Section 1.

3 Trigonometric Functions
1.3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1
1. (a) s r) (10) 45 81 m

radians and

51
4

1
3. ) 80 ) 80 180

s
r

51
4

c1

1
c 23

1
#

s
r

30
50

31
4
"
2
"
c
2

sin )

cos )

c1

c #3
c"
#

tan )

und.

und.

und.

0
und.

6.

c1
c 2

c1
und.

2
c 3

csc )

"

"

c#

sec )

"
und.

7. cos x c 4 , tan x c 3
5
4
9. sin x c

8
3

, tan x c8

"

1
c 3#

c1
3

c1
'

"
#

tan )

und.

c 3

cot )

"
c 3

sec )

und.

csc )

"

8. sin x

2
5

10. sin x

12
13

13.

"
c 3

"

"
c 3

"

c 3

2
c 3

c"
#
3
#

#
2
c 3

, cos x

"
2

c#

&1
'
"
#

c #3

2
3

cos )

"

"
5

, tan x c 12
5

12. cos x c

3
#

14.

period 1

, tan x

"
3

period 41
16.

period 2

c 3

sin )

c #3

2
"
11. sin x c 5 , cos x c 5

15.

551
9

0.6 rad or 0.6 180 34

1

c"

"
3

cot )

1
s (6) 49 8.4 in. (since the diameter 12 in. radius 6 in.)

4. d 1 meter r 50 cm )
5.

1101
18

180 225
1

41
9

2. )

101
8

1
(b) s r) (10)(110) 180

period 4

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

1
%
"
2

19

20

Chapter 1 Functions

17.

18.

period 6

period 1

19.

20.

period 21

period 21

21.

22.

period 21

period 21

23. period 1 , symmetric about the origin

#

24. period 1, symmetric about the origin

25. period 4, symmetric about the s-axis

26. period 41, symmetric about the origin

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 1.3 Trigonometric Functions

27. (a) Cos x and sec x are positive for x in the interval
c 1 , 1 ; and cos x and sec x are negative for x in the
2 2
1
1
intervals c 32 , c 1 and 1 , 32 . Sec x is undefined
2
2
when cos x is 0. The range of sec x is
(c_ c1] r [" _); the range of cos x is [c" 1].
(b) Sin x and csc x are positive for x in the intervals
1
c 32 , c1 and a!, 1b; and sin x and csc x are negative
1
for x in the intervals ac1, !b and 1, 32 . Csc x is
undefined when sin x is 0. The range of csc x is
(c_ c1] r [1 _); the range of sin x is [c" "].

28. Since cot x

"
tan x

, cot x is undefined when tan x 0

and is zero when tan x is undefined. As tan x approaches

zero through positive values, cot x approaches infinity.
Also, cot x approaches negative infinity as tan x
approaches zero through negative values.

29. D: c_  x  _; R: y c1, 0, 1

30. D: c_  x  _; R: y c1, 0, 1

31. cos x c 1 cos x cos c 1 c sin x sin c 1 (cos x)(0) c (sin x)(c1) sin x
#
#
#
32. cos x b 1 cos x cos 1 c sin x sin 1 (cos x)(0) c (sin x)(1) csin x
#
#
#
33. sin x b 1 sin x cos 1 b cos x sin 1 (sin x)(0) b (cos x)(1) cos x
#
#
#
34. sin x c 1 sin x cos c 1 b cos x sin c 1 (sin x)(0) b (cos x)(c1) ccos x
#
#
#
35. cos (A c B) cos (A b (cB)) cos A cos (cB) c sin A sin (cB) cos A cos B c sin A (csin B)
cos A cos B b sin A sin B
36. sin (A c B) sin (A b (cB)) sin A cos (cB) b cos A sin (cB) sin A cos B b cos A (csin B)
sin A cos B c cos A sin B
37. If B A, A c B 0 cos (A c B) cos 0 1. Also cos (A c B) cos (A c A) cos A cos A b sin A sin A
cos# A b sin# A. Therefore, cos# A b sin# A 1.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

21

22

Chapter 1 Functions

38. If B 21, then cos (A b 21) cos A cos 21 c sin A sin 21 (cos A)(1) c (sin A)(0) cos A and
sin (A b 21) sin A cos 21 b cos A sin 21 (sin A)(1) b (cos A)(0) sin A. The result agrees with the
fact that the cosine and sine functions have period 21.
39. cos (1 b x) cos 1 cos B c sin 1 sin x (c1)(cos x) c (0)(sin x) ccos x
40. sin (21 c x) sin 21 cos (cx) b cos (21) sin (cx) (0)(cos (cx)) b (1)(sin (cx)) csin x
1
1
1
41. sin 3# c x sin 3# cos (cx) b cos 3# sin (cx) (c1)(cos x) b (0)(sin (cx)) ccos x
1
1
1
42. cos 3# b x cos 3# cos x c sin 3# sin x (0)(cos x) c (c1)(sin x) sin x

