alliance.

nimo,

m.

spirit,

mind,

alimenticio, -a, nutritious. alimento, //z. nourishment. alma,/, soul. almoravid, ancient Moorish
tribe.

courage, purpose.

animosamente,
ously.

courage-

alquera, /. grange, farmhouse. alteracin, y] alteration. alterarse, to alter, disturb,

stir

up.

altura,/, height. alzado, -a, high.

alzamiento, m.
alzar, to raise
;

se, to

rebel'.ion.

rise

/. animosity, active enmity. aniquilar, to annihilate. ansiar, to desire anxiously, long, hanker. anteriormente, previously. antes, before, sooner de, before. antigedad,/ antiquity. antorcha, torch, flambeau. anunciar, to announce.
;

animosidad,

in rebellion. all, there. allanar, to subdue, overeme. allegar, to procure. de all, there a poco,
;

aadir, to add. ao, m. year. apacible, afable,

meek,

soon

after.

amagar,

to threaten.
to stain, injure.

placid, pleasant. apaciguar, to appease, pacify, calm. apagar, to put out, quench.

amancillar,

amargo, -a, bitter, painful. ambicin,/ ambition.

ambicioso,
-a, ambitious.

aparentar, show. apartarse,

to

niake a false

to

withdraw,

ambos, -as, both. amenaza,/, threat. amenazar, to threaten,

menace.

hold or. aparte, apart.

apazguado,

-a,

he who has

signed a peace.

apenas, hardly.
pleasant,

ameno,
licious.

-a,

de-

apercibirse,

amigo,

-a, friend.

amistad,/
amistanza, amistad.

friendship. (od Sft.)

to prepare, ready. aplacar, to appease, pacify, mitigate, calm down. apoderarse, to possess one's

make

self of

a thing.

86

VOC AB

II

LARY

aportillar, to breach a rampart, break open. apostar, to place relays, post soldiers, bet ; se, to place one's self. apoyar, to support.

arrogancia,/, arrogan ce.

arrojar, to hur, fling, throvv, drive out. arrollar, to roll up, defeat,
rout, sweep away. arruinar, to ruin, asalto, m, assault. asaz, enough, abundantly. ascendiente, ancestor,

aprender,
ready.

to learn.

aprestarse, to prepare, make

apretado,
aprieto,

-a, tight.

forefather.

m.
to

stringency,

asegurar,
verify
;

dificulty.

to secure, assert,

se, to
%

make

sure.

aprisionar,
confine,

imprison,

asesino,
derer.

assasin,

mur-

aprobar, to approve. aprontar, to supply. apurar, to clean up, consume, exhaust. aquejado, -a, afflicted. aquel, aquella, that.
aqulla, the former. aqu, here. rabe, m. Arabic, Arab. aragons, -a, Aragonese. arbitrio, ///. means, expedient, free will.

asestar, to aim, point, discbarge.

as, so, thus.

asido, -a, seized, fastened, attached. asiento, m. settling, seat. asignar, to ascribe, assign. asistencia,/, assistance, aid,
help. asistir, serve.
to
assist,

help,

asqueroso,

-a, nasty, filthy,

ardiente, passionate.

loathsome.
affair, business, asunto, atajar, to intercept, stop,

ardimiento, ///. courage. armar,to arm caballero,

;

to knight. arte, m, art, cunnig. artificio, m. artfice, contrivanee, device, trick. artificioso, -a, artful.

attack. ataque, atencin,/, attention. atender, to attend. atendido, -a, heeded.

aterrar, to

terrify.
skilful, cautiotis.

arzobispo, archbishop. arrabal, m, suburb. arrancar, to wrest, forc

out, snatch.

atinado, -a, atizador,

inciter.

atizar, to incite,

atormentar,

to torture,

arreciarse, to grow stronger. arreglar, to arrange, settle.

arremeter,

to assail, attack.

arrestar, to arrest, imprison. arrimar, to approach, place

near.

atrasar, to delay, retard. atravesar, to pierce, run through, cross over. atreguado, -a, tmder truce, he who has signed a truce.

atrevimiento,

daring,

VOCABULARY
boldness, audacity, efirontery.

87

bajo, under.

bandera,/
tumul-

flag.

atrocidad,/, atrocity.

atropelladamente,

tuously, helter-skelter. atropellar, to trample under foot, insult, vilate the law. atroz, atrocious. aumentar, to increase. aun, still, even.

bandit, hghbandido, wayman, outlaw. bao, m, bath. brbaramente, barbarously,

savagely.

barbarie,
cruelty.

/
-a,

barbarousness,
barbaran, bar-

brbaro,
barous.
I

aunque, although.
ausencia, /. absence. autor, m. author. autoridad,/, authority.
auxiliar, to aid, help, assist. auxilio, m. aid, help, assistance.

barrera,/

barrier.

'

bastante, sufficient. bastar, to suffice, be enough. batalla,/ battle. beber, to drink.

blico, -a, martial, warlike,
military.

avenido, -a, agreed. avenirse, to agree. aventajar, to surpass,

exceed.

excel,

bello, -a, beautiful. beneficio, ;;/. favour.

benignamente,
/.

benevo-

aventura,
event.

adven ture,
to

lently, graciously.

berberisco, Barbary
venture,
rich,
;

man,

aventurarse,
dar.

averada
valuable.

{od
/.

Sfl.),

Berber. bien, well que, although. bienes, m.pL fortune, riches,

property, state.
aversin,

aversin,
position.

op-

bizarra,/ valour.
bizarro, -a, gallant, brave,
high-spirited.

avisar, to warn, counsel. aviso, ///. advice, warning. avivar, to quicken, enliven,
inflame, ayer, yesterday. ayuda,/ help.

boda,/ wedding.
bondad,

goodness,

ex-

cellence.

bondadoso, -a, kind. borrasca,/ storm.

borrascoso,
affliction,

ayudar,

to help.

-a,

stormy, bois-

azote, m. calamity,
scourge.

terous.

botn,

booty.

brazo, m. arm.

B
bajar,

bagaje, m. baggage. descend, to dovvn, go down.

come

brillante, brilliant. bro, m. vigour, courage. burgals, -a, from Burgos, buscar, to look for, qieet, find, fetch, search.

88

VOCAB U L A R Y
C
/. foray, caval-

cabalgada,
cade.

casado, -a, married. casar, to marry se, to get

;

cabalgar, to ride. caballeresco, -a, knightly,

chivalrous.

caballero,
knight.

ni.

gen

le man,

married. casi, almost. castellano, Castilian. castigar, to punish, grieve. castigo, ///. punishment. Castilla, Castile.
castillo, m. castle. cat (odSfi.) catad,// om

caballo, ni. horse. caber, to fall to one's share, be able to be contained. cabeza,/, head.

cataln,

catar, to look. Cataln,

leader, of an
chief,

cabida,

/. content, capacity, influence.

catedral,/ cathedral.
caudillo,

cabo,
al

m.
,

chief,

corporal

commander
troop.

armed

finally.

cada, each, every. cadver, ///. corpse.

cala,/, small bay.

causa, / cause,

causador,

caluronia, /, calumny, slander.

calumniar,

to

slander, ca-

lumnate. calle,/, street.

///. causer, occasioner. causar, to cause, cautivar, to imprison. cautivo, -a, captive. ceder, to grant, cede, deliver

up.

camino,

way, road. campamento, ni. camp.

;//.

campeador, surpassing
valour.

in

celebrar, to celbrate, apse, to take place. plaud clebre, celebrated.

;

celebridad,/
ni.

celebration.

campen, campo,

champion. field, camp.

celo,

cansado, -a, tired. cansarse, to get tired.

cantar, to sing. capacidad,/, capacity. capital,/ capital. capitn, ni. captain. carcter, ni. character, temper, natuie, disposition.

ardour, fervour. centre, middle. centro, cercana,/ proximity, neighbourhood, surroundings.

/;/.

zeal,

cercano, -a, near, cise by. cercar, to endose, invest a

town. cerco,
el

ni.

levantar siege to raise the siege.

;

ceremonia,/ ceremony.
hill. cerro, cesar, to cease.

cargar,

to

load,

burden,

charge. carta,/, letter.

ciar, to

back

(oars),

retro-

carrera,
career.

/.

race, run, sprint,

grade.

casa,/ house.

Cid, ni. word taken from the Arabic, signifying chief.

VOC AB U
cielo, vi. skyj heaven. cierto, -a, certain, sure por , for certain. cifrar, to make a thing depend

LA RY

89
com-

cometer, to commit. comisin, /. order,

mission.

como,

so, as.
fr i e n d

on another.
cinco,
five.
fifty.

cmo ? how ? compa er o, m fel lo vv

.

cincuenta,

companion.

cintura,/, waist, girdle, belt. circunstancia, f. circumstance, incident.

compaa,/ company. comparacin,/ comparison.

comparar, to compare, compasin, /. compassion. compasivo, -a, compassionate.

citado, -a, mentioned.

ciudad,/,
civil, civil,

city, tovvn.

claro, openly. clase, /. class

all sorts of.

toda

de,

completar, to consummate. cmplice, vi. accomplice. comprar, to buy.

clima, vi. climate. cobrado, -a, recovered. cobrar, to collect.

codicia, /. covetousness, greediness. coger, to seize, get hold of,
catch. colecticio,
cipline.
-a,

comprender, to understand. compuesto, -a, composed,

formed.

comn, usual, comnmente, commonly.

con, with. concebir, to conceive.

without dis-

clera,/, anger.

colmar,

to

heap up,
;

fill

to

conceder, to grant. concertar, to harmonize. conclusin,/ end. concurrente, ///. competitor,

rival,

the brim.

colocar, to place place one's self. color, /;/. colour. colosal, colossal,
gantic.

se,

to

conde,

vi.

count.

condenacin,/ damnation.
huge, gi-

condenar, to condemn. condescendencia, / com-

comandante, vi. mayor, commander. comarca,/ territory,district. comarcano, -a, neighbouring.

condescender,

pliance, condescendence. to conde-

scend, yield, comply.

condestable, constable, lord high constable,

combate, vi. combat. combatir, to combat, comedido, -a, civil,

modrate,

condicin,/ condition. condiciones,/ pl. terms.

attack. gentle,

conducir,

to lead.

conducta,/ conduct. conexin,/ connexion.

confederacin, /. confederacy.

comer, to eat. comercio, commerce.

9o

VOCABULARY
contar, to
relate, class.

confederado, -a, allied. confederar, to confedrate, join in a league. confianza, /. confidence,

trust.

contemplar,

to contmplate,

view, behold.

contemporneo,
porary.

contem-

confiar, to confide, commit to the care of another.

confinar, to

border

upon,

abut, confine.
to conirm, corrobrate. conflicto, m. conflict. confundir, to confound, confuse.

contemporizar, to temporize, comply with the will and opinin of another. contener, to contain, refrain.
contento, -a, satisfied. contestar, to reply, answer. contexto, m. context. contiguo, -a, contiguous,
cise.

confirmar,

conjetura,/, conjecture, surmise.

continuo, contorno,

-a, constant.

m. environs

or

conmigo, with me.

conocer, to know. conquista,/, conquest. conseguir, to obtain, ttain.
consejo, ///. counse!, advice. consentir, to allow, consent.

vicinity of a place,

contornos, m. pL surroundings.

contra, against. contradecir, to contradict. contraer, to contract. contrariedad, /. contrariety, opposition,

consideracin,/, consideraimportance. considerado, -a, considered.

tion, regard,

inconve-

nience.

considerar, to consider. consigo, with one's self, with himself, herself, itself, themselves.

opponent contrario, m. al , on the contrary. contrarrestar, to oppose, check. contribucin,/, tax, contri-

consistir, to

lie,

consist.

bution.

consolar, to consol, comfort,

cheer, soothe.
j

controvertido,

-a,

contro-

verted, disputed.
j

consolidar, to consolidate, h arden, constancia, /. constancy,

steadiness.

convecino, -a, neighbouring. agreement. convenio, convenir, to fit, to suit.

transform, convertir, to change, convert.

c instante, constant.

constantemente,constantly. constreir, to compel. consuelo, m. consolation,

relief,

coordinado, -a, co-ordinate. corazn, heart.

!

comfort,
to

consumir,

consume,
j

corneja,/, crow. corona,/, crown. coronar, to crown.

cortar, to cut.

spend, waste.

VOCAB ULARY
corte,/, court. corts, courteous, polite.

9i

cuan, hovv. cuando, when

though.

aun , even

cortesano,

-a, courtier.

cortesa,/, courtesy.

cortsmente,

politely.

corto, -a, short, small. corregir, to correct, amend,

ratify.

cuantos, -as, as many. cuarenta, forty. cuchillo, m. knife. cuento, m. tale, story. cuerdo, -a, discreet, sensible, judicious.

correr, to run. correra,/, hostile incursin,

foray, raid,

cuidado, m. care. cuidar, to care, look

after.

correspondiente,
sponding.

corre-

cosa,/

thing.
;

Od Sp. to think. cuita,/ grief, trouble. culpa,/ fault, offence,

guilt.

costa,/, coast

a costa de,

culpable, culpable, blameworthy, guilty. cultivar, to cultvate, culto, -a, cultivated, enligh-

at the expense of. costear, to coast. costo, m. cost.

costumbre,

f.

habit,

cus-

tened, civilized.

tom. crecer, to grow. crecido, -a, large, great. creer, to believe, tbink.
creble, credible, likely. criado, -a, servant. criar, to rear, edcate. crisis,/, crisis. cristiano, -a, Christian.

cumplimiento, m. accomplishment.

cumplir,
expire,

to

fulfil,

execute,

keep (a promise). cmulo, m. heap or pile.

I

cuna,/

eradle,

custodiar, to guard. cuyo, -a, whose.

crtica,/ criticism.
crtico,
critic.

D
dama, /. lady, woman.
dao, m. harm,
dar, to give
;

distinguished

crnica,/
cronista,

chronicle. chronicler, m.

annalist. cuadrar, to fit. which ? <j cul ?

loss,

damage.

gritos, to

cual, which el, la , who por lo ,for which reason.

shout. de, of, from, by. debate, m. debate, deber, m. duty.

cuales (los), who. cualesquiera, see quiera.

cual-

cualidad,/

quality.

deber, to owe ought to. dbil, weak. debilidad,/ weakness. debilitado, -a, weakened.
;

cualquier, see cualquiera. cualquiera, whatever, any, whoever, whichsoever.

decidirse, to decide, decir, to say, tell. declarar, to declare.

92

VOCAB U LA R Y
desafiar, to challenge, defy,
dar.

decreto, m. decree, decisin.

dechado, m. example, model

of moris or manners.

desafo, m. duel, challenge,

rivalry.

dedo, vi. finger. defender, to defend. defensa,/, defense. defensor, -a, defender, protector.

desamparo,
.

vi,

abandon-

ment, want of protection. desastrado, -a, wretched,

miserable, unfortunate. ?n, disaster, misfortune, catastrophe. desatarse, to give a lose rein to one's tongue, break

degenerado, -a, degenerate. degenerar, to degenerate.

degollar, to behead, decaptate.

desastre,

dehesa,/, pasture-ground. dejar, to leave, allow, abanse, to allow or to don

;

lose, break out. desavenir, to disagree.

suffer one's self to to cease, leave oflf.

desbandarse,

to

disband,

de,

del, of the.

desert the colours. descalabro, vi, misfortune, calamitous event.

delante, before, ahead,

front
;

de, in front
/

in
in

of,

descansar, descarado,
descaro,

to rest.
-a,

impudent,

the presence of. delito, vi, crime, guilt, transgression of a law. demand, claim, demanda, pretensin.

bare-faced, saucy.
///.

impudence,
vi.

effrontery.

descendiente,
dant.

descen-

dems,

besides, others.
(los), the others.

dems

demasiado, -a, too much. demonstracin, /. demonstraron, proof.

descercar, to raise a siege. desconcertar, to upset. desconfiado, -a, difident,

distrustful,

without confi-

dence

in.

dentro, within, inside. dependencia,/, dependency. depender, to depend. depositar, to deposit, place. se, to derramar, to spread spread, overflow, run over.
;

desconfianza,/ distrust, descontento, vi, discontent. descubrimiento, vi, discovery.

descubrir, to discover.
careless, -a, negligent, heedless. descuido, vi. carelessness,

descuidado,

derrota,/

defeat. derrotar, to rout, defeat.

desabrido,
insipid.

-a,

tasteless,

omission.

desde, from,

desabrimiento, m, despondency.

desecharlo

desacato,

disrespect,

since. decline, exelude, refuse, lay aside, reject. desembarazarse, to free,

incivility, vvant of reserve.

extricate one's

self.

VOCAB
desembocadura,/, exit, let, mouth of a river.
desenfrenado,
-a,

ULARY
despojo,
spoliation, spoils.

93
despoliation,
-a,

out-

ungovern-

desposado,
ried.

newly mar-

ed, unbridled, licentious.

deseo, m. wish. desesperacin,/, despair. desesperado, -a, desperate,

hopeless, furious.
,

desposedo, -a, dispossessed. despreciar, to despise, scorn, contemn. desprecio, m. disregard,

scorn, contempt.

desertor, m. deserter. desfavorecer, to disfavour, discountenance.

despus, afterwards, after. desterrado, -a, banished.

destierro, exile, banishment. destino, m. fate. destreza,/, knowledge, skill,
dexterity.

desgarrar, to tear, rend. misfortune, desgracia, /.

fatality.

deshacer, to undo, destroy, rout an army.

desierto,
;//.

desert.

destrozar, to destroy, shatter.

designar, to desgnate, ame, designio, m. prtrpose, intention.

destruccin,/

destruction.

unequal, desigual, matched, uneven.

mis-

destruir, to destroy, ruin. desvalido, destitute.

desvanecer,
do.

desmandarse, to transgress the bounds of justice and

reason, to go astray. desmantelar, to dismantle. desmayar, to bedispirited,be discouraged, faint, swoon.

to banish, pall, evanesce, disintegrate, un-

desventura,
calamity.

misfortune,

desviar, to divert,turn aside se, to deviate, turn away,

desmembrar, to dismember,
tear asunder.
to moulder, decay, crumble. desnaturalizado, -a, defall,

swerve.

desmoronarse,

detener, to stop, detenerse, to stop, tarry,

stay.

naturalized.

determinacin, minaron.
mine. detrs, behind.

/.

deter-

desnaturalizarse, to aban-

determinarlo decide, deterdeudo, deudo,

don one's country. desnudo, -a, nude, naked,

bared.

relationship,
-a,

desolar,
waste.

to to

desoate,

lay

parent, relative,

despedirse,

say good-bye,

kindred. da, m. day.

to leave one's occupation.

dictado,
dictation.

title

of dignity,
report.

despojar, to despoil, deprive,

strip,

deprive

of.

dictamen, vi. opinin,

94

VOCABULARY
distante, distant,
|

diferencia, difTerence, f. controversy. diferente, different. difcilmente, with difficulty. dificultad,/, difficulty. difunto, -a, late, defunct. dignidad, /. dignity, high
rank.

far.

distincin,/
one's

distinctio.

distinguirse, to distnguish
self, excel, differ.

divagar, to roam, ramble. diverso, -a, varios diverse,

sundry. divisar, to decry at a distance.

digno,

-a,

worthy.
f.

dilatar, to widen, expand.

diligencia,
assiduity,
tivity.

diligence,
ac-

divisin,/ divisin. doblarse, to bend, bovv, give

in, yield.

endeavour,

dolencia,

aching,

ache,

diligente, diligent, careful. diluvio, deluge, overflow,

flood.

dinero, m. money.

Dios, God. direccin,/ management,

dirigir, to direct, address. discorde, discordant, contrary, disagreed. discordia,/, discord. disculpa,/, excuse, disfrazado, -a, disgnised. disfrutar, to enjoy. disgusto, m. quarrel. disimular, to dissimulate, dissemble, feign, pretend. disimulo, m. dissimulation, deceit, pretence. disipar, to disperse, dissipate, scatter. diminish, to disminuir,
lessen.

disease, illness. dolerse, to condole, sympathize, pity. dolor, ///. pain, sorrow. domar, to tame, subdue,

conquer.

*
-a,

domstico,

domestic. domicilio, m. home.

dominacin,/ command. dominar, to domnate. dominio, ;/z.dominion,power,

rule.

don, m. present, donation, gift title equivalent to Mr. donacin,/ gift, gran t, dona;

tion.

doncel, ?n. king's page. doncella,/, maid. donde, where.

dormido,

-a, asleep.

disparar, to shoot. disperso, -a, dispersed. disponer, to prepare, dispuesto, -a, disposed, fit, ready mal , indisposed. disputa,/, dispute, disputar, to dispute, fight
;

dos, two. dotar, to endow. duda,/ doubt. dueo, m. master.

durar,

to last.

E
and. eclesistico, m. clergyman,
e,

for.

priest.

distancia,/ distance.

eclipsar, to eclipse, outshine.

VOCABULARY
echar, to expel, throw out; voz, to give out. menor edad, /. age age under minority,
;
I

95

enajenar, to alinate, transfer (property), transpon,

enrapture.

of age. educacin,/, education. educar, to edcate,

,

mayor

efectivamente,

eftectually,

certainly, actually.

se, to take a road. recommend, encargar, to warn se, to take charge. encerrar, to shut up, confine se, to be locked up.
; ;

encaminar, to guide,

direct

efecto (con), in fact. accompiish, efectuar, to efifect, carry out. example, preejemplar, cedent. ejemplo, vi. example.
ejercer, to exercise, practise, perform. ejercitar, to exercise, drill troops, train. ejrcito, vi. army.
he, him, himself. el, the.
l,
it
;

encima, over. encomendarse,

tection.

to commit one's self to another's proto inflame, irrtate,

enconar,

provoke.

encono,
rancour,
I

malevolence,
ill-will.

mismo,

encontrado, -a, opposed. encontrar, to meet. furtively, encubiertas a

:

secretly.

encuentro,
salir
al

vi.

encounter de, to go to

elocuencia,/, eloquence.
elogio, vi. praise. ella, she, her, it. ello, it, this. ellos, ellas, they, them. embarcar, to embark.

meet a person.

ende

{od Sp.), = all, on it, there por , therefore.

;

embate,

dashing of the waves, sudden impetuous

vi.

enemigo, m. enemy. enfermedad,/, illness. enfermo, -a, 11. engaar, to deceive, cheat,
i

mislead.
!

attack.

embestir, to attack,

assail.

engao, vi. deceit, fraud. engender, engendrar, to

beget. connexion, relaerilace, tionship. enlazar, to connect, lace,

eminente, eminent, high.

empear, to begin an action. emperador, emperor. empezar, to begin.

emplear, empleo,
to

engage, employ.

bind.

employment, octo

enojado,

cupation, office,

emprender,
empresa,/,
en, during,

undertake,

venture upon.
enterprise.
in, at.

-a, angry. enojo, vi. fretfulness, anger, peevishness. enorme, huge, enormous.

enriquecer, to enrich. ensear, to teach, show.

96

VOCAB U LARY
to

ensoberbecerse,

become

proud, haughty, to be arrogant. entender, to understand.

escribir, to write. escritor, writer.

enteramente,
entereza, /.
entero,
right.
-a,

entirely.
integrity,

up-

rightness, firmness.

escuadra,/, fleet. escucha,/, scout, sentry. escuchar, to listen, escudo, shield. escuso: a , hiddenly {od

sound, strong, entire, complete, pur, up-

sp.).

enterramiento,
place.

m. burial-

ese, esa, eso, this, that. se, sa, that one, that. esforzado, -a, strong, vigorous, valiant.

make lukewarm, modrate thepassions. entonces, then. entrar, to go in, enter. entre, between, among. entregar, to deliver, hand
entibiar, to
cool,

esfuerzo, m.

efbrt.

espantar,
terrify.

to scare, frighten,
-a,

espantoso,
dreadful.

frightful,

over
self.

se,

to give one's

self up, to

abandon one's

entretanto, meanwhile. enviar, to send. envidia, f, envy. envidiar, to envy, bejealous

-

espaol, -a, Spanish. especie, /. species humana, mankind. especie,/, kind, class, sort. espectculo, spectacle,
;

pageant.

esperanza,/ hope.
esperar, to wait for, hope. espritu, m. spirit.

of.

envidioso,
vidious.

-a,

envious, in-

esplndidamente,
didly, magnificently.

splen-

poca,/, time, epoch. equilibrio, m. equilibrium, balance, error, m. mistake. escndalo, m, scandal, licentiousness.

esposa,/, wife. esposo, /;/. husband.

espuela,/

spur.
establish,

to establecer, found, settle.

establecimiento,
lishment, settlement.

estab-

escandaloso, -a, scandalous,

turbulent, disgraceful.

Estado,

escarmentar,

to be tutored

byexperience,takewarning. escarnecer, to scoT, mock,

jeer.

State, ste, sta, this, the latter. este, esta, esto, this, this

one.

estimable, estimable, valu-a, sla\ e.

esclavo,

able.

escombro, ;;z.rubbish,dbris. privately, escondidas a

:

estimacin,
mation.

esteem,

esti-

in

a secret manner.

estimar, to esteem.

VOCABULARY
esto,
late.
;;;.

97

summer.

estipular, to contract, stipuesto, this

;

con

extender, to extend. extensin, extensin, extinguir, to extinguish, put

at this.

out.

estorbar, to prevent, hinder.

extorsin,/ extorsin, overcharge.

estorbedes (od

Sft.)

es-

torbis,/^;;/ estorbar. estragar, to spoil, deprave. estrago, ;;/. havoc, ravage,

ruin,

extranjero,
foreigner. extraar, to

m.

stranger,

damage.

estrechar, totighten, confine. estrechez,/", narro wness. estrecho, ;/. predicament.

estrella,/, star. estrellar, to dash to pieces,
shatter.

wonder at. extrao, -a, strange, foreign. extraordinario, -a, extraordinary.

extremidad,
end, border.

/
F

extremity,

exactamente, exactly. exageracin,/ exaggeration.

exaltar, to
extol.

fbula,/

fable.

exalt,

elvate,

fabuloso, -a, fabulous. faccin, faction, turbulent

party.

excepcin,/ exception. excesivamente, excessively

excesivo, -a, excessive. exceso, ;;/. excess.
excitar,
to
excite,

faccioso, -a, factious, unruly. hace from face (od Sft.) hacer.

move,

faced (od Sp.) hacer,

= hacedfrom

rouse, stir up.

excluir, to exelude, excusarse, to excuse one's

apologize. execrable, execrable, cursed.
self,

fcil, easy. facilitar, to faciltate, expedite.

ac-

fcilmente, easily. falsedad, /. falsehood, untruth.

exento, -a, exempt, free. exhortar, to exhort. existencia,/ existence.

expedicin,/

expedition..

falso, -a, false, untrue. falta, lack, mistake. faltar, to need, be missing fall short, not to fulfil one's

expeler, to expel, throw out.

promise, be wanting.
falto, -a, wanting, lacking, deficient. fallecer, to die, to fail.

experimentarlo experience.
expirar, to expire,

exponer,

to explain.
/.

exposicin,
exposition.

explanation,

fallo (od

Sft.)

hallo from

expuesto, -a, exposed, Hable, expulsin,/ expulsin, ejection.

2126.3

hallar, fama,/ fame.

familia,

family.

fanatismo, m. fanatism.

98

VOCABUL

AR Y
highwayman,
fortress.

far (od Sp.) = har from hacer. far (od Sp.) = har from hacer. faredes (od Sp.) = haris from hacer,
fastidioso, -a, vexing, fastidious, tedious. fatal, fatal, fatiga,/, fatigue, fatigar, fatigue, to

floreciente, flourishing.

foragido, m.
outlaw.

fortaleza,/
fortsimo,

fortificar, to fortify.

fortuna,/
;

tire,

weary. favor, m. favour, protection, kindness; de,in behalf of. favorecer, to protect, help,

wealth one's chances, forzar, to forc, forzoso, -a, indispensable, necessary. francs, m. Frenchman. Francia, France. franco, -a, frank, open.

-a, very strong. fortune, luck, fate, probar , to take

favour.

favorito, m. favourite.

frecuente, frequent. freno, m. bridle, restraint,

control,

fecha,/
feliz,

fe,/, fidelity, loyalty. date,

happy.
ferocity.

frente,/, forehead the head.

al

at

ferocidad,/
frtil, fertile.

frontera,/

frontier.

feroz, ferocious, fierce.

festejo, m, rejoicing.
fiar, to trust, confide.

ficcin,/
ficiese

fiction.

(od Sp.)

hiciese

from hacer,
fiel, loyal, faithful.

fijar, to fix.
fijo, -a,

fronterizo, -a, bordering on the frontier. fruto, ?n. fruit, result. fuego, m. fire. fuera, outside de esto, besides, moreover. fuero, m. law. fuerza, forc, strength de, by dint of. a
;

permanent.

fuga,/

flight.

hijo, Sp.) fin, m. purpose, aim, end

fijo (od

fugitivo, m. fugitive,

run-

por, en , finally. firme, firm, hard, steady, resolute, unswerving.

away. fundador, m. founder. fundar, to found, institute.

furioso, -a, furious, frantic,
fierce.

fisonoma,

/.

physiognomy,

features. flaco, -a, weak, thin. flaqueza,/*, weakness, feebleness, frailty.

a
galantera,
courtesy.
/.

gallantry,
re-

flecha,/ arrow. flojedad,/ weakness,

ness.

feeble-

galardonar, to reward, compense. galera,/ galley.

gallego, -a ? native of Galicia.

VOCABULARY
ganar,
gasto,
tion.

99

to vvin.
;;/.

expense,

H
haber,
vi.

gemido, m. groan, lamentageneral, generosamente, generously.

vi.

property, incotne,
;

assets, fortune,

general,

haber, to have
to.

de, to have
;

-a, generous. temper. genovs, -a, Genoese. gente,/, people. gibelino, -a, Ghibelline. gloria,/, glory, fame, honour. gobernador, ;//. ruler, gover-

generoso,
genio,
vi.

hablar, to speak. hacer, to do, make

frente,

to face, oppose. hacerse, to become.

nor.

hacia, towards. hallar, to find. hallarse, to happen to be (in a place), to feel (as to
health), to find one's self.

gobernar,
lead.

to

rule,

govem,

hambre,/

gobierno, m. government. goce, m. enjoyment, possession.

hunger. harto, enough. hasta, even all, until que, until ; as then
;

gozar, to enjoy.
gracia,/, grace, remission of a date, kindness, mercy s, thanks. grado, m. degree, office,

many

as, about.

hecho, m. deed,

exploit.

hered.ad,/. farm, property. heredado, -a, heir to property.

grama,/, grama grass. gran, see grande, granadino, -a, native

Granada, grande, m. grandee
great.
;

heredar, to inherit. heredero, -a, heir, inheritor.

of adj.

herencia,/ inheritance. herido, -a, wonnded.

hermana,/

sister.

grano, vi. grain, cereals. gratitud,/ gratitude.

gritar, to shout, cry out. guardar, to keep, preserve, guardia,/ guard. guarecerse, to take refuge or shelter. guerra,/ war. guerrear, to war, vvage war. guerrero, m. warrior. guerrilla, /. skirmish, light

hermano, brother. hermosura,/ beauty.

hroe, m. hero. heroico, -a, heroic. heroismo, m. heroism. hidrpico, -a, hydropic,
dropsical.

hierro, m. iron. hija,/ daughter. hijo, m. son.

hijos,
7H. pl.

children.

engagement.
guiar, to guide, lead. gusto, m taste.

hijosdalgo, m.pL nobles. historia,/ history. historiador, m. historian. holocausto, m. holocaust.

IOO

VOCAB
ni.

ULARY
importante, important. imposibilidad, /. impossibility.

hollar, to trample down.

hombre,

man.

home

(od Sfl.)

= hombre,
/.

honestidad,

honesty,

honourableness.

imposible, impossible. imprudentemente, imprudently.

honor, m. honour. honra,/, honour. honrado, -a, honest, honourable,

impulso, imputar,

impulse,

honoured.

to impute, accuse, charge, attribute.

honrar, to honour. honroso, -a, honourable.

horrible, horrible,
horror,;^. horror,abhcrrence.

inagotable,
never-failing.

inexhaustible,

incapaz, incapable, unable,

unfit.

hoy, to-day. hurfano, -a, orphan. hueso, m. bone. hueste,/, army.

huir, to
flee.

incidencia,
accident.

/.

incidence,

incidente, m. incident, episode. incierto, -a, uncertain, doubtful.

humanidad, /. humanity. humano, -a, human,

humillacin, f. humiliation,
submission.

inconstancia,
ness,

/. unsteadifickleness, incon-

stancy.

incredulidad,/
I
iglesia,/, church.

incredulity,

incredulousness. increible, incredible.

dis-

ignominia,/, ignominy,
grace.

indagacin,/

investigation, search, inquiry.

able.

ignorancia,/ ignorance.
ignorar,
to
to

indeleble, indelible, inefface-

be ignorant, not

know.

independencia,
dence.

/.

indepen-

igual, equal, similar,

igualmente, equally. ilegitimidad,/ illegitimacy.

ilustre, illustrious. imaginacin,/ imagination.

independiente,independent. indigence, indigencia,

want, penury.

indignacin,
anger.

/. indignation,
-a,

imaginar, to imagine, impedir, to prevent. imperio, m. empire. mpetu, m. mpetus, impulse, impetuoso, -a, impetuous. implorar, to beg, implore,
mpoltico,
prudent.
-a, impolitic, im-

indignado,
angry.

indignant,
slight dis-

indisposicin,/

imponer,

to impose.

order in health. ndole, /. disposition, idiosyncrasy. industria, /. industry, digence, ingenuity.

VOCABU LARY
infamia,
grace.

101
sly,

dishonour, dis-

insidioso, -a, insidious,

guileful.

infame,infamous,despicable. infancia,/, infancy. infanta,/, any of the daughters of the king of Spain. infante, m. prince. infausto, -a, unlucky, unfortunate.

insigne, notable, remarkable. insinuar, to insinate, hint,

suggest.

insolencia,/ impudence. insolente, insolent, impudent, haughty.

insolentemente,
haughtily.
disloyal,

insolently,

infeliz,unhappy,unfortunate.
infiel,

unfaithful,

unbeliever. inflexible, inflexible, influjo, m. influence, power.

infidel,

inspirar, to inspire, instante, moment

at once,

al

informarse,
ill-luck.

to inquire.

instruccin,/ instrumento,
tool.

instruction.

instrument,

infortunio, m.

misfortune,

ingrato, -a, ungrateful, unthankful.

inteligencia, intelligence, understanding.

intencin,/

intention.

inhbil, incompetent, incapable, unfit.

intentar, to attempt. intento, m. intent, purpose,

design. inters, m. interest.

inhumanamente, inhumanJ

y-

inicuo, -a, unjust, iniquitous,

vvicked.

iniquidad, /.

iniquity,

un-

interesante, interesting. intrprete, m, interpreter. intestino, -a, domestic, internal, civil,

righteousness. injuria, injury,

offence,

intimacin,
hint.

/.

intimation,

wrong. injuriado, -a, injured, hurt, wronged. injusticia,/ iniquity, wrong.

injusto, -a, unjust, unfair.

intimar, to suggest, hint. intrpido, -a, intrepid, daring, fearless.

inundar,
flovv,

to inndate, over-

inmenso,

-a,

immense.

overrun with num-

innegable, undeniable.

bers.

innovacin,/

innovation. disobediinobediencia, ence. inocencia,/ innocence.

intil, useless.

jnutilizar, to
useless.

spoil,

render

invasin,/

invasin, attack.

inquietarlo disquiet,trouble,
disturb, harass.

invicto, -a, invincible, unconquered.

ir, to

inquieto,

-a, restless.

go

se,

inquietud,

inquietude, restlessness, uneasiness.

irresolucin,
hesitation.

to go away. irresolution,

G3

VOCABULARY
irritado, -a, angry.
irritar, to irrtate, exasprate,

legislador, law-maker.
lejos, far
;

ni.

legislator,

italiano, -a, Italian.

de

from

afar.

J
ever, never. jefe, ni. leader. jinete, ///. trooper, horseman.

len, m. lion. leons, -a, native of Len,

les, them, to them. levantar, to raise,
stir
lift

jams,

up,

joven, young. juez, m. judge.

untar, to gather, congrgate. junto, near, cise to. juntos, -as, all together, re1

up, erect, build. levantarse, to get up, rise in

arms, rebel.

ley,/ law. leyenda,/ legend.

liberal, liberal, generous. libertad,/ freedom. libertarse, to free one's self. librar, to free. libre, free, exempt. licencia,/ permission. lidiar, to fight. ligero, -a, light. lmite, ;/z. limit, boundary. linaje, m. lineage, progeny. lindar, to be contiguous, border, abut.
literal, literal.
lo,
I i

united.

juramento, m.

oath.
f. jurispru-

jurar, to take oath, swear.

jurisprudencia,

dence. justicia,/, justice. justo, -a, just. juventud,/, youth. juzgar, to judge.
Ij

la, the, her,

it.

labor,/, labour, task.

him, it,the

cual, which.

labrador, ni. labourer, tiller, ploughman, farmer, rustic. labrar, to till form cause,
; ;

locamente, madly, immoderately, fondly.

bring about.

lgrima,/,

tear.

lanzar, to throw, hur, largo, -a, long. las, the, them.

lograr, to succeed. logro, ;;/.attainment,success. los, the, them. lucido, -a, brilliant.

lucimiento,

brilliancy.

lucha,/

fight, struggle.

lstima,/
lastimado,

pity.

-a,

injured, oftie.

fended. lazo, ni. bond,

;

luchar, to fight, struggle. luego, aftervvards, then que, as soon as.

luee (od Sp.) =

lugar,
ni. place,

lejos,

to him, to her. le, him, it leal, loyal, faithful. lealtad,/ loyalty, fidelity. leccin,/ lesson. lector, m. reader. leer, to read.

lgubre, gloomy.

sad,

mournful,
lustre,

lustre, ;;/. splendour.

gloss,

luz,/

light.

, ,

VOCABU LAR Y
Ll Uam,/. flame. llamado, -a, called, named.
;

maniatado,
handcufed.

-a,

manacled,

llamar, to cali, ame la atencin, to draw the

attention.

manifestar, to state, declare, show, lay before. manjar, m. food, victuals. mano, /. hand.

llano, m. plain, level. llegada,/, arrival. llegar, to reach, arrive

to

mantener, to hold, maintain. mantenimiento, m. main;

a,

tenance, sustenance.

come

to.

mquina,/ machine,engine,
contrivance.

llenar, llevar, take, llorar,

to fill. to carry, take away, gain. to cry, weep.

maquinacin,/contri vanee
machination.

mar, m.
vel
;

sea.

maravilla,

M
madurez, dom.
/. maturity, wis-

/ wonder, mara , wonderfully. maravilloso, -a, marvellous,

wonderful.

maestre, m, grand master. magnficamente, magnificently.

magnificencia,/, splendour,
magnificence, grandeur. magnfico, -a, magnificent. majestad,/ majesty, dignity, grandeur.

marchar, to march. marido, m, husband. martimo, -a, maritime. Marruecos, Morocco. ms, more, most los
most
;

bien,

rather,

sooner.

mas, but. matar, to

materia,
matter.

kill.

majestuosamente, majestically, kingly.

matter, subject-

majestuoso,
mal,
ni.

-a,

majestic,
evil
;

matrimonio, m. marriage.

august, solemn.

harm,

adv.

matrona,/ matron. Mauritania, od ame

the

of
in

badly.

kingdom

of

Fez,

maldecir, to damn, curse,

Morocco.

malo, -a, bad, ill, wicked. malvado, -a, wicked. mancha,/, stain. mandado, order, command.

mxima,/ maxim, principie,

apothegm.

mayor,

el eldest, greater the greatest la parte, the greater part.

mandar, to command, order. mando, m. command, authority.

me, me, to me. medida, / measure. medio, middle, means

manera,/ way, manner

de, in the manner

de, through.
to

por

of.

medir,

measure.

VO CAB U LARY
mejor, better el , the mejorar, to improve.
;

best.

miserable,miserable, scanty,

memoria,/, memory,
lection,

recol-

mean. miserablemente, miserably,

covetously.

remembrance.
f.

mencin,
ence.

mention, referdisgrace,

mismo, -a, same, self-same. mitad,/ half, middle.

moderacin, / moderation. moderado, -a, modrate,
temprate, considrate,

mengua, /. wane,
shame.

menos,

less.

mensaje, ///. message. mensajero, m. messenger. mercader, merchant. mercantil, mercantile. merced,/, mercy, gift, grace,
favour.

modo, m. way, manner, mode

de

mismo

que, so that que, in

del
like

merecer, to deserve. mrito, m. merit, desert. mes, m. month. mesa,/, table. meter, to put in, set, impose
upon.

manner as. monarca, m. monarch. monarqua, / monarchy,

kingdom. monasterio, m. monastery. moneda,/ money, coin. montono, -a, monotonous.

metrpoli,/ metrpolis, mezquino, -a, niggardly, mean, petty.

mezquita,/, mosque. mi, my. miedo, m, fear. mies,/ ripe wheat fl. grain
;

monstruoso, -a, monstrous. montaa,/, mountain. montar, to mount, ride,

sit

astride a horse.

monte, m. mount. monumento, m. monument. morador, m. dweller.

morir,
to die.

morisma,

/.

multitude

of

fields.

mil, one thousand. milicia,/.military profession. militar, military. minister. ministro,

Moors. moro, m. Moor. moro, -a, Moorish.

mortalmente, mortally. mortandad, /. massacre,

butchery.

minoridad, /. minority. od Sft. mo, -a, mine mi, my.

;

miramamoln, m.
Mocas prince
lievers.

among
be-

mostrar, to show, motejado, -a, nick-named. motivar, to give a reason,

of the

mirar,

to look look after.

motivo,
por, to
miris,

miredes
misal,

(od Sfi.)

assign a motive, occasion, motive, [spire. reason. mover, to move, shake, inmvil, m. motive, incentive,

from mirar,

muchedumbre,
multitude.

crovvd,

mass-book, missal.

VOCA
mucho,

U LARY
nin (od
,

-a, much. mucjios, -as, many. mudar, to move, change. a, muerte, f. death dar to kill anybody.
;

Sp.)

ni.

ningn see ninguno, ninguno, -a, no, none, no

one, any, any one.

nia,/

girl.

muerto, -a, dead, killed. muestra, f. proof, example,

pattern, demonstration.

no, not. noble, noble,

illustrious.

mujer, /. woman. muladar, m. dung-heap,

mundo,

rubbish-heap. world.
of a town.

nobleza,/ nobility. noche,/ night, evening. nombrar, to appoint. nombre, m. ame,

non

(od Sp.)
/.

muralla,/, wall

novedad,

no. news,

occur-

muro, rn. wall. Mussulman. musulmn,

rence, event. novel, novela,

N
nacer,
to

novelero,
fads,

fond of novis,

be born, ta

rise,

come

out, orignate,

nacimiento, vi. birth. nacin,/, nation. nada, nothing. nadie, anybody, nobody. narracin,/, narrative, narration, account.

novelties. nuestro, -a, our. nuevamente, afresh. de nuevo, -a, nevv

;

and

anew.

numen, m,

divinity, deity.

nmero, 7n. number. numeroso, -a, numerous.

nasc

(od

Sp.)

naci,

from nacer,
natural,

O
native
;

m.

adj.

o, or.

illegitimate.

obedecer,

to obey.

naturaleza,/, nature.

nave,/

ship, sailing-vessel.
-a, necessary.

obediencia,/ obedience. obispo, m, bishop.

objeto, purpose, object, aim. obligar, to compel, oblige. obrar, to work, act, construct.

necesario,

necesidad,/ need,
needy. necesitar,

necessity. necesitado, -a, necessitous,

to want, need, necessitate. negar, to deny, refuse; se, to refuse. negociacin,/ negotiation.

obscurecer,
darken.

to

obscure,

obscuridad,
obscurity.

/.

darkness,

negro,

-a, black. ni, neither, or. niebla,/ fog, mist.

obsequio, m. courtesy. obstculo, m. obstacle. obstinacin, /. obstinacy,

stubbornness.

nieto, m. grandson.

io6

VOCABU LARY
pacficamente,
pacifically.

ocasin,/, opportunity, occasion, chance,

peacefully,

ocasionado,
pitious.

-a,

apt,

pro-

pactar,
late.

to

covenant, stipu-

occidental, western.

ocupar,

to take possession

of, occupy, employ. odio, m. hatred. odioso, -a, odious.

pacto, m. pact. padecer, to suffer, lie under. padre, m. father. padres, m.fil. parents.

paga,/

pay.

ofender,
oferta,/,
oficial,

to attack, offend.
offer.

pagar, to pay. pas, m. country.

m.

officer, official.

palabra,/ word.
to

ofrecer, to

offer

se,

offer one's self.

palacio, m. palace. paladn, paladn, valiant

knight.

ofuscado, -a, confused, darkened. odo, m. ear.

oir, to hear, listen, ojo, m. eye.

pantera,/ panther. Pope, papa,

para, to, for, in order to. parabin, m. congratulation,
felicitation.

olvidar, to forget.

onda,/ wave.
operacin,/
tion.

action, opera-

opinar, to be of opinin, oponer, to oppose. oportuno, -a, convenient. oprimir, to oppress. orden, m. order. ordinariamente, ordinarily,
frequently.

paraso, vi. Paradise. parar, to stop, parecer, to seem, appear. parecer, m. opinin,

pared,/
pariente,

wall.

parias,///,

tribute

by one

prince to another.
-a, relation.

parte,/

ordinario

de

share, quarter, part, por otra place, side

;

usually.

orgulloso, -a, proud, lofty, haughty. oriental, eastern. ornamento, m. ornament. oro, m. gold. osar, to dar, otorgar, to allow, grant. otro, -a, other, another one

on the other hand. particin,/ partition,

sin.

divi-

participaparticipacin, ron, share. particular, prvate. particularidad, /. particularity, tem.

partido, m. party, opinin, advantage, profit, match.

partir, to
go, leave, divide, share. pasado, -a, past. pasar, to cross over.
start,

P
paciencia, /. patience, endurance, forbearance.

VOCAB U LARY
paso, m. step. pasto, pasture, grazing. paternal, paternal, fatherly.
patria, f. fatherland, native country.
tools.

107

pertrechar, to supply,equip. pertrechos, stores, ftl.

psame, vi. condolence, sympathy.

:

patriotismo, pavor, fear,

paz,/, peace.

patriotism.
fright.

pecho, m, bosom, heart. pedazo, m. piece, fragment. pedir, to ask, beg, demand,
ask for. pelea, f. fight, struggle. pelear, to fght. peligro, ;;/. danger, risk.

pesar a de, in spite of. peste,/ pest, pestilence. pie, 7/. foot en standing. piedra,/ stone.
;

pintar, to paint. placer, to please. placer, m. pleasure.

plaga,/

plague,

plan. plan, plausible, plausible,

cious.

spe-

pennsula,/, pennsula, pensamiento, mind, m.

thought.

plaza,/ stronghold, square.

plazo, m. term. jeg& 9 /rom placer,
pleito,
ler.

pensar, to think. pen, m. foot-soldier. peor, worse.

poblador, m.

lawsuit, litigation. colonizer, sett-

pequeo,

-a, small.

percibir, to perceive.

perder, to ruin, lose, perdonar, to pardon, excuse,

perecer, to perish,
die.

perfidia, perfidy. prfido, -a, perfidious, treacherous.

pobre, poor. poco, little, short. pocos, -as, few. poder, m. power, authority. poder, to be able to. podero, m. power, might.

poderosamente,
poderoso,
polica, /. plice,

powerfully.

pericia,/
perjuicio,

skill,

dexterity.

-a, powerful.

detriment.

perlado (od ^.)=prelado.

poltica,/ policy, politeness,

civility.

permanecer, to remain. permiso, m, permission, permit.

pompa,/ pomp.
;

pero, but.

persecucin,/ persecution,
pursuit.

poner, to put, deposit en obra, to execute. ponerse, to arrive,set about. popular, popular,
;

perseguir, to persecute. persona, /. person en

;

por, along, about, through, by, on account of

personally.

qu

?,

why

personaje, m. personage. personal, personal, persuadir, to persuade.

porcin, /.
share.

part,

portion,

porque, because.

io8
porte,

VOCABULARY
prevenir, to prepare, make
ready.

vi. deportment, behaviour, demeanour. portugus, -a, Portuguese. poseer, to hold, possess. posesin,/, property. postrado, -a, prostrate, pro-

prever, to foresee. prez, amb* honour, distinction, glory.

primer,

see

primero,

strated.

prctica,/, practice. preciar, to valu, price. precio, 7?i, price. precioso, -a, precious, valuable, excellent.

primeramente, firstly. primero, -a, first.

primitivo,
-a, primitive.
illus-

primo,

-a, cousin.

principal, principal,
trious.

precisado,
forced.

-a,

compelled,

precisar, to cmpel, oblige. preferencia,/, preference.

principalmente,principally, mainly, chiefly. prncipe, m. prince. principio, beginning,

start.

preguntar, prelado, m.

to ask.

prelate.
talent, secu-

prisa,/

haste.
;

prenda,/
rity.

gift,

prisin, /. prison

perfa-

prendado,
with.

-a, de,

taken up

prender,

to imprison.

petua, prison for life. prisionero, m. prisoner. privado, -a, deprived. privado, m. prvate,

preocupacin,/ preoccupation, bias, prejudice.

vourite, court minion. privanza,/ favour at court,

preparar,
pare.

to get ready, pre-

protection.

privarse, to
self.

deprive one's
privilege.

preparativo, m. preparative,
preparation.

privilegio,

preponderancia,/ prepon
derance.

presa,

capture,

prey,

probabilidad,/ probability. probablemente, probably. probar, to try.

proceder, to
have.

spoils, seizure, booty.

proceed,

be-

prescribir, to prescribe,

presencia,/ presence.
presenciar, to vvitness. presentar, to present, lay before, show, exhibit. presente, m. present. prestar, to lend. presumir, to presume, suppose, conjecture. pretensin, /. pretensin, claim.

procedimiento, m. proceed ing, method. procurar, to procure, try

to.

producir, to produce, cause, proeza, /. prowess, valour,

bravery.

profanacin,/

profanation, desecration. profesin, /. profession.

VOCAB U LARY
profusin,
f. profusin, ex-

109

Q
que, who, whom. que, which el etc., he who, etc., the one who, that, that which lo what, which, that which
;

travagance.

progreso, in. progress. prohibir, to prohibit. prolijo, -a, long-winded, prolix,

tedious, over-careful.

promesa,/, promise. prometer, to promise.

pronto,
hasty
-a,
;

a lo

to which.
;

que, that

a
;

fin

de , provisionally. pronunciar, to pronounce. propio, -a, own. proponer, to propose, proporcin,/, proportion.
propsito,
ni.

prompt, quick, por adv. soon

;

order that para , so that. quebrantar, to break, crack,

de

in

weaken, debiltate, quedar, to remain, be

left in

a state or condition. queja, /. complaint, grumbling.

purpose.

quejarse, to complain.

propuesta,/ proposition. prorrumpir, to break forth,

burst out.
prosperity. protestacin,/ protestation, solemn declaration. provincia,/ province.

quemar,

to burn.
will,

querer, to

want, wish,

like, love, desire.

prosperidad,/

quien, who, whom. quietud, /. quietude, tranquillity.

prudencia,
prudence.

quinientos, -as,
dred.

five

hun-

moderation,

prudente, prudent. prueba, / experiment,

proof.

quitar, to take away. quiz, perhaps.

trial,

R
rabioso,
-a, furious, raging.

pblicamente,
pudiredes

publicly.

pblico, m. public.
(od
Sft.)

rapacidad,/

rapacity, rob-

bery.

pudireis,/r??^ poder,

pueblo, m. town,

village.

puerta,/
pues,
for,

door, gate.

becanse,

since,

then, therefore. pujante, powerful, puissant. pundonor, of m. point

rasgo, m. stroke, feature. rastrear, to scent, track. raudal, m. torrent, stream, abundance. rayar, to begin, draw lines.

razn,/

honour.

reason. real, royal. real, camp, encampmet.

pundonoroso,
tilious.

-a,

puncinstant,
to,

realidad,/

reality.

rebatir, to beat, drive back.

punto, m. moment,
;

point de, about a^ on the verge f.

rebelarse, to re volt, rebel. rebelde, m. rebellious.

rebelin,/

rebellion, revolt.

no
recatado,

VOCAB U L A R Y
-a, shy,

modest.

recelar, to fear, distrust, recibir, to receive.

rehn, ;;/. hostage. reinado, ;;z. reign.

reinar, to reign. reino, m. kingdom.

recoger, to collect, gather. recogerse, to take shelter, withdraw.

relacin,/ relation,account,
narrative.

recomendar, to recommend,
coramend.

religin,/

religin,

religioso, -a, religious.

recompensa,/, recompense,
reward.

remedio, m. remedy.
rencor,;;/, grudge, animosity,

recompensar,tocompensate.
reconciliacin,/, reconciliation.

rancour.

rencoroso,
spiteful.

-a,

rancorous,

reconciliarse,

to renew friendship. reconocer, to acknowledge, recognize. recordar, to remind se, to remember. recurso, ?n. recourse. recurrir, to apply, resort to, revert. rechazar, to repel,dri ve back. redoblar, to redouble.
;

rendir, to surrender,subdue,
subject, render, deliver up,
yield.

renombre,

;;/.

surname

fame, renown. renta,/ income.

renunciar,

renounce, to give up, relinquish. reparar, to repair, consider, give heed. repartir, to divide, allot,
distribute.

reduccin,/, reduction, conquest.

repetir, to repeat.
reduce,

reducir, to

bring

back

to obedience.

reponer, to reply. representacin,

repre-

reedificar, to rebuild. reencuentro, m. encounter, skirmish.

referir, to refer, relate, report.

sentaron, statement.

reprimir, to repress, control,

curb.

repblica,/
reputacin,

/.

republic. reputation,

refriega,/, affray, skirmish,

scurle.

fame. rescate, m. ransom.

refugiarse, to take refuge. regalo, m. delight, present,

luxury.

resentimiento, m.
ment, grudge.

resent-

regin,/
regocijo,
state.

regin,
;;/.joy, satisfaction.

reservado, -a, reserved. residencia,/ residence.

se, to struggle, contend. resolucin,/ resolution. resolver, to make up one's
;

rgulo, m. chief of a petty

residir, to reside, resistir, to resist

rehacer, to remake/remodel,
revive, invigorate.

VO C AB ULARY
mind
;

se,

to

resolve,
|

determine,

resonar, to echo, respetable, respectable. respetar, to respect. respeto, m. respect, consideration. respirar, to breathe, exhale scent or odours.

rostro, m. face, roto, -a, shattered, broken. rudo, -a, rude, rough, coarse.

ruego, m. request, entreaty. ruido, m. noise.

ruina,/

ruin.

S
saber, to know. sacar, to take out, bring
desire.
out.

responder,
establish.

to answer. restablecer, to restore, re-

saciar, to satiate, gratify a

restauracin,/, restoration. resto, m. remainder, rest,

balance,

sacudir, to shake,

jolt, jerk.

sagacidad,/
sagrado, salida,/

sagacity. -a, sacred.

resuelto, -a, resolved,

exit, sally, sortie.

resultado, m, resultas de quence.

:

result.

in

conse-

salir, to start, go out. salud, health, prosperity, welfare.

retar, to challenge, retirarse, to withdraw. reunir, to reunite, gather se, to meet, assemble. reverencia,/, reverence.

salvar, to save se, to save one's self, escape from danger.

;

sancionarlo sanction, ratify. sangre,/ blood.

sano, -a, healthy. saquear, to sack. saqueo, ni. pillage,

revolucin,/
;

revolution.

revolver, to turn up, over, round to retrace or go

back again. rey, m. king. reyezuelo, m. petty king.

rico, -a, rich. rienda,/, vent, rein. rigor, m. rigour, severity,
inflexibility.

sack, plunder. sarraceno,;//. Saracen,Moor. apology, satisfaccin, /.

atonement, satisfaction.
satisfacer, to pay in
full, in-

demnify
one's

se,

to satisfy

selt.

riqueza,
rival,

/ riches.
-a,

ni. rival,

sazn,/ season, sion a la

;

time, occathen, at ,

robar,

to rob, plunder, steal.

that time,

surrounded. rodear, to surround, encompass, girdle.

rodeado,

seco, -a, dry. secreto, ni. secret.

sed,/
tale

thirst.

romance, m, romance,

of chivalry, historie bailad, brief lyric. romper, to break, break orY.

sedicioso, mutinous.

-a,

seditious,

seguido,
lowed.

-a, continued, fol-

112

VOCAB U LARY
sevillano, -a,
to,

seguir, to folio w. segn, according

ing.