45. cos

1
12

cos 1 c 1 cos
3
4

46. sin

51
1#

1
1
1
sin 23 c 1 sin 23 cos c 1 b cos 23 sin c 1
4
4
4

1b
#

49. sin#

1
1#

1 c cos 2
1
#

1c
#

1
#

sin2 )
cos2 )

52. sin2 ) cos2 )

sin )

3
4

3
2

1
4

cos c 1 c sin
4

1
3

sin
1
3

21
3

2
"
# c #

sin c 1 "
4
#

2
#

6 b 2
4

2
3
# #

2 b 6
4

3
2
# c #

3
2
# #

2 b 2
4

48. cos#

51
1#

1 b cos 10
1
#

2 c 3
4

50. sin#

31
8

1 c cos 68
#

tan2 ) 1 tan ) 1 ) 1 ,
4

1 b 3
2 2

b c " c
#
1 b c

2
#

1 b 3
2 2

31 51 71
4 , 4 , 4

) 1,
3

cos2 )
cos2 )

1 b cos 28
#

c sin

1 c c
#

21
3

1
8

cos

1
3

sin

47. cos#

51. sin2 )

1
4

cos

1
4

21
3

b cos

111
1#

cos

1
3

2
3
# #

44. cos

cos 1 b
4

1
4

2
"
# #

71
1#

sin 1 b 1 sin
4
3

43. sin

2 c 3
4

2 b 2
4

21 41 51
3 , 3 , 3

53. sin 2) c cos ) 0 2sin ) cos ) c cos ) 0 cos )a2sin ) c 1b 0 cos ) 0 or 2sin ) c 1 0 cos ) 0 or
1
1
1
1
sin ) " ) 1 , 32 , or ) 1 , 56 ) 1 , 1 , 56 , 32
#
2
6
6 2
54. cos 2) b cos ) 0 2cos2 ) c 1 b cos ) 0 2cos2 ) b cos ) c 1 0 acos ) b 1ba2cos ) c 1b 0
1
1
cos ) b 1 0 or 2cos ) c 1 0 cos ) c1 or cos ) " ) 1 or ) 1 , 53 ) 1 , 1, 53
#
3
3
55. tan (A b B)

sin (AbB)
cos (AbB)

sin A cos Bbcos A cos B

cos A cos Bcsin A sin B

sin A cos B
cos A sin B
cos A cos B b cos A cos B
sin A sin
cos A cos B
c cos A cos B
cos A cos B
B

tan Abtan B
1ctan A tan B

56. tan (A c B)

sin (AcB)
cos (AcB)

sin A cos Bccos A cos B

cos A cos Bbsin A sin B

sin A cos B
cos A sin B
cos A cos B c cos A cos B
sin A sin
cos A cos B
b cos A cos B
cos A cos B
B

tan Actan B
1btan A tan B

57. According to the figure in the text, we have the following: By the law of cosines, c# a# b b# c 2ab cos )
1# b 1# c 2 cos (A c B) 2 c 2 cos (A c B). By distance formula, c# (cos A c cos B)# b (sin A c sin B)#
cos# A c 2 cos A cos B b cos# B b sin# A c 2 sin A sin B b sin# B 2 c 2(cos A cos B b sin A sin B). Thus
c# 2 c 2 cos (A c B) 2 c 2(cos A cos B b sin A sin B) cos (A c B) cos A cos B b sin A sin B.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 1.3 Trigonometric Functions

58. (a) cosaA c Bb cos A cos B b sin A sin B
sin ) cos 1 c ) and cos ) sin 1 c )
#
#
Let ) A b B

sinaA b Bb cos 1 c aA b Bb cos 1 c A c B cos 1 c A cos B b sin 1 c A sin B

#
#
#
#
sin A cos B b cos A sin B
(b) cosaA c Bb cos A cos B b sin A sin B
cosaA c acBbb cos A cos acBb b sin A sin acBb
cosaA b Bb cos A cos acBb b sin A sin acBb cos A cos B b sin A acsin Bb
cos A cos B c sin A sin B
Because the cosine function is even and the sine functions is odd.
59. c# a# b b# c 2ab cos C 2# b 3# c 2(2)(3) cos (60) 4 b 9 c 12 cos (60) 13 c 12 " 7.
#
7 2.65.
Thus, c
60. c# a# b b# c 2ab cos C 2# b 3# c 2(2)(3) cos (40) 13 c 12 cos (40). Thus, c 13 c 12 cos 40 1.951.
61. From the figures in the text, we see that sin B h . If C is an acute angle, then sin C h . On the other hand,
c
b
if C is obtuse (as in the figure on the right), then sin C sin (1 c C) h . Thus, in either case,
b
h b sin C c sin B ah ab sin C ac sin B.
a bc c b
2ac
#