Sevillan,

of

accord-

Seville.

sexo,
-a,

sex.
herself,
itself,

segundo,

second.

si,
s,

if.

seguridad,/! security. seguro, -a, sure, infallible.

seis, six.

himself,

seiscientos, six hundred. sello, ///. seal, stamp.

semana,/, week. semblante, m. mien, countenance.

themselves, each other. siempre, always. sierpe,/, serpent, snake. sierra,/, ridge of mountains. siete, seven. siglo, m. century.

siguiente, following.
to spread, prop-

sembrar,
gate.

silencio, m. silence.
silla,/, seat, chair.

semejante, similar, such. senador, m. senator.

sencillo, -a, simple, senda,/, path. sentar, to place
;

sin, without nevertheless,

;

embargo,
;

however duda, undoubtedly.

se,

singular, singular, unique,

to

sit

down.
re-

seal, f. sign.

extraordinary. sino, but, unless. sitiado, -a, besieged,

sur-

sealado, -a, famous, nowned, noted.

sealar, to

rounded.
sitiador, besieger. sitiar, to besiege, laysiegeto. sitio, m. place, siege. situacin,/, situation. situado, -a, situated.

point out, appoint, fix, determine, mark; se, to distinguish one's

self.

seor, sir, lord. seoro, vi. dominin, command, domain. separacin,/, separation. separar, to seprate se,
;

so

(od Sft.) ser.

soyj

from

to seprate, part.

soberana,/, sovereignty. sobre, above, over, on. sobrino, m. nephew. socorrerse, to succour one's
self.

sepulchre, 7/1. sepulcro, tomb, grave, sepultar, to bury.

ser, to be.

socorro, m. succour,

relief,.

serenarse, to clear up, grow

fair,

become

serene,

mod-

rate.

help, aid. sois from sodes (od Sp.) ser. sojuzgar, to conquer, subjugate, subdue.

serie, /. series.

soldada,
salary.

/.

wages,

pay

servicio, ///. service, favour. servir, to serve.

sesenta,

sixty.

soldado, m. soldier. solemne, solemn.

VOCABULAR
solemnemente,
solemnly.
|

113
sink, to

sumirse, to
pressed.
|

be de-

solemnidad,/, solemnity.
soler, to be wont. solo, -a, alone, slo, only.

superior, superior. superioridad,/, superiority, pre-eminence.

suscitar, to excite,
rouse.
stir

sombra,/", shadow, darkness,

protection.

up,

someter, to submit. sonrojar, to make one blush. soplo, ///. puff of wind.
sorprender,
tonish.
to surprise, as-

suspender, tosuspend,hang;
amaze, astonish. suyo, -a, his, hers,
theirs.

T
tachar,
j

so3egar, to appease, pacify,

rest,

to

blame,
;

charge

repose.
I

sosiego, ni. tranquillity, calmness, peace.

with. tal, such,

sospecha,/, suspicion. sospechar, to suspect. sostener, to maintain, deferid.

such a vez, perhaps, by chance con que, provided that.

;

talar, to fell trees, lay waste a country.

'

talento, m. talent.

su, his, her,

its,

their.

tambin,
.

also.
; .

gently, mildly. subdito, m. subject. sublevarse, to rise in rebellion.

suavemente,

tan, so, as tan as . as. tanto, -a, so much

. .
. .

como,
tanto
... as
;

como,

as

much

sublime, sublime,
subsistencia,/, subsistence,
living.

entretanto,

meanwhile
therefore,
so,

por tanto,
wherefore.

substituir, to substitute. suceder, to happen. sucesin,/, succession, concatenation, series, suceso, event. sucesor, m. successor. suegro, vi. father-in-law.

tardar,
linger.

to

delay,

tarry,

te, thee, to thee.

teatro,

theatre.

temer, to fear. temeridad,/, temerity, rashness, imprudence.

sueo,

vi. sleep.

suerte,/,

fate, luck. sufrir, to suffer, sustain. sugerir, to suggest.

temor, m. fear. templado, -a, temprate, templo, m. temple,

tenencia,
/. holding, lieutenancy. tener, to have, to think que, to have to, be obliged to.
;

- se, sujetar, to subdue to constrain one's self.

;

suma,/, sum. sumario, -a, summary, compendious, cursory.

tentar, to

try, test,

terminar,

to finish.

ii 4

VOCAB U LAR Y
trama,/
deceit, plot, fraud.

trmino, m. boundary, term,

end, limit.

tranquilamente,
Sft.)

quietly.

tern

(od

tendr,

tras, after.

froni tener, terrible, terrible, terror, m. terror,

fright.

dread,

tesoro, m. treasure.

testamento, m. will. testimonio, m. testimony. tiempo, ni. time a un at the same time a poco
;

traslucirse, to shine through a transparent body, to show, tratado, -a, treated. tratante, m. dealer. tratar, to have intercourse,
treat, discuss.

in a short time,

soon

trato, m. treatment, haviour. trece, thirteen.

be-

after.

tregua,/

truce.

tienda,/, tent.
tierra,/, country, land. tirana, tyranny. tirano, m. tyrant, despot, tirar, to throw, cast, rling, shoot.

treinta, thirty. tres, three. tributario, -a, tributary. tributo, m. tax, contribution,
tribute,

triste, sad.

ttulo, m. title. tocar, to touch, play, concern,

triunfo, m. success. trono, ni. throne.

appertain.

tropa,/

troop.

todava, still, yet. all, every, the todo, -a, whole, everything sobre especially, above all del absolutely todos, -as, all, everybody.

m. crowd, rush, tropel, hurry, bustle, throng. t, thou. tumulto, ni. tumult, uproar.

turbulento,

-a, turbulent. tutela, /. guardianshp, tu-

tolerar, to tolrate,

telage, protection.

tomar,

to
;

to take

seize,

capture
s,

tutelar, tutelar, tutelary.

sobre

to

take upon one's self. tormenta,/ storm.

U
ltimo,
-a, last.

torneo, m. tournament.

torpemente, basely, torre,/ tower.

total, total,

slowly.

ultrajar, to outrage, offend, abuse,

trabajo, m. work.

un, see uno. nico, -a, sol, unique, alone, unido, -a, joined, together.
unir, to join, bind, attach se, to get married. universal, universal,

tradicin,/

tradition.
tragically.

traer, to bring.

trgicamente,
traidor,
traje,
///.

traitor.

costume, dress.

universo, uno, -a, one

uni verse. a, an.

VOCAB ULARY
urdir, to warp, plot, contrive, scheme. usar, to make use.
;

115

vencer, to conquer, defeat, subdue se, to govern

one's passions or desires.

uso, m. use.

usurpador,

-a, usurper.

vender, to sell. veneracin, /.

veneration,
;

V
vagabundo,
vagrant.
-a,

honour, worship.

vengar,
vagabond,
to

to

avenge

se,
vens,
en, to
gain,

be revenged.

vago, -a, slight, vague. valedor, m. defender, protector.

vengativo, -a, revengeful. venida,/, arrival, return.

venides

(pld Sp.)
;

valenciano,
lencia.

-a,

from Va-

from venir. venir, to come

agree as
profit.
to.

valerse, to employ, make use of, avail one's self of, to have recourse to. valiant, valiente, brave, courageous. valor, m. courage, valour.
valle,
?n.

ventaja,/ advantage,
ventajoso,
-a,

fruitful,

adfeli-

valley.
;

-a, vain, useless uselessly, in vain. variar, to change. variedad,/, variety.

vano,

en

vantageous. ventura, happiness, .city, luck por chance, ver, to see.

by

verdad,/ truth. verdaderamente,

deed, really.
of

truly, in-

varn,

m.

male,

man

verdadero,

-a, true.

respectability.

vereda,/

vasallaje, m. vassalage. vasallo, m, vassal, subject. vecino, m. neighbour.

vedes
ver.

(od

Sp.)=veQ 9 /rom

path. verificarse, to take place, vez,/ time; otra - , again a una , at the same time en de, instead of
;

veinte, twenty. veintids, twenty-two. veintisis, twenty-six. vejacin, /. vexation,

a veces, sometimes. va,/ way.

viaje, m. journey. viajero, m. traveller.

op-

vctima,/
victoria,/

pression. vejar, to vex, annoy, harass. velar, to veil a bride and groom at a nuptial mass. venablo, m. arrow, javelin,
'

victim. victory.

vida,/

lite,

dart.

vencedor,

-a,

conqueror,

viejo, -a, od. vigor, m. vigour, energy. vigorizar, to invigorate, encourage, strengthen. vil, mean, base,

vanquisher,

vileza,/ vileness, meanness.

n6

VOCABULARY
volver, to turn back
return, come to go back.

villa,/, town. villana,/, lovvness of birth,

back

se,

to

meanness.
villano, m. villain. violar, to vilate, transgress.

violencia,/ violence. virtud,/ virtue, merit.

virtuoso,
-a, virtuous.

visitar, to visit. sight vista, a la the sight.

vos, you, ye. vosotros, -as, you, to you. voto, vi. vote, opinin, voz, voice a una unanimously. vuelco, m. change, upset.

at

vuelta,/

turn, return.

viuda,/ widow.
vveres, m. ftL provisions.
vivir, to
live.
fly.

vuestro, -a, your, yours. vM&Qo{odSp.) con , with

:

you.

volar, to

voluntad,/

will.

y, and. ya, already, novv.

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