and cos B

a b b cc
2ab
#

By the law of cosines, cos C

. Moreover, since the sum of the

interior angles of a triangle is 1, we have sin A sin (1 c (B b C)) sin (B b C) sin B cos C b cos B sin C
b
c c
h
h a b2abcc b a b2ac b h 2abc a2a# b b# c c# b c# c b# b
c
b

ah
bc

ah bc sin A.

Combining our results we have ah ab sin C, ah ac sin B, and ah bc sin A. Dividing by abc gives
h
sin A
sin C
sin B
bc .
a c b
law of sines
62. By the law of sines,

sin A
#

sin B
3

3/2
c .

By Exercise 61 we know that c 7. Thus sin B

3 3
2 7

0.982.

63. From the figure at the right and the law of cosines,
b# a# b 2# c 2(2a) cos B
a# b 4 c 4a " a# c 2a b 4.
#
Applying the law of sines to the figure,

2/2
a

3/2
b

sin A
a

sin B
b

b 3 a. Thus, combining results,

#

a# c 2a b 4 b#

3
#

a# 0

"
#

a# b 2a c 4

0 a# b 4a c 8. From the quadratic formula and the fact that a 0, we have

c4b4 c4(1)(c8)
#
#

4 3 c4
#

1.464.

64. (a) The graphs of y sin x and y x nearly coincide when x is near the origin (when the calculator
is in radians mode).
(b) In degree mode, when x is near zero degrees the sine of x is much closer to zero than x itself. The
curves look like intersecting straight lines near the origin when the calculator is in degree mode.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

23

24

Chapter 1 Functions

65. A 2, B 21, C c1, D c1

66. A " , B 2, C 1, D
#

"
#

2
67. A c 1 , B 4, C 0, D

68. A

L
21 ,

"
1

B L, C 0, D 0

69-72. Example CAS commands:

Maple
f := x -> A*sin((2*Pi/B)*(x-C))+D1;
A:=3; C:=0; D1:=0;
f_list := [seq( f(x), B=[1,3,2*Pi,5*Pi] )];
plot( f_list, x=-4*Pi..4*Pi, scaling=constrained,
color=[red,blue,green,cyan], linestyle=[1,3,4,7],
legend=["B=1","B=3","B=2*Pi","B=3*Pi"],
title="#69 (Section 1.3)" );
Mathematica
Clear[a, b, c, d, f, x]
f[x_]:=a Sin[21/b (x c c)] + d
Plot[f[x]/.{a 3, b 1, c 0, d 0}, {x, c41, 41 }]

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 1.3 Trigonometric Functions

69. (a) The graph stretches horizontally.

(b) The period remains the same: period l B l. The graph has a horizontal shift of

"
#

period.

70. (a) The graph is shifted right C units.

(b) The graph is shifted left C units.

(c) A shift of one period will produce no apparent shift. l C l '
71. (a) The graph shifts upwards l D lunits for D !
(b) The graph shifts down l D lunits for D  !

72. (a) The graph stretches l A l units.

(b) For A  !, the graph is inverted.

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

25

26

Chapter 1 Functions

1.4 GRAPHING WITH CALCULATORS AND COMPUTERS

1-4.

The most appropriate viewing window displays the maxima, minima, intercepts, and end behavior of the graphs and
has little unused space.

1. d.

2. c.

3. d.

4. b.

5-30.

For any display there are many appropriate display widows. The graphs given as answers in Exercises 5c30
are not unique in appearance.

5. c2 5 by c15 40

6. c4 4 by c4 4

7. c2 6 by c250 50

8. c1 5 by c5 30

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

Section 1.4 Graphing with Calculators and Computers

9. c4 4 by c5 5

10. c2 2 by c2 8

11. c2 6 by c5 4

12. c4 4 by c8 8

13. c1 6 by c1 4

14. c1 6 by c1 5

15. c3 3 by 0 10

16. c1 2 by 0 1

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.

27

28

Chapter 1 Functions

17. c5 1 by c5 5

18. c5 1 by c2 4

19. c4 4 by 0 3

20. c5 5 by c2 2

21. c"! "! by c' '

22. c& & by c# #

23. c' "! by c' '

24. c$ & by c# "!

Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley.