“Any bath» work a rt ewe an upping eto tat ‘realm aes ron tse del cor ars em Bee Te Sadi Tie ub’ may be sew te Bebra i lei alé caption rural my en aes ain a on ay, the wal on ane. AE ‘Though Bay ry daly unde snepony reo ie puerta ok rst ey = ey 8 Wasnt Nes Ph tan ty ft ee certs dpe ‘ory res modem ‘bien bowed pase Sipe ot he ndendent "ly ras tore th opin al aprnch o pee © iy ht ‘nol the intone td idence f pls soda hang Son the mr wal tl th suppone net the sapry pte ttn ae 196" the fn ine at an ppc istwen ote bt ewok ae beh a uy Render wiley an ies a ening pee” iy Zi The Tgp “IA tld and fe ett book. Ep ad ge onion at smoeraly “the ees gr ya ry bl ey Sesh aga san Bf eo, eevee he. [email hv” Dit Art Te iy Smet Ua Header IOC 10154708, 5This book i dedicat wo Breda M. Bayly, soho has ed through the eontoquences ofthese itorcal soon THE BIRTH OF THE MODERN WORLD 1780-1914jeut History oF THe Wort. emt ‘al tas Pp ethan ac io The Birth of the MODERN WORLD 1780-1914 Global Connections and Comparisons C. A. Bayly Orenemye Anat “ih a A. aly el the Ac Wk te ‘ovine mie opr Dem Pr ‘mre Ne th ttm an a Sure ear fry wc Cope Dos Ra we Peco sired ia itd 4 Ba ig i (pti nos a ait a hy cA Cte A) ‘eles lec ots elds hatagml tonne Ang corel he ih pliemebicbreiaungso CONTENTS sof Maps and Tabs Aednowedgmens ones nd Convetons Invroducton ‘rosie Two: Global History and Pomme ‘Problem Thre The Comining "Rio he Men” (ContemingoStndas: Bly Poe Bulking Ouro fom the Bod: Commentary aad Comptes PART I THE END OF THE OLD REGIME 1 Old Regimes and “Archaic Globalization” Pesun and Ui. “The Paste of Diese Powers on the Fig of Stats ge fe ac Formas 2 Passages from the Ofd Regimes to Modernity ‘The Lan "Great Domesieaton” tad ncons‘nd Trade : ‘The trl steal Lins of Aon “Indoriows "inde France, an Tanai: Europea Competing Groce “Bachwanines,” Lag and Connctres Proms 4 Converging Revolutions, 170-1820 Conemorses Ponder the Wars Cs 1 Summary Asatte Word Ces 1720-1820, Seppine he Leptncy of the States From France w Chi inate eran Sate and Epes, “Tae Tht Rovlatn Psi aod Commercial Peoples PART 1! THE MODERN WORLD IN GENESIS 4 Between Wor Revolutions, 61815-1865 ‘ening te Wreck of Nets” the Reval of Agrsre Bien A Say Va! The Les inte Ne Word Ode” 1815-1885 Problems of Hye Legrimac: Whos State Was 1? The Sune Gaim Sent, tnt Enos aro Legaimac in Asa A Sua Account Tomomic ind csp ot of he Avan Reson "The Vera Hanger apd Reborn Earape, 1848-1851 “The Ameran Co War 9 Global Event Converence or Dies? Industrialiation and the New City ivory Indoraton, apd ies (Gc m Crna of Pron, Corumpton and Poy The Urn impact of he Gal Cy 1780-1620 ase and Ci the New in ‘Word Usb Cure and Ces 134 18 6 Nation, Empire, and Esha, 1860-190 Pereunting Nanas: Memon, Nations Asoctons, “hd Pon ‘ro Community to Nation The Eurasian Epes ‘Whar We Sand with Navona Teopes wat Ste Petco Asian? Inna Hy The Late Nineteen Contry Dimersons ofthe "New Incr Fr Cll olan tnurnatoanm a Pracice [PART HI STATE AND SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF 7 Myths and Technologies of the Modern State robles of Dining te See "The Modam Sate Toes Rot: Govern! Dimensions Ghai to one an Sos af Poet ‘The Snes Resources “The St’: Onions t Secs Ti fe Sate Sie, Eco and Nation ‘AiiuanceShct What bad he Sate Aces? The Theory and Practice of Liberati, Rationalism, Coney aca! Hinary ‘The Comopin of be Rigen Repabtc: A Clase Theme Regn Reus Werbwie "he Avon brim a he Mate Libera and Land Raton: Rail Teor at Free Trad or Noses! Pla Beam? Reprveing the Peoples ‘Scorn a Posun: Teanensonal Asner “The Revere of Stim and ts Leal Resonanest SSence ir Gl Context 209 Empires of Ri The Rie of NewS Re Moses o Reious Dorin he Agents ad heir Forman Regous Author, Crating “Inge Reigins™ Formatiang Decne and ict, The Expansion of ner Reo” om te one and Pgrimae a Glbaton Prong snd he Popagion of Reon Rapes Building Reon and the Nason (Concise The Sper othe Age 10 The Worl ofthe Art and the Imagination brit and Unioemity in At cron the Gabe Lavelng Foces:The Mae the Everday, and the Mosc ‘The Arco the Boergng Na, 13601850. ‘ide te Wee Adapt an Dependency [Archnecture A Sino the Cay ‘Towards Wend Laer? (Gentine Ae and Sots PART 1V CHANGE, DECAY, AND CRISIS 1 The Reconrttion of Social Herarhien (Genser and Suboatin in he “Libera Age" ‘Sores indian Sumner ‘The Penn and Karl Laborer a Bod Sef ‘The Penta Got vay hy Ren SbsrinasonSunsied entero Sura Ste Sec and Commerce Meno Fever “Bond Ace in Europe Ssrng Supromaces (Conti or Change 12 The Destruction of Native Peoples and Esoogical Whur ea: by°N Europents and Natve Protestors 1820 Nave Popes inthe "Ape of Hits 38. ca a, oy ‘The White Dele, 1840-1890 The Deluge Price! New Zea, South Ait and the USA “he New ingen re New Nato he Strange Death of ntertonal Lien ‘Whe Wee te Meno of Change? Power in la nermainal Neto Contested Unormiy and Uae Complesy Revised Biography Inde aList OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 Drening ner Japanese woman in Westend a Sage seang machine Ninccemrciy aps pt Nenterang tobe, of Py Ne Zand. Pains by {Ged Lindh ¢1880. Nena! Liter of Ass, (CenberaBecguman Ar iba 5 aed standard Arenas Inia women in Ween Clothes. Potngraped byte Royal Engines on Para lst. Prats Colecton/The Salen Colecton ipa An labe. 1 Op Reames ano “Arcuate GLopatizarion” LLL Chetsingderence: Qin Leng ispeting i 008, ty Giuseppe Csugone Pace Maney, Being 12 Auletiicampe Epo Sah jan rete emia general AL ardan Khan, 1038 Masha nite. (ney Aas MS 173; foo 13 ThA Ashi oon bray, Oxi 1.3 Hy Roman, begged, a emperor Hy Roms rpove Chass Vistas a Shoe Lasers [eerste by Mas erbard Bru. undesdelmaan, Viena. Photo bs E Here La Cltetme 04 World Mined marge A Spun tlhe Mexean Inn wie ander ch Pang ‘Mia Carrs Muse de Ame, Mashigeman rc Lbe 2. PASSAGES FROM THE OLD REGIMES To MODERNITY a3 o Indust Ci: nee of sp. Painting, intent centr Chinese. The re Acie, Masi ‘Thomas Date Neate Dah Ort “The fst ulate compratins: Lf Ct Howe Qu ‘Archiver an Alber Mani, Landon een Tees ‘bic where A senmates af Ameran arte vn ‘lina to Kings Coun, Mesaton fer roar Pate poised in Boer agai 1908 PavatcaetonBedgeman AR Lite Convercine RevoLurions, 1780-1820 Transactions The execution ofthe de Onan, 1795, Contemporary eit. Mary Ev lture Lb ‘apleon ny: Nap the pera oe, SF ante Dee ng ts, Me me ‘An Frasan Napoleon: Fath Ai Shab, king of Persia. ining Besaeman Art Liber Pott, ui and indo: Nene lowes of [Ade Tisemand 1852. ory Evans etre Lite Berwsen WoRLD REVOLUTIONS, ¢.1815-1865, Boywcan eee an rf: The Masa of Pee! ‘Ore Syston of Eng iter, Ae 181, Etching be Mans sh Susur, Landon! Inner author ess: Nang acl Phot by Jet Tose e868 Roy Gopapicl Sok, Ieper autor rons Bet defence of Aras Howe, ‘ar ain th seoy ters Lathogrp afer Wie Taylor Bish Ley, LondoBdgeman Ae iby Rigo eons: Joi Bows (190059), sone Dagserrtipe by Augsts Wishingtn, 1846-7 ‘Noto! Pores Gale, Stsonan Tsao, ‘Wahingnpowe SCALA. ” 1505 sa ry Iypustarattzation axp THE New Cry eof indy: Women waking Lanes oon {3 07 Mary Evan iar Litany 1 ‘mtg nh rope Surabaya, Date Eat Indes, In the 1, Rol Conmonweash Socey Cece, Camas Users Libary, Y303340. 10 ‘Chinese ad Indien ore ingen one 0 Sieapere’s ew bases of hep owns, 1890s Royal Commonly Shey Caen, Cambedge Unies Libary, YOSIIG. 184 ‘Then accor: The Rlance Beg, Chicago, 1. Pho Baie. is Nation, Empire, ayo Enuwterry, ¢-1860-1900 Nason ate charg: Eauestan manus 1 ‘isn Emnaele Ste on va ep Scie, ese Hagen A ew 2 ‘eheting Paling oe Sts 1900. Aas, pate ‘Secon, Cr Pips Antone ‘arity Ea Gee Veta a seen by 2 Nigerian carver Lat ‘Socceuony fy pa moe, Yorba, ‘Nene Pat Rvs Marine, Une of Oxford (1968.10.1). 231 [Rel Cro inact Japunec nuns atending to Rin (tun in ho apne Red Crone t Chemie, Inthe Rusapanese Woe Popul prin The Ar Archie, 281 Myris axp TecHwoLogies oF tHE MODERN STATE “The aes omer rng: A Cine dnc headan, ‘Wo a Wc 1900, Pho by AH. Fate Rove ‘Commramesi Scey Clesten, Camtbdee Universi (okra, Per 08 a The oli ten ‘Ncw Gules on oar, ‘scum of Archacsogy ad Antropol, Cambridge Users P1284 2 "The aes sures of ower The site ofthe consrctin ‘Sovey Cate, Cambridge Unierty Lary, YS081R28. 208 [tantra for echng he hore of Sespesm, Ine nineteen of Achy a ‘Rate, Camere Univesity, S177. 8 Tur Treony axp PRACTICE OF LIBERALISM, RATIONALISM, SOCIALISM, AND SCIENCE 1 eran tins The on reformer Ret Rae ‘No oy 1882 Bok pay PCAC, by unnamed ari in The London Sheth Book, 1972 Mav Bras Pie Lire. 9 Enprnes oF Reicton 191 Lourdes: Prime atthe Gro. shop by unramed as (CTS08 Mary Bras Pear bry 92 God'etWon Linton Missnary Society Schl Tee Siaig SW Pac, Photo by A.C. Haan, 1888 Most of rchaslogy a Aniopols, Cambridae 93g of ce: Bloc plein’ map of te ‘Hind ho ems showing temples a the ee (Ganges 1903, Cents of Sout Aan Seas Cambrsge 195.4 Malet preaching he ed ofthe est of Raman, ‘igs 105, Photos CJ. P- Cave, Meum of Aen nd Anepogy, Cambridge Unnerst P15 03. The Musion Bop Sco! at Farag, Cyr, 199, Phos by AH. Fisher Royal Commenweath Scie Catia, Cuhsige Unversity, Per S157 6 The shluammadan tem" oe Napoe Desh, ‘Stneapors e188, Astor calleton ou wo 10 Tue Wont oF Tig ARTS axD THE IMAGINATION 10.1 Revoainay hein: Th Dat of oh Bae nner entay vera Da vn, Paitng y Jalon ‘Sous 1963 Maace Ona, PasetopeVile, Pas Trigun Ae ibe102 Ar andthe snags: Pe Dah of Fon McC. Paining ‘spate Vander, 1804s Galop Sumner & May Cato ‘Sumner Galton Fund, Wado Atheneum, Hart (Connect, Photo ARG Landon 103 Testa Plating by Pal Gagan, 191, Mane Ory, Par. Poot by Enc LesaglAKG London. ‘Rie, Mash Province. Pi by Kat kara ‘The Newark Msumbna SCALMAr Rene, 405 Exporting he dase tan: Elementary dai iy the Maye Scho! of Aa, Labor, India, 100, Phe [RUHL ser Real Commonwealth Soe Clty Cantege Univerty Lita he 7 106 A Moy gamelan band, [480s Royal Comma Sry Clecton, Came Univers iba, BAM 138, 11 Tay Reconstrrurion oF SociaL HrEKaRcHttES 111A pee stem of sinc? Pai cole bor on Maes ‘aber eae eaten cota. Cent of South ‘stn Sealey, Cambridge Unies 112 Reta’ suring ean: Pousing wit camel te tank ofthe Ne 1902 Phot by Donald McLee, Roya {Comsmonnea Scey Colleton, Cuidge Uaersty 1.3, “Thee mandarin: A graduate of the Chines examination systems aout he tine fs bein, Wes Hat Wey, 10, Phowo by AH Fer Royal Cammanweath Soe CCtleston, Camis Une Lary, Fiber 171255 114 High oon of empire The ingerpeor ta en ges ‘nthe ed For, Deh, 911 yal Commanests Soe {Catletion, Cambie Unersiy Liar, QM 20170 12. Tue Destaverion oF Native Prories AND Ecovocicat DerrepaTion 12.1 Shilus epseing the Bost on he White Niecy enti en, Moscum of Arcaclogy and Antropol, ‘Combege Uaiery, Po, 122 Dane ofthe Eland Bal Klaassen (San a Ko, tay went cet Munem ces an 0 123 Byterminng the wd A oli ice wih us, 190, ‘Photo by Er Haddon, Nise of Arcacalony and atirpolgy. Cambie Une, 39174 13, Conctusion: Ti Gnear AcceLeRarion, ©1890-1914 1341 Communiniog mode: Gusto Marconi sending ‘and Shaukat Ali take ship in defense ofthe Ottoman Kislafat {Inthe bono c 1911 Nedra Memo seam 15.3. Thestorm gates A seme onthe Nie 1914 Museum uf Archaealogy and Antropol CambdbeTaw List oF MAPS AND TABLES “Toe wold under th O1 Rime 1150 urope drag the ne een century Ethan ating eg cy Renoredrepmes, 1830 Retetion and empl n East Al, 1825-70 fei and the Monin-Rebelion 1857-9 “The Ottoman Empire in the early anetcenth century ‘The word of an Major egos centers in hen entry ‘Toe nds wot ¢ 198030 Regional rig of mmigras to he United Sates, 0-130 mated word population, 1600-1000, [Namber of univer in dirt pans of he wo ‘Acrersing migration fen Earp te ars ‘tthe wort IST 1911 SERIES EDITOR’S PREFACE tno how humanity gen and How bas comet ts preset cone, two lan ote dit pce nthe como, none the es ‘oe uniter of man nen, exposed phe velo and pesopia Se fer clean. Onin telat few decades Rowers ast Seguno appear bth nce and poo mc tat eed ea of & ‘onal and stem pra ofataigble wide Hor lame is ‘rand methods an nt it» ranch of eae ‘tor ls soph, gon, ithe send lf ofthe eet ‘nt. Wort sary beg todo So aly the cog decades of he Set nec don he ne a by ees octal rae patchy and ugly tobe work rein and on the eer by the Ick fan accpeabe Bae pen whch To one a Proent nha lawl there wan ‘Both tales ne eng ily overcome, Tez alos 0 pat of ‘he melo peat fie ts, at notte subst iro ad ‘ephsucsted ivesigaon by ecboesopst and histor. I tor than ‘eres dt knoe ming and peeves hanging td mai SSeimee guy than tpl tanner cor ther nyse form, Neue he atm gar he human pst wae Ca sod ‘mustte made. Ase wich aos common ite af ean and ps ‘Sty craneophicwasrmation cee coosnon hn. A ene ne tine we nae cased to ble, Be loners of clei story id 8 ‘Seta aha cgi define sna salimatey staat by Be {atthe moment. And since we no longer suppose tat ii our busines 98 [Rvlonane vo deere prosai "The En of Hor” ip he rion of a fades, uma on, ther so sgl wh 1 ae or aden Heytour, There bo rowing wea of ways in which wr story can be ‘rien. The lent ad spe en tha werd ry Des deri | ‘om wich (ome thigh all dange are i now son to be capa ot ‘pplcason sine the ete tes, Affliate fossa fhe tendeng of economic exchanges to create slsuisen but eer ‘anding “wort” which sin sucatine seme of pone and ule ‘nuthercone the rua character ofeach, by comparing the want which ‘hey have developed las cl lant, a ica of poms. “The Blah Hy of he Mod dow ot tek ely sy of sppeaces bat 9 suporthem ll wl oe thea by proving § ‘dem, compres, an accesso thee han ps planta ef bac in which he ndspenac maven overs one Fepal development wre bod gtr y gh sey fhe rcs ioscan of ts sures and sabes, a wel the dent ae ‘perience fs ator. In combintion, ome to dozen lume wl er "amewor in whi he inary eey prof te word abe ied tao aspects of human acti can te compare, a iret times ast een clues. fame pars perspective comparsn imps reps oe Sieence. Tht she begingf wht he pst ar oer eft “Every seboleld nc”— or ot any ete i aught ~ taste poi hewetn the er part of he egcenth cer an the oun the Greet War in 1914 saw the ih of the mode work Tough the sc ou Fe peurtins of policy wet abd sre proce athe ce fal he wri was changes separated areal fom ae ‘lr which hy ewed wih contegt, condescension, or mos Those ‘tho have oe hack upon hve aeced Whether te eration [Bhento ete wor ofthe Ames and Frac evans ad th come ‘ion ofth European tem af sing tr oh "Indl Rete {nd the sabordeution of os of wel’ pple an able esses 0 ‘he impeal and Goancal acres the Alen poms fe es Ingofthe author) of egon and manach inter i a re Is aoe been stm a eas eth 1850 hat "ihe may ive sowie the direct ru of th ranormatin,and i te Rr the modem worl she histor of ease cou, an encoun The ‘ening questo far to inpatnt to Be ft to torn ied the foundation af the made sal scene and sill dicate tv ape “The outing them, Eom Ary Sih 0 Ka! Mar an Max Webs an ‘her soccer downto th poet dy, ied amen abe ey ter spect of te orgs and nse of dtl sey an the ecu ot| ows oud on But they were unsamostscng the men ae ‘hou the hegemony of European, a lems Alani ose Barge, powerang clr. This they ate, fr ete wort devdopnents tc ou be raced in Bape sok) om i some the os in {il asnune) sound he beponing of te stent cnt, or eve sth) fom thecal and Jado Chistian pce te net Wo ‘satan th hie "Hares coun ano couse, Bee wie fn igerosy expressed fers lng tne wey a Papo e600, {nds hve proce teal end fhe wench century someting oF {Trvcton ins aumberefteachen nd wel pubcied sce of a8 spect of wold toy which aso aint the presen dean Of power and wean 20 the sper soil and clu dione f Pomenon. On bth sds, ever the apse betwen tose who eee Ercan the noel tesco ar orn consid esta a ‘anton of moderien sv «European aebierment a «ato pra ahve take or granted: One of he most consistent rer | the rest advances in er pars and periadsof woed sto) eadoned ‘scene Europe "the European fan “indi Sv and entre” ae peclly Eopean charset the very ‘oto Tn” an “Asa” ehamaches ich have atonal seed ihe common curency of comparative dein, especial nthe one ‘Se The sada ocr of ery and ener ave been weakened Jcomeguene cvs tu ey ve nt ul bow been epic she ‘hau aclewemes of CA Baly 9 ave deceit Fodor” ot noting wich ome people ose Fe il thee favored or deen tuts Sete of anematons n whic testo he people ofthe wr prscpted, and Yo ich mos the Contd ne snp ate obs rics ofthe sce a thes, Bat they dependently and renin. He doc 0 ot by prolamin “Spe or simpli formula eel sumac “ons, es Aang she haar and guns of peoples, cure an genera 0 {ey mun of unenal"ens” orgie” ba bY the eat ad ‘eran descr fan exmnsnary range of human ane, von, {uiiades nach no group of people and na ape of he Se Sven more, orl damit de Thi nde sms word sory 2 tenACKNOWLEDGMENTS [ANY Nore ay consact om 4 prt eof the work of may ‘tesco Abock on ths eles deeply ndebedto awl genera of "tan ant many ser ae ne My nu de Se ever ae oon noha en loves fo thi word most lsat ss eckes amon, paral the oustanding tory weeabop™ a St CCathanne's Coleg, Cambridge Those eho have read and samme in ‘ep ae Cvs Ck (Gera ison, Jon Trempren (US ion Hane ‘an de Ven (Cine hae) nach roa a Copp Ricard Don {Commonly history) am vey tefl tose Bian ba an fag errs fact an intron ae in hoe. Gareth Senay Joes ‘ty commence the caper on piel hog, we David Csi, Dean Lieven and Linda Coley proved to beter help reader Bab [Moore wet wel beyond tse dy providing vale com ‘ent eps hinted St Ryoko of dey f Verce to sug many improvements tthe fet expec Suvopologit'spenpecve. Mictael Doon ew om Sat is hil {nu phoaphical ning to pit ut many incostnce erent ‘carpe poor psn. St Kapa urged ne ge he Bt irs ‘he aeta Shira pot ts of hing ght Ut would herrea Be Strong ne Samson promied + Pail perperine and # Pace von, Steshos Gus and Riche! Rowe heped rent with he rons we eee Beales and Kein Greenbank provid va ace. Raho Pot 4st the index with pet nse” Many ster people nego rextng, ‘ena {han them all mon wry. Tyme fcr ‘ey esponsh forthe eres anderen a ae Do 0 eh "AL maps dro fleet gees om The Tiny Aa of We Hc ‘Landon, 198) I tank he Cambridge Maseum of Arhaoogy and Aa ‘hropoloy he Carte UnvrtyLibray andthe Cent of Sth Asa Suile, Cadg, fr pein rps tion. NOTES AND CONVENTIONS “TeansLirerarions oforcgn wore ate a pernnial eaace, Chee ed ‘oraope more mda apd scare ers ni Tuts ad Aric Imes es Shab AKL abAse" ater hun the mints century "Sb [Abdel Anica” But I have abandoned the Artic "an" aspects wal how the word and nor specs may be confi. Wt Chinese words {hie nap the convenon in Jonathan Spence, The Sah for Mor Chu That i have od he men Payne of romanian her than tes Waele one (“Qing rather than "Ching" cept where» ‘ue wel elites in Englnk wage, "Canton rater that "Guan ‘hous By cones hk dw Bt” now fama enough rece "Pak “Psi” Wh reps prevention an selercosing, the ook ected 1 2 area scent om he ts of ge aber of standing esa a onal ‘he Ontond and Cad hte, the caeue Camb Hote he eng hor sre anther laches of wich his sa pa uay unl ave en the pat Arian cour tebocks parcalty ‘hoe desing wth est Ani Lan Amer, an the Used Stes fe Thane Feerenced the wrt ute lathe ede wil be eas ate const ‘he biogas an fers som When making gener pit have ek {e pone champs ana orton frm flere od sos Wich ‘Soper in snes, dre fom hee Broad rend These ave Be ‘eeenco awry of monograph tn some achital ouees specaly ‘when source maybe obscure othe eet “et thee en temps bee to ey #9 "pove” scl arumens by eapag up lace That woud be ngs fom a plwopiea! pint ‘ew and ve f mpi eld ay would rel 2 grea pa ‘on Rac came een in nde conte some fhe aman ere ‘thi and notte tne bent cennedon ade by tna ‘whch coomte te subwance ef ntl wing. The examples ake i ‘atclear that hntosians woking in dierent regions are in unaware tat secs of icra processes dey depict weteconmecte. In other ase, isor= se sje ens le Sy tween state Dui i ibetecemry Jape tnd Vicars ~ ft hve ao le the noe to incopese a oader entetin he werk Abel hs ook tes ott cameos ene ‘ierences between wal pacer Lage sues finda narcsneviay appear inthe took. To ie ave onl spp der sparingly for sme ma rs The work ues he word "society" a fod dea Isnt ony conse pias ba any spied anhopoigsts who ve dened te ex ‘is ot intended bee to tele co essetiee bared colar! ene 50 raat bent the vl ofthe loa and aor he eel a he oa, ‘the village eve or wo isu networks within each we the work AS ‘Beclasscal popes i howere there ae ts lhe way de” INTRODUCTION “rma book dm itary ofthe world rom 1780 the begaing ofthe ‘erfoona asso 81 he onstofte Fire West Ws whch pe apa ‘iecomerporty smote snd epi stows torial eds Thu somes of event ma une been seated separ i eponal ot ‘onl ators cnt ght togeher Three he esconnecedness linerlepndencef plea andor chnges acon the word wall ‘be supposed ane the contemporary phe of otelanton” ae 105, ‘On ate enc handy the ratertons of cell mk event such 08 the Baroean reo of 1789 1948, rend utara merged with corsonstving nthi ther woe societies. On the ober bab, eens ‘uid the emoring European sd American “cr” ofthe asi wold ‘Somos such be mircetryrlon sn Chinn and Tis impacted ‘Sek ta oe ing Sesops an Saping ne socal ad ola {Safi As wold event ase moe interconneted anderen 0 ‘Kemsotiomon ation ated soca ther and cameo esembleeachthet ‘ios th wor The bok ese traces thera bal afoot in tbe ‘tur rligon poli sles an econo he the develo) ‘eine cena. Ti row nomi war enor on in get ise such the, al euro ape of ase Tass purot wb the ok cll “wy paces he wy im ich people ‘Send poke, te and mage eons win ares “These pay devon conecionebatacen dierent human sce turing necon snr ceed many Bybee, med ole, nd sme of bal samo att ey tthe sme time these ‘Simonton could ao bight the see of dec, and even tags, ‘erwen poole i diferent seis, and epi between the cis, Tncringy panes, nanan Aes france, fund eng in thar own nerd sens frail, reflow, o curl lensty when enfved with esetre halleges wich aoe or the new aba 0 ‘my, an cpcuay fe Earn enim. ‘he paradox tat baltcl toric Ain Appa wel fete the Caterer a ence Butt mln atop foren the ise ad the kel ‘he nineteen cents nation-states an contending terra empires ook Sme une sth sites cones na ihages eter them puke So Brad ace of el hang stcopbend sh appearance of rence rome iarwa an ways therefore, be lobal histories, t's no longer realy posse ro wee tar many hts are end ting th eI the 19503 and 1960 the red format obal seal and canoe histor forthe earl mer pri” leer forthe nineteen. This parle apne etry ofthe inperal sats of Europe, bath the Ini-empes such ab Rus, ad the teal Cater Hal for Bean a Geaey Hosting and Domine Lieven™ espal ates Meanie, Bin Weng” Kenneth Pomeranz? Wang Gang ‘Wi and Jona Wily-Caen "ave gun to wee Chinese soya gba Ikon, aking coe account af he Chinese dapore which pet an ete unr the sure of Ween iperial heey, "What wet the ea ring foes ta account or he world’s ring ‘cechcetuy? No eed stay of ths perio ould poss seep the ental portance ofthe pomingeonami Smiance of weer Fare ‘rere sill powerful, work-lss emit and most of Af and the Paibe ‘Reon was ruled by signe pope 1914, by cna, Chia ap the Orton sates were on the poof egmentabon, and Alia al Bees rt sued by Furepean goverment, commer fs 9d i= ‘her Bete 1780 and TOL, Europes had expropriated ast | land fm ingots people, pein meter ante A ih produc per headin western Barope athe seaboard of Noh Americ a5, not ce that of Sout Asa a marl ore tana cont {Chita in 100 the dierent ho widened to en tne or more a etary ‘he Uased tes wee now pat of what hstoran hee eles “eral tpi” where pars of poner Between Ist and sue ested, Ppa dominion was acunpnid by dient dees af etl peices Scaler see toned ine eet, entice an compeson eben European oto became conta and crn Buen pr Thom eon be fo ferneepen eran eat sue TEP ETSe mest mnt and cnn of fe domination by epee porer ee. Atte bpoing ofthe pv conse by hs {So te dw sl sce ea A Sth As and [Roea ered damien nt inte Seret aay of tcl nd ‘ene er cenf poner competive sang ha say acu t ‘repaints yen peta sw [Nas nd teen siping A hey pei he rw demasnec uber detent nd appr coi, ins hart che erdepennce of worl vent whe wing fore trait of Wem domain the ae ie a show ew et Seger of the nr he Eorpean domination was ony parce =o ones. THe ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK eee eer Che ee eect ei edgier Senseo Goes Seo ee oe Seo etaeteecenmeccmerer Sie Taliesin hence 70 ‘he coats nce Chi and he ret eon of 1857-9 Eiipciair or cntmecae sce SSicaaesaramancce: = Tr ine rrp oop eo‘The Mexican tls had akeady recced eatusanic supper fm ‘he 1848 rebels again author eEurope" Hate, cmon express tere taunted fot scrote word Bt, only expo ob hanges could encourage Met plc, and ndinry pele to sts ‘erence het salary, By the 186 the pec Ces i Sonar and Wester gos, or Sump, bad ade Indes Arby ad {Chines mre ava ofthe dine regu patie, oem f Papal af irene Wel so reed farther bl ink Tn ilk ‘har Japanee contemporaine ope ast ran at ttcoquated wir so tc om mors The sin droghout he aks ‘combine what might be called tra ya sare ny of emection = wih “verizal ory the hsory of the delopment of “Chapter I, 2, 5, and the second al of the bool theres ate mo ‘tematic ia sppronh. "These chapter cone the great sa nce hich tarebern sdb serine) were ieee cetay wre {ou pubic characte th dona ange the ince [mang hse concep the ef the mary tase ain, pos ofthese cher ting ogehe tel Gon range of eo kolo bce ted a empowered in dren lice anda ent Peo aime. They stempe rope ayo cans and ness iho eveaiagtoasinple ew ote aon twarsfmodemey ns Shminan, onal” European or Attic eter. Here nay te bok lass on he portance othe ato clean’ a colic Enropean peopl and autrdiwtd grup ton European an cnr ‘Socket in shape contemporary wold nr So frien thes tuon ofthe Furpeen Roman Cathet ry fr 1870 ws pare = ‘much derpocesrofeceocting “welds whihwas aking sce the Hind, Confucian, pa Budd wes a mucha he Chien, This opr a mater of analog, bof dirt catston Cheat shure ep to cooperate nd reste new egananine a home presly Ree der peare rn w sed nam or cher tious adem sreding "monster Formal dependent ue The bok ends with eof pei efor the Ft Word Way ben Sipiomac ales an intematoma eanemie changes were fig the ‘Wass Hew Sircban emp” wan ders weld wa, ee sand ar +c war within the uropean core of the weed sie Tat ‘ent st ier,” att eal le which wt co down Shrgh the weit century aed the Rowing ter ae Ios eres any of them aging tide Eo an preentnton We cose thee of tem hee ble opening the dsc ‘Zin consrig te oth fury inne parce are, he eam Pronem Ons: ‘“PRime Movers’ AND rue ECONOMIC Factor Most profesional itor il ave ate bck f the ind te qusion ff'Suky things cuneed’” Hiserans and pibsopen who ied i te ‘Green cetur fended to fink that Rirry wan moved long YB ‘Su nd nec hg Too Go he te {teed 2 Buvpetn Chin “Grime mise.” Ofer nop at fae and coilasons sone ap ad dw acorn tomar ws of npetuon sv and dein, he tee eu, uterine fron of change caren he fo By 1980, man ang stra bd (Eenincncd ys hor sa sar the lope fsa captain Ste oman fc xine change bua a er 1750. Ta Een change tc nce century war the ai fb met poral Sey a secre tovads ony iui Te dre of apa “su deco td eae aor war probe face oe ‘Sener nr crn he Wes, trac A ad Ai. "Tt perf wenden fa he Egh-anegs we niente in pin Ee Hotsheet furome work aes is ‘Spa especialy is TheGoal However Pey Anderson read ‘then ices utbiograpy maple n 210, he et pel and Itcceldecopmesa cbr eth cyl ot near workon "tine sake wich det eet se underpin sowth of he power of ‘ra capa The moet of ecnomien ope and a were ‘icaheeeayconcn Te tended itera. The French Rvs {dominant cea othe ein occured befor sia nda ‘Soon hedcccedeveninBeiand low hare ow seth evan St trump of te “toute” Cerny, many wpe and “mde espe” tuk pat the rv, bo hey wee hanger f sobs and ‘pal ure am ict aps Even 187 eh ae ‘tei scorn obs nerpean, howe and arr Sed heap ateen pecan eed toca emer aa the geo een and pes nd ve cha he ‘ean age of ese Tne of hte robles, sme hsrins owas teed ofthe ooh cettry cat thes and “permet paral the domine. ‘Stgoig, Wesemaple ue, he "pine mover” i Be horrama. Bucs dee no zeay xe he poblon ite, The caer of the tmovem sate wus ein chumly connected withthe BER comme ‘anges ofthe erat seme et, even i want py eee by em Besides tee te he sate raf goverment in dct ‘ete sles te uneringQueson ned, i he nde see ‘op ata? The purse weve om cab we renee at eet vel pba projet af he rhe Une Sate of mei, had ae ‘ean wo fn bee the 180 and esas come ‘gesened sucess elon oa te doibesing Earp ste “Thisbonk snot desgned cell ads sch snes of Svpcaton, Invncion bowen ocelot, puke and esnonic te ‘vay. The coor ery am tia le he gue Fa ttre asc tiation, Chaperone come ‘or onde Vers concep ofthe “una eel” can be fl ‘panded to ack many forms of economic tecaton which habe ccaring om the wold ie at kes T050. Ove the cert cnt, “nusousrevtusons” were cating ofr soon nase of sire neato, Capt nor mee bing ade er hdr oan ‘out Cin to himatusetsSacak letenlogsa meen Were ‘utched by mosikrion the tran o gone ant pecs’ ater Ibis: Pesan amie came prosper fang ia ey shophech- er became un bugs Arsen, Malaya Fer, Py ated ‘euerauty fod and cig oe honors sau "ett suss the pone of dois evolutions ak doe i sot necro Bre pry nike xan of ac pe ‘Sonomic motor Ferindusiou elton rent sop bate angst Se drbaton of ater ces, Tey were so oleate to we today rg. People's riz of denis changes bee rn Son abut he ie an Meso ating popes aedy cling fst “Ming peopl” wanted emus compton fy et which wee epresingthemsle in ote ising a passive aye Se BS eo of cnc sh ch spewed te eres arope, ok range af the hunger an bess wo ink te nds elo together acon the wei wich armed siping sed monly Compan. The xine fem of the Caskoes pec the om ‘eesti even Thee vocal and economic changes were uneven and useing, They opened up dierent between groupe and. betwen dient mci ‘They spaned a for wealth eos and eo apo They vencs war equ! seat, sol rm ene ning fea Ted autora, al andrews. The url wan werd, Pen Dlosops and repo teachers ncn Aria equal the impos of the now connstons and he rules they anes. 1 ma hi Context that many leased confit spun ot of cote aos he word ‘wees 1720 and 1820, epee 1780. The aprete French Truttonaysote fall engendered many fee cnemie‘The European Ene is clon foie and asncent non Buopean sates notaly the ‘tan Hop Chie pe and Tagen an, oe Timo de ow esp, They ba 0 enc ino aes of ey at ‘former been szonomeos "The politcal and eco hanes ofthe revousionary ea were, hee fee ems,” ine seme tat they cou mo Be pected OF | Counted or snp the cso the contains an eons of hea ‘Rens or sven ultimately onthe devdopnent capa sane: These tev pore y the ew Msg which cis ad pera, Svcd Hn olor Els bated er nc fhe erty ite ety th he problem af der and leptimacy that dhs caused. cli and Jalal confit had inf chee bal cl, oe canoe or Ie wre cashed acres och of the wel. Tie ea tal $35 {Seo frce el spendin soi eology which ad ead Do ‘Sere by wider spans a poner aes, ie, a8! an neon afr sat 14 fice tat he pata, at now ee i soln fe ka bl le ‘etn in Epis reblionsio Aa andthe Amescen Cl ‘ae Ruling groupe moked to sae the Sci de y promoting ‘etn ora ar posing me for arian provide te router for he ae and now wenps frac. Te ge of eapa 5 need arsed bythe 8705 st Hh surmised But the men of ‘Spal cou si ony toque tats and rerpecaby by sero nen {he news hard-edged tonne. The age of cael waster io ‘rnd ner hc as pepe and eigen Dame moe Sra {demanding capes 9 ad Tt tempt show: the boa tenn hen, boa development sem 1 have been dcined by compl prlslogam of fren snsated by econo ‘henge, cli coors, ad mechan af the sate: Develop tment he worl eanony donot eal Sem to have been "rie othe isp and pil seacare se any saghforeand sense. These Aman pncated ad ifcaced cash oer to iret depees and 2 ‘Sere nes, So ete wre pers when the ate a he pont art ‘hes poole cent aout ware the "se af toil change Toe ‘wr esos of tx an By a fo iance beemeen 1815 ad 1850 [so there weve indeed pends nbn spent coool Terug ‘umalatncydccmine the diesen of genet a te sop ‘Antje ifeed ver tne he ance fev ements ered HorProstem Two: Gonaz History AND PostMODERNISM A second probe in ing word tons hows, dei fom the eset ‘keto pominene a we striae who So not ka hs wy al and ‘en total rand arate” capi th sas td ven slg ‘ng. Mer aboot 1980, sme Matra wee fnuensd hy send | ‘ought hatha se eal porate? potest: Waters lag Imew-aaties, whi hey an re comple mt he wry pace ‘perm nd api wich hy ses decent ie Stor fatal dsb above, wuld ensue tm fears fe ‘Stoned tori wt thi ty oe he cet ‘rates of peopl witout poner Thee shempoweted people ae eld 10 fave ben sorted bythe Burge and Ameen male xpi ws ‘voce the piel specs snd government mates ofthe ae, Cane {hen he vos hae teen peat expunged ror the pan ara {hesof win constuction arn ‘ome hit wring therfore rene an arcottenson, The ead balan’ besos te soa nae concep oft any. We some ofthe Bsc astumptions of woe story wong Rove ben abet 1 ‘tinge ct by portman om he pds ta they Doogeee ‘man experince ans outer of "pope wis poe “Thee reas why the uma sins shoud ape theme ‘nethoicogy. Consors af snr ca Be gitepaductve Hato has {vay lured when deen eso histor weting are ave oe Same booksel wen guetons aout "what happened ate alent ‘he goes Who ald ad "Wha id sean” Ti wet ne subordinated woman or the “nate,” the pestmodmist and posal tora mate can french selon, ad ena al trond phocean, but anes which a omnes then fe Sted in Sach counts. The postnoemist works thelr, nly cone sie om “dering mct-nare,” which poli an aang oe igs {nuimpcaons For eample many of ee acount see at ‘eer wor might ave cove sch soil ene dna “he uta sae parr, or Western Eager roa bd ot been to power AIL sity then een onc of the “gmc” ate Simply uaeral hitars Weting word Noy cin stele el 1 Sheorer a vary of hide tetas. Ths party the ae ‘Soran sts wera lee wel toche pence tbe pene etinu oy hrs nr har epee: nda an us etc an th acne of the poco of sary ae snp ‘emulsion oa ‘Sinn a pepe “te get cme ney cel Noah Sst arionbcane inp ener, Barents bene {Ei Darcag women team quer eo ay coed hen Bete founda of sauna ona Hue oom ema ope Cri dno more fr eto the eof copy te eden ‘eyorthe cocycle oo es od ales te hat ea thing sot Br hg er tbl ey oy te ‘Seng pmntrt ran ody he prac ee ot ‘Shae toardconoeniy oer he og tenth ee ‘Onur lola hrredox he wae, snd i wee cx inven. The tung of mor Cha lege bees of rnd am on chang «pre amg ‘Reis lot montis. New center pow rete Se ‘ire macnn, oe wep of Sen! bor Alte nme te np snd ne Soman i and tug were inteningy aed by he mpi Sommer om of goverment. They ere ce by om Stour eatin athe en of cnn opi rt, Ser iio ben aces nd pte cme ede he fn coring, Ti ook ete fp he oe aS peo ‘Sno ets between soy cl ago ede overs an th sty othe oad pics sich ome de Proste THREE: THE CONTINUING “Rippie oF tHe Mopern”” Ieisnow or dive arsine the se ofthe mea word whichis 1W50sand 196s 5.N- Essa” andes sed ewer deote wcrc fatal deropmensy wich combined o crs mep-hange orn ie Jnuman orton and experience which they aed “mater” The ange hey turd ated many ieten emsine of man ie. These Jaca he replacement big. extends ie ith smal race fase, {change which we seca ih wanton Tey encomnds enn a gh and can he theremin wrk fax Weber te Gorman ocologinwinen Yenc ‘Wetec alaps ad Kat Marni ee tough be mghaied he ‘ependnt oie a slog hangein bis thor Comey ch ‘log of Bena and oer ra writs fh prod Rad an cmon ‘oth et of Slab te A of hem ended Tose the ie oe ‘em inte stent cet tut teenth ey oe ‘hue Alf them ended aot pels the West th so a al Shane the aos West ap amen repent whch oul crn “ath By te 108s, the porn “mndcrazaton theres” hd come adr sack fom a numberof mately Rosle quarter. Detogrhers ose Sistas tepi todoute tat man elon "ned hve pe ‘rough ps of indtalaton.Soilogi voke hela ae ‘i pr in 1979, he onward arch of sens Chay toe USA, wo challenge the der ofthe raph of acai. Afr abo 980, ‘are began 1 eof “male moderates’ sping at » Weer ‘mode might be quite dierent um, a, «Senna a0 Ino ne nh feos they wee aging log sar es 0 plan an ery apued for "ney i or may Ino es dade oe wen it centr he mie roman confvaed. The postmodern lose ber Brun Latour utd ware eer moe,” ong the ellen ‘ens emotions and apprehensions of magi whic cota be lea atte bourgeois idan! subject er dominant. Meanie her ‘och hrs, notably Bes Gelber," Alan Matis," and David andes role mined onthe rly of he dle of he ter’ ‘Seonceansoral ep forenoon ‘the pace, hi bon asp he le th eel pr of ing mole thinking youre modern Modems an iene" th the mer” war pc fist sad ors sce el ‘ken nt, bese aba 1780 and 114 nceasing mambo of pepe fide a hey were mse, ott thy wer ing a dry ‘ether thy ted or mt The Seat ad French ish othe Sleentn conury Bld tht oad dele al previous ana tage eal satelybedarpe. By heed ofthe etch cea tae Inodemiasion~ the the serpin, the leone wee a dt “rama sens By 100 any ite Asn and Acasa | ere to ble tats was mn age men ctr ain pathy 8 Ser felon and commuy were rd nd should eae at: Om theodher duno of ikars war bgining co epee dcop. ‘em though they belted ely rongiin he dele ofthe moder. ‘eee: then be stent cers wea oft rel ecu a considerable number ethene, seme, a seas 0 ounce ordering otc bell tbe mse sae se ects poe ao brine people ard he world ought sa ey uldonprove the saanant ecco by aopngtndges tho mesa ‘Seen, wheter tee were watches, mbell, new rious "Ti steer des no ay hat people Before the ieee cena adver persed epuchal changes nman isn. THe date 6D [Sener ey ele wed dvb these change nso aye wc dd otunpy the name peo tp forward in seclr ba wis cel ‘Sc ies ofthe modern, Tose enter comments peel andersoed| pe for ise, bleed at he port eing of aan trv bcig vested een wl toy wee changing te wy people ered Try ad ising he leas the novel meds es Equal (Chnstescolrs ofthe eptcnts century beet te pious tare ston oarie gs wis bing rsiored ude he ng te wamscene| [Blof the contemporary Qing nay eventhough the clea a yas “Asecond wa nich peopl a though about major changes naman tinny were mallenaan me, th sey, people Behr htt sere the spel he ewenly Hd eke” than sory oping anc age af godine oreo propbeny. Ths ain wed | ‘ese of scr sh aed ment whch obsessed an hiner | Satsmen ater abou 740 These vo ear aes of tougspersied | ‘ence cena ncn te ofthe modern. Und oe of te ned tothe So for tance scent, modest Marin tila | wa about i ofthe ier of the exraton of Para on ear. Bua, ‘eueymulenasan enters oh sat econ sch 2 tose them ceary Tip eel Chi od Co gt Dd of pons an telepoph ne, ar symbol of modemiy 2s mach a1 Rene they Wee “es frhatorany ssl aot geen oy ta serch wat tte ae only een pooplen the pantthowgt a. Ho ard recover Pala, soi an economic tes "out tee” beso the avery sed “Thishok tke he eta coneporay change er 0a te ‘et with each thes pout ts pei could Fens be ‘bce a "he bn fhe mer werd” Ieenenpased he he ita, dem enalatin of oe yay oa ete slide ‘yale a maske epunin fob commetl td inlet ae ‘Tae imernatonal pnt of ndsaeton and anew ae of bs ing empounded hte pofand deren Te tepng oa these et “sepia ney changein a ssi opin Eve cea ele feng brondened rota Moder then war tony procs but hoa pick began ath endothe eighth century ands cone‘urive, boca they were the “fest.” This book accep the argument that Kolo sos he word caper nee ways an at ieen ‘nly capa of Hamburg or New York abe sbout te expasin| ‘West Asa boing the dy ofthe Pope mre he age who Bows Europe and is North American clones, Before 1914, people in most pars to were emp mar of he West. For atime the Wes sb ‘Sonp and orf modems, iy te ube ony these ‘ere mary ew onl and eveplets rou the wo ene WH Joya’ puri leached mca he moe pon, Sizifiant shits towards uniformity, particular in bodily praoee. Ate ‘inc sols became ienaly owe compen and mote sae. ier ‘enomenon which peoples mary een cies have undesoed in ‘ring pin fr a sna tiny which tengo Wine tether poe ‘ihou Ging one of then rein we Conrorsine ro Stanparps: Bovity Practice Tischer now thes 6a example unfree: des the ver least the tation of wernt in dsp speaks to power Iuvsemarion 1 Dregne pine woman in Woon desea Se ‘et mci Nien ps i sec xpress uy sin. Tn 130, {pet of garment wish ange fom Chinese mandarin abe, eeu so of Acs. By 1914 owing numberof he mon imponant men ‘Ghses natin andthe ede othe new Japa Seed the top Bat "Tha eit eprced pony end ttn ppd the ‘oor ings gran th change wa eee {e aden of enpicy Western de, but aoa he owt of aap Joan re refen movement emp to roid ode i he making sa Weang of esd tna. Hote gu ring fry sen ‘tir nde reemer r sane, ed wo Sop pee ging Bandsloaizaion ~ Creole, Swain Pisin ~ were armed wih thie on ‘religion, and scence across the world, be needed a pubic voce. The polis! ‘pact andthe seman tsk on sin forme Kote Pipes Rose {e Kot and Fh The mae nee no ony Clan a Wer P a si Sermons onthe ie ofthe Prope nd eo rma ack pe lig ‘Another consequence of groving gba uniformity can be sen in the etd ree igi a gs ens ‘nes ecu amrtatr wanted ncn tg ahd Jkt pope ir the pup of aston and ry sence But twa oo snl ae of ‘tions ema men sn omen end ne the for he seo ‘hun patch we cao, or psa ar emia. Reliposs tl the played separ More and mote inane were nine wer the vrs “ruts a the peat go vsne, expec saat o corn fr Rh “pletand hscinsor, Aven wereinereainglaopedea tre sandarid farm of fame paci was ons ain propa by tence an goer ments. Th ers were enficed by he bl cots pete Ou ‘image o Mess nd Mins, The in lof slvey and han Jeni, of cone, t mili of Altea, Areca nd, ant del the Pai nthe course othe tech entry. Atte sme tne ae ‘Sorking of goverment pte cours demanded tha esrons he ts {etperonal and family me fr ofa puro Tasha some sama ‘utes Ia Scandinavian cous mean tht hundred of thd of people wet led “Johacsen and “Chetaen” fr isan, we in arma te pracice of bi naming mat ht th the popula ssa ater the Burnve days the mek and sal muro ane Jegeal se Poke fd in dierent pars ofthe wold became sia, Wheat bead sacl teeth become he ana tthe Bis nd oth Goma in {eet oder prod Tis re was exo to Bis Arete {ows ok up the food of meneter Burp pay est hn hat ‘standards of thet new masters. tthe Inter nineteenth century, a8 reforming {ovement ame oper or Westend eics cae fen ‘etc rene ney ped. The nse ‘fibre and help them wo confront Wester imperialism. Mahatma Gandhi aso ety eos he en ames bd up das tm tog adbeen mde “tinue” hy perm an ad domenica He ad ‘Saping te we of mart ate and cil pepe lf wes Rad greed ithe Amesas sn en pend aco he wel yt Spanish ad Porugune congo the cae of the sent and seventeen “pt example i ter emipder hat i ws no singly a question of emecilexparsion bed crated aaa inks Rrween leet word ‘Steer which ended cowards gre unos So for tance, oh Su doted nnd ean gs, West Altea hi ped pte cs ffm th secon. Ti onnensonBeween Aa commerce a te ‘Alani ve planation ster ad been ected By Eaopean expansion. yh eno herent cau ur ad expe iin ne ures: spc and lene The heparan aad oe atte of a ‘Stor grins Had ech foes! Wo de an rae, nove ince san ‘Sone hy mol bodies Een fom f those Gin Bet exper tobe re uf he word — otal ugh, and eicket~ seed to Dea He Hamar of ts power dee to dscpine the Boysen equ ote ‘rida in cry. Ete gues which moved om Ana the We, ‘ches hooey and pol, at up fcr ongial appear pil ees tnd became err empstons Meanie Fresh peso ied tes ere coving and cai, French pte of ple plac, aod (Geaan oaceps fhe proper orden often an humanist owas stored actos the woe in sar actos BUILDING OUTWARD FROM THE Bopy: Communications anp ComprexitY "i roving fry the oe bot pic iver ies ‘the dncourses generated by esopomic nd political power bepan to converge 1 andere” was ao he age of oe! communist. Tete was ‘uve expansion of bok ping word Seen ha wee ot BY erty standard pessres became ene opted om fen ‘tc seas Europe whch win hereon 150, fret ts were ped in alta thn ie St Pec ad sre th wth gh pee cis Ba 8 non. By 190, the ta of newspaper ties had reached 31,026, theFelodo 600 nd, 15 m Arc, an 10 pun“ The slot ome ‘ord can be aopecisd He romember hat pope ease, borowed, ete people In eter nerds redced thr to mans for “The lee teeaph became an interatinal stem fling te opening othe Bop Aan cable 863 andthe two Aan cables in Meo. The ey he meamsp and Inter the telepone relatos ‘he send of cmmunictn Ir would be wrong deny the tphestion of ‘eo of meses cid mate posse aarp isin of cmon gen ars stellen the generation e150 hy Ini, "pin and Chet navonalie oesponde lage keraph esd tae tee in Pe, Tet, oon, Sen Francie, and Sane. Soe ‘ic an eda en spend ound the wor wh ean speed reveals tht formal simi ad mutual trnsaablty sil fen makes ‘es contested, paral and uncer sts outcomes eer te than | Sites thing by "ery" thn hd Earopean, thou parts deste | ‘he cocepand arian apparent mia pps hl my or ‘ten cama elo ite rather thin the doctor tht Chyi= {ances snes soup All smell sgt slr od Hindus seedmore the Chit 0114 shanty fad Deen 1780, tn conversed atthe famous Wold Parament of Reigns eld in Chicago in that ation hich has oes hee Bundles of eh, shaman petties ther oem sere efter and soppsely uno characerstcs ‘era ora unr Tis compen f fantom a ute ile fst lage soit ad wide neopets ad ccuatons, Snore now de much moe of sales work” tn Sbuaes ected DY Side Chine an, oa lene net, urope, Bren oii och hae of Ube hamie Mille East whe woes si eld nach nce hd rena ESE eton therapies fautiyntbcedersnset Asie ean werrscny creep mgiment hal ben cone by ‘Ein encour vai of acl mann employed nda ‘Temi, stems ha bse writen downs oad ven aaa Asa, Nor At, and Mid em mea protce (Sikerornacaemicand coe pacino The wold wasincaes Pretec ered ap snllinres ha come ite eiece nal he major tn ents Mana arb widely ton cpt fom owner a acting. Sesh ‘ntact ted to Landen, Psy Aten {fa hed ecme no bane ns sch Shh Tehama Naps Ferry poly we sa a se ec iat Sovting mas cilesTa ft ind of nero cess race was Teva Th pret psalm sve prada oan nresion Sten The rang ry psu and om ing sso “geste and began oboe amar sepiton. Convene, unio, ‘nimi i ean, ino al progeny ik {steal common nicest hich beached the Bounties ofthe ato nee thy were profoundly toeced bs von se fem Tw eid ae ot 8 halon hed toca woking om uma sees fr cee, Ths ‘a aiya word of of vgines osc oll oreo bcs ele ltr cme to direst ros hr wm ten bre oa hi fine, fowee tate fees fr change one bore Bee 10k EP ‘pest drama comers ced cel a ler serine ‘Ghee ones in broader he ogation pli an eno ely ae mi-ghcets centers. Chapter? poet onto ow how devon ‘eo in steal and pot i ashe wei ware Kepning ows Seve pao eee ost fe tin oF 1-10,THE END OF THE OLD REGIMEMarl Tower te OU Heine[1] OLp REGIMES AND “ARCHAIC GLOBALIZATION” Iw rt clonh-cemary wl pasa pomer and rego an ra ory mee hig ancy a ineribed Ia compe ways Eco ‘i, homeer, were relate mpl, mit by pce ad sl “pendent eos. ‘The es fou cages atemp to ean Bow tod yee assed omer more than trex generations woe ‘hire patcl and carats sccompani by te emergence of| Ive camper ad rcopbiy modem sil un ecco pater They Whew the ame ne aking the multicentre oii ofthe sit toward hs conn et fecal ceed, modem. Te ese cape adr spent oe slg a poli ogaion ft wrk ‘ary to mi-aighteeh cea. Peasants axp LoRDs 11750 she lags pr of ham sl edwin he dona of what tins eve called "agraran amps” Aton empies were ngs eh ely omic ses which bated athe core by inte the ups ‘roduc of pentane producer, Set esas wee fares wh cated {tapos ond ss wi tho aay labor bore pean i soil "aking mer lcs, wo might ometines far he a hese | So tok ents frm other penatenan. Below “peasant oper” mee Tense Lorn ho ores on te lan of peasants orth ea ing soups fr wages ora porta the crop. Cally hou, eal eh ‘ral wae, an ns laborer were a nate ike Co the “psa proper” and general subse to si aloes. “The aga ene of Qing China, Magha I, To fron Sati tra, ana he Oxoman Epc, the Rosion Erie, and the Habsburg mootriytopther mit bve scone frat eae 70 pct of‘he wr popalitin. Lrg pats f the Spi Coweta Coe ‘alan South America were nl med by peat een fhe bg ‘ered Alfa, musing complex laos wih mara foe “Sve Pesan rsd andentond, mnt have scot a pect ha ges opultion oh in seme aes the emerges a Oe fea ‘Siac mmcce may Pave pk he uta poplin tahoe 2 ‘Enrohe ral Thit apes ove te te cs cy pe ‘ontiwestem Europe martime ererine China and tat Japan "Te poland eos eres ofthese plc continued 19M ‘conics which cuntned them wee rately ple by compare ‘dh tof heater tnetentn ei whic al exper ea ae Tezaon and te poweh ofthe atte Beenie mow pone Inne wih them vere pmanny agra! ibe o tandbeeryad mechns ‘pendent op spite produce he sult ofthe havens diated ‘ser ie nt hd for hows of fea. Many weer ad southew European pean armer were burly weather han Ava an Ae “Sule agen ad es ren ccs 0 plone Joa Keron ‘pied pemusily tha och eal Ep wa sui fe teal rs ering the pects centr Even tral soc France was pegucd by conwant rire abr buns ciel Utrogboot he ance entry. Mow Asan, Aan and many Europese ‘Scr atl eitatingxactno francs vey 20 eno 0, Tet Sear were deepened by sar and frig ines, bth y see tins of mae rote sweeping in fom the pps oe ders an ‘Econ the bodes sense were ans wore a single xe The eset af bs and pes a dileet sce ndced ore at resemblance fo cach other ur dipayed many ipa diereces ‘all These deenes depended some ett onthe iret peso boc cope mich they grew For tance re going ae sh so fm Chin Southeast iy nd the Indian re alleys epee ers ty tcl cmmanits oun the pon tens which ward top nts nie se pal supported age mam of Sabre trey por dependen pests, who re eo weed he ps snd "uiope ana the bulk its Ameren cones mre, corn yin paworal are were popuaon wa let deme, Hee fs wee fen Independent but len poor bees they ace gation cst | marke or were ieee to monevenders and ther magn. Beare! those wo poles were sanurerble lclcombinton i ih the oo "glare depend on te Spee mi f cops oe mresclogy aba "ven fess whee pean culated hese pe of rps are ren ed ‘3 soci forme Regus intone and the paren of ern pot ics nenene to tate te comple ms of tnd tenure ad eatin whi nd developed win hem, Pesan ain were tend scene somes thht Ul he eee of mecha Eiming and senate cop natn ward heen of the iets Bru tc rence im he mays Wh eas ‘Sond eds hed hes ond eed to ach oe Peat nro ont re eae peo ofthe ne ow 0 WeTietathad orn temsny teenot See cea Nor Spanos ey enued in prc war of ean sei anowrets Sle ar any moderate ras petro cam. There mee ‘ets deemed pean ia of coune and the et chet Tey es pie wih thm. Yer hae efionn aly telco ear ‘Tipo attenuation sb and impos heaped upon al pce ‘him eftherowe menor an he hoy tides eno Pent fas were gue eaereeural. Thy mated more an rere moe ted mas hoe The) woul to mame he opporien Ts pro ‘deg indo cnny let whee ad wee th pic ret {ndecnami reomtancs ete options a many pare wth ad ‘Seccatyin vu snd cern Europe andi apn a oe the ‘Howting ofthe age desopment goa of pears ithe et ‘So ana pun och wast one much ofthe conan “rman ofthe nineteenth cst "Genny sal hares nod order were ao mor alae han onto teied The eines te un by se bu ey ‘rere et gi Tus wa ue eco Cnn, In, Jan abd he Nile Enews aentctuy Europeans hota enn eims oF oe snd cnseratin, Nee on the ing sty and eve me ‘ch pean inca snd id kee ih fi ne rare end {i peer wins gecrton or oi ox scetes. There ate een {camps onl of ve psa ow sine to pws. Yet he evry por was atl Sepie: penta ethan none and ‘scuctalray profeion were Doping for sme meee, Sey were wl unnped ndtndcd tobebee a Ia tre. Even he Ceres anton fare Tue Potrrics oF DirrERENCE Pe 2 he 186 seer Moras, ey Marsal Hoan bean fo wit of ‘he cay mnde amic r"guaponder rps” othe Me East Tlnd Southeast Ada Some autor enended the cagny evn rte ‘sing tht the Chese Qing Shmaty (1644 1911) ba eae east ‘he mar evolution 10 tht of the Otomans (619261922), Sate (G1S01-1730, or Maple (1526-1858), Thuy had al wanted theme ‘0s fom the sans of “et Bhan" nomad ed fearon, Nome cher and omc pe slr, mo dase and nine pervs of broad seratan drain? Iwas ern ugweed tat the ast ‘Sm an fom some pepsin, the Auesan Habu, epeented t ‘ipl and “epesennan of le have so traced exharting aris beter he eur esiogy and tal fis XV tbe Gt Langempeo (China (1736-9), and Peter the Great of Rusia” ‘Sich broad “ay erlance ewecn many ofthe plc regimes of "ures and norte ad western cera eed Yo be Hane i ele over 10 year nr The mont rece bs fear ese at Soiree even inthe commercial born eons of wets Europe {har wien pst vanesy a pate and eco fern oany of hich to be suppres or wo bea to tecme more unr over the et cow. “Spied a dee ctr and lnguic any but were gente ito {pera of kngoms grand dacs papal sats, ado he Grea ‘Prope fe wot 10 Ung wf the France ofthe eels acca gine sma bythe rote of he palace of Vrs 2 cael, fteta ste where Beat rp lcs nterene cost i lol ee fn the ame ey he en of "nent despa” waa of et Iden Europe, hangs oe the common andetaing ote Ong hes Sinan Mal rps. Thee ere indeed pct fs an eco ‘elton nw ese per an ing neta pupae es ‘ete an these empl shoud ot be cone. Forse, Wii ‘te ecve at trngig tution revenue, ven the Mesieranet| Sou, was mach serge ara Pai andi he nonesst.In Bate Iroe the nieces century, moar fee prc cage vet ‘Bs, pony and posal tems, Agi the prt of wes Anal Were re quite aes by comparison at Hyp sd the otis [A prover fhe emp, sme Saf noe Mpa ni "ven Pera and South Asa, he Msi emperors were i repo si er the maitenance fan sits whieh ered he emai ess dhe cap in an in mnt Sele he ee Betpeisn of ner goed be cealiton of pes. Lae ee) ed ap ene wee sero hese Koger so to ane [ili dma dnc wr oen me erect rol roi, thes, an es fray rie ae Chinn, Mancha Baer Cans freeones ce sone sera fctins Te Wet Aan ‘Nee knetoe em Chun), prican, developed fom of fee cay loaned be commision scans ay eat ao town brands “fetboc cumple sev ne the ener re This hat be ld inp cone and barnes the wing #0 {nde cconmy nin acu cvcn abd ute specie opel Ten ltwar rece ttl anc nore uiomly ere tat ‘Ey mubnded her mor an phe ao orp as. Tro tebe wel or stance te mj of pton term a eed were peoday mainte ty lol exmmuniie or ante, Whee compet leo al pilesr and power ad cme it einen here Wo ens endo for th oe beckon py Becoming aot thn | ‘Sac her pce ite Kings and emperors fen and erate ad ‘Sv as ee ii te ae Fic oot fhe eve pent. Here nd Gwen Europe, at ‘en panes agit the ox impo eve y auc cep cre oyna ot cay a the tf ul ea ‘ie puns Now Word sce atemps he cowe to cera power {tsa mac thw th ve mat Oy fed alr pose an te ‘Tapbioning ober fom he ndan penny. Not sepa, "a Bel abo" he Span fastened ped of merous fel roeton* The pte was sarin Ani By 1800 Chi te op ranats he ‘sain tte funding, nial, he rps ha en ote 0 ate ‘i poner nme sen ode steogtben Kew he ange Fu foneey she Geet ofthe inet inno soveycenpronie he ‘ame’ eginacy Recent work on te Wrst Aan Aste has a ow ‘Seth png coal! power sever Hed By os eons td cage gre ere, commons developed rain contacts wi he ‘eld mart np ft Bese of he ener a eae So eerment nals ets wan in something of sf he eb Ste power wis mer and pure i defeats ous an vpnce was need to ap scpang aay to meats a olfle uch. th monaco aes a si hte ps ings aud th ‘maeenc, ware an x ating reply came tom Ble when ‘nds annuay bocane npanale. The ste sold oly phy sl numberof ofc or ere mal ute ip praca cane, peer ‘ules wet ol ist Bepsning fon out who and how may pup ed Sein woes trai wha guages hey spoke o whe on ‘es theypesmed, Bsns th hry of lg escion a Eup ot uno of Seb, wan what was requ. Every terete anol fst ndimperl power reed in henge erm on he pn {nd honoring flea ees osFavering cl communis Rules a snalacd by iether sol horn ntl the German so ‘he masts af grea soles and cntlles of land were alowed efecve lordship win thei domains, proved ha they fl allegiance ote forwas of congue and Sten. Twas gt sf ost, of he Indian tery of Ratan, conoid by oa ay ad noes owing | ‘rood allegance oe Mughal emer in Del wa oe ua in tse respec. On te other side were te lds breccia a | ‘Ghbonte bearer of col magi inl inthe Conic cas rough image nd np schous a hen eto pone to ce seat fais who had fut forthe con of St Lows sce the Me Ag parently ny athe iherenzee- In pace though may ators eed ances of pape a infrmton, Wate in bureaucrat stems ‘cl nae the om power av andcoils a the ea ve Se Inge x ato dra cy react ty dee or he ome sts commersa cer and Iyer: By contr, a Cina he ng ot ‘ypany had atlanta pepe when consol fumes form which che ureucas wer tecred od ccm tet lundldings andi perqutesfcommerein throm is becomins ‘andowning nd een rating clas other on eg Te pre cha teoey bent ih he wind fg cndns: Ont ines he Vietnamese “meio Chins anda ns mi ar ety, en th dina es of rte, war anoles ad ‘iin etm nh a ren bt per of oan emperor efor, cnioed ode antler a dy pegs, esl uso od “ly cle TAR te ied fo he pnt reed howe he vee of ZEGLceront puta emda, n be wort of Wan Dove, cet {oat of Burpee ea of te ann rime was ies cone ‘Sm er poer and ppt vein of wes ition mich he Som new sch ety my ‘eee muny theatre apposed abate kings a France ‘Teeny eon ors oc rem ith pple ein ad {rtm esc mit powers orc txason Rig waseneneme ase) Srarp wht he ar tla aw me in pce Ta {oie Rowan svcnent employed 16300 ofc whe rs © tne I preent of Rosse empoyed 1400" ln Rui eer, teva ef eto rope hey ce cond am op Aas ‘Sieur au tnpy sgusion of weincay Moar cou sometnet encpealy ep the esos tee ent per snd cock {opine pal en The oar could eps fm rary powers {fEcy wot Breve oee srg te tees of esofon ot ese ‘ne fun te ean oats of cand sd arnage a exec Sor revue wt whch otc whee of police ato ie ee apo of Egan, Seta, end ‘One earth i rpmer whch ston avo emu we thi tndemy to go rough “evelopment ein which peo oF ‘inne etlion wc alowed by decried then oe Uy avenge a ecenann, In sme ce "perl eee” had any tne ty a pte by he sr cent, nd he Hh ‘Sap a emperor ad ced om she powers ty ba ed an eds of cong The Otoman rats nanbul hed vay ee ‘Khe coca perl ono eon nate io Ea Si ‘Mount tsbanoo, snd Noch Alc by 1700 pap tht ne eoained snc of eg ny 172, Ma get ‘ees eri Hind Munk and Sth subj ged in apni ae inant om Di The bag erp of as wt 8 "eo ores of sepa terol st of Shh had ep ood ft power naa ents and bow te ental ee ait ati war cere by anowing hablo the Church wd sem conto he fs he teers ey. The Oct Subunits centr cue ore hn map of dece ‘le, weaning powers ne Ganong Aon Hangar cmp ‘ning, erg on eisa semis of ol Mason who bad tr been icuorated no expanding Stille nd aserve miners rom outset bodes fstab Tel in England, where they were fined i ter mitary commands ‘Sows anh Some ofthe fers Ge radiate en ad coc teen Cato ntl” cai of Hepa. I many Europe en om aropesn sca a owt of pation Sia and sentiment ea see oat eat inp caste weer by outer na peo tsidesdiincton between “ot” li, “oener (da) and ‘tego of aur we bo em jut ve he fry Borde" caled pre ‘Mostohe ret emerald in symbo ceteton wih vasa onto "ook cu fo ter enema ade, Prien il er ‘Sio-owning poner ann rm the Keio to of Mal hoa ‘heey Aes the Repu Vee eld a ncaa waters he ‘eae of Muscat and Oman cred th Aas an ladon const he he ‘is at coronation of Southaa’ Assn popes and sbipownem Inne aceproges” Stes hve fund tha even in he gananempen Power toes af mechan an loel gen cece cntlled artit ‘Stes which were formally dominated by spills and olde Ta ‘commercial gre, that emperors fom the stench cetury onward ab Teme cose down Chin’ martin ads when they mee ao et) [Exapened or ben besten itn bon the mince cent The inl ott war fen 0 be casted “pate the comman eof Beaes Royal Na ‘Histon fave tionally Wewed the woeldvrough the pepe She ofhunaiy who ned ner hse conta Compleat Sarto, sacha he Op Great Zine, o Aste cop ented ‘Anca Yu many ther Abc especialy i the sta Fut ofthe Conner, ned in what hate Hee ale stat le sce 0d the he boas were made up tm te expltaion of a age of arcu oe ‘nd animal produc ies were common in Wes nd Non Alen ‘nerrcies were more ofen contacted of apes ad ot an Bras bY ‘ner of Ac, i eh Amn a as wi Titus ee reid ay ty nae ede abe eee he EESGf oie ny Aétan "high Hag" were constancy the conse! Se cs fe ft rage Tae power os eg al concen ‘Scone wet tan een poe (itt socwtce dependent pou di ex, ofcourse Semetanes hey wore ccndnn of sever someting poole whos pret hd pesaed ther prover in echange rp dug ad ies But ssh people were more Fe svn fie wpeioeincage than srt or plaaton slaves othe (Caoen and America model The sum wn ote Inigo populations of North Aeris ant ‘Acton the Paty ch pode many eum of ema, oe ‘fetng, tad hung populate, These were cay ost i aly dre, bat eam more oy id of spe of he tral sd {Sina wos un the popslatons of teagan ees Soi nd Blows eas or replated predicate. Gene Wasa foeral Sec ‘Papin soon tn nthe obsan Pac or tans, comune (foe teund peter tough he change of woos fc er te ong SSruncen" Bu chewhere ss anon the Mat rou by bodes of le ‘ror contend rl nih each ber, famning the pater of sale Reigos sty center cal nd mse athe than on reaching tare ial Te car shock enened segs Sach pope by he ‘Sdn al of mina aa Eapesn ry i oe Aine ‘ail wo agente "ven the gest apt relms of Ears were ged a intemaly ‘ample by diverse ses of thi Sot which Ine wa them 2 ‘mbes sceaoaly ruprred by war and fron an Basa sup ore omic pis Tas wie th sper Nanchurae esse, “ino spn x vor-congucns Gg Ra, nA stor the Propit,a ne nthe ihecmcntry wer the tekOck {Wana estnce ote Ota Epic the ao pare am Ia Pain dong the ete ena we fae em he emma ‘wal rope Zande and Quah came to power" THs a, howe ‘los the nt pert which hone ad sere male ee ‘leo ein ned ss to ve th goverment sd pute he ‘eon nthe com Riorealprcen scab Y the great edie “Masi stinker bp Kindo Om he ss fe rope sts of weer Ea Lap rane heme oe Keak sep, ed tel tence wees pmsl sees ote Bowe he Ran Bap: When ine 770s, se Gc reve agin He Epes _'Rresplte, depot ne satan wd produto singh sk tpper, miner, andfoenen tothe King nd oka of ‘eld; epee! anther Stn pe of poly Here a col ‘Beet demonsinted hat 9 eas the egheeh cet oe at “aba oedema, Tad, snd the lnc rb palago, ocwn the Steranfter were ach peoples tol prov ace roars and mary sl bur eve alo rpide with sme swe ‘thie naga ad ears In Nod Aer, he irc recor Be “omar by wars Bewecn ster and Idan. But thee were ea ‘Meow poles ofSaenaton were inteduced her U2, Harsincers oF New PoLiticaL FORMATIONS Fnaly,comsdruon mast be ge oto poli were to Become Europe, but fad so exblake cao loos i the Carian a North America In economic att, Mes and arias, mh of ‘ga, The ea thar western Europea deeopinent was wal excepted ‘oh of etepencul sce wich al corel exec Ho Mt ‘regons were much more ew specialid than even thowe centers of cea ‘merino whch cold be cen nthe cnt Yang vas, o Sra engl ein he itr of tana On ape a aro coal Cait Tenth seen eu coil Holand which Jan de Vests the Fine moder econ” as poring more than ane of fo BR from some dance, Wel-descped eon specalanon war i a ast soubor England, where Londoo wes x naine aie porting frat and veges fom southern Ueland an oa fom a at noi # Newco he eighteens cnury. asc and ee isaments et ‘sual we decd; an capa was nceng Becoming wanes ‘ivf intances Dutch foun ied ne snk the Engl Et Inia and Levant companies and in the Brisk Caan, ven oud ond remained Brain's va Tn some way the mon advanced form SOY conmispecnsatna an the ang dance Sepoymet ep wet ‘ice lations futher Noth Are eth Caen. The ie at of i ae df rion fe cnc ae SLUR ince stetistuncay tno onsen, SS ecpay nose fr onan Soto “Pn Eepen wets he cn pre scine connin nd ge tne ae Bo es Saki Steancene os rte: Bachy ac bce sete ca oes Lan ets ser TE Pol td mtd ero tegen ‘Sree tte erry appear SAttaaua w rcp onda orem fame. Erno pe af Gov Hp c opio e tng ew Scere an any nrg ro nd peony ih Sirimee sshnigorhconen sf nrseny soy ht nace pst Sonera mca Hd on ed al i mas Shores or assy aoe ohh el ome ernest ty Se gow te me Gea emed § Seco of nei poke ro lon Inge [aon mae comers on ected se of es Stuer ore became smi ith merle owe ‘nec enibieae ss hon tne ttc fn ows oaths spay me cy oe so meat Tue Premistory oF “GLOBALIZATION” ete ofthis okie owt fa orn nteraonalscety {nthe course of he lng nner tury one which in the edn, ‘at diated ty he Wes. Fore since ey we ca ey ne ‘Beto inrnatinl” Thi above als othe pt of enema {ton of mansion” when the ets an paces ofthe mtn Soweto ecer the mse of gluon nthe seven end ihe ‘uth cari, sie the ih poof the neste The wed en of {1800 vac ahiacors pst bese util nd let ak iS Sa ted ikodn ston the cots af wht | cing Ye “atic plobstation” and "ary mosern” globalization persed der the ube fe nnten cet irate, AC Hes enraged ‘sets ed domiancs cet by ESP expansion of ess ab _inet! le As the pois pope hae pes scepbaetag Te many cnr In ena he expan of Harpe” na oe among stra contemporary came of Hoban ether thay ‘date nthe making. Yer we can detest some commen tig rinses dee peer om cal mga thug 0 the Cp ‘ler pre. Vst plea and economic changes occured daring theo oly apa hitlaon npr of te Adan ron Neen tem te sno unin gal ncmore of peopl monty aa tonsa eas fr mach ofthe popu of Mederenean Europe, Ag, ‘Sted ve een teensex ct rot, trough the defor power a seu fre inquest Inte woof he i eines, hese dest erent Sem Foe ‘ose spa of the moder ntemations! stem pve pact Nadray sche gobalstn Bit, unteraling Kp eco, ‘pst ue of nmi ego and tr, amoral ral Uden fap ot tod het These fee tented some undying pte in be sins oer var dances in sar find! aay eos trier athe seme of the Mon Christen Spas Ei or 0 Mancha Shor. the petos ection indestd, the cou of ese wee fongoeron pac dicen nd "cherted men Goss sae” The i Som The get courts andthe petty imitators down te ge as So ated at magnets for hago commode drown fom detan an Kohan, Chinese ale, Arb ore and cous stone of al hin ‘tox pz cos ge tac at wee cil othe rng or (Ehunce ene ln Een inthe toe lated coum ofthe Pac ce igh Kings soup ote and charsaute objects ost embody al repent great: rsp ees of has ited nto smock rl Fate mbes socal rans wore costed thou the nga chung of pond guns Renan rent communes Ae ie nt Polos Marsal Sains pointe eat ths valaton of are pots eee Posed Hovases (0 ude caply for commode sch European até [rseran seh, Chinese porn, and pre sno eae ar "The liens ofthe rca le trait lois ad ti hn of Rone or a, he yo Alaa war dey eerie Sc rei and Abia. Scrententvcenary Mop! np Pode Ue me bh ———————— ease Ot ne ey Baek ween etn Re frye ‘of Afghanistan looked for Greeks, throwbacks to Alexander's Sms secret arse eS es Cp tencnt ust wcrc argentine an ae otictscr ee an ai ert i oan Se oe Sones louie Pee peroprtior prey in See Sener arenas Suen ‘wel in order to preserve the balance ofthe ideal pity, preserving pious eee ey ees ee eee eee ‘expistation and religious confit. ‘Ths theme will be explored further in = Sceeterveaimami fer emacs -Eagagemenss to cade how to beng the Jewish people back to dhe Temple Seer aomcrnonetetenrtenranene SS ca annie anenoraacs Setieeiecemegheaeee water testes ee citer ninemsnin rurn spread new ets. The wots biomedical pm hom he Ge, ‘ham and Hinds tag o Doi wd Contain cveoppe. Spec red ech eter tents The SOB ot Ser Specs reba ey ad ‘imal roduc wich wre thought enhance pron ad Bol eat Along with mares of roe Suh a Precos Mea Weapon, fn hoes te seach fr pied medkinesenposed dep pers Wat {rage andthe moneent of peoples" They ell o est the athe Stonecape,”& Stal pate of cll ing 0 bomow 2 werd fe ‘Aram Appaceat gun. Ty the eee cena or example he ‘Suna rere de wat desgned wo spay okancing pods at Tokens of igi. Tea ar medicines that te te okey and Bly ‘pun entered Chins, Each of these somes became, Hi ake ‘hare an hen the item sty ers pl mas ‘ampine, T some deg, tis ws ako te or ween Borage and ‘Arca hae worked den in svelte and mua nmi af he Ol! Weld soptrcted by univers! nip ad covet Felon. Inthe immedi epiter lay the uneven peat of disor aligs miliary, mad spelt comnies generate by thse aie These wer the als that seed Amenan mecha the ingen ‘he hamn ing costae bal thas houth af -mor ane teaton of suwances and gods, The lage of such comsampson me Sentepcaly to comme ivy This patter of ol hase to and bene ie gant rm he ma deen rs ARCHAIC AND EARLY MODERN GLOBALIZATION “The erent in te tobacco an opium characte he second leven pase the emerson of the moder inertonl ode ‘eso entry and spreading omc he fest of the wor by 1830. Tt Pe asain wah the growth of Atami sey a a he Hi te Burpee carer compan, ans of mec sate pe, nd the royal ading ems creat ia fe Asan woe to handle and coed "hes burgeoning wed Prot-capeat bulation developed by igo td hecming purse oo, pehape “xonlsing,” to ere Appedara® Pas gin the carr erate by ace bation Fo sans the apr a ves ace sete) lathe Bling ofthe wei go “Thee new galing emi wed methodically 0 sborint and ie ssbutelaboron avant sae Tey ted the ot chapter she ik ras tatiana ares Soe kite we nt oma Se Sea ao So eo Sie oa peas a Seetecene heres Mans metepeetmonenc si oaee yee ies ieee dommes Sintra tse a ints 1 nro ctor ema Sedna ege Sce eee oe Seats erie armen ecko ed Seeecopin ncn Seana cee sarees chat eeermnen Sie Scr nea ae ens = 7g i iin ec i. ciara ese aces See Ema aos araas Heist ay puja eae nto etre SpE ea eee we ee ete tee eet Semarang iw melt ioe ns Schram TiaoesD sae ane a Soi Surhivine Teer sect a ene Shiota es herein ator su iciniastaeesoite he seat meesisicabatemnn eh median yesa hn onan San See nS ear ame ers tly ote nar a a Toren ate eterna mest le ee eStores SUE SSoc ie arises rs SAN ae a heFr eccenting dhergnoes tern the csonomie performance of diem 1 goes on to examine the much subsler diferences which expeaed i the fn o sates sade sccts som becomes. [2] PAssaGEs FROM THE OLD REGIMES TO MOovDERNITY Farry yea ag if ofl hirano tans had bee shed wha triers change nang place two level inh sean all | teh pent tury tes Wo proba have pod whe Insti Reson and the Dering: of mechanic! production ip Brain. Noone (doubt lang ar ipo of indian or bow people ed Sons wok Bur mans Ratrns are now shea hat te Indosal Recon fad pss ey a 800 sd ave downplayed ts en ‘ance in fort of wera Bape and Ame before Be 18508 Tus Last “Great Domestication”? AND “Inpustarous REVOLUTIONS” oe pa et mt of ome eievigirnees sare epee fs oP as ger es saa iy pe Be et Secon ep is se nan a spe a ma ale age ty ce _neverting dverpnces tere the csonomle perfomance of diem {egoes on to examine che much suber difrences which emerged in the tata of ae sd cic ets he nse. [2] PAssaGEs FROM THE OLD REGIMES TO MOobDERNITY Farry yea og fehl hora or todens had bee shed what tet nr eno change ning place tweed level inthe secon al | (eke pent conty they wou probably hare ont to the India Ress and he bepning of mean! production in Beta. Noone (dou elon en ior of indoriazaan or bow people ed Sou the wor But many sorans are ao sepicl ta he Isa eon ba post ey ar 1800 an ave dowrple e s ‘Soe cen for ns of western Europe and Amer tlre the 183. Tue Last “Great Domestication”? AND “Inpustarous REVOLUTIONS” rom a goal perect,t80 ber mar spe of soil and conomic sarge beset len tut ner wor Bory a et ‘etre tou 30 he fs of tei conse be a pe of what ‘ap tean movin noma, aig fing, wih salsa sence menune span expat. The pce More 1 sea ad ery pe poe the semaine noma ents et sont 1650 Thee were «mune of rate fr ths Huma population Seam wo uch ster ose ef he eat pani Sabon page andthe Jace. Hopuatin cen began to 0" ID ‘uct aunten smh hc prstng cous Dassen eon e ‘Seta and South ameter spend are he Od Word in th wae fhe Spi no Potpise “Usenet” proving yan esas to heclues high opulent es popu reed ed rig sty encouraged he expan of culation an he see feta opis and stant agrcluraats,See people wer ae ty ln tes pended ses labor and ney. With he exe at ‘pioneer persis began to move ito this ast Evropean hinterland, Aloo freer ‘The deurucon of oe in Scoland snd the Gs othe pet opin Gack Ire wee par the proess. A abou the ane European exon im Nort America bean to pun elation Beyond ‘ane aber up ther als noses wee indore pope a faced mainly honing and Reng, During he eens cnt ‘or fat rps sch pin, ope and bec, om he om of ae (rs replied tthe end of the eighteen cet. Hete the ee merce. Aan sliver were bough th he espe ut usa commuitis, Alone the trl and eter tes of te ee toms of sted agelre in hereon foe 2 athe newer Geian miso tons sd monastic n Cental ant South Are Tn Bet and South Ace epecaly there exsed » Inger abort [ecaen mor fae fon of smal hoshandy and mee tern lh ‘of the essenially imernal nature of these changes Ic wus oaly distal oh te East Aan const Yu dung the couse ofthe Aer oth Sidra thi fore domerication nr ws promt by 2 depend Ser population dros from conauered popes. ADIOS pe hee ‘ing to deaths eneniey and ct Nga Hing dette cha ‘Grea by ming teen thei own wealth Onl ter wee wth ow OP feo net reinforced by lve aing th he ode wld 2 ‘by the appennce ofthe Mas Theres str dlls in Madea ‘he camp fom a een more efcontaied nie 0 be ound poste Hews lmgnte Moot ue Tne the, non ind ‘Sfxcn Zand Donen 150 an 100, foes were cared, inden SESE once an corer scs Siliced a ae were Sid overt anders othe covaton of eet pot? Even in cosees Chon, erin and tarening ad been inode! orn Now ern some inet the xm pressor pe, modiing Aerial Sees many pas ofthe worl he lon est domexicon~ the moe rapid lounge, eo type ad lee pent an Ero = pred tals and ior forthe ering comme {or eit,herdamen were tectme “cols annem bores i "Avcond st of rod cual and economic canes dict the sx dmc, uti etd oan cen he ea othe Sib atte oceen These wee what ate Boned “inden ov Sma" In some lash ein Forno demand an rue ‘developed bya historian ofthe Netherlands, Jan de Wis, has done much to Ine epicure of eonomic chung nis the i eine more ole ‘et iigng” Yet han ao made tore une eee Ep ‘Nowe obey nd he Ae sine como wee te ol 08 fe weed which were expescangsomcing we mh al un. De rica that pone Han, str End noch Germans tad he Thine Colonie wee etpetencing 2 see of dro eee ‘hes Ths ment sing fay bor mae fice by besa needs od ‘ers fom ote te shot Fanless new packages” of ‘adn nd cl ston For nance ors of alee 4; es ca nem ng with he pha of oa, eben ane) ‘lca sf whch oe tho es. The oti cage et (iran pve peoples ghrelin, ne tne ie, {hd sew pars osc snd eon in hehe. Io vet 18 the rae inspect fh att dpe occ) ic ‘ted the ald an hen Eay pens wich had Ben pase we seein oe be ce of Elan Hatch oa. {don apes fants tc da dig he the ce scy ws penned by ow se tne naplie Reocoh 1750 and 1830," . “eThe demand wich are fom “ie ieston of reat” along wk ocho fire or house! peck might wl tae Proved cae ‘evolutions dd no asta fe o ey ndustaeton. Tey Were tea farm of protonation,” 0 ee ese cee ehh intepreatns the nda Revoon Yas a suphe" reel, ‘ulin rom he mechnzation of prodton sos revlon, oar could cen pospey in mich sen way without Deitel Sap rte po rr prosucon, They were ined spe ‘rolutions names oy, But hey ao relcted changes in dard aa {he puters of consumer deine which kad up demand Tepes Insaoos elton witout indsating was common he Loe {Countin, Ceray nd conta! North Amerie Tens soe P| ‘tthe wally of Mesko and cont! Bra! blr 1850. Then aes tre lege snle cory produson ol ue te “This ehaperaeaty expan the concept of ini eotion by ssiening ts eogphical spe ad ping is call it Fst can ‘etl extend to repon autde Earp, which oa toa ae Seat bale up pcre of changing consumer vals ad nc el pe InChina wn te dee for he ene hs otc andra ee hh Tipe reorient prodeeen a labor many Ics En pn ar Torys ofr wich mandated erin res cad an the erage ‘ord ra mater oat Ti gue oso mtr nds sd {o imeereponlspeclation ba a Eorpe. The “abectcain ef ‘ron simian soci changes owed frm ndseou revulstons. Becaie ‘esl endo Hk th "aoc and a ear of wonder htc tio and ep owas ter ‘expansion of commerce. Merchant cipitasts ip many societies quik ‘ham rope in ew pate sf me tne, Th append ble en ‘tnt instanton 0 plc in Burp It tng th sme of ey crn inthe sons rerun of Europe td the Aer vere Wop products tobacco, cote spr an te The cola of hs bbenefis ofthis networking. Chinese, Araby and Afican merce ce fay proses. er by fare green auc aed” was aed Europeans “Thre were 2 numer of rao fr hi. From 4 Yer ly penta opertigs n inng and exposing the America ha iene Europeans | "Wmpetie actanagen word de, The expansion of he sve prot ig tinh et Marat Eaopespazenlynring stering social rn The Wht Lots Rebelon wich cape to ahead between 1796 a 180% appeared tobe the ft Yersed China in the fice of Wet sparen, Io the pe dese hy {ueton at become oven more preng, Aaccesha of Riran a Sieecnteentry China have proseated 4 pct which mies eh New of dediae. They depict Boopnt ade, incase ltereond ‘pevaiatns anda postive engagement Oy pens and gy i he ‘tersing art” Thee couse, eal es which characte he Snduseiur reasons of arope, ough the cll ener at rodeo hou large le anizntion, ise Beene bor bce And wades dsburing Insesing volumes of New Wold ser Ie Te Chan as inthe Bop uscrous eoutons ial develope swe e regpizatin of uso pater flier nd more pee {In amy incre om use ous Prom he stent oe ced ‘uta, the contnpon office hart sped boc the per aha Ey ole gry a ete etchant amis ad soe ih estan rite bereits and cued sete bows, An eyes fhe seer ‘ce cenury recoded» change i comumpin paren ich ere proceeded farther inthe eghtemth He tnd. "aw even owe fa [ow fic woden faire ad cabinet makers pened cope whee ‘hey made meng amture an other obs" The sme ws re fe ‘ate ford pink a ve ordain which we associate wih he Qian Lan ‘ean Antigueshop thoughout Harope and Nore Arena sel embers of these ey testimony to the During export cas the Englah and Dutch ne India compan. Large tlumes were | penal to Seathet Aa by Chinese mechan. We age pte of Inge vlume of porsain poston ncigtent-enary etal oa (Chine war destined a the mera ate, forte somsurpin ri Andtewe stato and merbant people Luu eee nal in 98 ih and iw one mara by the equ of sods ahr hay sin fst te cont of people by MaMetusmapstats. Las, inde | jection ental motor finda evans hin and oa ‘Sila pers were appearing in Japan oer he cue ofthe ate ee see and eigen centres Economic roth wan Bos hal een doing he sete eu ad as fen “County aces” heb nts proper. Sl, mars became more sume | ‘lave pencefl counts. Labor bea re specie el ub hom osama oe the pater fr consumption, Mera an es ccm Svc sw meme is Bed rece ccm ser ttt Te Seman fh bed sods salam he acre byte poplton of eee we Seed ast 2 by 1750 Jan's et of ole ‘2B vshing fen te mariage aorta, ese ha ow See saci ee ones op hy 0 my mow mots The Set pom af donsnd bpd so mate ieee nero. S62 Site, pene sgt seer and ting The nore ‘Src ach he ping eyo Se se in Eg remem, fawn, snd tects sea ee PEP “i mde mary mor gnc tr meio of poston 2d Behe af cal Toe pve mak Stn more ey ter ‘Maye tows posal porwr apenas may doa Tre suring) pip, in sm of the ol Hore rate ssc inpelon es prof nda an he le Eat epee eile ccoamic coon t est the mle ne teeth {coy Talo os eighteen ‘Seana Empac hn sen tse comScore num in whch he os wv peo he sume ad pets froured oy bce wae ound sooty theta pay ead Sere harm ee os ea Son pare ‘Sc puietrol be ory cae ony. te meter nan Atul whe now sepals re een ae the deine fe Mopars tne poet iene cml pope ace ‘ccnp yng sng nol meres Psa Pare Scr ta te standard fing of weavers in somemporay uth In war uy ihe al ean to Beh ene oh tech cay Otc er ow coun ele of ta bined wath tad enn drag he cory, converge le at Fela nda wars sey of i oe Snore “Thesis Wes an Sout Ay oti! even este orion sect an paca ees hit rea fo amet Meg imps sancti desopd cr own oh? pier por ‘eter wih ero uktngs hs nop caper asad Ett on alin oe tira "tren co sh be nvm rome of serene. Pron ‘ator often rested than fas dered a and facto, New Pesce ne eta oni” ad et ‘Sry eS nes mck vt es as ete 2dr tad Quon of Tend tee pce oe be Sten san heft cet "| h-THe INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL LIMITS OF AFRO-ASIAN “INDUSTRIOUS REVOLUTIONS" Many itor especialy tate wren by Asan and Afican atoning ‘hte fo tk the question, What went rong the” Why were Asan lint Aca unbleto marae ther of dvlopca ich wre imralnce boat 170 een 1750? Tse queso war ual ak of he indus mecbanang revlon, rather than of adios revlon wih gestons abou he sappy of ponds at He expense of te stay a ton, the tbutry ele ofthe Fae whch sched out kh Th ppl spec fs pest an the esac lens of penn Ho gsm the or of he ism fring the deabiow woth already ween ta and the bes ‘sang suhed the development otro a wena ena roth, wit the development of loa tude and consumption. En Ina the [Bet rene cers wee poleake by the East Inn Comps, Shieh Prose weaver rages thew of ce pd eventual cme pce od "por ofan ons Moh esa pened these on teeny suena corrosive French and Halen competion i the eighteenth ory. Thi argent ncn Ben renrected by Ane Gander rank [But Gunder Frank ans fer arsine tt there was nothing ey sec ‘boa Europe” What happened wha anal ora es ‘Europe merely gets apeaanc he “rs of Eusope Both fo ofthese sngumene nett brett Fe the “cine of sere wa oniy apathy angele proces Theeiindeed me cient {hat big acuta and commer! pow which wes oui se revo cto, as Repay to alackn by 170 over acho the wel td Afice wre defiteepeicocingeifiealty i susan he momen ‘ate for instance, he Qhg rein wi showingsagh of inp overt.” Me devtng tone and ore resources ware oe onee pi8 ‘eponal ade in China, ax coastal ares looked towards the sea ad inland ‘one became me safkart!” Some pars te eamy al beg © ‘apres seriou esoglprotiens. By ents, recent sessment Bia Wongand Kennes Pmcrans among ther sage a acl fF | Cpr epanion bel wp ate wel a Chins as se the eis Eanes aan hn Heer bap tne inn gen sort Seecheen be mabomnen sl emt benlodedino nse Bereich pene peal and reoures moved om ont eon 2 ssung ctv growth anyon en, nthe Oran ‘lpi cconmictprowement wa bl bk yh ee bere reso Begs cuon and Seve and te cent atone which oud cove Sc ont ot pan ed a wan ect” The ‘ete "ehous” perhaps beter "esi" oral wouped by mon ‘avepne wo unvealnpoip aes previous cape unt tht ‘Ge Aan snd Asn peer woe not suficeny peed down es lem nutes etre were uabeorot themes ey eet raf is opt and pou By. Toe af hn nowercs wg aden fhe rex” cosoo wi ihe ee dite of rest prod al exec) ich a pve up teneen ie Ww andthe ee by 1900. The ersten Say sober reltn sacenl pera adeno Hob ange Serge par ofthe Onan Emp, eps Exp. Sout AS the Inn cf ny vt om bre tne ut est 1620 and soe eof he bconnet eae ete poner nt te eu {rcs ot 1850 dep he ram fest Bea. "he game othe "dln fe etc eee, be pba of ‘We can go ton fr ao in aang the en of the excepnal etre Burwpeamdcrcipment The" of Barge an Earpean America be tween 1750and 150 wan than imp ea fe ee fare” of ‘as od afta Nor dn the eons or norwester Europe abt Europes Non Are yma snp the domain af cmon. They ch tho bed fo erin fares of ociy and heat Norwest aap prs sso ous revlon ~ an ands ‘toy on ws fpdia a conor sd anol one wc te ‘hom sgicansy premer culate free for cane than wa he cae i bone ad enter Europe un te resto te word. Ata a he sho Sete sem, hn mean ha tee paths fs an economic {eifomation had oe stan pe han tone of Aa and Ain THe ‘eae fhe shape coer pet of Eee ipl Soars Trave, Fixance, AND INNOVATION: Eurorean COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES “he fi ehptr has already alae wo some ofthe femaes whch ve thi ‘ed come dys to esern Hao ne aston a people _‘evan 10 describe as modernity, sth, as Kenseth Pomeran argued ‘arson Chin pd Inia, oth 8 ow cient he ers ‘aus ssc flor and sources hugh che expansion of te ae Fanon spt pred ina aehes of mae, cop eran Promnces Inte ovure of the eighteen centr, huge antes of tke toe cat ia water Europes the Steen next, Bens Aerie, a tery Uarthe wet ntl ln Burrs, the north coat of Aslan ‘ts papuiton in age numbers to the Amerie cing the problems byt ma omy th ny aS at "The pad fsa robb siniceny ier part ‘aves and mare nese forme of production alowed tome reins "rope a esp fora in he cents cet tough strlen pradction and contmpto stl eed. Tots was ade the inpor ‘Ocean, andthe Amercan, Nomhwexters Europe cold ths feed # rowing Sr popultion which acesemted mach more rail than Chine Tin sed Mid seo populations ve theo of the cent. ‘Osi apn a par of sone China, Aan and Nosh Acs do lpperoave brug in sgifeat ants of ode he eas. Eves ss in wasp in Europe rose pis wheres Chinese Bsr a [cml ne hed alent oie "high evel elt tp Th ‘were ficient enough oss demands ov, bt oto rest Treakrough, ‘As Pomerans ao pit out atten Buopcas med pi and ffseny ocx the se fc Thi cro sus cared Oe ont ted ter, fo dase grodoton. BY comparon, Chine resources les eficenty exploited Colao Inge state chun of nmoatons =| Brain, Deep mane rege pump nfm he development 9 papi ‘fe ar of he acm, which ciel te breahough i se ‘conan iran now age, y the 120s ad 180 hey mee Beinn ‘o.ese Europeans fanher ee mary tence. "Norte Baroy an ts Not Amc calms nesting a sled on tes other mivactages wl lay tore ie sect pie ‘lomaae tani he ceoori bt els poalatns wo pes thet ‘Sonos nrances wor oman prper igh wae sw rT ce ins ot Sg common tv sd ind Bean SEE Ripert hot cpr ry nt prmenl re Beet vcs td mrs cd ce wey hy page Seer Rar an han und propery wa ete we ne SF sercet occa te cee Eph sop "Ey afm’ poap so ment te re rn nce et Tinie pce y gneiss Sentscovny Seopa wet ear i perimental a SE Tenccepcten opments anger pepe soem. Fre ung te Pens Earpen revlon ce ey ot {Sy cotce Thse u mwoeoten se to da ek ery ae. mente Ears, Mid Ease, and Aan okt poe den syn to etme snc tre nee ose aceon. ‘Roulleerte sgn td hee feel dots ah ‘trees seat wer range Bem Yee ls pa doe iter en Ea nd coop Rn Grats io Aces Al nce End the Covey of eth trace ine orn incl ep’ Aroo eR ce, Sed comune try ced fom oat-conto op SSicesuccmn sth hs we hy poe Soe The Oveman satan sada er ge cme abo th ae Coats ingore hen Tass party ein cn ‘tcp chang dot enya oeting Hoe ‘Ring reso as yay mecha were ibd tk dan See Hee oo gwen fui ence ded oop ‘urna poppe” pean ton noth A ‘Siw Si Ee pone osenng pnp cae nl oe, ‘ether cs ts Nr apt go ‘Frese of pou al ome See oer 1600 ean ‘Sia nen et pte se en cutee Shanon prs cmoem Earp Ramya fre cy et he Osman dan te ween at st in Red Pp ne So ow ei td ‘eat mechan oc te ge way no th tener mae he ‘hea topic fan fe Peer te Gre ie owed ‘en pnt asic oey segue Bae saan, ‘et ne tecome pres sd peal owt wh Ste tors al Te soe er ‘ent cog comms sess neal cue Espo Se on cums pone eh pg pe sSltadonp ous tn esd gp ed asa ‘Sica atc comity nd eed fn ele sn me ee fce Theorie og pans en ee a point respond he gal hangs otc tem coysre doveoped. Nav tchology ao fl ein the weer afte 1708 ‘One hitoran of the Oromane bat fated at he mas od spe ‘veri the ghee centry, ut one for Being Sretern-cay| "The mua rouge of medion aes in Etrope ge # rt ne veto snort lp wae fo produce news more dealy weapens az tur confereds picntcompetive aang on Euepen and Pie Dorcel which were abet cpr he gents wae ned” a wel trade expanded ithe heehee For was the) who cred Ueno and os i the wok’ ages markt. Egle sale of rote ope emnete,abjpted and made ary ter pee nda Tue Activist, Parrioric State EvoLves In ation to exe an expanding enc fe elas Din Itt! amen Ee, fr beer or worse was aed Senin ‘Eselp fem ofthe mae ete ich were ed with ary | oss. These ere ote frat dung he reveluonay eis in the orev atin sine of nceatrcentry wo. Ths ein coer ‘Europe ol ego compe advantage fx ami te ye dese and he comple bunds f pote peer a reve, part ‘Astand Aisa alte spent been novia eco, Bat 2 Jeane time er Bory. Ts 1790, she cpr raged the boundary Europe sites remain fy the were in Ain abd Aes. The itera Sr coves ad arp wah epg pone sey inher mre sant nd, hey a che kf set th ery {una elder ho Bee the emp ngether Germany reid Ss ‘mend despite he ns of power altura. Goeth ‘gaming of German nonin. Before 179, however Gohe as at “ned theo apremaci, Roeper, ae eo ofthe alco French coin maton be i care pokomen thee ‘Eoin fe Ai reno hugh be roby wo og hs ae. "cn Bana Trace, which wre op te new ager oat sed peal ste te nee ey cael wane of ese et Ltr Tie ra Accdany Prine oe uch soe a he ud cave, sarig powers a these tine av wy ey Oe feruive Londo tnd opine by Toa patone: The pacwark Sim ore Peachy pte was apparent a ate 1793. La ota rained pon an ep nd ted wo aubertthe sthor co cn ci Irs as Wt, at een Cori wee iptenty beg unr of peopl in he oth pen whe Fane ‘Tieton thi of ett ppl could not peak the gia whch Srlacio body th prec cre ofthe Preset Dep cry cent wor, nga expsion and homogsoes, Son Temaneé ‘hey provi iy ah ees cer. "Ate tmey re wet longed decopments working trate wet semecioo nd 0 ae peoples cle, manor nd poli shies, (ota dren pect he ola wc and cores Seva were inpenant ging sbrans to the ne es fmt fate coc thy mee mre cere a goa atl the ee ‘tc ofthe Pench and Baoan soca Snir proces wee seen en iy tr pn pao ele Ea ont mons and hors fanaa dooo ed conmi exlntons forthe rhe of natal sentiment coving ay they 00 eb Ye he cmepace of bu tated repos ares ade people sare of each ‘Ancmony i tr as och a mere core, ca nk coun ‘ene erst phonmeon: soo ae bend the couse ‘frie wich itemboies EA. Wey shed me yeas mo London ‘Sie! dominance ver mucho Bngland cy 8 he seve Sr" Loe desc nd amen thre were fe pasts a get ‘tv Bc capt arte mare and source of upp of the ne ‘Sent, necvr ef pura ancl pee nas apesaliaton eight ‘ted and her prac he capa rie her ata The ‘Bowing xpor of Enh gm Seta a ected wih ugh ‘sho the unm ofthe two counter 1707, can 4 Ld of Brosh Pin economy" To er een, the he de Pasha achive 4 foe of ccnomic dna a Pace teu he fevsonay wat were ‘ho tor ey fib mgt be unered. Ths ag sw ep ‘eden he nce ny tcf mr i . “lege. The nia of the Pech eur rg epee bls 9g fee ang erin han Pars cement sets fem et Rep and war were wooo fonees which clad he pac of hi frou "others" people wth deer belt guns a vas. May Fimortans nom ace ght seme of Engi sent and an Baga onl sat, serene eens Ep natoalcarcte 03 et = {he High Mie Ager Late, according 0 hs vow the cnt tren wth France pred fat fe 8 rent sae 6 Ea peti, “This emai sonrvera, br here probably ow a caer mange ‘eur anfemed ch sentiment fer and grand something {centage "teh" ch Pesta Cy wasted | ‘any oc in the egw carry when te cout Sl ous oes ‘Cute ance. The ern ofthe war ein wee {bone fet To the sme dee, a French ety os beng shaped by De ‘Seve ete had fing the vault pest frm of Cab coo “Agni hsha only eceny ougto te challenge fren Pretest mucha mater of Mercy aeons of ols. ecus was the oF Pant ener thn the cur of Vena, One sign af ering sear o rec sent athe widespread we of he Fech ngoae foe pais Stents cent" The eotaon of Barc patos ith the co ‘io hat Fence opel ners stn msn ws apy oak on | ‘would remain both a speci location ove an eta beater of vera ‘ein Gon tothe Peach “ole Ths occured even when be ‘German pial der remained tre between a hundred slr tae seem to hve been Gacterste of at let he Gomitane oups of at ‘oles. Trica police wos reptacin dyastic pois, The shri o the Prvcrtung,su-Guican soccer Ban wes equa by the to ue he owl of Poesant and Cath lsh pas aint te Proton sonic tote south. Whi the Prva of Peder the Gre ‘eminem tae ana, a he ats fhe esa probably | et ay see a emscaen wither rt, eran! cont | ‘Snsalng vente of" Prananen” among the mare peed Dc siniog 2 replace te men Hed in cin a ater of patie "Ast C. , Blaoing wed ae teniment ted to Reise, when aque Gemma exis aps be Reman impels tte atin sparse ade Ben the brian, eee poem of owen uted op lac aot el obsre soe wie 8s oh. Bars se of ine centr "oatonalisn was not ew and om fhe imesh nd been ates eine ese ofthese i ioral sets dered fom language and cso, fern ways of "Thr some eviecs, ton ta protean of fran dns tetis trl may Bove been ing Way To a mae rooted see of open Exope Goverment ner inresig Shing to protec “ti nd td ‘Sanden lr asc buen al marae inks. Ads miners 74s reed fran ance th tho coe, Fane, ein he ses ob | ean" "Tver example nop wars us tat te emer of ene wus a meuy frocen, Genpales amd cance id at aces ia the ae det, Peck the Great ay wel ve ben coma ‘Seng Prsan posia which would one ay frm te eve of «Gera Iie. But he stil denped the German language ooh, peat Wegor and hail poke Penh gual the Aubin mines my Ive haa roger ses fA pepo hela Dt healed ‘Wah France atthe vo tine when seme of commen German ere wat ‘episode, embracing both Prorat Pris a Cat As "th By anal ony iene llc wth he ol Habsburg ene was oe of [Nevertheless this emerging sete of ce ational, overlapping uneveay wit ctrl ientiSeen, sso, breking down the buat Seon the diferent onder of noble, grt, bute snd wagesmes in ter ofthe ig epoca dominant ies Hein, St etsbure Ti us Pesan sl fought for Dig fons a ec but urban people fied sprang sense of pane slsney wich an tdepnent Of Sekine Noh So cold became ne bj of naonal evour when he Ue challenged by French or Spunk interop sn he magic Seoy™ Parte snge sich a "Role Binns” or tblenae sp the ts Royle, Pars, or Vn Gardens Lan,” reps oeses Senge ald toner macho more sane and expan ‘Wrath nara prota market were no doubt nportany, bat te By rl ao bp to bull ene im eighteen The so-aldenigtenel Seats beg to plone sate soy fernance: By hc ofthe Epes Maia Tete gna Asia,"sae homed well ofr 600 schol and 20,00 ste." Praia sat | gerry the metic ansins an nis imposed on ‘insta pioneered te eat, and wie the eet maybe ten | pete We a or ‘rend commen Broan Hen ai helped to bul alae ha. | sama be dots of our th eh cota oi Fech ne finger ands sense of commonly within ld dynamic rene. "The Jesus | grand Vitam, Dutch le ons and Spans and Aen le Inthe Hatsune cron and the Pate Chita athe Geman tas | geil Sense nana spaces The Jess wrt sn ttre spreading were tray Ongmating in cps maton thee | linet 8 "Conuca” clr nd esos Aes osiged “ibs” [Goupe never pal crete deaper ene orpanal aunt commer | papain and wre dove the” langues. orden pape fy Once the authorise Hed adoped commensal of ecucsn, the | onl cence st nana pon serial flowed fm Euripenn Sos eva meat the standaastion of techng abd Werte expe | amaion. The nero conic of enn th century mae ps ‘in The “proce” af ont, decbed y the heart Benes | fade eter near fb” boundaes apd “the pol. In Andcron, spread mmc tug he conc thug he newspaper: | hand Abi, howe a in Europe, ore fred ie, pata "The ramets ma care ot ended 0 Sac teinporacse | tml oi alee to wie vals han simple at) wo dase fhe French Revlon ss upeing noone of czraip a tere | bala ome, dole ad foe before Eure expansion 8 Shinaod Afr 175, Earpe wis eagle by mich moe gett a> | exis. Thee acl rm and proces wee nee ape te eon ‘tea changes an by ames nics bewecn tc which Gr moet | ean fan lathe nth an ett em ‘eu men ay sec freed maton Hogs np |i Tey wee no sip evened rons” fae eonscusns ‘Ses peomete the more una) a hare ence fe vee | lene by siren, weserizedimeigeia No, Hh te Buopen ‘ado at huyy defined ound and more gswus poise | pasos of he sect and cent cent id they eye ‘ining ee supresing the cinco tepour “oer ete teresa | ep apr no er pope naan. The eh tan a he ‘eater part id much to pode the tet fr heme outer | ech cenuy ay Mave been agli, ba wn ao acer ‘ater of inincecthcatay Theater wersom contour cenortce. | thea rey fom he Cathe peat eatin oe ine From the cr Mille Age Tarope ha winced = gaia oten snp: | tthe nthe ame wa, the Scetenary avis of te cpubieind avs aig rato olde yc | Weer Ian Maat wa on gh caste an ace ely 0 ith ‘Migucrsintty mownethng wih ade morepopiar peste apex ‘epeen fap maton these and echt ste. ‘Sox tat te was of commer and te ston onto ‘The ay fates ares an li acre a ge ary ae turism the eigenth cary Soult have made these process mantle Europe types oa ptateWeny ie the cal deg of be ‘Seach cen Tis mein in Earp’ sos the Now "ee ty sreting te pecmed,coinicion, and siting pater Wa nd outers A,r he ly born Chole Ameria aod cnerig pu estes peor Earp, tiorans hare cult “Atcans” weeaedy exe ong evince to ncming European ‘Serr © dans he data Seveen Burp tates of he weed Seno commer ines, well ae 76m oe ae ‘Tethnely otcounes finan and thers hare lang wo amare o€ te pest Aun eas, wth pretence onan" toma tne wch er natoron exper fly feo these of ey igh mens ve read or the atone he ar then trot inthe Coune of he ninnenth sean, The maa alice andes The Qn Lang orpere cached he dee of Han Chie sla onic offaropetna am ang aftr seated ie sedsotsatnaioe ey hs Manchurian dian Qutin igs he sean he pees | {Oa pars oe werd The carl bgzoe of nasonlen supp t@ Ef Han Chinese any Ts standin cmt o Manche ve made tnd nin sod Ep aber [880 Cone Ton ard tly, had ten asd Jono ay oi ha tn Jorma ‘he Ostman Emp nd North Af fterthe Fst Word Wat Soom 8 Concent, and had aways Been mie the dee coer snd fadaleny ward upon te Jopanene she nan caret dase Sutrsaarin Me whch ie anchor ha leper the Ch ‘ca, em sure theca one afer Seo Wont Wer _Th cudnt ms oer fen segs he os esha indproccicbvomih Thsscoun varthewapleafVicoranané te $4 eaten oman wnenble to Gane and rea een. SH “tpetl elegy ho ie ele or eed anos and Nec Amer ‘than eran noble dong med acs of loo ie he ce ‘ror tingg stanton the Ene and tn South inthe bags int STAE Sour nina she deprecation of oe Pore The Bure, Suckgorcnere nd Weer dacrt Tic tecry ae wemay tn Ovi and Vemaneat- eee ere Views ab deaped Shen oee cy huaa and Aisne nieces Desig be wadcapial- Smee! Keo brn ops ego race comes anand fi of which sey ae the proach hey have sug 9 pony tr ort ‘2 with serene nes we fe he intr cen. Foe ‘rhe ae fmen, docu, dfny enact hes Cae and pce, Cina wars modelo be cl bss Be « 6Sed adnan m sone ne te nh the end ome |] gay aa Cre pen ic wer th cms of ae wre Pe ehacaaeiacien sa easeeclias tenes eee cine | asee ata rorassrceers asad exetare oetee com ray foc spt anda em er tartan | Eo the Cage Rts pee fy aon oie 9 et SteAinrain woe tenay ped stereos pet | fsa sar ry dmondy capand o he oney f tenn he innocent cory sToencs “ee | Stee Hae ct bh pega ce women td domestication” Er They bul racrtn guards for temanoes In the cai case of in noe var» pesting me of ety povided the ts frm | Scud ne ng ft opens Cape ange ety nn sna ence hoa nal poles, Elearning tana | mean enc Sa 1) oat op ana oon men Sein whch nw ese oon geen | ee ctan ses nse ne uber pty ee ‘Stone ome cc dnd rg tiga pan ap wika | foe me ak Rang Exmpenm Te tee fe ae Siam ob ver soc ora Rap sts el oy de | fac ses tar and Psi or hin he Bs ‘ow Thailand of Rama Ty and Qi ean emerged cn te ingss of te | ems rented some dere of local pide und common seat emone thet Gino Mbt nt Sodan The Ean ak tw ce | Satan nh Ft oe na he ine te mere ‘ements freee fe woof emer Onassis ng emo Sethe eb ea. Te sow Soni, Se Nats trite Weve nay and wc exes | gerd popula, ean inoicor wit pete tbe eeehitp wigan spun Spmh naman | Sin ty ae ~—e Sac open or Chim he meonignton fof eur ete | dre beeen feos Semi aor ter oer fo fone pes pce tin Wich seca Mets pet | Bispace singe omcar fe oem Cn ie hess ns Ciro suman rc pe fer ny mn Soe "hi tng! wes sich cnet rns wee ep | strc? meds poss Hon opr 2 ei tiie reais the not ovr mich of su-Saaran Alc, changes ad | owen’ aso be feand not mone tg, bu i an npreitae some apparent the shen he mabighiemth onary Sore linge nd | camlton sf sy chris seen separator prs of the ang supe ad schiced an onsen andre ikon ert | wo Fee instance, iia that one are of Aa whee recoil ‘Sates nd noid lneapeede The Sore in Wt Ae adhe maw ue shay wae ln Sothens Ata, ere cafes Be ‘agande pope in Eat te ora Gite a seve fey tae! Wen mil-sneRingsom iad an ancient sey And, ofcourse, Etope’s sniberreen Pex pla hoe fee esol ipa Ow pain aon cu 1 eon ned txmctnte ely bn ssonm connec aie Wen, nb ate tower That hfe wr fy, Solstice sth red him Se tad pom ocr cemiey #heis ane ltge ad Nol Ame, wich lowed bic conmeat Sete, SUE crap: crmend permenant masala maemo esi See eal wp tadbce ‘escimulaing noc poeradkaovcdge Trenexsecton tans ‘hlogatshave cule evista the "pub phere” ere ne tin sae nth cy Hak Afi, Bape ‘There » sme dang in scchg ths e's progune” change, bemwe CRITICAL PUBLICS tropa, Asan and ter Afieans had snowed in ths decton sont Thousand of yar ce, Ceri, the existence of tre cetaed and _Unithe 1970s mesa of th ancien ime concent om yng 0 ‘tigre poss yr le Some Aan popes o rant he Erbe he oil an poll forces wich Soweto he ea nd Peat snug tle fo atime Othe such Bern and Kong, cli” ala en‘ European monarchie and emis ot the expansion of nd wih Enrpean aod ge temporary anger as see Ye Enopeted wade inthe Case Slowly, ace ia date the ew of the {toi emi ate cons ewe anys tet_ Geman cl fe Haba a he eee ot treet mach: When thse mover ods snes and sent? The “aa pu oon eam be sen te mine the ‘eematon idome,herwere meiner consqurne limited contac Ar iret man Habe hry a er nck BOE i‘.eee eee sl eee ree eeeeenae| DTunutonte cee dies arrose tiemer eas | ene | ese aa eee eee ce sng ce ta eat ha ee a ee ee eee ee ee eee eed ial and pemonalsnprovement. Later be Helped fund another society ne mai sin st foun et ote cabs for icon of god ese fStnen bowie: nerable tat a oe of he Et jours pub ‘en ory he ta pari n he Aner Relient ‘Sphaceo fugaty and pea inive made sae ae wiht Se ocr rma crm mene the ord “Mig hugh he wa happy ‘Gough o accept the ysrnmge of Bosh guveters a New Yorks Boston “Teo ering ich ound gether meme ofthe ml cle soit an upwar eb ne i gdh ong fk and ay ead troughoat che science and eighteenth cenuren In France and oer ate couse, te Cars naps nt the Jena err fe ake LeSoe Stems ct te connate Sisal lente Sr Duce tae emcee ‘during the years of global war. 7 Suibrsciercnansinie cnt astern SEE aT patents ae Sangeet arson nie aoe Sen san a oy eo ae Se ete oe ae Spo sah yu Srinv eran reo Sc pe SEIS Sa cea aa Seperate Sees Satin eerie at Indian wives, ans were generally hep at arm's length fom Europese Siac wsroy adhoc Seedy “Sova pe a Ser Spain atiate chen a ed Semple as ee, ec eT ras SESAUISRE ett ae ee ‘So spice senso ge nppor to Dai anda it astterad tne donne natapsoverthe eo he word nee cy pra, doe ately up spn. The hk bem capa Feoter an soci, pt etre, wae and opnizaon fe See" Eanes to wesc Europe ad the Now Aman colo EEO sete int acl slags, sd ae my 2 rahe sane ‘SiosTiy in chrom pete ta lc ut he se ber Secale, The wenn of Landers potion is i erin al Shiner Aon sous“ of Cahora in” As wee SS Kn ard Aan hewn hepa che dai we SFateideees cena, Dug census eon nd oi ‘Elec sone areas an mcd ty cara chang, economia and ‘Sipe gla rym as Way We moe aey or {fdr tt omer sdaprane chp and Abn ae ta © ott tie soni the r= nw pe fn, more etd een of Commend ae echologal nortons wet een Ets and atin. hse continents ners aer al oj we ir paters tt ncnateal trade the iftson of rmament, and een the spend of to ness Anton si Alcan nal pen wah cre ‘bsnl sled Eaapent deco onan he ‘aan nd Caren nh rs ae in A ac tc, however eats emi to ey Wa oe ite nts beter, ut io ere om Bat preaig er Enopean ode oy te very cee ote peat AND ab err Ac tng dang iene coms my tov ma emo sf them to ada He rap han Che Eker cemuy. ‘Ther Rings eid charbnnic suo, but er tains nee makiy fw nteete an the pose Retrmaie European tte cnn gh err Aarne 165 07), Seance ie nosh sey Man nai won ot nerdy emcee ‘that peopl ced, He wn mat conetne fo ser he reg, fect ease paces of Sun slam Epes crue once ‘ie soups ber ten sek one tem, se French monarch (Ste HagseneePromtans fo tance The tee Ae ‘ethan ua an me sore wh pein oh ey ‘Bmcecing oneal weak lo 0 sgn sok 0 fd ‘Ser and more wepony fr war of aon aint al gon. ‘Asan and Ata ves gerade he eet Europe Ete Yt own plo sfc areca eon ticcgnsnth cemumy wee mats fae wee by he treat tone same Eropenm who had mere ne on of egesog od ec Rprinn ntcore ofthe ey Wa Sere npc ose ces ‘apatin were shore rows evere rng the ao European ‘is ih wa so flow Se were flowed trough hee bhinet byte Wester mites But Japan they mee allowed fay ag ‘apy play ow under the protectin fan nino orem Tue Devevorment oF ASIAN AND APRICAN PunLics Inport changes i scl eran conned 19 mane thems sia Acar and Aion aces even ding he cranes of he ee th and sry nineenth comes, We hae fale pe tom tice ‘woah bese horas hae lng eerved tem nde he ab of Ben.” este Kings nobles sd elie expres the eed an ee | forchangeinreligoes em whether Minn Cote But they are sen mene inte atonal dc. Yr Bea Frank wrod he modern ee fren! Potton Deb aon Newion he Bosh astronomer nd pit pte oe ‘hem sprayed ra endo man nthe gener irc! erator ‘During the te seventeenth sb ety itech cers movement sosibily and rods of ital ought ocined 0 ewlp in Aa an ‘se. Thee prone people with pial and socal resources with wi fe conrne he rapid chager wich they nw around thom. Cec of Proving poi oer sexes eu ony Bt hi a ‘Gruhn propose woe snp ooking oe plac of Spe mania sacs the Probe’ rewind wo perl appraise Stand sor, acompanie by movement if pret and als {heal ener of ewan ues Even before the no ie ten ‘cory the Orman aligns fad Besone cesar the ‘oti Many of te intetl and pote ened for deine whch we tie pracice afer 1850 re anh being dca in the ee! rseraon, Wel before te ninety cet, eters of elu ‘ig the ne or etm hd red nseree cen ser he mel To te ice conn adsl mashes inthe Arbian pri ‘cgi an salon radonal erp et on Aa and wir Mit ‘is whic his contin nto the tenet) century ad a ead ‘cr and coal Aa Thee sealed Wahosbs wee Sanya a Croan Norn ca wh Bee inthe ea of Su mya ee rotted and wregthened the rn anne ‘The change ee feos fol romepeta a aay as 4 North and West Ain ere a eo tte a re ode frm of Msi ie They soup co ei ai 8 Teton “hla” Pot proces of rape and dete whi weal faut in West Alea proper mde lamest in pace a te mish ss hal Ter cing int rh etn rene oon te of ents ap Nos open acne wo ‘Tecan Suh a Hn ery Aa ea rte fate worse teagan ee chon tt ug of em wena He sel $e or sarcain hing wom’ scion, ppm See pat col etn meey age pes fe SS tnt er may der tee te ose pen male ME ed ced cour adopted fuss lashes th hm pe spe, whch a eye ‘Eien ees piu en he ae ee Sse Matin Mos id mw oi de See cTeming airy ed dd pena sca Sct ‘Roe movement aes eon tinny puch of he "Wee imp Thoy rire spe ol Cage pound he ‘Totoro so esac uate open one chm ot gine wi on i ‘Asp al nd nd Nor Ate son pve es ao ‘Souter by ccna an pci, war edo Be {Sten Eup oil wos wee eal Arian Fomine ered ow of knowl Tae rea Cnet occ of Cops aap ort ‘See ua and Ache isin snd psn 990 me Swe ay. ovine, gus figs ging oy AS hea ‘Sala mee dcp by indecent nd Soh ‘See l bg Sonor nt ape arpa be feces, Hints as Bybee ae oe exe ch ‘Sr sal col aon he Eo wr nected Wa ‘Sian Rewlonceenoay ewn or snrEuipen xen “he anc wea cnn ccc aga nd eit i Cyan Jon ry cre Ti wot th ee to ‘Recerca frit tent Hos ona wa en ei ing eapecne of oni cpanion wich ste ter ons it ‘onloion and new orparon. Tne nck ba peal Ben rid y maven pvnming th coming he rae tess, (acm. The wer atc eased o ars teh tn ho Poche te uninynans wry srcie lineh e SS sey ie y ste Such movement obi a ‘Serac pene else al Sey hon fens ye ‘Setthoon Tey asad sew peo emporio nd A foned Coun and ona Sum and Swe Aa mecones aman. One notte foming regs movement fi | ‘Sr were she Nord indun Si, whotepracigaes wets ae et they rept tenses schol eusie the Hinds wo ako the cient cemuny te Sih movement read er on anng cote ‘peop tran among ie gest Neth nn eat aes A Inovonens were tern the ee tat te pte enka Drones ofthe ns TRy show falas gupling with th cw forme Soden wn hn he emu pp Hira hase ala renee the word of phen cng Chin “The Chinese Epi ant commer conse to xpand oes ice ey Chios ws 0 he point of nee pata impoonn ‘Seectun agin The ng peiod of price ter oe Kens ob at {Eng enipror a 3 nae repeat othe Conca ie The Sade of leing, wich drew on Weert Jerne hough Foot Source, Scot rested the igh town mee hon ofthe ft {et oat nd tao ven sich rec ny ‘ieterats, and gegmphy The ew mood wos ped by Gx Manet (iets) who eared aro the whol of Cia ering np fk | ‘echoningy ping he nd, nd cling dps Gs 04g ‘Seopa dy feta wing at wou coer he ae | ‘Tolomere ofc dorian choot of Conca wih tc cp ‘mecpapcalda nd tiabon™ Schur fio tae | ‘ied oreo the cravat foe te Drese WHN e trans tine to tye. People fom the nomial cay, 2008 feces wenen by elec ang fom on eon aot Tir upset healed ope oer” a een eat | Europe had aalogies cheer In Chi pining and callzopy eac ew bight wi pice a osteoid i nen 0 AE {nd wider aude Of cue, ana hou oe bck Shee item tightest ‘des emai the pina of Enea how in thse Sea and wok he ofthe et pal vegans af threo Bare Bt “loner ofthe bun! Roman crs of Pong ans Hewulneun? Wie ‘be pst lod age, ica not 0 conde tat the rows Seale of Mane eovesmemt ad f eal and eral omnes web Dred he puro iruning tg enantio inoreconcwe sete of nd and people ound ene ang Cie? Sette tingoms wich fab w Ber wih bth veverene and fer ® nan, ea adres of the "Noth Lean” wee tt [ip pn hn sw aa Ser oy re hn no Spend eta sis of oe pain of Kore it” Sic sey bonnes more compre when we aandoo he ite fain an sees ning nut nla an. Ray en ‘ng sand the Ms ofl oan vaing tesa’ is of he ‘Set nal Matic. Pry th vad eer wae ‘BC Ts woth ptr ted toy te Briand Areas oitninacenhcnuy bu ako ty he youre panera of Be Tit who wee to acs he pire ofthe ot ae. Two generators Lined sas bane worked show tat eigentnty pat fRanbel sph, Soto poll Scent signatard we ‘Siem sonony femsinedbacynt and “Doty” ling = weer open mic and bona! oe ~ pst Span towp tamara ‘Shon te eilret ons tape tee wo a ein tune bese print ring and commen. Ora Jaane Sms ‘Eeiped her tom gem of comacred poring and mane ear {Sheomctines the peace psd and Joa ae fio {ichoor cnet a undies y being Wp Wa ‘etme ecopnent rr China ore problema fom he Wes Surat nd pepe cracaed he Tokugnen pvcnment by stp ‘ea jpnce Chie gr fe ast Shen coe "Tc rae ohh hve Come igen sta wring of et 2o ar Bou te tote cleo te on Wexrn wed ee ‘ong toibs polil and econo ang ogtou he enh tela snaeen cones Behind Conca“ of Koes oF ‘en ocralrnroverte we cn dcr uve an noc tearing pase wc problems of oansng sey andbaman ct ee Al Osis cai se complet a tf om European fot nnewcah ceo Ivar ater snp eine of Wee ‘rms, bet ms ly nce th cee von of mine ations ‘Wein den an echnical in ary cha ile od ‘ete, were so db sad zoming more nbn acon he mor lowiletns avast orton when rca contac hhc Wen of Arb rough em a ‘Se JuterEaropcan en er taken op and wed nena er ‘ites nbn wer alah atenpting (0 oe fell took ih 0 pple wah homer mages ‘Th Rowe the ptr of oa tlt endeavor cannot be ‘mete comple rive: Tre wets pet, compe rece a 5 te medium em, bere he Wes, ay a fin. Even fc {Se mere eine har came in execs Ble ‘Stns ce the Went cera rst of elec deter ‘adtecomecominin wee Eatope and Noth mesa bye cathfom moderaty yeti the dpoation of pola power The Ht eu Tete gia conte tthe damm 0 pit a The compen aeons pubic phere whi ad deepen wee fas eer cle “scene eo teins y Chine Doan Rise ad Iam school ore eam Bycontat, Europeans and Americas col make ae an orate a Public contoery about arom knowledg, esha apd ice Uninc in Europe wer ore ace tnd inneatie Suing te eigeea entry ho sometimes ugh Ia they gos cone {ue super Bus wn he dense eth seine pauper stich made he runing “Thin ana re ofthe efi tha wen in | Sed snlogs Caras Linmae's mapping of pln pee a nthe a | techarhe sls. The state conte, partly iy | Se who provid he ints. In Britain andthe United tts the So tnergnce of tem fer patenng nen and welled ma con diminished the distance betwee sana instinct "fsword Been h tke the Amity ante Brh Roya Sone Som detlopment tal echnolgy whe hy ere peed ‘hem, clgened amateur andthe Royal Navy eapeane evenly a ‘hem up. Praca! and peopl noice cal ote Rept ape thon tras case of mabe mone, wheter by fringing the ag ashe ‘ans orb gromng he be cro fem in tela In aio Cin nist the tance between the arin nd the mac of he ‘Sur apes ofan been geste Is probably econ he meta Soorany ofthe Europe es he sane of owe and oma sock tar we man sec he mow snicas erence fn the emerge Sein om epee of up emerad am the ptm ty # IBochat fo the ya cor or wees, Gao Vio (688-174 “tho tone of aman histor eatin ere emporio Inc Nenten's pes ar profes in Naples. er nell | red by ner flenaad tena nly and Eorpe ConcLusion: “BACKWARDNESS,”” Las, anv CojuNcrures ‘What we have sen in ll hee cates are people Boh side and oui | Europe apling whites inerconneced poblens These were pele | tlc rn the nf beeen ja eslands chaning ol et ‘Tey arne fom the uneven Gabon wean which reed puch economic growth, These people were al struggling wo cree th as wich wee deiner es inkral coi at ‘ttn nestandssbsequn tates, They came diferent nes Inte ‘Soon hy ce nth 1740. race and aco cho Ean MePme Aneto 770 and 1789 ery at In Bai ve 1832 a re Me resrscn of 16h acti aren fe Je Grol sons he 890 ni bhi, song wi aes Teen iment hsm og same recessed 10 European abd Noh Ares re to ex thi vented inet iba prereset n ‘nr inony prs Aan Alen ev ne the mii Stn KN, Chron and jn Abu ag” emphases, Aas fate we of ee em mechan cougar fr emu Ie Tae sae ant Mera ha nsaons which proceed wd ered Coin ant higsatnce Goverment was made more ice nt Tv ecrouue byte ecm of bodies of ear me, feos and Siionie exper Comme sei kod were oo py he Freer of Ee andthe Ames Tae vane, the reine meted precinct of Fue an Non ‘antes techacapetes a i tara canon py be ‘nd y he shorter pn res of Asn ab Aa eit Seneca and etcntcntrer The ae ne lagi eration {hse angers and wore gene renony We are pte 09 sti Ps, Earpean wee mor sal re Mba forearm ‘ners in rccng tn Aus, Acre and Payne The ‘erin of Europe re ap sda bewcen fing Hes ado ie, he muni and go pny fn fee sald and bab bet Acts poet a had tate insta ode fo ea ee dicen ens an clan wh inte get epi of the Ent an he Souh lore psn ve ory were decode ‘kf canaing hg rom nd In Europe, ve empeion Wins "lesan ce spend mentee Seep fo ‘ata oat se tht he ners at hse he se ‘aun Aan ant rs Rosana often crore a hea fst oop, wich opie thrown weap abd hone. hee ‘nin were mains brie contre. ry ance doe te ate svt caem war af Earp Ine way A ete Pe “Ths Lropesnprecinenc ne ed ato oer apes fhe fEtumatng cnc ers ote mony and prorson ci, nr oe ‘catmpenr oan mcarhces avai nd ‘Be pemexern infes: But the merge of vdeo i wh bound wel ar sec frien owe lab penne 9 at ‘lab iv European an Aran aot within wc createtrot and the longterm expectation of jie. I As pil ty hd en gunanced y “fring ut json to a ech sete eta hn "gh of scour scanty fpr ofthe tcl landcom, ad teeth century. ea the oa soctre gwatecing the erection of merchant prs the opnianton ois ote etepenea en Fil ie stand back om the debit out cl sockty and amc fxoerl, «density of civil institutions out the state which were Ot et Itch in As and Ain No Asan or Afican eer wl dep fnlghened or eerie Even the Qua Long emperor haf af Se rods and Inte of Il gets an echt Butt ako | Cermmere, a unefldcoer wa produced and reyes Mae ‘Sera None of hi to sy a the etree a erste ee ‘oral o patie bckvand. The Chinese Ente punted the wl fs pomey more ether than wexem Hurpeane protected tht Protoindustal cies before the beganing af the Race com ut dept pd populitisn grow. Inane were ped the sa ‘er ger wr of Fehon and eae wich aiced Europe, eet wt Oe ‘Seen anu, ve oan egies pte. Aa td Alen selene poeralyechowed the rl gpeson ch, pr Ey os atthe Ren of Chany, eon which adhe befor rie Sco deny ta tas Europes hot upon he ‘Darwin scholar an Fu seems to have understood hs racer beter the is coneperas ons atenntec ents European itera Prospect “These were deve Earopean strates Bt they were ones ich =| ‘stun only fr the mem term. Eve at the ph of the age Impose aftr 1850, people esd Earope wee elenging pres ‘enc, rung thrown rms of ena experise, poi eis 2 Sccali. Between 1780 ad 1620, homeer, Europe led in ware 28 ooguest was pena farther reat tat ch doused inthe nes ‘Spier This nas nota es case he intial vevlaon ha "od eons 1 soe dee ha robles of wneten weak an enh $SeGhr ace and dangrove score soo she wo tape: the reves) tind bin conor genes, Ths sy ering patna ‘ZEcmaion-sch sae, diced shore, was que meen tated (0 ‘Shave dogs, Iew ppt in Melogl arbi its Boba ‘2p and Wo demand fr mlary an can labor. appt stretched {os he continent he apa af the tea eo othe ee {Sepaph ba been ree he Hurpean sate vrs a rea {pes etme hyperactive what wat alae” for word MSO[3] ConvERGING REVOLUTIONS, 1780-1820 Ts chapter consider the age of reautins in lbs cnet mores om the analis of longer changers pola and econo fProcosesetched ip chapters I and 2 to he “ior of een” wh Impacted on tem. The caper aac the complex econ, mit sed nelogil connection hic inked he world cote oe easy Sn Naples ps rng he years 1750-03, ware in the Ames an A eran Es fans between Europeans tnd ngenus pool, tne the rs ‘eo eines Harpe Ie belpe 0 cask the anal spc of he ‘sine so tro det onthe eapacty an uit ngiiacy of fae The aftershocks of te subsoueat Earopean restos deepened {Be cre of theo deri he Amerie, Anand Noa Ae, Bat ‘ele id aot stop thee Tarte teprcmions of the er Bape ‘fic ed hac et the European comune oe cont ‘Sheed round be sobe:Nepleon Mem ney scone hw ‘he roma thatthe ate of Wao a Be lost nd Thee de eee he West andthe ret ofthe word which wax dc a ape Contemporaries Ponper THE Wort Crusis Tein he walmafeas that help ofthe revlon ws ost bo ‘Gence of the drama of 1776 and T7E9 wee of worse tpn, no snp acl eva. Vary thnk announced tha he Aer Reveuton headed New Oreo te Agere ole ofan! Freeh Jobin agai ner psa the ep importance ot ‘Black sls in the Caribbean seed othe en of esti fot | _—_— no ars Se orpatncs ater areca inlet cae lounging ater Ache ie Se Sr ah tice mmesetee aoe tare existing geyiaesntegie fe ti jeanne shane Shtsina pacer Seer sn stat cee Peaptateepreee renee merit fetish atta pier incest eoennanie noe snacers Soimcgametitan orecenarnt in ad tin et me hreauert en iomartomir ogre See te iene ae Seeman eee ae Siuimwan ei years See spree cpr see iersean ng es Sige no ycceeticec yi ated fa Te ig ne Sicuttates Galen elec Soman Eetinrohate se cermaec terete Ee Giaare tenth taae tienes ‘mapas nas corp andthe people oppressed, Alans and ian meeemi wo been to pl apr the ig Plies an es the gl ‘wl a emerged under ther ae "rope and Nor Americ Wey they ot aloe i inguin Mangers ne dota of thi recs age. Never, hee lope ack ofthe European eoluns apd the ew arsine "Eon state genre by hem spre soon the mr an eft thee coc. The Amencan Relate, for nance, sclera he pe Pace The European ssi of Ege andthe gucenng expen ropes pose in Inn Southeast Ay ad outer Aiea ee die See of Chnsin cessing, folowing Napleon's appearance blre ‘Dowues ef Car in 1798 Mean, oth ay be Napoleons sage ‘reed th Beh an Dutch ho cent av’ Te clap i rcmacs and the sadn apperancsof opponent ia {Crisan nas Terese pix, compro the oer ok Singeand dering the ance pt oe Wer pars the Pane ‘he impor of Burson denies by soles, sue, ad eaepeenees| sestred fran wie bythe rd wa edt a ageing ae me ‘hich wipe ou a he pepo termellessof this elo und ssa terol The creat torn Inne ine sate, Euapen, cli nd ext European, he ee ‘ich most people at vaditonall rege soe “posses ter ‘engn Lteaiosandsharperseme omy aoa shone ny sxetes sco the wor tough the consequences were swe! ‘much evento the oars fom 1380 to 1890, remy eke {poof he lngcrsemm changer amine in chaptr Is te emerges theres, apeive modem nana and th oe of “poe at A Summary ANatomy oF THE Wont Crisis, 1720-1820 ators probate he word “i” 10 mach, Ping «rh seems to ups soe pit are nal ost fe nd then mueniy become ens In fat conf bln re ‘he me tse lepton te wand forthe sph chan sfeyens 1780 1820. The lee of eon ry xt and pos! ‘eto cotits ered sans sugar mater sous “tepobuneceaneienes fhe smo an plc bulence fhe a eich eo srkng Tey clint in rsa changes inthe fon of | enn an a eon nar of hut te [Bootie sono or ber age par “Fichter fre examines he netnkng of nscale may is aces he wold Te thon gs oto Sarthe loge! rma oe ‘Sitonr etod ud be new pice ich amt the poser (ions inal cose te "pole and ees (techn maturing betes he surce Oe drama een. ‘Tue END oF rE Lone Peact: Asta aND NORTH AFRICA a gneayhe pvod rom 1680 to tout 1720 a ee a useing In coomc acy sro the wor ih elie peace nd aby allowing ‘emcbtinon ote peat naan water of Ain and fe Sete ‘Sepur1 Toce popuinocs Sent rm the combing of he Qe, fe frsnee Emp of Matra the Maghl, Ostman, Safi ad bart ‘amor Toa indesmayhovesuerstrade epson ‘eu terete sigh hth ern afte Sout or Est As. ‘Ste to, sar fe way a ego, ommetee Mou thi ew raply any her des of the entree became ene ‘Spon thaneic Poth ber Erope an mre Ser atien he Aan ve paatonecomy toned nother Re, {te Eanpein cols ne Actas expand and Geen tore ite ince throb ty ada es oo so mich in aoe a inte Male En a South at tbe ‘Sing oft tent cry. Haren hve sgt ong oa te ‘uo fr tise tne he Aca nd Me Esser pes ‘Mere oo wht Pat Kesey cle “petal occ” They wee fre it rn ental nextel onic of ti ren a ‘et weer the tn tances noe he manpower oo th. Abe steexion tht expan of woo ta ha put ony nd power ‘Sng fa men and pean be wo woud one to ‘Spel cont orenied agin won the ls ied ore an. Te sey ic fee ig pines tac hn ted coucucncs othr oon a oe ropes ing te {ten tc penpbere Aner 1720, te enon Salo exe Tse at ca eed oe an cen of marie bere ‘Sh ned pote The bn hes and igh ars ft Sais ure {Seperate he ag i Seth Ae init Pn td ans 0 0 Babs "hed and oe “the fae the hy and cath wn cass” ont _ “coxvenoine nevouurions, 1780-1820Muga poet pu There beg song pil stand beeen Min ‘vena fom the nth nd he western Hindu nae King the Satis andthe Mua It kos «gre wave of turbulence ech Ino were the European powers, perched ungr 08 the perpen Berson 1757 and'1768, the Ragin Ent India Company seed the ih treaing sn reegroving tery of Benga. Loc eondtions ant nfl made thi pele But Bs isons were of bal pore ‘rd oer wel foe the Inds Revlon et a, "Regime nan As rue longer han hone South A Wet ao ven Europe. Yer eten bt thre were sing ns epan, he Toki Fegemony ws unde san, bot sagged 9 fo anahe 0 sea. Dig {heron of the Gua Leng cree Ces cntnued exude ‘tough here mere some amino premonition: of te des finer a ‘overt pty got out of cone a ths decade, bees the pe ditoee have enough power tthe loa Jo! to camp do om Sin ‘monks scorn ade and tas To the sou turbulence ees! ‘spb The ip devopmen of the cos tate of he Sotheat Asa ‘her las and the conequeepoplton ovement had alec chan {be pater of plc ter Tae ype of European ard Onan fom ‘wre sed the pla ab enon sakes it fexon whic Ba oe ‘ren the scene muti sagas berween aly apd ngs. ams lan Thalond wee bet by Savage Warr the meen ces Tange cfc between peal wards Ts dun 180, when Ot "som was ually runt In he as Is, Dutch per eed he ‘ene oa ong eee of ec an Sapmentston nthe eance ate of "Mazar, st she Bosh were bd an advotage the Pil ectie To the west the Oran Epi tad fen ito 2 serous poi and ono pat byte ler epee In eng ry he OF mans ere to have peter eng power than te Muza the Salis Petap crn the Qing, Bu my fe asi he Aston and Raa A ses of ere eral power sues betwee the center and power ‘pool magnates accompanied thee eternal dates Theughoat ht Seer cent Faye the emp hes rine os tal i Pendent Osoman power, fmt Oroman autor, in Nor Aa i ‘ihe, we taaton sd walt sued out te poss of cone All these stking developments wre rey, tough tem ke trough itary inasos the miu mun ela of wards 28 ‘edrpon of wade which ollowed nthe wake of as Fac anche ro the Iron Safes the guptan abins of he fn conqueror Nab Shab, bo ive ini 199 Tis weakened ‘SSpenurinian eines acing European capnsion Farber economic Uitbe sXe Pein consequently debe the Ontoman Exes ‘Stem proinese Conds pra ows, tating the eed nd ami Sener be Earpeaso he a "i ths ry bl cris Ta nk way pth was he et tat iB cam we te an undering pate Beneath be mod ‘Seed fers of tae exons? Pato he seer aly Been ‘renew n the receding eon rps com he word wee pata eerie te faced pears of warre ring i pe The ‘bry rl” rope ted by the ston Gee Pare” ba tepatl inenson Changs i matarytedialogs, one ing 1 Eupe ad ame oui appar ate eed nenigy om te ace, fe Main cnpacs snd ren Chia fom te ne seventh ery events Asante Osomans thee in ordance sb ally wate ‘Sure wo mesmie doped new sie otal arms an or "Tacos of ara ite py Tha pail robles fr Matin caps an ih Cisse Ee, wich were omy eta abba ‘Trae cron hom wr vagropon tel Te onetem ak fae own e New Won Grog the xen neve enaes pubes perp. Sme pars orien Europe were able fet the cat api the ine produ” acted with ions ‘ens, The eamomy fs seem hve Ben dang ete Seti coune oe Cnty, dpe sae podem pea cot, Sree ef outers Earp td We an South Nowe, gover ‘ens snd ing pups found theme nde in The cn ar td fone gong uth ano et ye pr tee ‘ce tert Ann Kingdon wee abled eon ras fon acs ad nd ts gh hy ried peat devin thee Ss nd spring revo stone ol tags they expanded om tht Seeman ed ove new seas rade and ature aX, Syke beg ron into ener Gor wa 4d ese anc a, ihe cons wari ohne cba “Ths now soon wm pei he oe that ae the Mapai. ‘Ate 1670 the emperee Aun beac bogs ow ong mar of cupon ante Mash cet of weer nd a he sae ine iced peasant dere an rebel eer his pei epi. Aran ‘8 ay ctr sre whe sme nes the Bow of enue 10h ‘er ws apd, can ne opera er, Hi ‘sion wes the “ty cal” cma Te ig oe wr, t» new Europea” and Ovomatsye aomamens became .salibe, added ferder pain The emperors soul! inoue dageon ‘Agi, Ahsan, wore, European ewsenits odo he Eig ‘hem. They could iv off ace front sch dango eee "tm ot the revenues tee om rms i de se money to buy arms. Api the eau pend sone an Hod on Sosa ampere acaton ses th slates pean ‘Ay ofthese uo cou nd a, easly get on of and ac he seme obec al he ther Aton regan during he ane psn Te Satis and the Jranene serumte the Ooms aged oto te etcenth cenuy buh tie ey babe fed econ tee ‘hese provinces to power subjects ety they were caught the ‘Sie vie of sing may expendsare snd span oiling sve. Wan axp FINance IN Eunore Asia and etd emma aed contemporary Europea overmetf 10, ther aan tems and turks ira! onl ad geet teen ate tan sos a he Asan and Neth Aen ae. ese ‘me they abo ad wider leet which howe tho eye nit wih each oer apd wih Asian and Alans, Whereas the ce ‘ee ctr, Beropenn was ha ened om esl an hep test to appes sndence and eres he lhe eee srr aboot matic sures and he conte of tae, come uropenn eles were besning wo mpperet the ince ono from the proceeds af the Altice etonmics snd aig wah tht Mdieranein an Asia. So ret corporation, sac he Hg, Fron sn Dutch Eas I companies or the rans of Spanish and Pou "9 hoses in Cen and South Amer, ned oer pe importance. Overs commer hte, refed dinsy on Bop igre Barocas warn he 1740s and 765 hea was fhe Alan “Asc oral with Bata ofen bargaining for arntoe with os «nal powers by wg fr and us tha apres Aa othe Are Tas om of ware was parclary cnt “breaking window. wah snes" a Wim Pet th Els, fe Bri pine mins ced & [Natal rcs slowed up hageresuss Neb gi MIS. io ‘ot ve umes as much at Abram Crowley sla fe hee Inport svesmens of the nasal Revluson "Te sect of hot ‘thc al ben poner eren 680 at 1730, wee now ecg | {onal major conics. The maker were raed ty the deine metho skeporingfepomer developed by Feeder te Great of Pros Sole "Euopem and non-Earopan powers began tn eipoy Hepa men sno bud nen, sel engineer dene fey the mil the phe century Ta forte ad the ov wae he “A fal econ of cot ia woe wife watt rea fom the ‘Resch Revlon fa. The ie of he mane ey of young men defend Stet wo snd nd endl Nao Te ‘hoame en of mrs ae AU te Bat f Minden 1738 the Beh eed ae 3,00 farynesaWateo tnT81, te Bad 8 os sls relates uber scorpion wh he ge Geman ber uname Whe hg mom et Siestepihntene ney cena bo cde wae sonidos cf he dnt he ‘Souce co pcre march wee 26 con tents of en 04 {ema Them 1 Me eget enya ge ane a ps Stone cqpnton: le cn popula gen ca hav ourun De ‘eect farming oinnoaein mary pas of he tne Govern ‘for el depenot on cigs of age lenowner even he ety (Srmerdne soit ofmern Europe, Tewari ces of insane il nial an oad emai so ve seers ‘ovement ging ter wa nie an use Brag th ary sl ores cub! cae ei the cig of the ret ln. ‘Tus wou va set oer epson ef mers nero he tne sci wick operated lynch of European mare tion reco Bran and kr Ts and Nonh Ameren dependences Eu, gente sown rs rly eis dependent on comment ‘Sigormmer by the authors cul art he tan ower ie tei liborng cure Continous re over ttn, ence Ge, a ‘Settbread bus hs bons athe European gemma Problems of ‘ao cane the temper ce sae cnightencd dere of Gras Raia Asan the lis noe he niger oreo se the ok European suntan Ar well ne emng Be ‘Tae Bunopean Mittrany Fiscat, Crisis KICKS IN, 1756-89, ‘eye 176sha shee dre pockets of tubules in Barn adhe Ans oe ere ia, yeti i in and a Seve ean Wa (1754-69) ehh Ari, Ranay Pron, Fees Sd Ban lnk par, pua eat sonal Eopen ste Inde Earpe, {reveled the mrs apd acl weakest eat monarchs the experince of war punbed governments nto sky types of srl pica(Cin, 0, thin en yar othe Ameren det The Chia a bea? rom nel hen on ne ep SSO erp ee a ‘Sant gh ee SS eT ae eng Vc an GT Rc SONOS talented San Stn CaP Say ane ne Tina Toe ‘in pn a a Sirti cig Gn eee see “SS da tn meal tn ish ied e157 cam et el an Coa Sis Sia Raa aaa STARR SS US, acctotanear are SGUOUIN aes e's os ie esol CES fe ea eas amet Sits taps in fi neck nk SS SLE OVI nee ‘Sa Cac tata Satay ct SEES EL eae ene ot i pam cae ey sy at SAS Lise ty ee ate Ws Soca OS OLS A SSR States sheen re Ree il Sena LOT hata ean ‘hess nt Crt a a ct Spat tl yea en on a SSE Nes ioteaee tag ame er sn te ay Con ue TRATES aay ate hs cee ‘sitet eet te Caner feat ota hee daa Spy ag urrencrses ronan reas (Sinn np vies any case ceeea ce name ot mets SMR Sent ane aaa ete ws engl gr of te embed and cash-strapped Es Inia Co la ee ses ted ptm pond re mous wih wa rc Fan sl accel dough Be choppy wae case PY kran dfs pur by explting fs Asn and Caribe cis Trey herr as the Pench acy od ing cane rae sun te By wach were foe heme ble ins the anc protest pobieacotoerse crested the Aberin win wich he Ruy had enemy amp Uneting clog change ms he Sites. The Amerian cy of "No tation ut Feovsriaton” et dely mening i Pence Velunesn ta Parc pnd ge ‘Seco wong and were mabe! bythe Frach hero of the Ame thr the mugus de Layer The American crane rok 6 Europe ‘Eka frm and recon trough poner anembie Mh were tous geoinne on French The etd pioaper Conor it nile Buopes™" Mowe rial the reall arden akon Sere French Crve nordstoh the Ameren ese yal mi {Sein iy but inches, programe of room, Tse eal Under: ‘ied the of the meaty Tol. In ode ops ough plc ‘Ghnges inves needed dee ole spor cient Yr wre Set oop ely ott power tnd verbo ard Sede appar tempen satan rou en rt Avera ale consti sembly ws een Bots Ho aarecment cul Serene he der, tue cimerome rene ty, te Estates Gener was sermon in 1789, Bee he Ente rhe on the aie Dui fhe repent fd onc eeeen abit ca ate mucins tener and more Ber tweeter les ta sch eos eth Ye, £2 ‘me fatten Pent pote, adel epone, ted canvan oreks of popula diode In Pah ab be large is ee amccnion omits whowere posted in ore abd or dal seins. Aeny by 170, he elemento be comig seBewee i bce The tapmcnion ofthe od ret bed alowed flr 10 SE feng of reso and nea stony ich hal conned xt ude ‘esc op vere, Te esr pact in Pa by he ‘Read Grondnn ere ac bya fx esa th fbi ‘he Jobin bevel rng gorerament could een» "epube of anne vay hc, ebay ac onary sn gl pr. The ‘ile cond of Pars an org ce, which ad een cei Sve onthe ears ding the prevowneaton fo Be Soe Spm Cmenstine rescence hres fhe county, ‘ster endure and#Po pesany edt hat Hes |Ctumactenic: Resxronrixe THe Wortn Revouvtioy ts FROM FRaNce, 1789-1815 ‘cshan Lond Macarneys iat mission to Bing of 179-3, which mas {hat he se gtr need po Westra eke Even inthe dae Pacic Osean the evens he Bal age feet were indcty dough equal pone In diet we hey, ‘Soom; and ing shok waves impacted on Aus, New Zeng Sel iae Palnsen lane, Some ofthe ge Waldup of Earpesn ‘Amscan taal power wis rend tothe ron, Coctmeri ‘Rita te Bish “cone Goce” of Naplcn' cone ive the serch or woe oin the eater oceans rein lea "beh ‘Ste ome fu shure runs uablhment af el clos ad mb “ene an range elon which fed om the eva cna ‘Got for is ceaton of ighteous repli Here, too, the ovspl tebe lento we the new Bopenn mia ecology Thi lowe SAPPING THE LEGITIMAGY OF THE STATE: FROM FRANCE To CHINA ‘he woMd eis of 1780-1820 hd 18 orgs itn rowing balance ete the pect tay need nea cal ape Tit fisted he larg, poo abd muita states of Wes and South As Colonic, aly brapine dow the whe eice of European monarchs er 1780. Tera, the net for mika Anaboe meee appre ‘Ye ts sels cannot bea Complete emanation of what comtempors ‘defeats have throughout history, been the major reasons forthe collapse eines Typenly ain tbe eae 1780-182, thse shacks sn el ‘eg dria fewer rend and peahin The wo ae {hs pero bower, na deer andre fondamentl tan the lt ‘macs explana ouied 5 a suas Ths econ examines (Ganccion tetreen scl ranted onder of apeston to ay ‘irene oles acre wrk Tenwhor,povery,depmation, and scl coc sated fanmenth “quests about the ght frase. Theres rel sinction Beet “clare and economy” paicaaty i tcc pose she ene stration. The Soon ro of rining an pa amocisone ‘enemy Eope an Americ which wat enone nthe at chet eta opt ate po of and se abe at To or atc uncsoy hr i we mowr store ‘FSi rn pr ae oe eo ote in diferente to hve hen ea a wsering eee eet ino whale sca ce Th fp det ‘Grate is oo liens ter hush a ab of ohio we cect in tt bad petal omegunce vl oho onc veh ose dr bay of conoid poe {eon of mre nd nan, We = hc anya champions of ected cho weld de ‘Beles pulser na dae the Ror! mater ey uoyiohind wo iri ce of Areca sms fhe dep ince of poston al nue by oto Reman Cant 77, Sectastensuneduy by Bah ocaion cnet congue Cul ‘ane Toy "onde ry men soot aon. Te Fs Grime Cones done thet aid athe ame sie athe Bh Pan in Sipe Comic pono sg (Sessa sy cd Mash ecisty he coe ined so mre ei senna on Sis, eset ies it sem ate ee fy fa calowvnpcnce wt ted er ie be ve of Pn Me ‘Sura pop nd ied unto lap ews bere a8 SI, Srmurand rely pr mine wat Pech eee {Si te rn ore dade ve the reves atc Dasa ‘Shad n nie wort of frien Ske ety, and ramos “Tre yereny cnet el be monaco ‘eit Cac hugh ey an pace ele mer aed ‘osdng cour os urging een eo ht wen Flea ns sem in (70-2 ayn nd eine eal ‘iced Darton an! Mog Ost have shorn he map a ee eee ‘Someta ee exe ert gener Ser poms {nites rant gel onsgnn stot enn aden {4 Qocn Mae Anas ar oi ms Bleed ot ey {Si cwap terface bin nant ee ‘vcr snare meth psn oh = te tw wh theca Wes a 50 fhe “a campru dati of ol sve ob ne Sete oe pc former, aed i ata hs ay eae Brew i a hn a ‘ou tamioed boty pw oedema orrnan Losours be invented at Lyn Huns showed in the 19808. I iy fslenar which the elena) ezine bry ebeed. One the hallo | stated, Perce resistance from emoitered Cath a sais ee rough tas reigon or pit could tis Ul legtimate fo 2 oho bat ‘Gre Lewis bavearped hat the very nature ofthe Bech suocrcy aed ‘ca but clear pling served to mg te imporance ea op cure of ie and ean Bas, to, ba an pola en respi where pola rage snd cntmpt cui be ha concn dered. Hirt have shown tt he er, me vent ain o {adialpoet and ing in Bean was cul ing comes aig ‘he seat of eoluton, The Landen Gorespening Socket ofthe 17905 4 ‘lomingepanutonof lgea and sans pad retour > “onserntves a acl aracr wel tv od sfate aig se [Genvgrmipucat of Bah sotsam, Once war had begon, 2 pone ‘sem of communiaton sed raf rane, Caolkimy ad cn Schl order even when they empl the our and the capt Few re ‘pated to sand outce the fw. Loyalty to te Cron aeged ta ute dependent of te digs of here snd pepe yl ah | rca goverment indetedes, ich was ue in Fab o four com 2 ‘fe "htndl deb was een as eidence tt Bony were fed | fe urna ol contest cee of aca deters | Tithe same way the doubs abou the Church expressed by pub pio pera etal of eangicl egos ores il ngs hls "ack te Church och at wich was Senin Frac. Many of Bata Nips Germany's Enlightenment thsker may te wb 0 "pat Go the beck sea” but fw ated to dopense with in compete Om tts Eno eo tits pedo 2 Frm of comeatine Eight ‘These worbis wished to prove Soviets bY he application of ral Ienoalence tothe protien of pron ad norance Unoached Wy Of ‘Sols ana of Cate France ce notre Hal, Beh Me ‘utns a potion an ape or goverment had een owt © | fear again 2 Crom admire hich had cme to fave met icy fr fhe population han hed ol gnc Fan atone proecr oaor and conmniy eee Cow at Sesion sna courte anderen of pls ge ws on seve mie tg ra oul of wn, ng een ce {ovon ad adsl postial tyeshdown. They ated aki of conceal hho a oben i sretsho Rt pet engi ee tr ote inwiteus be appt any burn oe, The wad f Fares, Oro and It bes panto tng shoo wd ote Bape inept ca ttre 6 pte osm sha ey Semaine wd cnn sie te Bes kg snr Si: Moen opus he poner nomi em eee ‘shannon ty ere ee prt oa Ae ‘esp aan Sern pane sirrpe inne Per rte uw cone feast pata ed wens Bay. imac ge ey may el tec ogo so Sivan apn on tomer fey ny ad oe SRisteweyoed enya Choe eg re Sees ten ichigo wey ones menos ares Chri asap em eon 0 spn of ct rly sue Wane mes ed sper cut at ees tata mi nen, ‘SSorerinandaury yore sbonoemuthowny rhe ‘Set epost Cocos ety pea et ton uch tse may ct et he bye Ein the urs Fane The nee nnd teed to sapere on Nan nd Choe bec oasceen tes haha hoe ooh pe ne css ‘rant on eon Then anc sn mateo ‘Sr rig eo ssi Ce he ee sting enpen breed eee orepaninnermet ‘Steve hana moar punto an cn et ‘eee marke once ge oe he oh Sovietooc ag rm res beeen tpn ‘em Nor and Su Can The co nets om a ‘Stennis Balm” un, pe Tome {Ginebra mar Te ad ‘eoracomfr cog ntmemernc bac ‘Stel sonny of hing pe “Teepe fin es cn howe wer pemon of ‘cher ine te i rey tat ny rae he a deen Glan ncy Thy shovel insta, who tr al 8 ‘pnb he some td ps! ck ot Baa nd cowvencnve navorerions, 1740-1820in ns ett te Ce xt | encerted more onthe compton of the Dueasrc fan om the ce, ‘etn nance. Thema Cina nano cal wound fy | 1s lepmacy ws concep ul wel to he lett etary. Ney uh and Dao mem leder erany stacked he emperor tore ices movement ha ine concent tr anetne oan tif and eon the margin. To repeat, ed and toed rf eae ‘asd rom nero sce and these ted the seo pote oe ‘pen indeendeny of te doge of can meal dros “Tha the oi shold na te pushed eo aoe at ee be aap tbeoec te eas of tin nd Japan, sa thee ware ben Chi France Iwas at that Jp asin wo the tesony af the age ‘elton Jpen, too, wa fice il war, fog atch and pace {ibe ras dan’ over the tree generation afer 1789 The eur eins eaperienced sever ll sie The pace of econ expan Sone, sp compan shout the cmpecnce tl epithe Te fies repme grew ere inten. Peasant fetes spurte ott he canes, and the soe were rere. A gett tok pce i Eo 1787, for sence, which srs have compared wh he comtenpae | ‘cig comely they broken the sos te Bas fant he Steet and ppd them open.” “eJopan's sion othe sans ofadustal power asco Be much ese ster than Chi esd oe eruption te Haru of Frame, aod the tee of rls of eas at were ated by Chia. Te seme degree thi teed the undethng economic decaces 1 which | Soden hupcr2 pa’ poplason grew mach mere slow than Cha i local economies remained kinked and complemen, degli ‘Ecntaantion, Fre erlantions or thane ergs, bee, an found in te concen of plc ature apd eo Lte Tava cl | Imovemens more ect ha the Chinese ete" Sate power i Tek fe apn ma nde eben gue deere, Dt government ah ‘cn of communicate ech ese a ow tad! at China Tear ala salle and es popes sce The tsi ler of mars and prosproat mercantile fo ees lade to contol sen bY tens of educational programs and movements ‘ou form. Btn at etme ofthe gest ei aint he Te in Tee —Jpuv own “reach Revo” =e rang groupe mange | “The oe af hye state syed ontop cant hen, be simply eed © ‘he pola or economic “cor,” Where ano fms per an | ‘redress, crag (he word ued dougie Pll cata sand Sth As sin ne tained obs a es Buthey abe need acoso tse ious cae a epee heap lose sem fay. Bray he ‘Belcan mere thea ache hy the echoes fhe French Reva seers nr wegen aco ean uate we Sy ue aera as domme The crn bee bsnl” an Frenchy ino Geman chon ieny waar Neer Engineman whe beh en $iecbeced hic unted gen, merchant andthe ming sr of pet ‘Be BSie nacos tan srg, else Chore wee bay ‘Shape Eau in Jun the een or tamu maybe en de ‘Sows edly comme pot Yet they cou sl ote th le ‘Simic ofscc and le oreo en eg ec at Sheimowrnons wha leon he widespread see popular nee Ina, by cna the ling Sy a the tas ing it ‘mov uae counter te owing resins of ene Doers ih oul ep now cinoma So, nstane he Si Doemontin eghecvcemuy mrt id weno ped py erat comers depen, A sagged, ao ea ano ‘Sonus sharma oso sro the werd in acorn with he monn afthe gure snc The Dei aes ho wee eer ‘SSossminied Mosiny worm bth «mary and an eco dan {aris oping om Ose nd er So Hinde Fees were Seto depres the ot Mahl cara. On the de ana ‘See mere seus tipper aed fr new oder of dines wick Sify Sin shes nt power ei ating pons owen ae 1823 nb’ ‘pn alnsrtne ct mg eae wih Rusa and the Waser Foren wreable coset ovement reo the Tana." Tht ‘nce wih Sth te sural of fe state and be pret oF ‘iat hogs te ste he oe fhe Tene community set sg Sago revolts comtned fo eee ue ant te eigoos exalt heaphowt he wor Av she fee pecson i shape pots ete Wana prt meme ‘ning a Sutin, tesa the © Oxoman veer ‘Se ir the burp stone I ome ropes ste ae ‘i eottion” ade the European evan es aed ack ‘Re nover sapped A Ws vias, condemned be eae “anor and coup of he Abn se whch ha rows wel snemundng Irmo, nha sug arenosinn of he ay od i ofthe Poet Ye A ab athad's meme wt ho Foc dcid ote pon ote fonms a param Ar mas A ‘ak crn wt 105‘uses andi foamy ey hone Sek ‘Selatan whch yf ool nd a cme ‘Smad shy sins any ee hae, eee inn tm Seu soa eb eit women spread Wai eching a re ‘nea o Iam.” Dep comer in dctin, Waa neve Ties Became a age of modem for ner generations. Afr anit ‘sg of onqunts whch ok them nt peed Uy the Waa we I im he by Ovtoman Egy aes, Bu teacher insect ‘dal monte cotnued spine p ove ti pesto cet ‘aces a far dana cel Ii the Cine harden Wes Ac. Tnall tse ese mora discourses ated connny with oa prem ‘ring abo vad poll atcomer On the face off the lng td “rprrnaina nn ntory eer he a 20 year ade tke scctuing forthe diferent tex he wr oie uring the wordt party bene stra of ours apd te representatons power rage "es pit medi ora havcboenles interstate peeces8 Change ecrredin te isle, Poy they hae ssene tht teak issimpls olin "mde change Iwas ene sn the TaD an 1978 tres acral revel Bin o pier ieee popunton growth etc Cina an apn. Te kit pes, ooh [susthedsincon betwee he economic the poi the gas Ietimacy rae depended on te prev equ ia managing the mt ‘con Exell hema econo seat to cnn oa ‘shout bony changes npr expecta te bythe uted onan of changer inte Bows ps ses nabs, Tue IpeoLoGrcat ORIGINS OF THE MODERN Leer AND THE MODERN STATE “The curent of turbulence and iesopeatdience which owed et strongly afer 1789 fred ring rust econstiate tees fm rooms of these an pl to moderize Tey ew 093 vont o ‘eovement whic Wis announce by the thers fhe European Eh ‘confer ues ofthe sonal cer nm nin Cee nde | ‘Hang of the proper depen of penn and tea hey ont ‘ol plc tame ad even ivan. Thi sec oir he Fenmatent othe sat ding the eas of woe es convencnse navoLuriows, 1780-1820 ittca cen on on ote rng os fe eh ‘Srrwetsonary yor The ste seed an unt beeiia. The aon ‘loan dete th ogo eqt lig ron ete anid [Pie vir os ber Supa fa fas in othe wf te enh posopters Compton sad monopoly had ten sale by the Urata esp which pang fom or were eed hose ht epider weve id opr ne Sema or te famed for ube gh whic ited mont commer soe Sere nes gencaton. The eso mccoy oelhened na ‘Speed wresatie nse Used Sten Europe, eco ah of {oelosns which yen fen Spin (120) wo Nags and Sc 1820, einem (820,7 an ly nce et (D0) wre seamen lnting pen of ery, ui bd ey. Sar es ah the ‘Siestjoun nen ard or nda Spunsh Amex wha meted to ‘Ew of ie unr of stance, o church pies They fed Sabah ante movements in Bota, Fas ani Ure tips more iportnt tan any police phonon a8 such was the bol pep” mst Te et hat he Porch had cous (hoon ar crn ven eeu ce np wm baled. ode sort ofc engine wich bal eng an sharpen ss ‘tat drs and restart opreinn every. Save rel he Cabcin,ownte act Ln eligi Geto cal a ioe the hs hep an tnderod ren eneybesed ‘eetoce mate ie at tr fave shown a any of se bone crn ea ete ert teeth ad a Ftuonanes ween men ho rere ened ut eae pies ‘Wintmatem the wre rout the eo epee" Ths wos se ere fhe po easy 2b, even st a ee et fereadywed by thee of Gods peop er STUD win Chi ‘ty ana a Bateatndnot ae al town wa, coun, Tce wa fi sider ecu and faery cng he Ano comer ‘ier Bamand rk, he revoton Ba Ie ey othe rea of be ‘eben te made fhe Pec of 1793 dig wich he ben Pench ‘rere sire thwsnde fo ene Inde eek ieee tr ic ee va ene pope essed etioe ae ore A profane See ‘St, ceca sean eT nas ad ene fs poor St {Seclte people hd best andtind In ome ese, women had Been ued the or re, which he es of ein oe Wa, me‘he iesigal nmol ofthe year fer 1780, The wl cep th othe val i of oan eno ie saad ‘len ‘Gas Wshington and Thomas ee i caine10 Resolsionary eines in other pts of Harpe ez aos hee Jew foo he gonad remo the lions dais oth in [ven the rsoredmmchies ip France, lyn the German ste he ‘any famed st Wiest reed inthe ars ofthe Agha ea ‘et the Beis pie gan tahoe repos ery pec {ter ope auf ie of cst. Cath wee commited ‘the Beh ay ving lng fous the ast Ina Cogan fan ‘The Emancption of Cathie Held took apother 20 yee Bats ‘bsnl par ofthe eblaneat, paratype ih Le Corals tnd Wesley farmer governor genera Ini, sendy bled ‘hart was mevnble Dinter in In and ew Bish son ch (Canada, Aust ad he Cape acieed seal and pil ines th ‘ould uve been think eneraon bee It began wo sce aba ‘ould il exctoe ter denominations of Cian, "The lane eae eof the er ates andes oars ging ailtion dd ot en, however et cierence na no taken ints [orl thoes of hitory and society were aad. Those encouraged fing ets wo rank peoples rars xr nd eine according 0 ‘de to mich they bad ren on fen downy der which penta {common standard of gent forall mang. Eighteen Pos ors eel Ada Shand Wille Roberson, proved some so ‘hens underpin foe these aimninstve Het. AM ip Dechy was accepted whic al peoples and Acne repens 8 lent developed af socks esas hea elo generate comm | ‘city ora ecopszabl ste for scheme ee entry the Mae Bt Hind, and the Chinese, wee stuck a the ee of rma acre | Ah ancient Gres romans bat hey cul post fhe with ‘eneolent fect on them aoe, superior races | Sich racial ates were no er tema asd om ill at | ‘ote "map of mankind” was wc an end el Connections et Aiaconeed ms wala ferences So for insincere woo of Wil | Jones om she ancient Ian and Penan tanguage dnovered compe ‘tthe ay naetcen century worked out cea Oberon Bese ‘inn Captin Coa’ and Adria Bouse’ wosupsin th aie ‘Greed awe newt unan and atria, Oberon re ‘ake nels ad in rea mapa retusa he Suet ‘ln oo nad whith elie the ie fhe mie) caropapber wi the precion a the pow sckoce of aston" Goverment procs {he agus of aowedpe Bee par and mre sree Nspoe® "ook the ete men ofthe Fren Aradeny with Hi fo Typ, wie | Bra, SirJone Bak once ari pionaing with Cath ore fas neon fof spesored surveys snd ce ven ‘hough the Royal Societe Adi and de Bs Indi Compa [ae pemer omy ve th nd ade se wielb by tone ho conta ‘Ripon Napscoic riesmade edt coecton mock cae an had Serena ot nes “Tene they wor ofl pores hse cay anemps to semaine sin trol anata oy nat aw ba et esc "Thy en sero a ec das rater han pec hat Tibvy nyse forthe poe trowel nlcnet of pa Mra stn ling ru. Bay a Rabard Deseo ha how he ‘hic nd been congue net 17808 tthe eve peoples wee 30 Fett pit, comp, tapped ache eel of the anon then fe th, French, Amencans or Gena would have to bie the te beets of ite, cers and cdo of ae Reena f Nap Iroc sc nd govrameat Kay have son ow sto ei Was he oven ea he Tans were degenerate, apa o move Beyond psn Eny-bsed values and caption coring to conevenaine Fetch Sista, they lacked cr society and sere of mine” ad Jour" how ce tons woud neat to Be parsed of old pes, er lnded iy fed of esl crt and pe nia ese Dovel landowners pected by suong and wansaree proper hts. “Tae ening were plemented i praca poles dng he shor led French geranent of Epa iter [8BKe in Algeria They were ‘Sinn caren in Bs nay wher Lad Coralie pi Sac and Insan om igh postions a the state en the gous a ees of any had red “corpo” inthe le a ceed and ‘prem ip Bona which weed ran ob pando ah ae ‘hs pupal eed. Raat Gaba apued it 1963 dha Corals Pe [Biot Semen of venue Bengal a 1793 owed samt ech Save “pysowny” that he thee tht so ale woul pring oan ‘Ge bengn management of landed ropes by men how tation was ct sd moieene” Land revere anansement om the Cape to Ina to ‘dole eal rap. Te more ade the oi eso wes Se alo aio muna eines fhe esate ah rts he ‘oe ety, The noes comma) ney Cova nde Shen, Bo ol onda! mn cee y the no ‘them a hip an ovr the enany bent thom. Tice ily SS cr i sn gan ona nih ese ere mlemsned y the ew eoogesttae i the ver ‘See cmon ofthe Rend ser Napson The Fei heared ‘ay many olf hs and Sty sang he hed as he bs of ee “wodemnzcs” admiration In the proces, lanl accomulted es Bon rel to aps! rs ae Tek dominance in ‘Seen enna slp wnt say nebalenged fre 170K Lofac hie setng of unter sandr fr he olin popes ws oe Uhetost important change ofthe wholes, anne wie ass ar afm dung the ond wave of rv ser 48, I pore ff ara ad South Amencs, I ele ro the esi proj he ew stented ate ad ciated, hn flied om thet themida cs Ts ares of Earpeanseement, thee ew dine of oes ih eu become a insrument to blageon he werk They made aie fee whee sclera sometimes fo indigenous t,o expopete fe land war peta in 184. Attra and New Zealand, Europea cen fenced of nd and ed to acne ecole Sonera th enfin btn, who contd ween ht in ant emmon gu! fr everyncs The aly of nts an eee ae ot feed te reound of the stat, some eit lndiour people aed at Active ron the ne rer The remind mina ean ‘helower lel of germ, uber fate incertae ok nem ‘apie he concept fenton an taba ht he ogi wid {ole upon the NATIONALITIES VERSUS STATES AND EMPIRES “The very ects ofthe now pe of aad empire bed opponent snd cre The turmoil af the revoktonay ge which st Mapes moving ver ge swathes of bn plundering td eooguering nba the vem of ny f he who ined trough de east, Be famine the Mi pats of he ghee centr to te bt caren of these aon satin obs ye he cco ‘i5revlusonayemperaiam”pard i ile the esas tae sts feat sen among some gnosis Tats tne the ees of hee new ies in dfeens conics urop, of nus, hey were ot tes, However Boyan ad been he | Paton ofthe eghcent eur the experince congas i S| ‘Son by Freche petyRehened the emesis Av toy he akan pice Ggepe Maza ered bout “Tals” ad ede {fom Fen aewpeper" Hs Sat withthe user om of | evltion son gate a 104 onsen the hor the Klin pt, 9 {rE was the ras motion gas Napoleon ic Heed © {sem Renin ory, tera he res fe ar ah eso ‘Cur The Resin ony “cr” the penny the Cates ct 812, Anodes rows obese sexing rl eel See eaten eth ny eet ne en Beet someting snr upped ter 198, Gone no ee ake ‘Seng Romen emis thc German ear he epee he Tee ke Garman snes ty se Fasc Benin Brits Any an eerste ry ear rea ‘Peciooanl turning of nny he Bo powered Seceuinn ene ofthese fend of etd pope within Eee ao bah chink ot nemesis of eon Ra's parton of Pond 173, "pow oebriod "Ptah atch aso on eng ‘Recta ne cece. Wh lr sa = Becca a op he seals pti ih a Sense oan ro Paranoi 80 ad ten plated by ee ‘peucaly Caine Wh ny. Onin among heme canes ‘Soeciupo create up tye pean, Tota ene {ebb Fin ie howe ena ars ind ws peal ‘Tieden Great Bay cen ge aie ane er {ro among tama, Sema acy of Proce bats ‘Srrone Catl penanty pit fees recon an ore ‘Site pre steered se of ana “hs uasswotlvile enonenn Nh Ae, nd Cen the on af ote an tl inp sn steed ter Bd [occa somes sg tc whan ef ese {ENiowsc and Alga ced wisi thy wane Cady apo. Itt tater wrest smack arte pee 19 ‘STeseryein sme Mahood Ak cy feed el ‘Strotiany inh ney pte any of Eye" Arb nae ‘Sicstemm wo encal "yp edt Faso ese cone Stags tthe eon ter nina od pom an pic ee ‘na atin afconmisnentehoms ny on er nde. ‘Shon he sts nine meson, Bac tee waren no et Enosontrnc wasn an ee Wester ese ane Sti oriner eas tx het det the hehe poet» power || octemeconl test laerip Themen ned Vita {Sling pune ep drs Fecha eh anes mon ‘Srey and ied be uss ean sein enya bth ‘ete sts Caf ag nC, iar Ke ‘vacisr oft edn badoomachogr eos out oro Sesanpus gn ace ch hens “Serpe opnny te world a he xption of come sn uc nen rap coy ced Yo rs se ieees By the ate 18205 Bonilla the ew iy of Cale, ie aj Ram Mohan Koya i heg, gan wo dcover wa hey eel "Hing nce” and le Iya They Beano pec at three or xr gh and edd epee, ong fa the Hindu past and wo the European pve Nompuper, whch fon te en of herders made them swe ofthe pore ena) ges ‘fee es andthe Geass shee were bes of oe sled os [Genoese ho ad rights popes then srt tere mse Be ee fo Tren in the minetecoth coast etl it the reveloney ae polo esa the emergence of eso thera a of Stein Europea colonies. The peur sein boy accepted tht foment I ae aged, however, ut thks nde deetpe “he eas of the a oder had Asan, Abcam, and America tel a Esropesn, rigs Is consequences were ls gal The more emg titer and theme relate natalie which emerged fom the te erin ew on Faopean Enihenmen ptwoptin Tey ao ene irene pas of he ws, lets 0 Mk Hin Bud sa Sher stems of thought. These ening frm of ran and nate ‘emy appa to se of he ney prosperous nde o antate lass se sce Ove the flowing enn the ngs fate ‘deny and state power, wich were fed te rowaomary aed tapes ors were mcs acd ey ogee crate power fen ‘este too in he nd of plea leader cron the wor THe Tarp Revorurion: POLITE AND Commercia Peopes WortpwiDe “Treinen and fhe oa reoason in Europe andthe Americas was accompa i the eas 1780-1850 Shit gucer sevouon. Ths wa he emergence in notretm Earp Nomi Amery andi seer oe ides in the bl eer, fe Commer middle csr sot te Tit Sevopment armas odned ih profound reouton ke indi producto Mae She indo Sloe the ft raya wa stl mail stn 0 4 SE te ot mrt an en Engl Indust ere a sens ig a | tectetr tothe expunsca of conte, bt sabre the Te of omer mie ss owed more to a eopnianton and pobalsion of ensmpsan puters and the seumulton ofthe te ana ‘eco ofthe como Isle sv thir mar an nda rein” ‘refed me around teal mer mare ade pln Thnawper on id around the png jenny othe am i me lel epee an acters fm of the ius revlon, ‘edb te economic onnoquencs ofthe vent fhe enya TH ‘ordi supe stereos of aropean rs ren echt od eters aeons Ay Ai, a the Pai, whaze they ered ne fe Unie Sues roe he ew carpe oth hr ean en sites 190 the young epublica erlang pra ih 07 ‘ew York hve 10,00 poplaon This ed some mi-wentt-entny ‘Sines to ier he sgieance of the year 1780-1850, ising et “oti! soe wr roe apd emer nd ta eal change cae on ‘Stinson and he load. More ect = deren peur has amc! change ocd strane aware 78D thee wer on ‘alow hits conraane inthe Tate Claes. By 1890 ter tere unaided aneeeenarly roprton of sce Iie the Sok an ogngdin bung sd seling People bea to foe shat a soety soa Boome more prosperous so sin by sling ‘Swi, bu more tporany by sling to cach aber The inal (Soc shoreed scons few hey a of whic eae te paper mone pone, thet ora fms could ow ald chins, Se cooking ‘em an guid telthes “Thi hen, ns oe of Jan de Ves most power and coninovas ind tina frelun sch whifod nor ye by ssa mas production, ‘iour” disin of aor, long he ns aos by Aa Sy wat ‘stomped yng of pope concentrated ait ‘Banal onns, Becrecr 1790 and 1890, Now York Stas opal unde ‘ape snd Kentucky ee by ight times.” Though emaratien feo ‘Btope omy hepa so cere rply ar 1815, in sige generation ‘acs ccapd ore roy tansy had occopie ding he ee 's0 yea of heel eid” Tote ert, he Bish colonies of Cana ‘punde! spay expose ino the bend Tis ge expan of Tied serge unlocked ase guamier of resures of Wg forest for ‘hiason and grain, tinker an mince In sal wate grow of ip Tow and Se epee ima change. “Tegretol ppalon, consump, and exchange in he United Stes es ompanid by args i caspian etetal fe whieh See yet more pound, though sanoanced wi ss be than the oa Deca of fndepcscte By 180, we ale al rage wan wide tare in ste tons, Liat i ache high eve ad ee mses {Wacweppes venom aaa inal pars of the ene. Dept tha ‘chs gn sn dt the leaders fe Whig Dette aes ‘ree ows in cfc, desing withthe nt edocs mass decorate THE Seon fads! comer was que tumphant wah te wasp ester te Angican Church and the Mowing of apt Metadie ant Catncs Arcane ended tht ees and th a ‘tpn and cme orp care 2 consumable fr the aoe ratherstate nd the oon fhe ald seit f oer rie by the ea ‘nares Naps’ Hexen were of sual ince, Ouse "amturg and some oer commer ort ls te nee Geman icing sort ns made up lagly of pers teacher, ad adm. Poe "coyote mh of teal Bape remained conse uel he 19) ‘olution ip Frans, but the Resi pablshing te which hal four hr the evoronsy years coniaued vo sper be 820s ‘Some rele changes were epee sue Buster soni, tnd Noth Amercn Even Roe the get amis re fhe Ta ducted state servant Ba emerged a la apt fen he 08 ay rr and cour ofc Tey sable shot, Hoe, andes Sockets which were ssi intel ar anhing the el lead ‘tesa linn. Inthe commercial wns he Gr, Sn Ingo el rom he epson of Medseranca rade Berta ‘Alene bean expan ands wth nen wet dr land ‘fetes tne tnEnrpenn cloister popuons mined uae ‘representa of indigo people who tad mae orane a liane te Europeans Heo 1820 «smal ut io nan Southent| Asin mie css Me ameged ia prt ces sack a Caeut, Haty ‘onan, ad Bava They ded oon the dr sora ome Ine sce that they read Eps and Dutch opal infratin esr education and reious change The ners td personal poole tt regucted thee ssi abe eof each ter a aap ‘esa ecasques or ach fhe These ban wo cca wba thon hve cle an "inertial ci suse" Tis as conte by 2 eevorks of infermaton and poll asicacywbily typ I ono han thers atonal and inperalne,was pstant a pet tthe age of Enlightenment and elton Het api the Chan maa Stators whch sea rpiy acon the ob er 180, eves pra ‘mul both pstve an nest, oie fener Mien Pomered Hora printing, pei, and plc ee. Tes beg | Invesignte Ain cls and Aen legend Coal aelecls aoe tha methods ofen for ewons of ele preecto, "Ween Ewepean and Neth Amersan modes wor, hen, import ‘sates apd ptal commer which equ ple men nd sas toehavein se rtona was in onder o Be owed para Partch tena ery seal Inmany rps frit, ordi | Fenced the psteolatonary ie. Whereas the fra tr of | French Relution had mae women sols but sna thee to ‘ome her fir the model ote Roman senate rats wie Port ‘he quiet rluon began to poise women with sal openings tu tic to nec saey. Regn, eduction, a chay mere | ser ih hy eta hs re we he Zien colons Suny ee new sts, pole oct wee fe ‘Sociol cb han he "ne oko ioe planation ‘Ete and merchant which wre ded on ie pices of Paget ‘In Taan reo Canee Homan secant ne ag Eu fens bmp oslae thence eat bur of te commer "Te tv fro ha gute rata eal up ose hans sn homie which wee dcued or te out of i ee got Shey etwen soe and the erm of eimpley within tem. Fm of Hn and propery ght, comercil acy, overeat fen clog looked eres aa nea lge pr ofthe Babe Se ame tine, European congue had read tore comple spect Kneis ne peo the wet By 180, he wot of te Pee {Si Scone pops cule fund a pubes en Mare to ean to Sydney ond paces whee the concept fh ube, he HN, “Ted eat fe fo intents cen the got of European sat Ameria domisance over te word’ cso abd pepe, a ao ‘Seonpacany dans Age pur ofan xd ben cee to ‘gcc cen he scramble fr raouce a det The pole, om ‘Bev socees of Landon, Boston, an he prs of Britany Aouried a fr beaut ofthe huge flume of cheap rave mater whch sles and ‘peodct pesamies aoe the od proces to fall th ber oF the word wars om the bacs ofa rowing number af ves Indian and Intonsian pans ew cash crop fen te expe fod pe 2 “Toeendl he war ease arg mbes of wht sto pans of Sie wesd where indus plats wre te oe erable eaters ‘she acs andi Aran one Here heya wh de ‘as pop hemte onthe nove Sune of hs ele wee pil ‘iogecs Sorc te ste migrants ean he postwar owt. Yet Shem were sped of by complaint swernment een tins ‘is wortioncne poe and bearieor sees of ey ci ‘ett astra he Barone pops bad ley te 30000 BY 1a. The veer an te nu had Dent expel Abort pele ‘tom eh ay and sper of thowe ho rene were ead Penk pred" Theme scr ft setts wee so feersgy pla tren inthe mate of ns pty pea of ent ‘nd wring asst nor waa ing an eae eh SeniProspect All hese soc nl eon innlances re eure the thea Fling ‘he resoraon af ret” in Earope athe wider weed sere eet ‘hats, This wil be dicussed in the net chapter. ‘The equation between ‘Sila ret prvpety and saan, itera and esi ‘Steryhee fey balanced The pe ‘tse Faroe and Noth Amen, bowser, consoled the domiata| Part IL GENESIS THE MODERN WORLD INProspect ‘rastobeat tet pend opie equip a won ps ae Mis This wil fe diced in the tow chapter. The equa See rere ft tunes The hyper port revesonary and inet St dcted'm th chapcr cht ate 013, Many of wend bide. Earpe sd North Ame, wet, oma i ora Part II THE MODERN WORLD IN GENESIS[4] Between Wort REVOLUTIONS, c.1815-1865 “has caper examinee inemens fh gi pe word ode” which escomaced whe ested Naple wo consignee ee on end Witton n 915 charcee thw por of oc ad ata when ‘evfams sate cane) slog had aaounes tenses at had ‘yee cides A more modest fore he pata ate had pt Pred te ee and deme, Od autres framed hetero re [Rother abc ssa ngs fabri exer and represen of ‘Bevpotc an sommes pope Yee pst of pola epee Seandccontnc eit unread Over pr of Ai, Aly a he Pe epi, European a pice nigeous rules ut he le wa ‘ey ed el gle fal depended o ere fe tape goes on tocar th now tenon hich the poseeeoltionary ‘stems had fonder bythe mi-ainetent century THE pst ‘eur sebeons in China, Seth Ass, sd Esrope andthe Ci Wain "Nos Aneacwre plo s wl egonal oks Thecomuenes sean ieee ars he nol. Assessing tie “Wreck oF NATIONS” Tee wand eons of 1790-1820 bad exacted ih cin es ost 124 economic danupon, Eavher one tad see Eatoeane Eng ot Be; tes st to a sng econo he te loa cote flowing the etn ee ld Aan reine and he cman Freche ad Peed Sep nah ney ei {88 Chi, Moscom Dy ore sd Pas al prea ome piesn concen to ig Te Hh a ‘ig ery a an sd ea She starr ng ts Smad tne ben Teme ey aac ee ape See Ibs Sum ee ica ine nar ‘Se tye cl Bee Sto Se tying lpn en i me wk yer ae er Une we Sig ta ih Lins in aa a Steams dn eet par sar Satie atalino Th conf be ie on er lob speed he sea dt oa ss Soe ty tcmtn a mtr nso mr uc ad bec bel ce SSS ort es ef Hc esol gency et Sr pcp tel pr pe Zen gage hoc py deen wet Secon aici lng ap Te era troencswet sachet ire es Thm eronay sp otc ped inc ag sco ofp eo ee ton ap er oh Cas ee ‘int The Paso pd et Siu P08 Snes wha ey See SxeToatanes pa es, Se BOA Sd th no er hres em ‘at pony ting Son ny pa Toot Sexi ecnipconmet orn a og oe ea tone eae vel pe ed pa vem oie hye oe esa ou pn an ies ems oon eee scotty seme te mens Seietateemarm te eter Tis hreeibinad Some Seat aca Sabino hie eens are Sacer enon Somat Sec ete merit em ser irae reuters tg eee EeeSieplinsithe talcum tiene Aas Sreapeh ora petted See Tena eng orien me Sage treme ieee pneicoce Poteet tontirarree errant Ten enn ta et lm ei age a eS Semester eee earns ied aie eee eee Sho Thana nvanetgenar ona Seat aa aa aes Signy Gh te Stpeamneccnanreones echo tra ins pace tong mg Ro pisten wae ene es Sptalinittnns etna borer Sy aiaw peeate em tae Tae esta oS ca oy eh Seria eh ee cpio ce Ae teeter a Sores se as ir isa fame er ie Sih Sie hima nati Sa SSeS Toke Gime Manna Se SE eS ncerope also te elo and monaco Ugh the sinew ‘hor land The regimes of he 1h and 1610s were sue ret om ‘hose of 1820. Even those, such 3 Bismarck» Geman, Resi Cn ti. In Hurepes cones, oie power had ben ped et mot Be byeapateate Europeans Te slion osu svecgty nich hg ‘starr cooperted within European presen had se ht ee, Barris Maritime SuPREMACY, WORLD TRADE, AND THE REVIVAL OF AGRICULTURE ‘When the maeen wo omit the wr a he i ofthe Napoli Stermath ofthe ital war. The ler bly ede!» pst expan trade and commerce to pl he ineratnd econony oat the pt {ng boinenen and banal farmer. OF sts, Dspent a Stomataly puree plc gleence, bet hunger nd peat ‘ean ewe radiation fr Une ce, Amunive of poli sad technol devlopmens helped the conser stench ae Ter tine The Bint ro sco of ths chapter wll amine He pi ‘conomiandidecipea sores of stay and fsa ia hee the eat source of scetional eon a the previous eer the ont European peoples ito warfare. Ever though the land war of 1806-14 int Teer pista cos tebe sete Bs ary eu oe county emerged he pence of 15 a te orca Sl wie, Thete wee gaps in Bras supremacy of couse, RES fenergc ror the ars th surgi ee aay he Hal ad [ck Se, een the Otomans and Beas ate fuera. NO phere offence forthe nw United Sexe the Bits ees ‘Aer the Anglo-American war of 1812-14, sno boron the cours proved op abd na mul ier aaa 2 ‘migtion, and Prtetentcrangeaom, etn remained te whip bd tery inane ve ater te west Medarcin aslo the {Eo Aan cous Ect, thou the Royal Noy and he Bi me and sagng poss in Cape Town (180), Fema Po on the Aan ae cts20; Mat (1802) Aden 1939), Spor 119), og ome ‘Stonein ne marine donais be 181. The Beta pow eae hem ‘Simet "The eanminion of rtp ant comme oat en SE Eoopcen word ptr sx to ve proved te et Jeo tty, Dore tain of te Slee haga a he eveoy poral gcc in procs nce por owns Meso, seed of ‘Sip rmeincinsrance and wiempsby the sere este spond ‘Sedo improved he aniarency and ie ead afeoameree Woe Sle bane i the ate tc apn he U8 Sowph tee war Aten nto eee, Pol vote sigs ihe recovering aes ve yan dpe sco ang ih esters rvy dhne ‘Mag of ts urging ade ns dete fing nd Shing ei ‘Doing opus ch had eso vey epoch seb nce ‘Sicvof ne eg coy aropenn,Amescan and Es Asan poe Ito contin ep apy rn ths pros cen one fe Mies ti, Sout Ae connote sae by aie and dene. Ne cnopenpring provinces bean orm sd the Dae toler spemdiy tac, Where woolen sb Une fad ern caer ‘toi ofa comtunpnn en de, "aon mos nen he inten Srey Coton fame sve plata em materi shares oF ‘Seen of ocr aan weve com the wad wel 6 BOWIE athe of powers. Ber pwordcea gd ceampe of ho conic owt ni eco, bela ati mashed hn in hand The proce a oe oes fin fr ee Ouoman Bie and te Medcraneae por of saber Eee th anh ano 178-10, he Ost aa (Sach ld anad lng sine sind os Cay ate mit power by exgring herp ad ping the Po {tno pe works and» European amy. By 160, Faye ad itech coon felt Alani nce ones Re {Re ticioraneen port enn nin oe clone bd Ean Js ofthe eth cer. Mua As ene prene poet enough io onrans ht sigh a supp eral dene, eh‘hough bis plans fr expamion ino Paine were hate by Bean and 'By 1950, apn, lange trade ira cotton was also moving out of pot ot the shoal i production i Chia, whew poplation wis sling ‘northwest Burope when detand was particularly high. Coton and ater cash Parsi merchants in Bomba paved a9 mporaat pat orton a opm ‘nfict ower the form of the conatttion betwen ferns ad advocates {he anion dl handbomey fom the expr of lve produced rw cen and smdigy 1 Burope, But thee commodities were avulable trom oder fliveownen fund at fe 4a of a0 supper or ter a tees ny bev win Brey which emerged tone of telnet cole vulnerable presucng repos, The prt of thes ade lp 0 Europe canoe In te csp of the cen for ance, Hula ina rao pesos and ming them produc bacco, spt aa eee ‘Ai ago ow cotton to Rays he Ine eget ad ey tenth cen. The Cape of God Hope, ice 1806» fag snd bled rth ean pode ne snd Bes For the European met ert ani ech expr sated back io he 1820" Even he new on and ‘Spo of supe commodes sch at panos‘ wae ren shor Ie when the erring black conan of Lago Aca eed ‘eran onan el fing wt European ets nhac apron ‘erie Bh tiny hae the tv rade onthe cot ae 1807. en and counts The mshanion of Marenng a hehe wall ‘Seber nese Ero an North Ansa yt 1980 Layen a seat aaa eha togereeseomang oe Pl pee ee Troma ap Se Cpa be Ne ae a pampered peg Seo eres eee ee eae es Dar yet a Se Ce ee cern cua ae a sean ae ee ee gaieee Slrere ect meee eto ee ee Sortindlerm aut oat casper neta ea cee eaten nae ere ee ical See eee an np See aaee ecee eee ene eee eaten ay er ere ord Seen Sava ake as ee eee ones a ee ee ae car hanes femrar amen saeco eae eee eee ee Sere ea ree Fe gle lctr pears EmrGration: A Savery Vave? ‘cory 0 he export of commis wa the export of peopl. Int fie haf of he ineteonth cent, Abcam sve pessed and ‘panded 8 chuper 1 wi sow Te Bish abelion af the ne rade | {tut was arly evant mcey tore sare ding ne oer ston ‘So peiculrty thse of he Span and the Porupiese Savery 3620 Inge once usc tte mids Ine USA, Cab, and Bra, Ind sever more Sons worn. Whe wane about he exper of People inten haf of the cet, However web oe ee Bet ee of he toner of fee” ign her pas of he wey cope fer ea and nsf fone nae the Ate Sout Ai, ad, Somcnas age of inprovenent. Europes sttsmen hoped his would id ‘Hino eublemabr and radia. Tae mre probly ight tose deere. "The Euopenn eda o Not Ameri sour ea fhe et fem nnrsovery to fee mirton This tok some ofthe presse of the lind and eps Asn cna seaerasely buoyant Cie continued to sped acon Southeast Asia es ores aod mercer Lat, Chee and ipa mite acon thePciietn Now ap South Amer. Th nda | ‘Mean Raj Kaya reed tae pew baronet od eae [hore went to Coven, Maui, he Cain, ad et Pi and Natl ‘spre a cf and sgn cose ney owed he ht a ‘mbstenge wo le employe hel exprt fore 2 itl “new se oF “rep.” Migration slong lend ones was abo ping op mee pe ‘iy afr IsHt. Rossen sete posted fre tothe steppe as td Siena he counts poplton poh spend up inthe ne dense of Secon. Frnch nm moved a North Adc flr 189, apd Due selon ea he Cap oven nthe some eins he Bi ninseton f Cape Calon snd astro caer ddan othe." Thue acveting oversea pope ped wo pve the under ‘gs ofthe nw pba Son of Lorn win Europe spl ea wed inl semmanabetre goodh, and he resto te ld pred Tet Repe i mii he Us Se 420-1989 Gr Fo ming 0890 Fem timge Sazia10 Trem ose33 Froth Ameson iauas ‘Re Red i Ca la Wil ngs Hat "esaema coi, Wie ae of il tv ad eg [er and South America The muss movement of people ao reed the reste of popation n nontwesem Europe sn Chin and cone chee the danger o poplar aim in be OL Word "Yeh namens of aly wee matched by the isos cntlet which cmiprtion cared ih The Bt and Spanish home store ay Soe that iors orerses Cree poputins woul how of allen ‘he moter county and eventually compet economical with he no ‘rin Both and French pronaclgoernom ap mary commanden new 3, hath hunger rer opulent are a Algo (Gren ter 1830), suther Alc Cana an Ausra could ead ‘hdeic wrt ith the peopl of "nso ho were deer ‘ealctand comune clipe remained dec balapend everett Tue Losers 1x THE “New Wortp ORDER,”” 1815-1865 This sean move on wo dius are of decline and. confit whch hese fe ape by of the portent and ante ‘er conics fe 1848 nthe in place some ft ol producing eo ‘chad been we cet routine hen ey we The Caribbean vps and for ane, ee 4 ten ole le 150s nian exe export sped in the 1490 een etre anf prodacs fom rin fond nthe tala and the eam. eth ‘arte ong tel the eee ayo emiting tie ‘ots te Euope The Soubean Aan spc wade lange, Ye Probie of the ncn ety alan cls pln so 0 eso a he) mip have done he eth ery Dlr the BO in mary pa ote mr, to, nny penta commis fe et imroremen on est a very pal al Ral eno We ‘bebe fo gels fb eo Phere a een ath of hse tt Sas aro he pbs inthe 178% ang to poll turod nt sept Au Ter nb a enn ne ne ‘The Inonand tae again ce cove ha ore han se fa sore ert esa amin srs Earn, Pere dows ad oa Compounded by de ung the Sean 1647 and 184 adeno ‘nd, nich was depeneot onthe potty mare tan mon pele {Ea re lh of te ro economy mere wets mr exe ‘wer bien Revved pelt gro pce in he ae Ata “fthsmalcr ard sale plots of land, Meanwhile the eave decline folder fetal European indurakesion, ser to have had the eflet of forcing mare foie on oth and depen Tort cey beth senary was no the ea word ofthe Seti sinoper and esmamit Adan Smith who boned a a vinwus poba {Rn t ite wou! sgnalsn iene cen Rana ete Severe rfc: persed within te ncn ig em. These eit the ‘ned fre chapter Inte lace, interatono word ae, ‘Strcconnins cl wall toaacy, Economic onsen, ogy ‘Eruny more eae han 30 years can remained per. Te ect, ‘Skeaph was ely pig to saz pen by te 1504, a SE ce a dt a ae her {icra ne tl ube othe agai fhe Sens pean ro ‘alae 0 that no one could he que sure of ature profits, even survival Pes roecs might rakes ling one eran al ey oS the tex Sm ofthe begat ohne ees ech een he Beye nis fing of clos genet wiin the Bait Freeh and Dutch ‘Spier Tas cn tha see were eve sue ote ws ‘Fn a der. Demand of ths col sue wh oe ‘enmodsy nantes prediction ha been stmt ray, Dns i ude nd semi thot» mart fk oF ‘na rt od Ts sen te sande of bing moves ‘egy bec fren group of ele ene 1 per ms the Bupa mecha pp and ise who ‘wit real money. The ony ingens people wo tually cameo ‘hater monestenders obi mechan ches he Pas of Bombay o¢ tt Grote later, ao Spun Chane of Aland Bot, te meopettan Spade Portugese, an the Bet of {ep Taes wn hough ac ls opty nd dese ine eoneny sures severe depen the It 18205 eh ‘even of ins and cton in Asa abd Nor Ain combines SS comer sondons i Eange The umm tne hppa! th ‘Emmy we tte he mpage nea pointe he Soro worl ade nts Conrempto nd prod: ‘eft mater sr the ml mete Blas on impertey Bs7h on among og gram yg Skin se seine ea es ttc i SRR Ln See SE agp es ete Sta fee wade alte evs af monopoly, This was mo i a eonami theo ‘cantante nn ne Sines aop ngage nS a LOL Cotte Senet he ne we Sao feral acer mace Sauer Tica a hm nine heat scree meee ites So Stes Sette Mipseme Sera armen coe Socata eee ears ‘id the tak of cont wit regimes and busines ores which save no lt LOTT AONL Siew tne ces ns resistance, tn Germany, Pradnck Lis ralsng thatthe Bash Siena enact nec Soo Tus nol tgs bo tet odes Sol a Keane ion tea eens smectite ne ‘etn ls recon a thee iniaenous production was bate by "ti srne oe soe ies Roald Ronin snd Jo Caager sind in se 1950s Bat the econome hegemony ck Britain sought tanose by forcing oer rns to sumo fee tae wes Hd af sal cgi.” In th pe of imperial, te Bh wo od te pendence of the eine 10 sch a extent Bat fone tens were costae comet with the authori in some snependent {rad nes which Bosh mers were ced op 0 ipo ie fend In 840, Paimerton vet fetta the Bay of Nae fre ‘bo nd unemployment se by he esting inf of Bah go cd foie ther god eras uf the “empie of fe aden ation. The ores bndgencd te Onoman no racing imporane eis waceee {hy cold Tas was pe reason why they supped the independence of ‘Gece nul Ones he ih and Pech a fre ths Orta ‘ere thas T838,the stems ofthe alan a he aro eal up salaries compet nih he Wee nee domed 0 irs "Tae mot king came of enc beween he seneestd vag ste sis aoe rade pd the cnc fam Faroenn goverment Hobe fou ne cv of Chita ad the Oars War of 1858-42. Sice the te soa, The ter was gang wo ey forthe owing ceasumpion ot ‘pum trot China fr te sucrnent by the ngs Ee nd pany. Op ws abo unerining the eevee ofthe Chie sey ad i ne won seat te peat. Maer eae 10 {tou salaries In Pane, Brn, and Germany he new science ta ‘resin ub populaon Arts ich a Tove Laures pine the {Sui anc donsen of he oy Richard Wagner supovedy del ‘Sept weld of he myc! Nibelngen in seperate "Rig cyl on bis Smo ofthe Nek ings sie of Landon which Reh obser a the 18s Other eased whch to the ew wr Bele teed of ie centr, Amern ache a rest in the riper ew om | Inchin for ng nthe mse nds eos fe ot thr fhe wetter ended to downplay he lpoance of nduatalsaton i thir counts of the neem centr “Many econo hstoran ans thet indian ha el cue and Bel sl the i 1980 ad seer tha eh of ar teal peodasn tmine the erica Jtarminant of coon and ca 1, Tae ides of «Long potoinusrazaton fom the ler Mile As ‘Seihere ue sow acumlacon 6 he cones finalist at fee pont tan any vuldenacseraton. Ascher ? noe, Jam de ‘Ws plnere the concep af sis revlon to Mt igs ‘sein and erento of soqmunpcon patern wich mee ne ‘ren ofthe Inna Rain Hale. Most ter set 0 ae hat frie te United Sey indus foranes rey comaiated exting Seid earch her shen revlon thm. In the se f Bri nce seo "ie fs nds atin,” Pete Cia aod Aony Hopkin. Ute te pss penemany epi” e argue thatthe Soman eae st Sots the cours domestic and ts pera ean wos fell seri tanking and he stosk exchange, her shan nds poducton Man ene oe oso tat anda yale sled our Be ini sstprencusip before even tof the wound, Pack O'Brien, among Seer anna comple ta anaes forthe Beish co tes dt poh in ges dmc produ ir te ‘alate once spoke oh nda Reston ia prs, they SB nw apc ht the eds ete gy pad They sad what ‘estmig te ale! ainda evo, ecent years scolar ave become more sep about the poi indian ann oF cape a ‘eter inthe vnguaf poticl change dessa have ned ‘tthe reli of P48 sot the Fart Commune were ral eaed BY sed dal ann, In acount of the Rossan Revoion of‘Ren tuofoned by he presence fg new un mates ad by THe PROGRESS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION indetntnton, tous ferent in tbe United Ses and pee in Germany Even i ard{he oute word, Psanaan Parsee ures developed the sae Tian weavers were producing hgh-auaty giods at very low cost and ‘he mips century fo tyro cade the Inn ped By which produced cloth even more cheaply This isn itereting ine of Thowsh, bene itmalce ler at ernlogialchangs nerf he “rast” or “adorn” sor, nat mlrcetred a ha it ‘he being. Ica thoroughly embeded in soc rests techn mane othe se af capital fomaton for indus lvestent. Wea frst inthe oun wor thegh ier hese acl mga aes a ‘he commercial and fal stro the Ent Lain Cape, cea Semoun 105 percent 10 percent o 15 prcn of the fot wl poe ‘ever be town rsh be remembered ough, Ch Sepp ae ‘omic regent oust eons, More tortie ate The best slut of tse rent postions sb the one oF Bet ‘he mae Beween 1799 and 1815 combine! to comet tum of diene ‘etl reac ito st mc oer, change a ec ‘cue. By 175, Be acre tnd ine were sendy Me "| ‘Sound orth Wels and eld she esa od appeared a | seen ety markeble Propet and sail had bon pote by In Above alksinc th 1680 Bean had posse ex cept at {ussan! ping demand porered by indo eons fy a financiers, and inventors rushed sco industrial investment i onder (0 92 ‘he pois. Asalvay iar and pal ea eed ey ips {spa Tae new batik, All pun, and sme tambon hen bee "era a int proceed martin te Ocoman Ep, Chin an S00 “Americ ndostialzaon followed nar path at a ater psi ston wr ale By 189, USA acute fr peo ‘Bish cae, ndusaalzation rected the invesoncnt of capital by succes ough esblecpta mst American nda products were designe [trary sowing and very prperous conser matt pot subst ane county the indo ofthe noe ser and Iter, the tnt" Before he 189s, omeve,Amencan manafctra pructon taken ons sgnant iret appearance fom tat Bean Bel fun, ant Pane Ip hove ey indomraisng cour eames 2 ‘Sorcha cenlcsand machine ol tthe Ute Sate de mange compares ws begining tobe croc! fon owner, whith ma hinted by ge sveolere Ther diane fom dace owner {bee manag i the USA to concentrate om snovaie producion and Inutsng without chide of fay rests and poten. Tae Be ‘op fas ndutalanton api leon o nnoratns nb orn eA cc treaoush here wa Henry Font invention sf be pro. Sen ine fr motor ein 1, wich allowed mere exe popes rans hve sap eed the le ofthe Hate nestor a promo fimantscrrng speci it he uses and een insti. Ts Gan he orerdine Inthe Saurabe and Cant, pte aves t Bru atthe USA. The Geman sate any helped ewe te ond to fra ge, peed erm markt St hous the som ion ‘ch began in TES and ater though these of preference within te Seman Empire’ Butea inci betwee he ae of the Sab ‘se diferent enue oe lune sew nese sae, Aer aly foe in Brian he impel wate’ interverns greens helped to te Etoabie contin ormnafsctrig ener. Peluso 9am | ‘etunic pode one mtr of goth apd artt formation rout Sheer igen cent nthe fe ofthe Royal Nas the Se proved ‘cad pcs forth ey a at es corn the meee ‘cay perl eaten cated rate atu art for BAS ‘eed wes manufacturer ee North Ameren and Earope remained the deniatin or toe anlar gods Ip Scodend, esa ‘ws qu close amecated wth emp, ab so With the ate of he Bence Bem was the scour continental Europ ssi ts fe he dpe oe ws a dba imate ate proved be ‘ptt snvenmene elm poston and revues so proved tinea let a's Cannel prt an an eat recent ke aay ec 8 Blam si posted Hage aoe of cal ni ony wh Ms {Feito eee to have Beene fhe majo tr ih Omori ‘Sirindustlocon in Bare ar whole Equal pon wes Belg testo the rg itera marker of pornwestern Bute in Fan, 15‘es becuse oftheir agriculture and atin instr ut bad 0 th The Beara of continent European dustin as Bowe he arc ofland ich eshe om te Ra hough oe wen proves ot the Austan Empire. Though German Ausra, Haren, and Cache ‘were relay prosperous wold saan tthe eet ey, htc of changes wach ecrresin the 185, afer he ri of ee had pas cabinet unhook the produine ote Harvest were Ieee tar inthe 1850 thant ia ya oth 8400 Aspro ‘out Beth competiion began tisk Word hangs nese too, Theo of god fo Califa and Attala ep oon e true, a they id Brat, exe nutcring, ming sn me fnstance, employment in the Ruke coal mines grew fom 13,000 10 51,00 erecen 1880 and 1870" Late nthe 18K an 14H he shemale ‘omic eng has ben so long assoctd, developed api. The aalisiy ‘tthe lund edad wor fre wich te une! Geta spp ‘Rath ow afin aod eagesing pada aed ether ‘Son of German unverities,ohichha been rot aout bath Hy he ‘demands afar andy the ey aid pow ofthe pur ad aid eee Tm France, tothe decide of he [850s seme to hare ten el Indsttonon, and once agin te sae gate Ha stint push Trea {Los Nepleon procaied, hypocrstialy bsg Bonaparte werd it | ‘oupisie: "The Empire mens pee we fae immense tees of -new capes to Gish, our railway network Yo complete. These are the ‘uct Tam conempaig and allo you ae my soir 1m France, he ile sea tok op some othe caret of Be 08 Bag, whl Lyon eaptaled ons aan ab-weslng ast to moderne ‘tee nds io helt ie ena Sik eae productos fe nde in which lately cen, fale semen im mechan Sl mtr alr indy cena upto ah et Intratonalan cola ae inks ni ae "Neder o ional acy becnne enced in sever oher pr of rope tom the 1850s onward: Norte ta epee set repo dewoped ow tere ad matali dre bec incite of te new aly ere ste ene darng the rosa ‘a ofan srifenton wa port at waste exsing nero Rustin by sonra sae on sry ow hous i nrg speck afc 1890, Bepren 190 ad 1900, Ravan proocion of is #00 ‘Reus by oer 200 psy ad ala age by 70 percent. a tipo Russ Be compared with hia an eri the cron cola pies athe on with weer op. Indeed, 1900 thre were more per rene loom na ten bee were in Rs. The ‘ens and had sated wt fre vero 1900, the aes of is {fevopes ty or tans dd Cos mining te Don repo Fon pede ‘io aun Snolemle foreign eperine and mangpemrt ere needed to Sor os open Te wk onda capacity es ne 500 | ‘Shy he Ressan Engr dese rope eames en a neil had {erty se intent ois ofthe caus ews deed ‘Sihe Crean War wh isn and France, ad ee wa sok by the Sinan 105. POVERTY AND THE ABSENCE OF INDUSTRY ‘whace he cts ich seer or ete ert? Ite Crluton ul oo much sme than ota ct em Scaling sae nape sd ce oie bo ung ie xine ta Hove pce och pero gems ‘Sevnten tobe obedient of ‘nga conto sone Nira aoa eanamss When ne mores a ‘ebay nd Noh Aber the oup 9 perennial out ‘chine, ev acon ry wh woul nw eden Slo Awana ue ie Da of 13 pu as cued aur proce pcrng cop and snr profane Tal Gump fe nse ctng par in the meateaprin res of ‘tcc an Amer nd ten gi be oboe eps Ucn of ery py poco Cu move on om tee inl poeniny te potion Re il pods "Tistapened sen depen thd ad Sou Ae, tee cing fcr res snd a compe ep io ‘Sot cmmotee Tne le snes eur pimy pdr at trrbyae mans stnene wow sane lg Dy se ale, 356, oetm,smcrandra powcr throne) Want seer ga ec ae wr amin 0, Sor a Satvreuom aspen expen see ‘conn ad aie nine eye pos we ‘sin nop ete we of popu oth BY cn ate ten Got ih dnoos ving Bee emu he oe Bey‘ih the bony arate ter ogy apc count. "Whar on to hve sanded mach of te vlping edn ste of Droder mae a eitor poor, But only when hs wa combined with an ‘eral te rine which penned ny sian deer Il ne tia procectin, Conserving te aed arian ns ke mach fn willing wad the proces of ranstion, I addon, was important wb banking. and Gach sence by expres mean tha the alae ae rcp ninernaonl wade sy enced vp i the poset fre fs ial itermal factors, such a apa ppalzion growth the tae Imi of tbr, and poor educational povsion, were a0 spit, ‘ge independent ofthe external reites of formal onal epi “Meso was perhaps the only Latin meee coun Yo ate tela nthe decade ort fer sndeendence rm Spa ithe 1820. 2 hy tele idsty st deeapsd eer by 1050, nh aly ‘shea dependea on goverment France The fore was teense ‘evs, ad also beense Mexico's economic adeship was heavy weed ‘hon. Heaths fg ester in aor ad nascar afer 180 elie 1900. Bu the rele Ick of secndary indoty mage | fox Meio. vain ereaie ie Ting sas noe frets cetry orto cma nl over. Thee damn, ‘egos and ell conc set the Soe foe Mesias evolu The frstnst ere reine damponed by Bits wey a # ‘ven China fo example, eal stems bs zona ereprencs to romain plants wee abate byte fan seine frcd on thet Dy the ges pone ed by Bea, whch rete ll comaited reduced ipo duns on foreign anulctred pos tous te tsvomnicturing pats od mii dal prdatin i Ep, 202 Sete int cer yt On Ep ey inthe reion in 1895 was focpawnad. A spec! pote i the Mae ‘pines Indigenous enecprecir found thse ats pla wel 8° fincas utr! strange The very oped poate she ompounded thew prblens. Yet it ao fat ce Mimizod tha the ‘mam site id oe avape te nuence ia he ae ey wi: rer he magia, means, an liso the princes han encourage {fe densopment of new faunal told eznemc aes Even he siete cnt he eed Ocean Ste ead ule spIUS| ‘Sealy merchenincouins and offen ate oo thc dows ‘sy pte team o by sdding tem nos demain ‘St come Many of the most promi commer enue, thee ies tok pace fm tb inthe Blan ad ete te Ma | Jove fhe inrening rene Cristian bec be mp ‘fall se no Weer pln, Chun wen many wa the mot compa slew he Orn Emp though KeanethPomerans has contended th Irwin # ach ronger poston st the tn fe nineteen cet ‘espe the Western conto tha “Confucian ming eed nodes, the Chinese tied to spe omar and naa coalagy a soon a ter evuntrt came, during tbe opac nas Get) o Qiial | “Seve induration in genera cas hey were imple ca ‘lest the poration of Europea eno, manage ad sil ‘en seed fo mole, Wee tat eat sult be gurantee techology was mrced wala Inthe 1970s at 180s the eo Heagihang stomped ebuild Chine per by made the sth (hin coat He funded amen a toe to devel ae coal indy. Hevoanded the Chins Mer Semahps Novgaten Compas, ch pooled sate and pate pal" The Chinese refomer of 1698 and 191 tere even tener fo develop he out nfuse instars, epi then the rt reeves fen nd colin ihe otha te county, wach wee Feito arctic anon gz ofthe panes But Chita ced conde 13 problems i ting inn nde ogo, Exact Earp, ‘Ames, and terpenes provided si competion. Chia Se ‘rence o ori oe a he mine ito cae, whch eas a0 flied by freer ade tcl forte grverment ie ti st foreign mp. The went por ste, whch stale he fron | ‘frig pesmi onthe ont ae feign Farther aan. The {nee perme i ot have th ene evel of ancl independence at "eps ha when came planing dec ements nde oe abr era change Hips have notes send peal 1 te lar aintent cnt, of mechanenned bana worthy akg i oto gd pape ar 0a Te sope wer ee y= rokanved lamer fre of people ds nly or the ase ‘Steal wasp str and om dpaced pes ip away bon taken the carpe the "non-European lesuceedd” in theses tat 1895 sds recta ‘wire than perce fel wll sco, whch pt win range oFRani’ per cai inti predton at sou te tne ie Ja ‘rd 8 Jpn ba end metal terctenes desorbed euda” they had hs sense of tna ey10, thse ha continued to posicetaluable commodities or he weed pte malacle chao improvements ask wowing ad se Se depen cold sunt her eer blmnce of pees in renee Shape Abin foros exera diplomatic crams favored er ‘nthe Chin Jpar wer nubs fl tack by te pea pores, atest tor Commodore Perry hked open the door in the 850» Arn ‘he huge indemnity sh tak fom Chin tr penal a of 1395 Dlpedo Seep te govern i the ack for stine. Herren ‘eng alone ts ch Russa ten yarn Thin a ne age [Senecn frig intesmentn send Beis retin has ep sr ene per fer dels of Cnn tod Rusia matched be dare of Boi rms epsaly Scot one, 2 export sll a tke Tepe develope appentherefre, wo have Se aided by 2 ter flrmstoce mare of sine fate and lc land sapenene, The [epanesecampicsggsts that when dking at wd evel abo et etn ania cave boa pola anneal hanes 4 Sten of iisionis motes change with med whch es enogenas ‘owen development se ave he reset cela oer ‘ments Deas che clo powers were unwiing opt any competi fo ‘he may fther on national nda roe Bei Dutsh,aFei ‘onl governs ened en ey low aes of ts mente seme pth severe oleae. Netra the Sn sane nd “ey Ind essed a he clial aes tddeega proe Incl sippis was lays ioe by he er hat mir tec woud fn he bande of dene Idan instr day eels ras But ge ne’ potently huge demu orc mo sured tha toh sis apd Indian enepreneusapeed exits even We Sssanial munber of power looms concentrated inthe ees of Bombs sal Simei nel ped = i humanly ent {sina en athe 1880 and they wee ale ce oa he ‘tw competion from Brita, Though the argument ses fom vagueness ominon among the eer erate cine of wes and southern Un srrea sine vantage onda’ raping iil eee ets ‘laments vexed is way and lme-wage ene preduton 28 sry smming of ny pote.” For al the salon ager, | that made ile impact onthe hg ines can ante impos desi nis tian nde Ase | {al gms concrated produto the Wes treed nom Purp {ream pada ot mrp stu in oth Haropean and werd mate But inignous arian ete posacinn souls notbe ween of compe [Ain Europe ol arian indy ape wo mechanization ome eee ‘edmade tele level echnical provements, Sem-odermied Wein {isos snien communis remained cl iit mot par oe ‘rd oy fer the nse of insiazasn, Some of term ae Suns i apinncpr-n fafa in boue Tote esonary fr nda cite op ough 2 pei fence tron in ge acre. Thre wee a we he Seem, cape of opened fun ines uch ay he Loo sod apace skewervig nds, ‘ening modes watt fterse instal cope i moder Exton Ie as more about the pereed ace to Shen bor th ‘Sour roduc arth isso then ete api the incon bern ‘Neckeant™ Ason, uy snd other European ara profecion sod “lances” here European and Armenian factory froin Desist Jenkins Teas pts nord ving andar which we ‘Spores bythe en of he nneentscentry may fae Ben oe et ‘Geral reps of mney sn mary power tan abot ele techs Prose. Thc indo eae waa machabot he dene tthe way fentel he por about cone ise 6 oh Fi isos tebe come to arg that mats ry production ws st ely an stn gen oe development of buna we Ind ‘a, Were dation, hs sn beeen a4 wer, ee fatchy process tan ie apeted in previogs generations. Hs saci come {tenes wtunetion ad the detlopment flashed polis ae alo (esed with ore shop. The lance iit to tele foes ‘ch muna tunis, a susan have been sen 540 ool a enable nthe pst." capac tense lcm Tes hut bom oth orate apd dated oo enh I comune ‘Seaton ote old ropes seen overdone ar a he yar oe “lr otindsryandempce "Thi bok argues atl nd raping ‘tepals 1040 29 ear ofthe inenth century ae ‘dead te trench. Up tipo, lent sens of herr and Seam, any otha svg oi oe fe ene, ‘hored yung ipa sesnomadnte hee ange Crrres as CENTERS OF PRODUCTION, Consumprion, ano PoLiTics “Thee “ub” refers oa poe I at mean the some of ‘he percentage the pupuliin Unig i ies of Oer 100, et abo{he ne were en ii eine aang Ink wi lap hi Provided he wh fd and acti pron In sor ds at ‘Sere ptf tc wt poplin ened oe cout ‘hoe cy me port cop td nd ung cei saa ‘roe podinn raed ty tnposn Mr ses eae! iba meen nde he pouty Hee hes ol olen Taoup plo cna toc ry pened chery Si pv tn emt a et gu mt hospices. “ Tue Urwan IMPACT oF THE GLOBAL CRISIS, 1780-1820 “Toes mje rp to ths enabled pase ds ots ‘much by nurs, bythe war of srton and Harpe pet ‘ipuson whch roped beacon 176 and TA Soe the en eso {hea rer actly dened ns, Oners cntnsed 9 expe ly bat Forel some of rps! an cultural pay At eee ee the ‘tpanson of wee inde and indutiason gradually made come toma mare west and rene d new working comport, These “ne ies eloped theron ore fil aclu ie, whch wate ‘Over much of wexerm Europe, ils utd fo the rvoaiona vee butcomlaed to expand. What wis move sing wee he pl ‘sate ngs, oy he he Pa Rp on ‘ad tenement during te revlon and empite, THe cee! tty se ‘rch of Saint Dens were decrated A amare geek dc ulus and capes al ower nor ay an in prs of any. Spa rerio pales were cup by Cre pal bes ho eee Pio erin opened more space i sist shou pb. By me tlen experience of wa an reson gen eam proces by wi thes sought apt hemlet th spe fh et ‘nore eetiely.Tnother ropecs the reclsonary perio pete Up he Slapce sone prs of Aa and Aca, the change wa mote bgt, The ‘Matha! cts” Delhi Aga, and Muradin Bengal mee ale =| Akeln before te dimembement of he ei and th it 09 ‘eoced them to shadow th fxmer cen Ths pate wa pay i ran and Jan where npr decline and frig cme a | ssc. Serge between he sans a repo apts damaged {Gon ant Sas abled bones of rest Quran colar sd the ost of Streets for the ew pl Tekan which semble a Rusa ron ea ain ln nares othe pies Meseranean eps {Alene for more han » century, ewe though it conned fo expand “owt a function a eligous and royal eter, Alesana became he ay som sh, et pn dt Een "hmore ube an poral heat othe intent of tes ld cies was tbe Giceton of general econame development. Even before satan ‘Shostrazason he re por fae eas besing to Bene comme lcemersa reat edge The Aan word a the rapid owt of Nes ‘Bsa, Glagers Boden apd Heston. Her and Alesana pe ba fat ip the Metcranen, On the Idan’ Ocean and inte Chi Sos Bb, Calne, Mary Sbangha, Singapore and ltr Hong Kong Tani, or Arr and Dave lenge the ctrl pesminnce ft ‘leila ses and became fog oe fee ess a ses Wel ‘re ins coil le ns pened. The pero of miles ity ‘abled in ostonand Now Yorks tse mms hee pub | ‘iy sttncrtic an aed cay aursvedoeven Hour inthe feos cy became polly and clay sigan. "The ace wade [Bnemen in Baa an Panne wa shee soled wi te eof ne Smeal center such a Liverpoo! and Nantes. The demand for soos ‘tonal eso Bein a ae predeminaly om tis are. Incl Ais and Ate, pats fade aad he procs xa sn befor induanton had ee proce ch commercial le ‘wth gesented the ndepenent stats ofthe pst even wits acolo ‘roc cola wel sn aan expecney the Spanish and atch tence of Soules As emerged my new Abra ce Local tse Exoyeon nna power fc arated lea merchants ode i Bese er Within enero om 17700180, Caleta, Maas, and Bombs $M enero sr een nes of the eters finan oti owe ‘Shan Thir chant pcs cnc palsr a einen new ‘eof publi nds musip na for of bid aster pl. Tos ‘ee Badu oer, he tn smerporri Lier Cork, and Bony ho fae he fins crepes demands for iigsoes poi ‘epronataon often unt They ae demande het ecto poe hese eae thes rg practices tet alone Thee Powe {i commerc maates son fou thle uns all the eat oP ‘Shgopore Canton, de, Aap, an8 Hertel ences cone ‘ume sl doouaaed by Inlonessko tcw up commer "Ls ln capers oneal and pole apd rent apt "7‘he Ammon, Chongaung (Chungking mths Ying and Kanpur onset Yaoura wer ail emseies of whet mg be aed “nan por cies Toy sboprpainheou neon sewn ‘Predominant manubcring ce were gut tt devon the pre ‘us setion gens. Tiss pry Deca ndostaraon tf came, ‘arly Dee much uty idan ook place ie eld ser Sound coal mines and at athens. Manche ng iter and Een stood on heirown ne 1850s Quite ply urn the Rex Sede ‘anufcuring ud mining ies sane up i tbe United Satan in part [Burpe Te gud and amend shen sess th Mtoe, San ‘rani, a Kobe. Cotton mils pened up in weer Indi oe sb ener nd, nthe Ne, with Indian owt dang poeton ‘om imported Bash ets. Bereen 1870 and 190, the ate urban ‘Son speeded up appreciably word, or sow 12 feet 20 “Te cage was parca string Aen sth fhe Stars ad in Ausaa Large tional ding tes ad ened arch Nie, ‘grey caters were recoded in Ghana and Zane belt nce ‘emu The Sahil und Guinea co bh ndsae oming iste Bak {the ares thar became he Union of Sth Als sub opti se fom abou 7 pent fo 25 perce ete tol popaon beeen 1865 a 1904, as minng setlement and tg acu exchange pont Sevloe Cape Towa, Durban, and Kimberly qe suey erate cies of astand West Aicn cont the are es sth eft Sars. Alar ‘han bom ha dcr Asal, Vcr’ 3 ol ig oe Fd popula of 46000561871 houph mayo them Soke erie ‘Savi ome Mat setements had twtr ke ute but at {ester cnet han toute and eae Aes he ow was Bop Race AND Cass IN THE New “These cities aw a reformulation of scl ap ecapamic ie mor gute 2 ‘retuned by those socal and soot whoo $Sicnaton an anomie, bu profound aver. Faray scares chan ‘veh rbanng,thugh hi anges wie overooe inthe ps In| Drs ofthe woo the ng etended Eames ofthe pat le an | Salk unity but peopl sl rented connections wh tc ra an ‘ssn of ecu Sn marge. 190, mt inert Bel ‘Dep was beeen rahe an Gor couny saw, Mas hea ‘bn Boos develope fen witht prope snes a The pleas of the new wrban He foe te por ar deepened Yr Bay Ban Cos Edath Lok Nw Yok Suey BT asin der one 2901) 901) 09) Treveth sich and por exc dure Ba raga oer the conition of the osting clan in Eaope ant Non Amerie ecet work ended once Tein othe posite oem, hat span tan, and eat dco ‘Seba the fin ogc of intiainaton, ens pope ad aces Freres of pods Monat rats aid pet berwen iferen sol ESicc sty of Brin berwsen 1955 and 1660, or tees ved Dat Frito pple ed an average to the ape of 3, Bu nda wage ‘er nly to 12" The san was evn leaker inte no Eutopean| Sf Unvenl dition beeen sich and poor wee comps Tits pwing inequity etme the ih et ana the por “south STEGk hive penne tote pesca day In lge mesure, tee BOW Uiterents tere he mene erste ete Earope a Noh Imcsen nich priced teshnsopealy advanced goody and AS td ‘ice, hich produced manly aphcuurl we mara and mine Trstiutooal se, however, were quay smporant, Oude Europe, Sn nce whee indigenes woes fal Tse lout with the leno Cai eplayers th pion of borer i ses deteioted ore mpi tau thir sonnmie pss Became leak een than that of the tai. Tas cane of poplin the new cs mde et par iy valnrble wo deme, Bet foe main rmnines abo hour in yar oy ecae poplin ave es AED ‘el ctor pve then i od hey di he oie nal ‘act mow excepnal years fain, Cava ban worker col td nol sate sted from areca lk of ees | find gods and seer Average Me expectancy fr the poor of colonial ‘ban Gna acu Shah orb, Hat, ny te been sa “The sie and penerty ofthe uthan working classes which developed afer 1870 were the mie cast andthe ras of the owas. Periodic Pi about setae yma, crime aru) and nine cond Turbo soon Eoopcn cool ater npn age perenaes| ‘lth yung ale uban poplars «practice ested may or por ‘pol psoas a the sty dap Bear of "re was espabut anyone fom drake ough eles mye 1 inate Inbal peopl who ad wandered inte the wns cold Gd theme, More napus uten posing meade were sued in Bin sod rane nthe T8405 and 1880 ad porcolrstenton wa pu "be lesan bie, han tenement area hich ete upped te rae runes of eine. The Ie of pobcing wat eersosinay igh Dang the Churn rot i Beta in T84s 20,000 polos were deiyed nal London ane Toe who migrated he owns who wee ifs in gion or lnguge wes pariar tts funy when pope peoples and ewe bon mon an the eat ae othe United Sat and she Brin dominions te Catabc Tsk who grt int nln ater We mine of 1848 were parca wngect cates of Sime ins an te, With he sag of he Fenian nae mse ene pelea! sedon- In Germany and. tsa mips fom th Si dso he oud and eat were egenly saps. Whe ich ated ‘wor rected against commer Josh fais nt Earpean ci ta ‘Spec in cena Europe, por Jewish urban ders were te ce | ow and harasene in Rs at Ass Here urban plc ane Som em bearnepartclry inn te 180s In Rs halon ofthe ‘fen y oban in 1908-5 gave Sarthe zn tothe vc plc nt ‘cmeevane mbsf anaek Jesh shop sod houses Jews a cay raed nner wee nol ta nfo “ets formal eal emancipation i neiprove the posnofpor ees [ropean ters he few cg-deling Barts inthe United Stes fund epee exaed fam atan ses, bs dest whe churches BY ‘he 1880s and 1890s al ped when mera demecacy appeared ‘cntecard avn ayo asym of Stina mice nat ‘tale * Here ain South Ate, the oro hie lower ide at Sweking crated in cance with ha chs wcrc frat Segepsion by race inthe epunding iss, Varin an nt se = Sls impson, an segregate backs ste ning town of South A. [Abe Astral urban Mat in Nee Zsand hd Are ans “roopbout te New Wd Isat, he 1880s and 18500 ce bate ben ‘tors ner importa ee, hurienstecaue thee ea cule spies {ste pracices nrg pong sc thatthe orc so pears Sa ‘hey speed not only othe mide ae hu to epson emt ‘ewer protecting hoe elton thy wer cas a 2 iba poss “The su got taken to mewn ths Garvan inthe fing, ol a ovement, the mile ce, ah waking pope were now ch ‘Sreof the sgieanc fe problem of bor" In he sacs he rime the cation of ep aesording soc xr as eel ‘Bie marr thay pace Nhe i of ie rnin centr [Se composon for space Boacen mie cas and worse people Ts eae gute The patie demons ab demands fr HN ‘tic sompani the vous a coosatinal uber te ety Tctecnh ce appear ahve bern powered by ase cng of te ‘Secotentd aan sal sopkepe urban rumen pe {icon Fo the ty hone many acne Bente tbe ‘mrchen and tice appearance fo pbb places mics prs ot “pubie”™ ‘Geerble things mach mtn ri the empapere The ower css ihe ordre chinks eae ieenangy sec mils and tari of dese Workino-C1ass Potties or fr sug, she ulin wring lm a ace agent inthe ‘ew inks ad an pice, and how ar as SIN epee Ten’ enna he od sce at administra a ih of soll devlpment nich sw in the words working cls De [Ethings oft ace pe of buman Seng Cas comciouress mong the Sosa! prota wes powing venue hey hough The spread of ‘deuce Fe fof al pce soi for as ‘sera cadeoe ofthis Most nei store ul the 1970s flowed his Tne taper, Te dette was abu wh elton or adsl ‘hy hadnt cote aout wiey oot have dove Bh aber ennane argued eaten actoecy of aoe had been “cope by te ‘ides espe and ea pial vues ne Unie Stay te ei dirence ereesnmigrans wer tpt, wie istorans of ‘leg ara soli ny Chia an Japan Pved hat woPer ‘tre were stl epped Dy "peat sens” Rece work bar deveopd more ble explanations of dhe ate of sweingclm pit, Libr Biteran ow tn fo argue that the dre ‘ting sas sini lens cnr acon he mor war ter | ech mor byte prt finest and by ban beng ens ‘hen any aoe anes of “conscrucen” whether srr tio pean. ‘The ih of sre which red th de new cea ‘rs mr pt of les in he word econo which avd employes {Waryeoaqucene down mags sate of rng Paes than of any Bera ‘cal change oe 4 ch toward revlon st pana as eonenqcnc move than sinc of European war, 20 working st ‘act Reveone had imedte pl ad ay rin ter ban‘ng the consequence fino auntie gen ls eons ‘nstoh fh st alert pe ee cee Teas the lente and eaters etry tb wo But erates them fom the asmpton tht nineteen emi working ls Ibnones inertia the growth of «ed sesso ich ‘steal exploded in evolution “The mest developed induces ~ Bin, Fs the United Sues and Germany sv labor ont wich rect he sing ‘motley hphly shied worker paris tecnologia nis Ie tceraphy shipping. and chemicals ‘The colina, cpl France, wat the scee of large-scale adsl etn” wer the Je Many contemporain, a el ater binorans,s ee atbingeo revoison. Rut hat was may appening war sn rae ello ‘reser were ng to secure for ebemhe wre ofthe bent ape ‘ononieeoacion which cecured once Be Sepocon ofthe 1870 tod 1s. bed ended The prevaling smo of pla shang brought show by the cectorl rhe of the Liberals, Democratic Progress, Rai tnd ‘Soca Democrats ia thee counts rae the tempers lor nee ins. Stoke acton ha ben largely decimal, Despite te subs Increne in the ate of indi sppaps i he chance nds ccm ‘mer Beeen TODS and 1014, fit per rte ta hse ‘Sans potalenc of sees gps at acm ha been domo ‘Sted and neater. On the eer fl war afer 118 sould ea ‘Since acts and working nesta aos th Wild mow rx ‘easton of Mars, Leni Hakan, Prosopis ‘onde wo dierent conditions, Toe Ratan Reva of 10905 wet prcvaling cof eons between exe ah iy the Rain [encouraged wert topes tcr term prornces sb wrt ions and secur of enploment a unerpoloed apd printer “tse: There nd een rong wane finda sence he 19 ‘werk by aes andthe cng frail il govt bis Jepumay of the areca Deon data mol Sow by abe sre a he ‘stripe The workings bs nvevedon when re namber ‘armed workers wee cred St Peter on 9 Juan 108 Tse ‘teen fr rmbeing ral resonantly ad oped Des His message nas moral fom rate han is rand he wie ‘rent alate union oprempecaat eating” Overt pga Sime of 1905, abo ha ion workers as Rs ans ‘apd te, These were my dcte to taeoerets inert ‘osandappeartohavebeeancraanse nave an rp ak denote at ween the mone ad epee ve ‘mci Dum Thogh worker’ repens wee et he sho helt Pecbrgsovf esata 190, chisel eon of tka ub oicars stn eel Me oanection with th cen fe unions Ate 103 the wasing and waning ofr arone Ross intl rkers eee he that ae us had een tonal ial Igor prin fe cenc oon een in wena The contort kes in Ror, ected bythe impronment by ste Ds tie el Comper ee Bl ental re 2 {dep vin of enter among te texte we ofthe i These ee soot ingen sing ecu they wre pets ue, moved BY tevelos sms of Task pry. Nori hey wie i abr tvs norhomogencos cls eo For they ere pment tts Shon and cet appear he been he widopread temp fe Sie een te cof fosng tnd od wo vng whieh cna he oe ek" ond in rope, he Bestgiied wks China, An nthe tues fore T8 ccued mong peed worker, These ‘Tee aenrly Earopemn egies ea workin in the oo eh {Become aya ndtramvay npn Shanga Cape Towa, tot Pon Sn In South Ae, bor conics were priate fn te Chicas tres pt down abr duc tbe cot own of Antigo lng ane In 7 lnc 99 ker ok pea Bacon ‘Aros Such pone wee jing or advance, He tet Earopean Ceremonies of cl revlon ‘Whic wrantaton eee se ad poe es ences sno the pla sre te tan worker do nt appear 0 fae sulle ‘Bus aceon by the begining othe ett century Noh hey dear ‘yin nich thy rand epics of indo reba and alowed Deine adap sw wae of king and cing play. Cis became tert sage on whch wee pad the ama of popular and rabies Even in he most indore pare ofthe word abl "workings comcvusen” had probaly nt ce no extent But he nea fe ‘reraag caw us woditephensmenon ha become etsoched Ta pay {Rien becaue gmersnent now frescos of sabes anda ‘chin, whe hed tage sn exordary coupe i fe siminaon of evan car ant Mech presen Te ten of tral econ sss oen int fie nonin newspapers dseminated what a ‘me kaswn Mans Inpurfomeve kos becae the red of oe Semis of idoura apd aan He inpuee sia coins on ‘king pool in fern omnes and tepnTo ge them a sense of Slee aemepste omer Tie pratense tote the ealopy eric acon wat "te ea fete of been and i French comWortpwine Urean Cutrores AND THEIR CRiTics, ‘such as Quade’s and Florian’ in Venice, the former the pro-Ausran, the ry sc trugh common pefri of profesnal and acne tring rove Maina Gant ‘J Sate London, Sun Yate Hono, abd. Aba, fre ero inns "uneuchble”o New Yor "With te tapason of indy, common pares fbn soy ao bez ecg among the woetng ta Tro fom ae porting inert mere prewed no service, Wreling ccs bad eo fete of ‘roa rstocrae seve ithe Orman Esp, Iya ene! od ‘uth Asa. Now esting cis or abhor profeted at numb. mong the mle weer af Bomb, Abmedaba, and Tea The Po ‘ideas perf peor of orpnztons and interes cud te werk place, ch cold te wed soci an pote mization, Mor they trate sma of mtn poplars Sian Earopean es, be ‘apd spread of ocabe gues ~ especial Total boxing. and weshound ‘ang ater 1870, allowed men ates to develop meres ue bth trot place and the home, Te pepomeral see of the ae of otal Thouhowt he welt a tend fhe cet cetary ma cedence of wer ofthe dee for companionship amsngt etary peel The spr a, worng mans eo pu hoa cae acta plc fo wal fn pil ds, ssn a ete tragic cmon pte of emsumpton were encour by aderiement and elo. “So ctr srs the worl been eur in appearence thn thy taatcen bn 50 yer bfoe Ea perso med etal | [woke dou. Governen ad rng poupe lear tron doi ing urban soc, providing boa highway and gk pens of wa ling This lp the tories to masa pa oer in an age of set demnstatns ao made ies ea the rea ban ie ‘ic bat teen a conse etre ft ser, ma ee Bung as ‘They coll ls quaaniepputions othe ae of he ees of holes ap plage nich broke oat through th century. Tete = | Inae midis and working, ite ap now, more Boog us srouping and fn the goth fx a sont sm tes eng tem ‘ne developent whch is parila importa the far of wo de sent ptens ma he development ofthe mca aah Inthe old urban wor the its of pet tows were a raping mo People moped Wi) and srounded those of the ck Towards the eno {he nace cenury an pope of mde nce wf 08 ‘ster ns isin open ousng began o apa hi us ‘The devopnee of wang m8 result oda, epee (hei, ut and ar ade i eI he sour hemi =| ul ey non scdes ie itan n ied ptts a {he se of poverty. Sometines the areca of hee ele na | ‘hous ta inthe neo-Coeof aburban Manche, Melbu® nd Bombay ihe “ne bargherht” of ctr Asters a Basie Some ws meri, at inthe nabs of New oko Batson The Slo wos commotines ace in fming with eae, espe cleat Shuster wher cic inprvement es crented space forsee of ‘Bonpean erates and ch inignes by sequestering the nds of sue tn valagoy Lange mary vem, skated by We slr, were ale on the ge of many tee the sian and Ain wos Saber to react srmalngf fe mail cle these the dose Tein scl, gunen ich ering, how oes ot stat om cen {ov gvemmcte wor ko ming bac gestures who hey widened srets od lying snd sapped wens eeoacing em ney dear {hed pubic space They announced hee madera ad hee adheres sSence Peery became te nts emo fader Ress | ‘Bennie cmay, we Moco remained x pou ene, ice of Falcon, eed ofthe "Siavoptn” who opored the tons of IME Rin” The enon etn dra and egos center ad the ‘hd forthe ate ops tr mer in he res aren he i a fricly hry fe on rope wide nee Ep ab he Foe Tancima ics ofthe Orman Epre made a pei poet eb ‘Bhine bul: ope howe, pli auc sored sh any, owe garden acinng thr ny tonsa hr ces. Mc fs ssi ye anf enc mann tated the sound poe fhe at need im res fl es Moe ances, an lw coune The grit oma Pungo het Sat of Mad ome anew ype af pomer fom the oil Habsburg Sc wih sted ove to de cabal Egan ea Tagine an urban sine mor dere fom the ot lwerse Chinese cy, ort of the fo qua” than she water and at Shang ocd By nomen lth wor itligenos apse these changes. Despite ‘te prensa fon neti the Victor a ras move ‘Spey dona ithe rh pu apeared unconcerned about ‘Se cecon of hope ates of wan fang. The new wealth of the United ‘tics nas ven move dtp #oexblah a whle mew EDA of wan mori for al iniising mann, ignedevlopent nthe 1890s, Se srngn rect sgs the shea and anomie of hese came fe comictal Europea rm ame pats of Ai om oth esr ther andra oth scloge and arias. The lang of ep onc (La nce pd) and he emergence of “bask the ln ‘ters Gay cme wel Dele he ta popation sted axe WO prcen ofthe wl nebo hese me fo Chia tbe Conan | tedkon had vay reper deep amb\QN about ec which wee ‘ped oie oof the matchat aden te et of eoerunion| is ters ct hr hres td therm it apawe sa fries The deep dtr by many urban ines in Asi oe ‘he lentes af the it was as Bg exprene byte wre of engl ‘opal tcen who earned te now me ses wel panne oe doors hea peasant" They were ign tho el so ‘Secaesbefre Gandhi and Jaane pl xp wpa a to the vil and te iy of ber sn the eB. Conetuston “Te ninco ery igo regedit an hee un af an the mot portent fetes of thea They ne ‘Eck and wrong sane hve doomed ht nds ‘me ree eine ery wt oad a ag ‘ower were pay eve asin 101 sf nda ‘ow ico maar he otcnpraynlecoah wer it Sere tt 8 poli sol nd een rie yt ee of ‘ering cas and th modem i ad been ven with eat pve ‘eed of he cet. Pins of te ah ane ae ste wh 9 ee {Peeourgig or naing wha ty bw oe peng td pone {bee a he adem is whether they feed he mor and ache ‘crpin which it spewned or raed enero a aay hh Komred en dria cps and ckouig i la a ee ble to eum uncaees polis power before 100, nano ed the pics of end repre pov coc a ne ‘alway cmp bedecopnat of war nd, nd the ping et ‘hie, Bre tut mode ices wat US fr goverme edit ‘muses er. ance sad Chine satoriier soo owed st Tee Intestin ge the natalia an emis Dlg the at cen enury 4 tron: ape abd + Rader, mae agree dg, Bathe Po olan. Tove were te auteaintspatons of cr abe ged ‘er ined by ran thee by popups. "The next chet “onde the new sana, he new ingcala ond new alan ot snes, [6] Natron, EMPIRE, AND ETHNICITY, C.1860-1900 “Ts cape follows he nr sneteecntry carer of rconlisn and tv bugs which we among the dominae fetze of heap. T (nines the peoples eho an egos gop har were enlaed by ‘Sone and anpinsiaed by empier The caper argues dat the oe ‘ors sng nay in ee ne nee ean was a ba eromcoo. I megedcoteporanesly in lge pars of Ast Al, testis Ars rer ha fit rope, ter tobe expe "ores fe many cose the eof mason io ew om ingens eens, ‘eno, anc sentiments st land and people, eer tha ig ai poston of he Were In anyone wel ave to Be ‘Geen Earopenn woe ino coal pion nthe aes aera ‘ives cnctung nesnoanstun which bp erste a tential Sil any thee ofthe neeenh sentry. Agi te Parade of Batnlton roves ll. The hardening of bendare Beween ato fetes and epzes ser 1860 le people to nd ays of inking, mm ‘Sting wy and nencing ea ter ars those bodes toa along wan emp) sone te ow thor “thoes Sora ope wl buy eberefre to conser “tear” of ation svn bef nang the ues "When wanton?” apd Who oF ‘at cen Tueorres oF NATIONALISM “Theses of an were sje ig pit fr istoians eae ‘Mppoed inte oc thes which he exer nen soa I ‘serpy because sora mee od inaction By he Progratd forene, The desp dns by any ua inca Aa the alemes ofthe ei was ao being expend by te wer Hepp pple fanzn, whe eco the new lesa well apne oe dozer af he “nee peasant" They were igang theres ‘ecaesbefre Gandhi and Japanese pial exponen ape a tm {ote ilage tothe gy fabri the x Ble Conetusion “The nineteem-sentury isles ened indusilinton and thee pars of etn ea the most port fenestrae eh rah and wine, Hare have demonesed that isin ‘xn ete leith enue err an th it ees hgh ‘overu wre gt ty ever ate 1914 The esha iia tn gate reo lr homogeneous, seleonsoue working cl ao ‘ow ila ovine the ontmpeary elec wre ah Seose thy ab poli sc and even aie syle en of he ‘woking at and the maven chy abe ines wt ete poe ‘hen thet. Pots he ight and alike acted wh 2 to encouraging or lacing what ey Deleted tobe roving and pom ‘Siropton which spawned or cleat he Ibert ab ey hi ven ifn cptains and wockoing mils hid eto pas unclenged patil power efre 1900, nition {he polis of cies had reper powell fom tes he Flas telegphy the derclpent of war ade snd the planing ot ‘tic en te madeline sate, th US te ones ed | ‘muscles hee Japanese end Clee stb en flowed sa To {nterentons gv the naonasm ad emp blag ofthe wee eoray a bone Supe a's rer more gare edge But the Ps 1818 semen of “lod snd to bad snr adesntge whi ‘Spine. These were he neo pean of te ues red | sre ied by print, and snore by ropes, The west cap ‘Stole the ew natonaam he ne peri, Shins [6] Natron, EMPIRE, AND ETHNICITY, C.1860-1900 ‘wis chapter fli the hr intent canary ae of atin sn ‘pre bung, whch wer among the dominant etre of thea. I ‘mine te pple eh, ad regis groups thar wee exclded by ‘on ant arintned by empires The caper argues dt te moe ‘ors snag toa in ee inte nieeeth ear was a gba nmeno, fe ocgedcotemporancsly in le pars of At A, tithe Ami rer a fit rope, ter to beexpored "oer Fm coves the ne of raoonlat ss Sew on ingeseus ess ‘eno ad! nines shut and apd people, her tha ig «a poston ofthe Wor nasi, theo of sao ei veto Be ‘Sve crctung nasa ietung which pan rental Salen) the sd of the tneeenh seer. Agi the Parade of otalanton roves ll The hadeing of onda Between a0 Scand emp ser 160 lt pope to Sd ways of akg, orm ‘Sting wy and nencing en er aos those bonds toa (along in emp) among te ow thera “theories sora opel bl eherefre to conser “tear” of ation ‘us bef nang th ues "When wnat?” and Who | ‘tat em Tueortes oF NATIONALISM Ther anal were a aie aking poi fr horns of ate ‘Roped toi vec hu which ad eer need Noa 1 ‘Se pny because trae mee no asiom By he Pogve os =‘section hopes to emonstate that these hears shoul Fal be seen soak (Seve he of latent ato, anyon conn ‘on. Rat they have n pete sae an one of them taken nepal as pony expan the nature, sl Ks the ming, the emerge ‘ot thinkre and patos othe fate inet seu pes hat as aoa merpad natura feather communities of ange bd care Mos ons cll patos sl bl oh iew Tey set tha he rnd proces yw incpent popes claimed sab ad ase he Stead which parted Tiss the ioral egkmaon sought by the tala pans Mant and arly and by thie Indio ade, ‘Stredraath Bante wh wot aon a maling” Ti aoa pes, and natool anthems, whi nuded the Geran Til pre ‘og oa "Hay for the Exit.” Typ of thee fusons wa he foc “Bute iy ofthe Grek oaaty poet, Rs Fern “Ho Fenn my hoes stl vein bona alone ke hs om geo peak ‘ort Brera Bou fe that stun fr ern seer” fhe ae nincteth center nie and oie Faroe could resent ‘Skim ach despr lineage chan ster They were tong cain ‘ty, nether ere hey the ey come ltt of poplist Seme Stas touted ells Thi an often he ae a ieee ‘Shaper, wheres parotid repos nd gate Homose Su compact chic hci enc. Hass has mae te ewe ‘ona for Englnd and France Hisorane of Viar, Set anh paneer osama consmic Ina llerent comet TC. WD fini tamed ep swe fey, vn chain, Gara {the bounds oft principles * Elite in some Indan exes, too, PA toa rgd sna of prose entity round poplar eo, Haan tn restaee to iad Ip the ey der patio, Later late snd overs they sought fo comin modern sap ste 5 Insal an eters cnmis. Hee the theorist AD. Smit sca 0 Coney meee wha eal eh" cultura and igs ones and mae natn ems presi se wey sepia sot wt ims wih te ky ain ht ans han growing Ing oan Andere Jobe ha na bs tuned hrf, he cions wich mate psu frees © Seen or contact aatins. in the 19806 aay prfesoal onan ‘Bows te aneeoplop and power Eres Glos args at ‘onal was cll conece with baat ad ndstaeaton. He ‘ho were mn icy to porta haan ull peoples no demand ation, Tees fi ivtence he ee of angry, Sr dain ‘nrect-centary Vena nhl competion resources andes wish ‘ended harden the dino Between tse “race” and prope ee ‘dander mona otenony. ‘unetoglcousien in pac of capa, adsaton, the ar [Emp and-possne oa" fer whch wee al ele Bom the much dominance arm tbe modem wel by sad sg. nis ‘Sevcominalon we orn es et sth ally ting te [ncn she twat century atthe la consent” wan penetrated ‘Sptaism tnd urs, Rater podictty, Geler then works De forthe cena and ene Futopean soseter whch ere oe oer of ‘min. So she confrontation tence Coes, Gea abd Hung itn be Assn mpi ok pice ap amospete ftps wanton Prag’ poplin fe tamper 157,00 1850 10 51400 | 1900 ao peaks ote Geman cas nd Tal ister as Pion a et wat ne india ener Thre ae many ake ces have Mee ‘Weer who wee Je re abot the canard mach of captain and indian um onset le than Gllne Boo, hat in| ‘hm waste pdr of he nate Salt working of» pure proce of ome, Ae Ene Hotabowm pts sation allows the sat, not Ye tena He an Jo Brel sve lave ara ht he osc poy ‘Seated toate, promoted pple eduson, Seed ze {dis dae, sumed ad tnpoene! peop Tir sce of epee a ‘tum, and he ara crime Th nat period when gonements Be "instances nt intl ron eh emipation more Sky through the wie the pir satel as concious oF ‘econouy dese tnsteagteang the woot of nao 2d faking pple on the arg howe neo another nana ne. Even he United Stes ia be nr nncent onary his mel Gite we ‘corollary of ths hor throm septs hoy so ih i nthe oul of Beni Andee aden 19804" Pat Are emropsopeal ew wich mphaaed tefl ofthe imagination 23and shared fing the vention of nai, ether than change a Freer and revoucet atone were “engined commie” cesed by Spin cpiem,” The iunn of boos an ewepupnr coe the wee innried seme of bmg in the mic hve tes ed te ray Trople wo fea them. Anders pon as oe pet aeanage. Ke ‘pln wy pope i terres pte sujet Yo eatin snl an, een eng wae oul hei o aan as anon, “Tari why hs wor which ae ener ot fy of Det done, tal has ben pul popu wih horas of Indi ad in the “Reompete acount of the emergence ofthe competitive natonalm ote Ine sncteetcentry ws woul parent al of hve dete "he tear precondition Some of them woul hae wo be gen ore we tome siunion hen in there So, or anaes the emearoe of onset ‘Aiea widely predated modem insta wtunarion and even the Wide ‘read diusion of pit api. In thee soci, wranaon ely ‘tee higher tn 10 percent before the en of the mpc conn ed Simply a condition ofthe non-European word It mpertatto remembet ‘hat eo in 1888, when tmeting which sould be eld nai at ‘Population sit vedo the land, and the urban Population Was made uP ‘Prelomeoyof fic and o's aan. ‘Ain the emergence of maton ms nt 3 ie event 0 ch 53 ‘res An inchoate ene of analy, neatly memes a ale ‘Hons of ctr patito, cou be boned and molsed by the acy of ely power state we fw the agus Jobe Brey and Ee ohing nthe Uaed States rinstanc th Civ War ged ore leon, Aer 865 the ond “nao as beard oe sco ie Noh ‘meric coe. "This it example reminds wo conn forthe emergence of maton ta whch harried rater marian tf the mnths ‘eportancs of armed confi, parila ame entire as bo ‘0 confict among th consent popultns The sensation of stm andineson Neon dead elf gn oer” The ee ce of common mary seme base efucion Inte tanks, and | [ebdenlp widely tapsorned pemans and werkt to mato {ur hard maton often ps ie other wats ad 0 "Theda athe cn ofthe ihe center speedup he poess she the repeal puns of theo onder were watford io 8 ‘lst and agen anaes The mail cer of the me ‘oncenth cory widely come tha ration, not ol eEurope 2 thin the Americ the Mi asa Asa Thee industri machin {hy and communications dice the st chapter made tonal om Wien was Narionatism? or hisorian then it nr for ors the ning of he merges ihe nov mtn swede pera. Ths neds bration AS Std atl len ben se rasta wich war pated or ‘Sipovealy advanced wt people lew abancesAsane and Aca This {is theory mead oe sey mie. Ie ue ht an Sb Saharan Alsen io ll rg commune bout dep soll Scie in which broader socal ete had hie relevance, Yr eve ere ences entry wa ed Whe espns to sone reo fe Be, eal nlc wring a Aan venus ‘hun to ar the cine of Alcan “peoples” Mieover, goo inde Fendkoce monn ed Inia and yp by te 680m aed 05 beer par of Asay 900 Jan was in mang specs» name bere thee of the Tages some 188, ay wel ave ad Song | ‘cncof ntonalam a cntporary Germany sone more developed tan {aps The conan wih Eure ald not herr, be verdrens. Aer ow heat eines 0 188 Europe hd were ‘Shports Jonathan Serer note he ening Ronin naa mews pes of tt year had ol 250 saris "Wht cron tl sens ple ot 04 sme bra prods of tang wich would kes sta wor eel sad ot spy er Europ ‘re reat once tal Mee I general aed that Népoeon coget n Euope gave a filip 1 national He ‘Genany, a, and Rania. Equal, Fea an Russian invasion made ‘Grsnin Egan and ober Noch Abwans svar of bogsened eee ‘ance and othe need wo ede the soi, Two genera Tate Ecsan wars te mnie cetuycominced he eis of Ine Tokupto Japan ofthe need fencing. Ii he 1857 "betnn td thr new Bish ison ch rough about fred he eran and potesend peop of te seaboard seis 1 fens ‘te sas win he emp “Tha bigtened an rode seme of naonalty was nat simply @ conseuene ofthe ong eo abl was, omcver To rete! Boe ‘pruning communibons ad he aster and pt A foi In he 12m the In ome Ro Ram Mai Roy ‘abies read atone pos Nipoeoni evfurnsin Europe in Calas Eigik newspaper and wtse abou national selfetermiatin, Bere 1S14, Nguyen Ai Que, ai Po CB Min as eading aout he sought Thomas elon, Arercan founding fate, in French schol 1800-1900ro” Bren by the 188m Jon's om snd modem had Rese 4 ‘ower motel ter Aan and Aan eats, sana of alances and espa bees ey sds a state “Thee Rates poe thee power brat inthe pe of» “ne pet i" expe parc parttion of Ala. This bed pero "on sl ole thgh twas bal, ot meres 4 Buope, one: Aer 1860, pat lender within sod ouside Europe rapy exeoded ht rojo mang orate By 1870 ly wie nde he ede {hp ofa mpi indatang and maderiing Pont, fling the lncrenion of France and Pre anther entwe veo Aus “Though landed maps llreained reat infec, expel inthe ty ‘Mote he Tuscan fr of he ala ngage, vied theses wih Ske of uty. Germanys unin 1871 flowing be mary ioe {Prosi re to omer overdo he Geman speaking repos, Aste pple, common cure and langage and a gown roles he ou ‘or brought gee the andownes he at the srs fe Rin {ale andthe Cathe peasy of he out, nthe ae pan of err oc hung ab he esate of he Untn in he Unies Stace hough io Being mre psoas seme of Arca ntonaiy. The Beis domo, Catala, Asselin, abd Now ‘eaand bree deve wets beeen 860 ad 1903, Jan, eae ‘ele yung rlormer retsboned he maton ofthe Mes emperor ‘ero the atin eastern Europe, patina, enourged By 2 | Steve Ran Ben to pation the European part of the Ott pie ico small agree Chetan props flowing che Ball ‘War of 1478. Whe he eh cexupied Egypt in 1882, they rere ons ‘by acoalitn of my fies ces apd anode ich ied lerpence of ot ene of enn thi fer wth province of ‘Onoman Empire In Ann the foundstin of the Indian National Conse it 1885 and the soem denutcinton ofthe Maochus nthe 1890s by youn ‘apie "thr on ettgonic nts, Wuose Nation? ven wafe and social changes rouge nationals nes femained hpi comesed a ambiguous in almest every exe ts ui ee ane aa caer perl home rule fe isan, dl notre ‘pune eth nat sate fr any nl! ih ana fe 1860. NATION, sMPIRE, AND ETHNICEEY, 6.1860. 1890 Thowands fi peopl nding ny Cao ea pope were {ofan Bets emsin oh worl ware Leaerof Brin’ ite Joi Tho feminine! the Bish conpcton, at ssi and ‘conomi noon id pu 0 center maton 5 ‘Notas and Canad by be tne of the South Alea wi 1899" ten liloreat sont poops what cle pin nator Uy bean so cy “apn oe the Eeyptan™ daring he Yes of European ‘Rereninn ar 1876. Ye many ofthe were he sme te “Orman uss" han Ina eae the center of he word Some Cine mionolse ser 1896 may wel le toenJenncing “Manco” bows {oth far that th ctpry wi pty sete bye very Ging Manche Som tel Roe that ei nde became cal spite oly afer the pane occupa of Mah the 1930 So we many sore [elects and steven ee king stout "he maton af 1860 hi {ice mean tha there wa any omens abo whose ais thy Mee ot “ewe nad ow comply niet the cover of agus maybe af cla yes atria 0 spectra tre ks ‘Stoel hoc ong ptt Aone ofthese re the ‘aconubine ich emerged ot of old puousns” ~ tat ty eney emogncous communities of langage and gion. These were fe for {nen Enpand, Franc, Jp, an, lets sre Indian Maharasasnd Stab fain category and Stat had an a ee of pee ‘tay inherits andes eure hough hi et ‘She dfrne the Cae mass aonatsn ofthe end ofthe wine {teh ena. Sy ond at nt th norm pe "tne," wha he French ced “Annan.” hes aca rang ou were be 0 mat fv ache fm of cai the cdf he ern cen pre ‘rou iey cou termed inn lea cxsing ee of coon Pu, ‘Mein common language ta cates po comnne. Lite SSnecn-cenary stanton ere was mt simpy 2 top-down pheno fons snp a restr ofthe sae oo eter People rm pret bd subordinate gwoups sous stake In What they thous of a hit ‘son, Somes, 06 emigrants tide Whe borers of Sates pase ‘wer par in selting he dese for ied natioal testy. Ts ‘migan we Unie Suter or Ausra and Cine emigrants to Haat aSouene Aus were ery snpatant ine emergence sh and Ces "nam espectayTh pe of tonal then Els ely wih he {amp of AD. Smithy Asan Hating and oes whoa shee hat ‘Soa wat ey “consul ner tee ine. "Ath se ed ofthe esr were aia eich Wee cua su saponin rates whch ee cated ut fd ptm Ba, ‘oppo Enda forges dig te long war ih France and cll uring he eter of 17801820, 48 Ln Caley a re. “ona ws fncred by the goverment afer the cea1851p ofthe Kingdom ofthe Hlgns om set faye northern Berean ere people and landowners hada vage sec of “Creoe-net” of being ‘eran at opposed to Spanish a nya 1760. Hat here a be ie fete of beings “Colorbu” ot “Veneucan =e very ns wer ae ISvenone Anthro of pate sommes inthe ‘Unt Sates ttre TRG Yet twas the il Wr an the growing Proto-natonals adesps which emerged wa th Uodes dig be Epis Chin al ce the problem tha, by paoneng am eerie ‘emt mip bese pla irtvane. Tevet willbe conse Perpervaring NATIONALISMS: MEMORIES, NAtroNAL ASSOCIATIONS, AND PRINT ‘epetuatien sect pear however toraps have become ote itr ‘eimporant in he tng of atonal he brte expen ame “erase otanal pos eur ta dis eee see oan fad marys ~ all hese created the sated landscape of toa. The tee kan fom she en pi mem wae paral tise afer he wars ofthe menor emu The ae red pub celtaton of Bese Day See thoughout France were eo there bres of the Enghenment andthe 18 revsun In Ames ‘Wbington DC was adored wie monuments othe Berocr of the Uh Including one memorial he lc dlrs deine Selon ted Tay hoe ut developed wound Garland King Vitor Eis these equine sts an sl eee galopigo surg ough ep (fhundred fan owes an ce atin) ew see ta desi was pit om the min ofthe flowing et, iary and sane parse hep them amas in ont of the ee ‘tnt Bares apg ade oul war thor hands around ‘ke mem fe of ld pao esters Te wadoan of "iebames ‘rssance agin te Chee Jaane ence to te Monge ere Rava” srgple andthe miliary eben of mains Bad ben he Aeon sure te ma-certry cs. Nasal nas hated by econ Bet how di the pola theory of he Mera parse ‘end witha es? Another thee of 188 Europe and ofthe Uso wat nt the Cnfeercy ba been he eesti fal he pope Poplar lis ain ems urs tave log be ecg a te ber ie ‘ke amie ace of ana The para tha the acho a al ‘cn often a amram atonal autor een the ane“peicury dicatanti” which war wed of Napolean IL, peegn of eh 1848 barmcaer tured erperor How fc can the ean of popu Store? ‘Germany an aly, Bibaro. and Cavour ed tam 10 be more saps ‘fan eee of repent vem tun hd Bon ie eae fhe “spagine af peoples” in 184 Both ators Mr an the mea ‘od td in were mcs of he ho fp and wc om he fancies whites Soon began Yo Hi Sette The Bose ‘bseraton of Napoleon I “ran in Face The seston inert tng prhament was held beg, bt dems i i ‘uued nthe ee pol eer wih oppression late new Germany, eres wie fancied ex, ctor supp cae puchne limited and concn mere wrung oy acta otf ere the ct of Rana 1005 by force Non aropea sat of ecole ess a bet in oe detorates or mir conning a the Hat | over pach tas according the ld ors In he 8D fr sane the Both Libeal goverment exbshed rmnkipel ad se ar Tada with i cree cecrtes of Inn wot Evo pel soverey payed ony a me pan inthe deren of eat ae 1800 the paid i se the emergence atin pica pple etre of the pls ofthe ma, even whan hy oul 8 the ‘ches vote The mobizton people ou pola pats and pres feoups to cape apd ie meaning the state aon inthe come he ‘eclne af opal an ansocane leptin ale 178, Ths oh chaps 4 ‘tis the mse capo of cal and polis pressure group fr abot he dough omens mavens to igous ssornions hich ‘herons voles th constituency. Nason wan cemented | stn eterason of lm oan lepimacy ade by sich ssa highly decestalned USA, che national poll atenabece me pertate forboih Democrat and Repusican ar conte a tena cae ‘out rent prt ofthe Union nt contact wi enc thee Te Bai, he Edt Pry emerpd im ange of Noone and efoming ssocatins unde the leadenp of W. .Gisstane. We {he facie was etended once waking mca ar 1884 he Conse ‘Cansei sppea othe anal ners tals esa Srincreningymporant pr of Bri econ, ped fe 50 | ‘Soa of voluntary ssocetens Uouphou the coun. German aie ical pane wee unable to exee ach nen on ministers, tbe ‘Eines svc he cnstatie he Cat Cer Par and Iter he ‘Sti mrss sty drow pelts say fo te tea oe te fs oat tere in te Ree Empire oy whee poplar pbc we ‘ily nec before 195, Bream con patina pol [alters atempngo eonrate support re ced cama nd ‘i oinion othe Rutan elt, Ser, and the Uae. Ths own Slme of Rasian-nrs amen ie inthe ares ost neal wih he {Be clonaed wold tents remand tin hey ened a all Set nol are a fy oy ceed thoughout the Bris, Doth, {hd French colo empires by he 188 ‘One farther cree whch sted song allegiance orto pola ‘atts the pth of mean of communication pei of esspapes ‘Shc tought to spel toa nana intr, Heve Benedict Andee: von of tained communes of pit again Becomes Big rl ‘Bough aoe so much ocean onsen a pean an general iin et te Eropenn po ha een oer prov peng te the nes an ned iran of sl gouge of Fetes AEE 1860, there wn an seni growth in ms podbean, and he ne notated nenpapers phe fo thee alin, many of he beng ‘es WT Sid andthe American Wim Rand Heart snes Papen a hie Freducaon, ding ming pope tan Uden ‘tthe dy tine The communion eatin ad erly ee ‘ein eect on themiron fel xste Earp, What mae tbe Pein "conmatona elon” af 1909 pos Yr imtance, was the ing ose fee cnt aoe dere and nunc by lan ‘apes The ced sm onge see of Sed maton endemv “Tv polit eles of thse deslopment were amigos. Tey Seeagh- cut nusnnlgvenmenie rl pata ol ey, eben whe ‘Sociopment of orsmuninin ted anal peste oad eto of ‘nmin wt ratatedy the ilemenston of poral teres af | ‘ott. Governments Boe the rte of eg ies. Nev aie {acs Reem cond apd canned news The contend | ‘or hear Te war orespndnt, bone demas detain te bei {ce and rly af the emmy were no Fu on mics est [since mir any i De ard andar of combate "cain The Bris popu ber aren Winston Chl bonis ‘rec awa sorepndene during als Atesn war, fr xa For ‘Senn Ban and he USA hee long ed bens of tle ha 0 Salia aris a esting pre begin eo eee vig Ba, Berea hen in United ets went ar ont Cute pee rd ‘ene ofaneSpunsh since The det Beach carpi asi theBeers; Germans and Trench, which acompaied the South Afican War (1899-1802) and Ang French tenon in enral Alc, prepared Bet Puli opaon foe the desening of European confit afer 1900. On tbe ther and, olorized peoples egy plug ino hee noel news medi Indian sons ep end Sten Revs of Res wit No Aan ‘ols bese the Bek and Hench authors with pans From Community 10 Natron: Tue Eveasian Eaprees “Ths econ moves on fom consierain of oor fntoal” ad ‘hor bod developer to char in ore det the emesence of ations lenders in rat where the old arian empha been dominant. Aes Tope a tnd tee ses nee eet ote mi of the sper ned above. The ne of aronainni thee pin an rap hem Important development he ne iecenh nee veri cere ‘mies on ey. One ca pot opt of the worl and even parts a ee me impert polby, where ntonaen eo ite ae ete 1916 ‘out nationalist Ieadcribips emerged quite raphy afice about 1860, Tht ‘ew sect wl show, inte hare and esason of "ee nant “Malthe eps foe Severe sera in hee nineteenth cet sshater to paonz or uppes ese sigs of atnasn.Etrpean ad {qusse European emp ad prtilr poten The Habbrs sanyo 5% German raling groupe were feed cde tore and rove fees tose fr he “Mapp tt aepe, bok Stati" Tass raed quests about wba t meant oe 2 Caecy ‘Sloat, ora Romanian nthe Habsburg las, Most ions ofthe As "gi Ei nthe 00 a apn agp Da ‘pec inte hig ies an rags he ore posers ames: Rui fas faced sim ils Tor Alexander ets et be ad 1 ‘Tye danger as thats oldest spark i eaenip wie aed to preset Pali, Luin ang der natal, For hese nono" ‘conta oma wp pro te rs wt The Pe Ene ln Mile Easier Noth Aan an Aan pli be emma of ow toh nto pation wa eghened by enor tackardness (ntodox Churcy the Grek lanpinge an the ssc of Grech enteee= i tin the cites cemtary Mdteranan had spured Greek ph ‘Sen, The ld Chris commonest of the eters Roman Emp 8 tea showing revues inc Grek a “Sas began {Sine eco nag of anhoed or hemsles. em however be {meventbn of Onnnanscacen Gree dune te 18201 which fone s fore eateue see of ratonood among Greks and mage pose te ‘Soton ofan independent Greek Kingom. The contemporary European ‘Score ofthe ances Grek pt ives he tonal wih ene ‘Stone linge an encurage the Ween omer to acard Greece the trappings of atenaod Secs oer the a 80 Yea te wer Ch thn pars ofthe Bane Sea, Romani, and Bulga ~ reso tandindependnce.Araderper ler hon he tren ofthe Chis we tema fo sing the lige great he emp mos Sr roca etelion ot the penny ht mould pin ort sere Property ght er atom independence rom tbe Oomans "learn ah Ortmann price Sy, metre apie thatthe oa vague see of" Arabs" eering thee options cree Omen governor veh rae Sy, Ks etd, Tough n x ese of ced a strel georaphsa and of" pao fm ae he ma of telate intents emury Rewer the Ooms | "he Rasiane ac Asrns which geno rene wider Rstures ose te ‘Bitans,Otoman ules cing Chen agreon ometine ed oe “Matin eng aut th Frenette ees ia. Sunde ase ques ea ofthe many Can an Jews > ‘owed lkpance to te slam i he cent Over ands Alongaile ‘Migion cine onia bea ane of pal debate Greeks mere eso what om ea were the Deu, he Onbodox Christan he Sie of Shia and Sours Lane? The Otomats were By 90 mea Ini non uo omprmiing ee pues wan nce Out ay alter 1860 fo 2 ew pail sem der the sans. Decent! {ie bevecn comity eee ei ese and ect une ‘Meum per spain nerened singe Fe Wl Wa” ‘Neverthe era of anaes alte: er etn tong sate mea mare sete fr the soled Young Tu rvlaton of 1908. Puo= “Turk feting wa, emt very wept ough 8 number feat ‘ban to wate patel of Tari lnguage andere The oon "lary fc wie ok owes in 1008 adeno he Sno, ete Inada They et they ended coi she emp ae ab ‘ore ies Eure ate Mono tem were il Oro pata heiter than Tun eaioai, and were eo remain 50 nt the 19205 {rifean Kaya is aged!" They iced Arabs and Armenians as wel cine Tk, Yer ey i tio an some memore for pening ‘itch unguage eduction the Arab procs bough thee te ne rtrd own Th wor Arsh Confrence wich tin 1013 ma par 8 Feeton te thee tae moves, Lal 6 Mesopoaia, o-AvaD St fates teen toque the prpoe ofthe emp” Nanay was nde Tomi an a in he ep hough mc opin te at he (Gece of sis Minor, rmmines tray Oromunis in aruda tea Bayt by cond aby en ug evince within the roman ‘epi This wos pry becabse Eins spoke a dtc fe of the ‘Abe lngunge and party Beau deen ype wa at amongst the ‘Ronin of cat Phar lation, With ele ne pop, inten verine apc a roger Bayi esto Ie etoom encly (va he Albanian a Tesh speaking ruling fay of Mehmet or Muhammad A, ch envurged he Eat ee nperstenet inthe eaten cenry thous mary abd al ‘sored at of promising neal people to ie. Though hte sxe ‘aprons beeen Rr ao he ext Fis “Creole” pal t Stessxm hat Ege dpayed well-developed sens ofresoal nity ‘jsbe Ist and 8901" Aran she German case a deca wo eee the ‘ted ors "natal poli ecnomy” fo rote eins nd fe of ‘Boulos Barpean many an andheer abo reed an SOOM ‘hace termcen nner, eneprebers td ans peopl for Sie se of ela nity By be 180m Fay a Become eal olny wih upwaré of 20,000 Europea resides init ee os ruse hamstrung ty Bosh and French commercial eres Aer 187, ‘Se Weer power fed the Egyptian alos at bak the a, ae tation, and cop fren adhere Therese the rasa fa ‘ppt feng of raceme inka x weyprend oats movement ‘demanding “Ea fo he gps! Tha overnent was Wyo means teOctoran nese, But ta nontile testimony 1 4 BONE ‘ee of ayn stn “ween Now Aa the heme of holy wa in deems particu ler mela atte win the weer word ofthe Otoman Bp a "am war copii wat i the pla soi of Eee Now| Aieaneteacouiy remembered the Spanish reconqes of the Ni | lane of soutcen Spa thes centre etre When Nepaonsnaded Expr in 1704 thenaian of Not Aen ered Chin ves an ‘wan conser the pia fre, nthe was ater 190, the responded {8 the danger with sense solidarity hat was peely Non An, “Tet nt wee confor when France invaded Alp precipning eo ‘arf supa na amon conan sccean of revs ous te 10 years of Fach ne Thi as no orogens “I ec" oe ‘asa sinless dest, In hs corer oan{bat Nap bd once sted tne ion congor ‘Some lak Aca o, began tak fan “Aan aon" even tough ‘hecomtnent emaied ed eter many iret poe Bye 186 ‘ov Alfan Creole fed sive, and mision- ede meh ined i ‘Bsa she United Sates ere tpg tht Alene Seed inn ence and mane reset Te Wee der “the ese of Go "The ‘Seopa Adan hd ew supporters ut ilar goming eae, ‘evapper and conaroseswelfere 1900" The one ws st ben fr Haward W. Bien profes of Gres and Latin. Bo fae paren To origi, be wont fo the USA and er to Liber under Peet usps, Ape ean mona by the 180, be wrt Here aca he des of progres come together wit thee of Chistian redemnn wo sete he beanngs of sense of sae national.” ‘ride te wat conn, As south of the Sakae ds noe ely how upansthing ta ral be cal! nanan fe 1994 Yer Aca Hng ‘acti and Sona, emioked sms of pe i nd ad cons sppepitionand we ef he Boe by Alcan ees ara te trina entry ao reat ew sens of cal prism, Signa, Hsing tle mislooner and colo ofits eed nepnae Acs So parts of Ac a sense af "peopchood” which went beyond sme fyall 08 The 20 yeas ater 1860 were ao eli he Madigan tional, oer and mre econo moder ha he oP {Su comervnves were cling for wat amounted tana pa ‘portion of ety induration to he subcontinent open’ prema fr fe rade The omer an landed magnates of ‘Beng ez ava any Europes of te wars betwen peat 8 ‘monachiss the aft of 1815. They wndestond the pot 2 Bein Rear Bal 9 1832 and Bera hep fhe Uh Suse 1848 famine Pets asin the small ite of merchants apd profes ‘sone mee peobely to mote or se “hans” than Hangar [Newolitas rng these year Many af thes mere wore Ky heaps nary owed yt res of 1857 and jee heaton tha Ue ty Pore exerco of Heth vison a of huminon by he new breed spony white epartesreated tng the Tn eles cere Stoo of the toed Sor pln sei) through the cretion of maa! ‘Smmanin: wh te ar fia had eno wa ince Tee oF the eehcenh scour bei lige seni cae Yo te emacs 9: ope se 157 apa the constacon of ey libs and New ary an natn fd hs ete at les rong ton people The various each atte le wich estan came oper ean ional Ganges Boobay i TAS sew tna tne of cont sb ‘Sonic and ical daaivantge. These neared ene ofthe hee ‘eo pions oth nd guns abled he ts fe ‘ray ara str pro he end ar ing si god cov tha ih pee to hsp the land fee nthe plon of com Bling and ‘lata Vet the lender of thse woithone wee abo aware of Beh Tcl duties pops representa and snl of buat cated cence fnew tetra ete dvi wih Doan (Gin apsin Bann "tay hte hatons ad bone ‘tes by te repel ting te hence pat of ine ‘csiog By the 1800, boweer war posible fo speak of an niin Han hiner anal ore hy at es of racial unjone we sO Impl pti, Bah sents were redbae te strengh byte ‘Spun of def and vecepuon, The Chins mies ote opm She wee depend bythe nego ets feed up the emp BY the IWesemn power afer 1860, Chetan satya he comnts ‘rough tional Chine ea and oiary people astenge see of | ‘fro tn. Something fre gs fri sere ‘ern he Chine api erp, Sometimes ented 3 popu Pate fe momement of Chin ites and popaace host al forests ho pone the sine This a the ceo 190 whens mail nd eos ‘vec tht metres cal the oxen” rose aut oe msn er and busseemen, dear yak to te Chinese exes The ‘henner comm ncaa in Chin asset oa Y 2 fabs anion by Hoopes, Japanese, ri Aner ‘Meawicya'more moar at ones expe ot ing fr of Chinese mana win emerging among te more mse tlt and business pple oie ra eons and he Cine spss Sout Au, San Yarn fine presen ofthe ince republic at the Fe World Woes mss ese inp Head been eos a Heng Koos ra arpa, He sh hd cont among he Chee Bank Mae In 15, Son Yate an bs spore emped oup apn te “Mancsautoies Canon Hi awa cent # new Chines ‘kana ote aati fhe Chines people Tas ew reine wolda sand up te Westen cultural an economic nrason a way tat he Qing "epine had fled o do. Falowing te cou’ re, San apd eter young {Ghincerefommer and sonal fed vo Landon, Here int era ‘pil hy sncontered shot of coral nant and ata eae Inn, rh, and Kays. They rd of er nee gn he st poe, Sun began oda togethers ind the tas Of hat ‘rule is "Thee Panes ofthe Pepi," oe ofthe hy document ‘so oneal the went cesta ™ Wuere We Sranp wirn NarionatisM Previous capes and the is scons fie caper ve been even ‘n-European sci such as ater. Vite, Kore, Japan, nd Epi, ders tnd and wer lag prods anne let ‘enn of patie aah to fn int toe gue ad nce Ugertendings af analy Ths eee nr the peste of omic abt cll chan, a he development of cmmnicatons, OF {hase “a pam were conse wha cory wands that cull ein am economia, and asa emerged as neti ferme Hut sme ed ligne di tot overap with wel deine ut (fi on hve i pains ad emerged on the boundaries ‘utc pls snn rein again th Yer hy ap, we a ey the se “The growth fe mars an sel connects aang ody poet thc. The proses hater, wa “boop wells “topdown "I ‘cecetey the wrlconfiew of 1780 1420and 146-08 was despeed| by bal forces tons he ca te nnetenth cenay but ba oe Ino nthe cnc sans a inden Wee “ona” ad ‘fer ey long peso and wa in pat ke uniende emseuence om ‘Thc ol an ecmors changes "The end fropetion ttt in ther area, end pariclty i te complet repli fester ura and Nort Ate shane om spores nthe minceets canary and pci ine ae 86 Fess itertional wr and exon drove tlc ard pubs | ‘Mop te lnguge and paces of mt nana, While hi ‘frmany non-European aris wach ere coming tier exteme oe from European perio afer 186, something sme eceurred oe Risa an Austen epi Here abo the temp of ate 0 asnite rp ade, which checked» ory ofc ie Ency so anew nserton of Dl vepara sd i analy 9 sens the developmen of + more serine nator in Hungary ant Polnd afer 1880 war std othe emegeace of Indan abd Peptan hlonl and coed oe ry mach tae bu fen "Tay ere mee sea soc thecal Oram ds ad pas of ese lanay, asa a een par southern, where atoel- end snr cncrgeé av ashen st feta paca precios Fen SLs Noe thn ita sone am bon be med "A fran ther concermed ots wih pass was oot 2 serena comin rhc emergence of tinea eta ata. en Gelnerwiny prin bate wh A.D, Smith aos ned nat Fane "es They ot md 0 hve bee bor ota some cer Favs rg. Tha wesc des nue at ve” wee we nt were thy fd Ces Cle sem imply. Some mans, [fe nme panne ne Sere ae ‘un citi wing bord apni He nineent-xa) Zan Tuto hte exence or sberiieo ch res apa ‘tae thy hls ore pot ese ean desis cameo pre, The rte ou of tbe Und Sten ts “amsrwcte™ Sure mto forum, non ano wht as eine rhe ‘ghcencennary comin, Change och een contac as 00 ‘huh win dang By cto he longevity fe comumen wale ‘eporot Engi natonood hs kd he reaton of writen consion Ns he unnendet ong, a sometines ep conegvene. Propies witHour States: PERSECUTION OR ASSIMILATION? Ths exon sass hoe groups whic oud it iu asst into ‘heme bripretansealnveret hat were wel Hp even ‘ter nme century Te ew peoples tat wee 19 sao 19 ‘eed wo lily pr home clans or autonomy oe convene, ‘Se nuilid n pprese ty emg ofthe“ teats "iran una erin he gros mae of by repo anon ‘met rca! diferent or lnguge and ese Someines tho io Syaroups were lore ngs of natal oma er te Risin “Tein the Amen nan sometines ner ea ie he i= etn arn Brn she Geman Jo Soin re Imig nthe Poses ofthe Eng spenkng wer “Others ofthe vse! pe ied Peni calepe for ation‘every ta mason bulig a the ey slr enuaes at ‘ss tended to meee the prepion of dees Spingobunte - ‘stool omen and altar etces none tne ech eet Under seine, Some colon goverment ound anal explo Gigeeace through poses of "mde and roland leo the exter fof sich Bagmen’ The lend of mos sins and eer ara ‘movement, howe, sought tt the dw ad nl hen ih he ‘tn aes whol Outside he Une Sten th wa ei wich had Oy “Te reece of the onder bef 180, and een dato ster suchas Eapand; Ponce and apa deelped way afaing ar felgnur, apd este ferences rich rime, even Ith dl ot Sate, persistent tesons In sees wee sates were complet 3h {eterna simpler die schetmes oer spre ad Sine If he King, rer hen te peopl, wat he Sune of aor, Usuetf "ue and then” heres portant All were ser fa eer sonar In Europe, Jew, mance were wiley dei the gt he ‘der poplaton, ne wen ales td ce sno Yet he Kgs Stuocraces oe order fred the sme dae proton se ‘tthe une The poles of second dernce won pain ‘ssf inthe Otoman Emp, Nom-Msim ponies were eouped ‘oval dona eb in th eof rans ane souls [tbe cae of Jo. The Onaman ete iar errs Sealing thie Mosim toca andthe Bedouin bes of the incre! fee ‘They wereld to practice the oni dca spies "cy pa lege tthe salen od served ins armicnwhen ee Te ‘amintnsion af tee caiecton by vines ws general hep epare From the mets an nba rganaaon The Ono Iie the Mughals ‘he Sao and partite Qing made wre of ukarl derence “Though Mile Ener aad Sins bt compos hecho e types eerie by elmate and spores bay subnet aso 8 "ple oF wpeionty and inn. feral st an tough be Bs Mosins nd the bet servants of he suns igh ome rom the hes oF ‘Alfa or qual frm the bare ci the nee, Chetan oui ‘Ae al te Propet himself ad ben ran fom the dese ng “The Oroman Epi ne the he emp, ae mlntonl or i von of esc a eee Inthe Ia ihecr an ea ste teem cen, eve, a mumbo cngs exceed wih hight he Ie wf diene and Ren vo reste 8 "atonaly podem” Fine fro oe Ae son deh he Mee the enter Meduerncan cal om seeing sth nd nn vit he Venetian to captre much of he cain ai Armenians pos [emd overs wie sce On the Lear shat and in Ep and Meopeamn Jars Aman and Copa Crisis abo Soures A n-Masin Wis the Chan pons andthe Kahr of Se Jo of Mata fp Exp, Mohamad Ais rpm, eying fl cers and ball 8 new flu the Cope be po ls apd acourtans ad rewarded er th teal fice Pando the saw stgieing the soon of ayia: fen ted inthis deo ebance he bese of arte of Some Cops ‘Second he sing Crain powers of Boe gave encouragement and suport the Ommin minnie, oa of axe cement en SiN {eure thew enters wee ce miemen nade and dplamay. Tae Eh lhe each made Jews merchants nonray comlinhe esl ‘Shes: Unie Nope I ringer af the new Peach nga Sito the Chriss o Moot Laanon feds their eos cate 8 teme of alepance to Fane ands culture. Mente, Beth and Ane fn Protea churchmen apd hosp ot fel ote Epa {opts and Assan Chriss. European consuls interne at Isabel © fre theslan to ert the Chin mines fr the ean. ‘ops tom which they wee spose to ler Tas prose became ore ‘stent ar European and American gaps ote Hal Tan esas 20 “Tir av enone eater, ne Overman Epi ws sf undergoing sin intemal chang, pre afer 143 when mccesie mary ‘fest nc mnkerizaton om te ate unde be Tas dere Te ‘Sy cop ad Sf ace wre Scr of ction ar et even ttf poplar representation wt concede tn question of wth ere “the people” sev swe ro the nice Aor 1870, when Se Onan Enews poised "Baan wa” apis the Resta and he Austen aa He quest of the ty of ‘he ste come tose fre me hve see. Ins wd in wich Cost ‘ni Turton bere ha bere asus lying se pi ing tn th nr suns gin ae themes creo Mis Bice rw spin te Wen, however, aed he sae oe etal fhe. Armenan and Lebanese Cian evs, by and Kary who were Sought oh dalbing wih foreign power became penal ena wih Bren tlie abe ona of word a oa erat a he ow move sl ‘mas tne For aera power, the exten of tlie and curl icrece arsng ic sues pe eth fice snd opportuni. The Bupa tape dot aa Si easy to deal wih te hetsrogeney of ie ong Th iene mg ompiate stamp osm come i ft a admiration or emp te economic export poscrion Ta Bish rey and Duh htt, en separated of‘hos pars af conquered tetris which szemed ob iain ‘syyeople,” cpap when they were cited hil ny fort, o en ‘Ths how he Stn and Karn se of Briss Burma came nt exe ser 886 pe ferent gre of Pech Indo-China any ps St nouly congue An stem of indeerl wan ced et ‘peril commoners esti To matin “nae nisin” ther {han toimpone European goverment Ths othe Capes he Sano “Bus ic of white clement an fa the sounding ele of Af farmers and sce oman nach a the Nom In moc Nii La {gard made sviae a recontting tad” Masi fing at ‘he Btn conques ofthe 1800s nes rate one ef the growth of Enh ec sek tue who mee casas ble ‘nin od Bop Speci mise erangement of ss and the cli ten ‘Asn and Latin Americans opel “peopl” ineiabiyenhaned thee ‘ons between he preominan cui groupings inte eto nd te "al people. Theater ha ones sre ae unter pomers Fert preuce, men of magic, and even mercenas forthe tle of tie ‘ered: Under color hy lov these ncn and were fen ae Feemed into lle mor than poi if pose They were fc saps {orhote died sr may popes, "Mare sign forthe hte of -European mason and mason: sats was the tendency of ena pones te preg eres of eo aac wii the ey sce of th emt. Here te agentes Sf pts of “de and rule” Became oe prominet. In par hs ese from polis eka, Anum sorapowed of igenous mindy Bou seen om, and saset the as) Popul wt hy oa ‘eas the esos The hedren iho es mh ree SE to rosie wel counterweight spicing mason laden. Mere ten, tee aime were unspoken and unaclnomledgel. The campy Preuice aout ae and eam mate imponse te onsen Ser enon peoples ae anthng more tah Sng of ong! UP ‘ersen which wa the focton to arte or instance, very sae dieencs of lingua pd tare heween ferent forms of Noh Alcan were brated the reach tees Ketylen the Inter being mach sven cston tthe pele of uropean Medieranen. This diction it not preven Berber | reveling ean the French, which the dd te 211, Ba ea tod {ost Bete ols and voces maving in a byrne cieton eo thow of ther Arb ners and soso Sins the Both ‘hones io te May ster fen fund pen to est te incom {Chinese tn ier anc eae epper ater ferent for he Ma [Must smalls, Ye they were oo spc of Cine bsinesenen tha borer in the inc to Fash th tov fat eng Tridy set ‘Soto andthe seo polis of hese acl seers moe tan the {Sines ofthe May Elam cour The Dat i sty mae uch ofthe rence been thesia of] and thoi the “oer nds” epi he Maca Likewse, the French prefered Maes fu even Vetus indentured iabres tthe isos Kanak of Net “Te wete parla in Ini. Here complex isto of dieence sepa sco indus Maine andi, Yer the diBerence war ey ae Mss Iv hated come of craps a rounding Hinds he Sith comunsed to opt sone depee thin nm apd commas ‘rv om commen Indian egioun pase Ari ter colo ert icc Bris ule un ean foe ovine Sides ino rego nt ‘ait Nock," opal ste the cena and he eer “scence” af topsogy cognac! and some dere entanced hse dilerence. Tt ‘helo nice centu, however ener hin tse commons ao ‘Sotedon ference on heirown azn Some Sis sped elie {fe tate at "we ae not Hindus” Some Nims argued that Misins ‘Tee an coming, congvenng sey wl ieent cna uperio f0e ‘tis of Ian, ae ht ey seed the supper of he coal re “Pho tics the spread of the dea eng We genous thy nade men apes up for them The ena power tensed oh tr nr where ig eerie min. nano nei tho anempted s eance sb by desig sr ones as come ‘ite or people Av the sme te, some adherens of thse af sled ‘Mipus eon pant ih teaches a minors," teen Erty me team of he moder tae bythe id ining te Stic of ropecaon i the clonal wri. The outcome fr sch eumed slants in. The Heth Lobel goxemment ve In Mains esl pla! asin 190, with eeacing eff te ‘soe othe subnet ws oo weak de the ame for te yin Cope Int Maly aciplgs and sn Fs, oweve, sped admin femme wer sented ot Chee a Idan par om Maly nd leigenun Fane The Peach rls sd mach the sme wt man ‘pes cremary caves hich were supposed to ef the eal tons See deren “peoples” Even the Ameria i the Philpnes bal {Seca Spann ii catego fins, Singing Mays "es Chines an fom indigenous Pipi “The Enrasn epics af Ras and cance Earp sod samewbere ‘eee te Aa and Mlle Eaters empresa the el nal ‘ccctn of the Alani htc treatment minor ous and mb sonaie ‘The Rossi Empue serainiy opened very mich ke the ‘oh ip iu fa a the nhatiens of coal Asan fers Weein plein wh Mts payed de sume role a Chane within [Ethanon ad ews awl a Tatars, Katy toe cet Aan a re erection mig low the Sesopnt at ‘hele moe pail and eps order the est tay "The case of the Jews was diferent, By the 1870s most Jews across th Jew 10 Gentes and the eof rei lg tins Mah Sm Piccemea sion. Amgen wish sain of te ie a Be [ew yourhome ands an ouside Basin bd gone oy sea Moa J ved 10 be endogamous, Then of styles, These stretched from Algeria and Libya, trough Poland and Bs the Jew sa commercial parasite as well asa “kl of Christ be {Tis uantuemnon we to ake European Josh poping et mere ‘Sahin hou Jews in Rusa ad Assad aed gute uo 0 1c was particulaly after Russia's defeat by Japan in 1905 that conservative Ras olan and rears ave ie he 6 orm aan the tps ews At therein ogy war impor Wheres Bupess Jew poputoon was 2 pecev ofthe tan 100, win Vienna where se ote ow atnacn, Aatian Jows med P‘ook ws fc by works sac 5 Edward Damon’ La Prac ae (lens Franc") pala io 188, ad reach epak ith the ong ful prosectin of the mitaryolicer Drei for enon. Drs wh ‘Auten Jew" response (0 the growh of rajoagan maton occumed event he [Ames Is Canada the Cate Frencaness of Quebec wat enhanc Inthe iter iecenth cnr she couny emerged = fered domi fan in the Bsn Lp. Umrah eter ces of Soh ‘Arc alo tended to ea the langage nd eure of te Bolan ot fpestenent. The Une Ste, however wi ther dierent. Ins ton ‘Stiumigrane apd there was a "atonal ald to cam Send Te UsAwara ne tr did ot resonance cme fasta. The cares 1848 famine i estan bons of Cal ah ed the cr genes stone of Protestant seers fom that couney. Upto 2 iio Ravan, Pots, Gens and Tals coed to te USA nthe ears ern 150 1nd 1914 exmshpael made the journey es haarous Aron ese ‘har tope homelands sured. Ee underly vt patter to “rps te iin ston sto what was now conned fa 22 The emf ths thro light on he renin of nso mincetin aac ncurses in any parts of Europe, ‘The Kal erent ‘oop of inmigancy apr rom Asa pt become sujet 0 mesos! (etme or deinen by cena ate, Stat gvemmeis an be omni ned epee of miraton,stlement and mm ‘Son rough he enensan of he Engi ngs Bose he Uno Ses Seni, relon never became an nse Boon! th loa Theses ‘funds tral resource meat that bor ma aot reyes net Spi. scat nove of the European colic over contol of ns ‘Gath or comonic ace Beane ermnched Soi mobs Was, Sd wer asin the te ofthe eas cont here seme heme (Css and cts acer Became implied with eachother to the ae ‘en ain the OU Woe, is four, pled any othe European population, As eewheeia ‘he othe United Stats sa anni frac Houndaes between People of Buopean detent anno European Inde, Avan Ma ee loners of cit td eugene orn Aer 180, the imran {Chinese apne, and Indians wa apcdly cesta By the 1830 ‘ick very Bed ben replaced by searepaon the Bae of er. In A Effccn blacks aad ites nthe South had made the race barr more atone” frter back ino npovershedteerstons. Chinese Japanese, {uci Jew niga bore were subj to weer ‘Spain of dncminaon, pes ase he 100s. Kn his pe {he ined Suter dina, mor he racial or of he Bash "we ‘ficins.” For wars be er nice centr 10, hat Canaan ‘etre nt acces cosy In South Ae, Be cet between {he ish andthe Alkan was ccompanid bythe grad destin | the mn lake ees pee campaign ace Hacks frm he sled werk foe “Th secton har sw thatthe cretn of harder Bounds been “joy” and mary” popelons was the mtr sage ofthe ean Sige uns war running Sony ht crea Bounres ee ‘Monova ences wees enced Thee apd le” acs of ‘Bropean slo! empires were one exe mpl of mire gee ‘phenomenon. Yer the ste could at hae ected his perepion of ier ccuiioarthe sve aioe leaertip a thee med ences So Ica ly searat fom te wider ices frnstance ote cae of tt Jes, The leaenps created tre, ependh a nnusge them which more the re projects ofthe ha See of hse rou tre wo sce Romande for temas the couse of the Went Testu, Some comnued to fit for bomsand wll io et ey (tics wee ose peneeson a even extermination IMPERIALISM AND ITS H1sTORY: Tue Late NINETEENTH CENTURY “The nse ew sets of thi shaper Sn, 2 he prjeon of t= hesendvcanary nana sad hough nga a0, he 0 ‘Se termatnalicon of alliage, Many aren of moder str fapby ate her anderared~ hat 2 yy serine roe food dea of vsence snd spunet Wut fad ica to dcr pincpcs Ty nich dr meri oul be ranked ia assay frente pores fd hence undesood. That mo re, howe ofthe see eng for whch “oes” of ana and ef sperm are Ie [esvrng hou, ttn recent umes dete about ese two phenomena, Wich ware iy ed in the mins of contemporain, have died ‘ted oor peed fo the arp wi her perl Mera cone ‘Ser the oof pres The ata nor Earopean aoe alee‘eee of mpesaio and propose theories of em aropan atin, tic at prevent fen reve ata the erin of hw tend wat ‘printed rough genlrd sym, ceremonn ad era thes. ae then ooking for the iss af ancy pero oie vers ts beter to regard them st engin ang ting elton ith {ch eter Inpealexparsion faced the leaders of sates to comet Shean oft ay ey ce ao as pe enguera andthe canguered.Buopesn expan the tr seria entey a! Bee ube fre by wich groups on the peer a the lt "ales ad bee incorporate into the emerging states of Europe Tae {Cosas wo becasue i France a Napa’ erp an he Sets ‘nd Anglo nine th ars ofthe Be Ep pon xa “sed pave of the old err i the sre vad By pr ‘mir For eample, Spanish pati Deca sharers toe poplit ts foul of Neplas imvnon. The Bosh oceupason of Con afer {sand the Dutch crushing athe Jvoese reste of 1825-30 ben forge nag for po estas aga he aon poe in oh ese felonied sxc remembeed ad cist by er genera ons DIMENSrONS oF THE “New IMPERIALISM” edocs ea that he per expan of the pei aor 1470 ih he Inert compeing onan as of ret ede om a ‘hepreious peso Th waste ap fe ew peri” when ‘sb-Suharan Aiea ws seed by Europea” Bogning tout 1878 ae French enghoned thr blo the taste of We Ais he ‘eskni omy pushes the ai in af the wen Sao 188, he "rsh occupied Fay andy by 1898 they had conquered the apper Nie fale, Mente, dey Rad ao canst the on Set Soe {nd East Aza, outanking tet sal ndependest ane wpa. ‘he Orange Free State and she ‘Tranval Afr Jas det of Chis 1943; ne Earpein rug for tere andes rks | (Cine ons When Lropen and Amrit capeonary fesse {Chins to al he Boner Reelin in 190 argue cat ein but mutual sary peveoted prion of Cine slong te Ene of Oe parton of Alc, Lard Caron, ee Ii, complacent forest Be enh of Brien protest on the Yang ve arson fy aie {rops The bas beatenane engin ther grip eal A claims eating dependences the usc a he tonsa ip the Bris the inser oven andthe Rassias cna As King Leopold of th Helps esd cnc the yy aking the Co» ret seca srcoute and reser of forced aor fr hi oun” {Seman secure i He nowound mary dines im Bare, seqre ‘Fano, Goran Wo Ac, and acolo = New Oine, Pasting out {fom the subcontnny, he Boon angie ered normal nar nc inshe Fen Gul, Manin, Tbe, sd nots Barns The Bh ‘Eoviuton ef he Maly Pena rs cose, a er sles rest tubes Eve the Ona Emp, os sem aropean tt, been oad ‘pede amine ihe Tip sed Eaphrtsvley and io soeher Tetan mitary tania manuals ie oneromet of Souther ‘bi "What esd tobe capo then the elo an ero wh which te -Euean powers sapped ap the ening independ teroees in Ee {su Ay andthe Pir ven when he able einem ae Simp crial of the nw apa nd, ead bre aml the USA to powers whic had thems cep 3 comequenet of rage gust peti ao “Then pera of eter its cnt ase pt owe to hn rent wbichugpe tt ig apts combins having ‘Slerpesit i Europe sow Bont ese the sores be mr mcd force” Other hit, Mare and nm Marst imple Han ‘Eis ao azpedy tnd to make the word fe or foe investment ‘Sounding Eropena tera sont tote et of the wot” Antber ‘ang ofthe ecmsais agent empsaes he nportance of "men on ie ‘fon such sto trade ipe-ommers order in pals oh i pres vcrmens onsen a crete fe tes for tc elton ote ‘owas an lee "Pe aus agent of Rabson ed Gale, ‘lott se th sgieance ef erzeson the “peri Tse cs ‘ay in yp and South Ac nthe 18705 were ideo Rave ndermid| ‘Be exmtng tie eno claro whe erscadanepundig Eape, ‘coining th “eal min nthe Earopean cpa he eed ok ‘dige rma ctr, Some tly hed tran stl st Th pricy of imac manewerng mong the Bapean peste The consequence of heparan of Afcn or the Paci fo ate peoples ‘ll the punt sem no hae vrefrce a let pes and a itera nes nt ory ofthe new neva, I= probably eos ‘en ome genera rnin fr he sarge ova of rope eral ‘So and nr influence ao-Earopesne. To rept one see ‘a,b ce bein bt Bar seine sipped om iy tat "ae new inputs wns chs tthe More set Europes swarton, ahbine, aN sEHNICITY,€.1860-1900sro wih non oie iin is pci ay ean ‘lined oak ou mand peer thio tes The pao lees ‘Chie, however aropean goverment wer 4 mach sonst poe ion proje tht power vee ta fy nd been near enero “Tete he, much athe i cme hat de machinations of te Cone of Europe the ig councis othe European poses tured th tarison of Als and ats for cincesns ie Paria mathe Paces™ ‘em counts proved x muhaton The French aoc of Wet Aes at the ene San fom 178 co 1908 ws ied by mene a2 does ‘riya ofl ade andthe crepe fa of Mi i. Ye re fd Ysa eee wer ot realy the nore The Pench Otercay Ary arbiter in Europe by adising i overseas cont. ‘The bucprint or ‘he arn ofthe rerniting prof As ot yet take out war dae $e Ben Canget of 1884, ben Barc, the German cancel the tance of omer between Britain and France. ler the enon of ‘ust spers of atin eret in At in the Pcie Ose the Chinn cost ster 1896 encoursged mason states actly a hold oF Rebelon of 1900 by Europesn, American, and Japanese aed hres oo ‘ie prod exami af compettinemmpero Wis undo tue, a proponent of the st of coi pei ‘Ata ndgenus abr could be consed and contaled more cal ‘rode tape cash eps cheaply rot et to det Eugen te 2 King Lewold preted nthe Began Camps Debs cane by ie” $Me. The ea of th soap of wed roy phe 170, ‘espe toe comet oneer, te economic benef oft snag ‘enonal capital, as Lenin averre, but national governments which encour Betish governments to search for political sabily in southern Affea and, if Seth doe nov mean tht senetalign eabel of tera ase ing dak snl rosin London tok the Beth tothe Taisstnariow 63. Qusn Vii ese 4 Nita caer Late meh‘sere an “men on the po nthe Cape Colony and Natal mere ‘Thee men decide, wry a tm ut tha the congue of he ‘Tran sd the Orage roe Sate was th satin oh hey Problem flab oral igh aati andthe ak ait a {hese sts Economic pero war more oes he ance ge ‘ft national sean te undeing mae force of ertorl expen. ‘spear, efron, Whatever dane es {te lnps rn ay hae aru oly om caper of Noth Aon fu Ftspian fstnse, Talon emp asthe eam of he ing ‘aon povrments of Frnecco Crit ant Agno Dec. Te ocans were atenping to conse teinBaence nil bal red Tatum ste during the 18805 and 1890s. Give a ght Marat eis ts ‘sho the burden of he aerana that Bick imperial amon in ‘Germany wee the sl at “Sclipo On hi numer She inpera o Aion andthe Pei a ny af “boring of css “ensons which had wen ting Germanys rps Whe ot ‘ii otcte he pc mechanism ih es ths oe ch ot histonans would age that snark sed nereat expansion a4 of Sera ate blking ad hd a ce epi sm conocer (Germans por Inthe sue nya, which ela Tana ataced Cina ia 1804, ‘along confit ver Koren, awed capes Doth pret fi ‘ary and naval fcr oe nthe tal-nied Cho sn Sate lmao te eae ra, ed wh cach ther thi dei pu 2 ‘cen of 2 content pln of ertorlagrndacment. Japan ade {Sel pono eter mee gray advantaged Kern and awn Oy he Project Aone puns saetman opal pu whe rpg te ete ‘tJopanese poe oil As “the un ot ending doe “ing fhe county os Mors is deine. Teele to potet be wun wes ot ey fo pent lng be ousion a, ban a ‘oe ponon does mt hold" ‘Tp i nt have pera competitors to fear ‘The Russian ap sion actos Siberia td ito mors Cina ha ley been otal 8 ‘seco smengien nro an copper East. Ese ‘Sse of the new inpeiin where eanomn itr ce ate Be famoun he poration of ational presi ws weal ensiderson For sstance, King Lepo may hee benefited ansomel Som hse ot ‘he Belpan Gogo when be eccuped isthe 1880» Hs pla ol ony at Stoke Hower nan era fies nana pian ce heat ‘Bropesn pes Lael sim ws pablo agra he ag of Be usando carn mal euny move respec the wide Word, “Tere fscnnd vere m whic tn el sol been eR capone af any hry of ae-inetcth-etury pram ace {alo expunsn, The Bosh esas of Egypt 12 was ial precnted by the Eapesn nes! moet of TATA. The Ban rani eaptatn fe county by eprccntates of te Eup ot Des rere Nt ca eae rch geet ue by ke lage oe th he fo onto the eer fc Lon, Duta to te ste ‘oso on he sou nda, sich wn dependent on he Ser cna Tava sat way be Boer pets of Dutch fan sete founded on Cal a pty, wm arsed by Betis reser imo someting mors a tne patina tng before he oe ofthe Seah Aiea War of 999, A oe of mem he ty eh {ur and common! ness sped to ne Eat a Cz Aca ic’ Eure dominion ater 178” Bat te dene of Ban nd Seen to gor aend ofthe Aiancr republic nthe eet explo te ‘hue thera emained sport stm oe ier ete. Tre ners eal ely Europea peal ae bea more sierocs sd erotnnt erp othe fli atonal. {Susresaoala, Penland amis ih Curzon ni, ‘Comerintag Minerin Soh As, Suan ech nde vee rts ine 190s oe 100 he an of ening ‘Grong sappestng demands by deeds imelipeni fr ee ‘cco an oso, oa ri ad Parente espaiono Dutch outward a othe sand te eipag sucha Sur, prompedin party ie and oa ei {oven te ngs On reps dl hc ew pcs ers Yd ‘he poss ope anu arcs slp conc “rsummary rhe soa nv te ego ot European Dom ‘nyc et ofthe xruropenn wor they commen ind ae ‘evoplanfcal rv hich were eld cau etna nr ‘tn teeny ila tet cnr ‘ecm cy hme of apa te ed i actral r ey ‘She camer ec ceameca intrest Conia ne techni ad omen extece nich ed ot he peeing he ter of st ong Bo hi esa alot epi wy Earopean perme ‘Seed vo tol andian ging tern a och sree even, sagen onto a he eo exe Eurepes maton ‘orem Chins bade aed ou guy, o che ey MR SCOA Wortp oF Natton-Stares? ‘ey ese of hemor - forse asia th ey pet of the ‘aton-ete ws noc satre os cand demand on some opunion les fed the fat Se ations peated a wold Bop by oth, slr atone nd pil prone an i re father inp othe pee or pital undo acon te wet The ono exchange and rade ciaporan, dubbed “archalephbaleton” and dIscowed in caper wer gray code. In the place nee ronal stem deen cooperting or og san ptl ex {0 Inpose a new pater of iterations on he ok world onder. Tae ‘atone iecaangydomnsed ibe swe, imped em ‘tore py Bond eons langage, a egos cen oa ‘eet operant to Beep mind tht he older pater of obalanon ried toni under the surice thew strats oe, Like este by pra, ler aterm of capevon ented ye unter Ing emplcs of te asa even the consumption of peau and exe Tut PERSISTENCE OF ARCHAIC GLOBALIZATION the pce the leaders the natal tater nema cus Way, insance ser tm savage and deste wars td dept espn Be ‘supper or the Confederacy ring the Cl Wa, ch he United Sta tnd Brain dri ogeter inthe cure ofthe wns sea? Ie onl reson apes have weal awed he uion fom hep ‘pec of remo of state" Yet preaing ol connections were ely lineages of common law, Oltstabished Protestant churches reneged ‘hor has mowed an engl een ato the be Tbe leary eoture which are tte tine of Shkspete, soi to ‘ian Beloe 1848 or even 1870, apa ns of marae em (an semaine very arto ha thes had Been i he “poplin ol [Americ inthe seme nd ahcenth censure The man expe of ols Chins, Japan, and Indian laborer fen Hat an West A tors te ninety lobe extended ler atin eran ‘Serco mignon and ae sng een the nee abe foe afcommerc contol “in nk fg eon, ands practi a consid undp he trata le he mine entry thee ra ae Co Mant solr thes ssonme ngs Rte Shed hc tely of expan ain: On hs hey he ‘fone epson nese rend aint io Te obs bocme vn pial nd fr wesc Boe. Toc ‘Str mas lutte Ben Se many eae fr bacon ped read emai nt ew ts. ‘Re pation hed ten prt ven Y the deste to age te ‘roe, an to enn on or sau and sone ‘Tom dened wae snes cy, Ha a xen npn ne os of ene steer ean th {Eaher an uprse porsy eric oa oie Europes nd rer Gn asx: Rinse ser sg ad eee nl ed a ‘too ome snail il ade snd continued ech Ear SOR Sir cnn em ‘ne prune of ternal ae pd oe ret ean so comentnnal saps etapa mand Lag opto el iSkin, commed ps «hy fom fers ee eae ft Sime quis ears of onan ven eh Aer 180, [Bitmap wel hve ten min toh apa om of proucion ad {tbo ia uss Calon ed tem A,r mae ho ‘oe posed wut fet noes of pre snd ay ons Slo. “Trouginw te inseh come seca up oe 1080 ed ‘Stunna ond sh Ne Ears gly pein Tt ‘Sr tation Abs cna opert hig quien oe ly and na soon, ards pee oe tata ‘utc Anrpangns haveshors oe pi opera sv ner one Eo Gneny indy adoendendy oie nee” Une cet the ‘Sc pa get oe nano ia clara ne poe tng an ure oly ao of Sencar Thscarc cierofeeacpans cate balk hely ‘eC inig oft "enlomany apa fe moe wr. “Toll marge tems of ance ete ss peered seme sch toes In unr oops han came the ste ‘Simone usc win sal sete: Scal tone he ended fo ‘ipend inte nite ene how, war 2 mane earn {Soar Ippoemy, of en ling moreno pened lone mn Tt Sen ced mtg somes bund Swen inc a of A aniog, vite, sN0 ETHNICITY, €.1860-1900‘oven Bh men ad Ato won wee» ching he pase The ‘Sty ence of sw penton of ial untae 9 mais ‘Sexi ln in he coue ofthe mntenth ery. Ba hi shod ot he ‘read. The Angad comma may genealy have been fred ‘ce 1820, Buc ge Ago. Chiesa Ata Burmese and Dutch: ‘etn commune xn nto exece ae 160 They ined» dominan ‘st ren were continued to pin epee the Arb nan, nd Man asthroghnarhe nines ce Tat bearers etre ‘foeien whic pein pan omsemovementr worded Mies ce “emma formation emained conan i tbe Amen een ough whit ‘became Hnown sincera” rae ming, ne grace by urge naoaii, racist en Engh spclingNor Amer ‘eine concep of Hep cna acta Pwertl oate Inks of European royal anes ~ the Bourbons, Hohe, See: priate dpm nthe ner tite emu At the sate Une th Pracice of ancrase hypogaea arige, im norther Ear Sas wo provide «wal resource lor declining exntener ae he ose of the gat agua Geren of he TO Both antares ‘nse families bom acquired “cw blood” and new wealth by brining [Amerean horns, are onthe best iaawe example fe Ol Spe Poragues, a French propert-owns ep eat stent A torr women rm neat clonal ack i Bras Cah a Mes ‘actus ofthe world economy Ye al hem rele he adn od ‘nee alae ler conceptns ut manipulting Beatin es, become set of incemational connections over a relatively shor span of ‘he ioessuh stun. Muchas teen writen abeut ie pow of ‘tracey in lato fo the oem of son nates Thee le Pte of goal sections pressed But they were eres P= FROM GLORALIZATION TO INTERNATIONALISM Chace 1 suggested that lobe esi he ol wold were tri ‘eagles and bs patie: Before he igetenth etary the sel ome afchage afer 80 he wy in which wer jar and posts Tie the mori Boome and alageed thors offal a Sater fae tosh own ao. Ltlecual sry frame very Europes and [inca cence imporant a cmt te ways which As aa ‘Abanstwk ap an wed hs thse ner eapasin a orien 2 {ey atemanant othe appar of te Europea ste sd ona fens one spece an cane wa npr 1 the Bd segmented wr of ‘Shean cane bessne odundane European suns a cola pa ‘os began iste io oc th ht nda represents ‘ures th lanpge of eve appropriates theres Lee 18905 Ra Maton Roy he Bengsrtrmer, age Laon that te iis of Ch “Masha Epes ow pscned tte her tha esl pith ‘en ile bythe Emp at nda Company The deat of Chia daring ‘Seopum war kina ret the Middle Kingdom am a6 sper Spat macy equal eran and ccnoms igh une te la of mans. ‘The eologallndcae te mer iran ws war cena & Glog concerto el piel ens nich cd unorm eg Equal, te unerions tendency ineen in owl ised tones of iva and pou ris bono ene cto eyed he at ae ‘Thee conus tnd of myo nerontonl Gl ey her ec svn wre ho amore he teh ‘how Incesngys sought th ace, fons of are {upp othe son-ateLaterinetenecntry Chis isons ‘rere mona msn Te eed Cable Chueh of he te inte, ‘Sonu spoke unr language, bute borenscraces pared the of ‘Serum and appeal wax arc Seong among sme nin iy Pond and randy for inmace, gel, paso Aleomed of univer cptte. Yer te pola meal at poet ‘shmege or embed Mai aon Re they, wick Beane om fie the en of the sneer, paper ob a bal ison ‘ery. Yet patios were almost veer word tin he ae fine fie mater, Fr urties, Penh racial eis wed bot ‘Ge carig charac othe eat and "Lat ace ba ene 1S tr consum war wher smi of hese cement wea weaken te tengthen ie Pench nation andi ste TU dhe welogies of ae {Sr orm he ae rbd stem rhe cases, Meh as cd cher Th ool conection ofthe Olt World woe a created by the ove ‘Sch noneens wete ntenigy mle by ste wen and the Sot of fows fant Aminvery matures bythe Bris an et ‘Rench gine sete sew sue of check ahd esti nee ‘ional ener Calon ermal) the ow of denture _weriow, eunine, avo ETHNEEHTY, €. 1860-19002s laborers th inside abd oad teeter From therein of ‘tamales emigrant pe y the Bri ap even gre the 100m tous the quinine reunion tte gen cles ede of ‘he 160 and 1840 ste seted wes tore inser coe he eternal wae in ee migrant Te dcr fe ade ruin seme decades with his wget nase ate req. BY thee of he Inoterent foe cin or agents had banded cory wo sae serve 1890 of mre nd contr om smrane party "Anti and ew. ‘Ti calminsed inthe Natal Onis lepton of 1924, Thi pe o lepton dened more ce the “eence” ofthe nt, bat ab dee ine hetero ik. The sre anne era eer ok of glo wating gre my 0 ‘more formal ommcralconvenons bcren aos, Th we cen {he eae ie unde ble he Ios uw lal and inal ade ‘ough to protect the cconomisy tegrement the one nev thlybeame he key actor nan aera coo Ti le ce ine ral eadigarangrens Thee tne af onorry coe ensukaon by lel ey th the Reamen of es” meh co es wan replaced by eter of comme! cones snd rato Economie Wnts. The pom ofthe Wester dominated word econ | te hand the ovement uf apa came mor complex. Langange Se SBreament meant that busicuen fo tary ire coe worked ‘ogaherto frm and veep On thee ang sues became ce Ing wore by such ows epi and arene to ol the es nd (hor capa. During the Anglooer er, fr insane, Bik poussns| nlcked over the wy which neat es were apply peed {hecoune of temo! noc mats papal ows were tener ‘ranger wih te dvlopnest of the maton) ptent and the de of ‘onal bed tice “Tiel athe eel ofl practice, balks wee now conducted int ion wr nrningy ay sratEuropens nth Eat fou of the mieten cory, they rected nen Foren des 208 fonds The process, never complete, ao aed Asians ad Alans BY {he 19205 and 1950, Hind nto were mounting amps Mosim Body svans fo ter hoses and to probit ter Wome {bom ting Maslin ly men an eae Th sa ond campo | inhib cae boundaries of potato were “maori” as ete {Be lng nee senieys er more nisl ntoaton demanded ‘tna pub spere, mules mere more snd moe cosraied to We git sopcnas and tp its wile they ape, ate drinks and eprtd themscheina esh spk Crowig eration! fore Wet ong [Boning confer beeen ey fed ao sas. INTERNATIONALISM IN PRACTICE ‘ie sas leo cha he poe of ie matn ‘Sap en th the cane ty a state matksn, he paper sd | ican wetter sein he Red Cros. aly the cae ‘aane ate neratonal conference he World Parlament o Rens, edn Chicago 1803 ‘nil em ie wok ns en sn hat premines lSrcom wl inert oui the passport Bue ht of he peer ‘arith ration bones iol nwo of emigration ad be imernonlsm oe natn tate Jan Torey The Pct 9 he Ps Bcd» sap tnowledge x fas Europe concerned Uo the heen cory ete rer and bln ove el aos mc of Farepe. Iwas {hep and he psu bo mee td oe and al eee apes tore ound. Te era ppt we opal eer, 2 S050 ch) entered om eet ole ceo ates rope paton ta ease ‘ith tae ary he py tc aber a sumesae on ung the French Revlon, when goverment eed 9 fel he erent acs ht Bods of pola patron the se te French Repub resonates and royals. Fer of colton com nue to pur the dveonent of pape ices and agence oueboa ‘he mneeamih century. The Te revluog and ene aera of thee IatryPars Commne of 1871 sew pai temps to extend te jem ‘Sen to ordinary people Other ecw 1815 1650, there as ‘cr un ola cones oth oer itera movement ab ve emi Th beyond ae borders wi nl rng theater ieee cen ins os a he sonneuens of abor mobi fae, "The Asan wold a snr ess but ots re steht i ‘Sey wae caled fn ave oy pe. At he al lech vee 8 ‘Sate! hough ogni eaersand etme, Vilperson he mae do fn sce fo hae een forced to ct pets they nese more of ope and Ca Sil the Dok of hele account ge eles an Ince lover labor monet Ii the expanson fhe pst Son nese any etchant and ees aba et conse {ence of nope Bing y the Faropesn comps who were dey FR oft Eypen stale Dutch and gla Ha Inn omnis epemediclos rsd of al fin Burpeen sje nth errs, Afering tac they would stu compte commerce, Aslan ses cet ‘how sabe tlm with them. The eighteen cory Chie se ‘Ganon were forced ro caer azetedations from tee assigned merch Potala idly spaced eames alouy ae 1800 By 1930, fe svt in vou loa wee seing mechan fom the Mile Es [memments seed hr ahs oper conta teeters movers cesar Indian mesa rene oc bcs of Bet In ‘ate tha eeu forsee Tie war en pot in ther sore rather thn suenaten, the emering nants But in ete ese ational The Red Gros he econ ease proves a sample fhe wa ia Sounded was psteaiae Ong sponse by Hens Dara othe state” The Re Ceo sl was nr so much a Chitin or an international Symbol asthe abvene of th Si fg Since 1880 the cena nance ns oy bea hey Sis, The subsite beste Red Cros re ‘sonal epaintn hs proned atl perme to es tral ‘Shove ote lwo war. Yt he eon betwen the nail ae Some ty ofthe egunizaton was beach when eg Oren they were wears a Cast sb. Ths fread the organs the Red Cresent to be adopted i Sui cosines. Daring the Baa ‘hough specifically Indian Red Creweat Organization.” More recat ton spe “The umpc of wold regs ils Sal example of te abil Heh scale gation oe frroaonai of the tenth cea Ta Sina itl the Wold Patament of Reams of 1893 Che? st Cis a ai: Jrae es ang Ron pac Rol Crom n Chap mh ons Wa ‘ertng wow hee fe Sen ieee Prtestant-Catoli ho, fd tne Wester far of pamamsen. rom he beganing, owes te ‘oat rigours Inte temo pic stuton ofthe ei i “Touch unin ed ih Bngalssr Suan Viekanan area Chie sed by fone of sha, Beare te deft ian eps.” He Shc une thine bye psn spetces to the partment Pst be ‘nape io eshurge Anco seeing aa poser sain ce He hth ignoring the Sven so a Pout | ‘ic ance Hind clon of Soutien Ata andthe cpor Hinks of ‘Shut Anse and the Carean He deplored te wolypace of Wes ‘ios thew suis ning sul to fod the pee He corded hit ore the dy mat fhe ace cow, ich De sain the Chia sceyar Mow sean, Visas Rl weld th ton f Hi ‘Western nations with the spiuaity which he pocaimed was the sence of {auern mone shoe al nd, Hie domme of atament ened by may da ae prec men hen an nationwns oop feces oe gt separate and supe 0 eh ‘Of is retrain aed Vekanand a he embodiment of lad spit sr anation. foyer ctr bad wandered ie subortient| ‘a pl ner of aces of Ged Hee sacred ser he Sate Now, his devotes aborted cst, etre, and acted ea 9 the nation Indian peace ronal ragged the shai fh lowers ‘eeauncr by ivering theo bicaiy, Vreanands ns en Serene wth the trngl mach fo Hanes Jaan Maso Tas Ime had Wel teen imposed 4 celeron of eof lio withthe anand fe mason by an Geran pte sean Been A Caw daly sewapaer wrote: “India cbse he Cmntig| ‘apie, AI sections of Hindu carte toptbert thane the Amen lia came nce fe sacle wth ind ‘ie shift ich wa oft pra forthe ure he sean “his al secon has sagged ow fe hi ok place ve the ‘emer goal retro what cern became iter ‘eta. ceed in the epi fg forse, te at ‘tsccour othe wounded in Cray and lm an eho! i at ‘evemasonal onan the Rf Cro eon pla inner ara ‘human dasporn so at iran wee cond trough +m of Ds or determine tel atte happened nie pte of bey Frcize Inns, ntbly Gand, came t Delete that speracia 3 Ststinence sould be desing evore of he ftre naan mason. Tit ‘pier he eter body pact th nk tes tela fin he mater through Be cnmumpon a arta ne ‘tes The satel alec by pepe the ene an ean gong ae ‘wa fees forte consamptn of snifoem cmmmedies maser sf ‘res and forms of deporte which were the mck of mata a ih the terion arse Pando and fics mera. T apes ee ‘ervey wearing European oc cone esta ar oy aa ‘heros garments “opens oral st Conenusion ‘incite wt i tee oe tr wn {o0ps forthe ter nineenth cet. Thereof excuse tonal {asin sn ng he pons ofthe new and sae nero ae, {he ctl oer poplin bot th now impeiain aed ering f= ‘boundaries Reeeen mani and asued "eth pepasens rss swelt. Navonsiion ttn more sonyetive a wel-dlnd oa Sra consquene of the war, wbeliony, and erations conics of Canaan, ese of patos, whi had een developing ere the mi {andthe amin ae ters Pose nl Goon Si ee ean use tore The aon pan yt mre visu rs pel oth A Pea ene he a Ent buh este ona oremens amon the el ‘Shmucl propl of Asa ond Al om fee Pe dein mow ‘Soma uct te peste es fore gn he een eee ‘Bon npn sod aos aco 00 sch ef ee he ‘Tn ad fe people “The mie as had hee aren fom wy of ose ncn scope pw the tele depation of pent ad sa ulin thee fr mdraon of Fong ete our, andthe Sow lon af as popular veriny fm the ele demon ‘okt In neoumtng oe ord i of cits to naeood ‘Zins crcl pet ot tne however the dominance was the exe Shee and meson mane cnt We These erst, nd pelt Spon al pl prt wn the orig of mata tm ‘oodinns nse war Nana orm routed he let Tn of gal aspera a teogi wtih ad ned heehee uy or ch wher cnfrenes or cone ied 0 em hvac ey were now sed tein by te pre {ono tonsa, Aser 35 yas fm abot 161 0187, when ee tre we the oder eds ene prose on maa! es tre and ore apparent he cetry ew to an nd. While flowy of {cavoodl rade aber an cai pe exponen ran sae ought esr con ad die shee et wm nd ™- ‘npral sure, Stes may hare concved natns motte ti nce ein ut priest nalon m9 ar at Frege and ems on srces When se aed to deve 00 tee pce recs capcom Whey were ruled by fren, poe came fo ‘anda sw oy ad agen 39 ak ‘tcnons rm ote oreo nse reid “kbs orto eiomer whch exe nthe ey rnc cena wee ‘Sw ted by turns of Roles eaing to sek in theme of eg many ters sane, soca, wom a iene Sons The wre Faw feral was ol the ao eal of toe “Tat nca ew cuca a esate el 2, then wt he Bay opie ough ch ined Hs fae and ‘ae Joven, av eeutcry,€. 1860-1900 8Part Ill STATE AND SOCIETY IN THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM(7] MytHs anp TECHNOLOGIES OF THE MOovERN STATE Tne ex wo tapers (an 9) comer a wee el some of he ns {tos eng an scone changes nic, acsning wo sontmpert- {Sand many modem burns reaped the wood of the betetth fon. They cio the rhe of the "odes sate” and the ace of ero and sens. Capers nd 1b conta examin se fetuses titi ne nse cen nase elm, peal nahin mad theomane in beac thar spony eile foes for change: Pa {Eee what seater ts chaps ss the nonern wbck reiy tron and etch wee abe deal een and moderne ‘hemes be 50 yeas etre 11 tre foc word ee a be tampa lions fhe wae of ‘ireuhcen conus revlutanary ap per success hich ‘Svcrincd macho cov es he pte o potalaton a hapten 3 Sn tahoe Ine prose of petit gable! an aapcng oe Uo chasis, Eorpern ater and few no Eopen sates Pea DimeNsrons oF THE MoveRN STATE ‘what theme by he nem st," apd Row it le eo the ‘en egtecrrcenary olin wich were cami in th step of Ee bots Byte ate nnn century not eines hooghon he th ‘tere atcmping to somos defined trees bY tea of tem iintetve hua ant doco stucuce They ied ark out {oer ay, Ener nats had sometimes ben sue a demanding, oecontrast, the modcrh sate aspired to 4 monopsliatic cai on Hs subects™ iether of religion, ethnic connection, or old dynastic comection, which Eid hued the ld ener They atempted to aba the Mito Sometimes the doabiies of spec cateincs of sabes who camel Perret or erstely wee cnet infra, sta se became mire cobewse, Theo dnc Between’ canes Tocca oa particule plas rater tah moving around where he ng ‘ret Cour tons etme pla patie atepang she eve o| bverament ruber han the tings aver, er te uae le esa soe finconaly compe, wih diferent Seartments and pein seer Sole." Ye i addon to beg mite and Sans! tame, he State was lane. Tepes an spaton for complete poe ant {ertecalseveeig wbeeiathe emote pelea ot dtsinte, oten mee quer ‘They wre ev prepared to stomach Income tes, potled Snes para he posed as pet | ‘sf counymen toe sachin the ot ene ‘Ofcourse, as no tend rv of te tts cuca elo the worl economy. For uch oe century, he dice ie ade mes tatacon and conte wade The erate system af come a td ‘pon othe geet eur was abolted by coenin nore ‘arop: ews own aa by Bish and Fresh gunboat in Chim a he ‘onan Ene and North Ae, Pea reo the econ est Slate {270 and 88th isn of th words ding ks al eon spin fers 1960, the ste waa nthe ae as trey nse Goren sought anncese vera meth parcalet ‘Be bun, by mean of the doting of fe wade The over Bardo of nse ae continued 10. THe Stare’s OptiGations 10 SocieTy the erty hat sss, roth of the ams and eens f hese inuic cousvef the insect csr bougtin ta compare ee Cho Poca de 1950 he tae ad odo moe fos ‘Rhino a Wek Ofcnune one shoul ot undeetmate he ‘hem owhchoorme te,bo inthe Wes and ote al ct ital oblige other et Though ther wes ue ceased Tame ay crr Chimes ai, a in-use ha been ‘ected ensure the dig of wall ge ee cool sup Se aie and am owt of leon ee Eu Ac fruit together es an erin ose of muta cooper INon Tho extol form of ccning canned fe Europe, where verona were gener overs aware rao pac ‘Sinpswtuthpossted sheen yearoftcanetceneca a Prusia efor ie 1830 the ya ovement inden support Is sues y ‘thc upponed eptarasedvstond sons, fod andes 0 Ther was boweve nine ching indirection about 1850 Exper ceveofine nitonus van eed per esos eranents ‘can pcs ee hee as tan ttre concamad thatthe stem sbuld be dene enol > Sst and pros fod For ter par, wey and poses zens ho rte act istening et and inde naan demanded someting Tin rum, Sol pra leptin he ow of wealth ee Steprennene Arb ter end foc th ep a Wooing Ian now td his psa reblions the xed oa ‘ude denned plane ensure Ae he gry T8403, ces becae es teeta dr pref exon mp had bee ele terpenes oe mor. Mucho Asia Af, to eed hve ae Se amon walmpovesnt, tlie tote nh Whe lands. People‘Some te nly forte independence ointu reer bo ried a groning pubicto the Bebe goverment ough istene to mprove the mor tone of sty or adist i shee tbe thor of wea This we the ape when Lore Sater ampie nt ings or goverment acon ro en saer And aco er mae the binding of Chinese women's fest, and the dicontinuapee of customary Pracices af inheritance, which were repeat comray to God le fe Tom. Thee reformer neva lode t the pew empowered stew chit tee tts and 50 strenghened is clams to be te denant scrin ce over an bore he sg, the chur oF eo ape ‘Wh were tic arin which he severed” Famine rte pubic eee uly ceil nthe oo power athe ening be rimeceth cowry the ne Burpee and Amenean sates an the clo {oxime oping up in Af and Ase ween fd ty hte ioe fae, Sey would pea sl eter i tbe state feed to teens tte ante, Dutng te famines o Stand sand and India Sang he 1830 and 1840s, the otis ofthe Brisk Emp nee i Berce dpe shou teen och he goverment tenene 0 poi an ot {ele vento he waning Sone bed, nap ofthe deo Tas ‘Math that mine was Ge wy of hskng the poh of option and "ven the eat pat of the contr oupy there were some ats a which adminsatr jt could no sum ain ye The cers eer Fastin fs or arate sn intel Bars op te sped Inbr fom contin: 10 coin by uosrpulos eyes led toe Sstrvencd to preven very inte, eu rine, an practices which steve htught “abort to mankind” Laer epider of clrs aed Oo" omc pp, wich sept acs the wild ar 1890, aso rete th Praia rane andthe ortbester sacs the United tats the wa ‘ova ofthe eas ofthe Enlightenment soot mpevent Te ed Sn sca ation fr mary purposes combed i tee caer i ® ‘ieopcal iment topo elhtenmen obey braeo8 te Protean Pete ens. By the matscnur, Rowe met ope the mary peta so cee f the eae of ypu apn, for isan ‘he From Republic ni the ean reine nrdaced at duction fe mi the power of the Cathe Church In Boland the Anglean {Church oi fo an etnson of eStcasnal protien rene ecase ‘Doccming sod Roman Cail nes ad sn ave rom BY 80, eve in hoe aren whee te state hd recede, witha, oF er the cer decades te nin tha he gone! soa vie forthe wee off subject at becoming wily acted. Dune the 180s he Genman Rech under Bismarck nodaced psn maton Ima posion, sd he right eduction” Stat urace fr il oF Sabet wears wow oped sng iro contol Commune scompacs Pra ha ong Ben ine vanguard ui earaon, bare cancels py wa ety oa ove te bong tte ove he Bleganc of wus working-class a sal-aring group which Disarck Sretgng wine and Cat pt ra ot he “ya she eval oan consti sn he I98e an the ie he Sirnguith hems om Ser enemies” Tn cn the Bs EID ‘este clos af European seen tht tee “rae to ne" vives sot change err to make the mcs more eal nd Sings tem fom what were cena the las depos of kd ‘Sue prov inthe of hea an econ, lt alone penn, as som he agen allo Earopean coisa a Alc eee ‘specaon sear crepe above 35 yeas of fe, Here neta anges ‘reread hy the noon tha aie arly dl te hes. There nee Incr advances Byte ef he meet ce Bish Inia ad 2 ‘Sic ce Ini Prec Alen, Inechina an he Date st nies id ‘nudes aking begining nthe pon of tary econ The seca Se ate” educa stn, whch had bee connected th ‘Bows dthoies an sured on the chai of gat magates, To some Acre ti else se noi wt’ ned fo sled manpower, Bo the "mot cing clonal rpc Alar ate meraedin i apd ASS ‘Srtanepenien regimes. Seng By the tants of Wesredosted "o- [Besvn he teeter ules of hina bean 0 eas an Spero schol stem afer To00. lathe Oxon Emp, yp 2 Japa rating raps tse cicaly dare ofthe power and recurs of ‘hor European enemien They Sepan to ota thi ou aca, Sevan sys fh cis conte hat tere they bt Tose eae of he ei young the working clas f thee ONEToots oF tHe STATE In ner i an onze reo the ste ery ha to tno wat ‘tsrling anes egborwere, From the te Mile Ages, open ‘Mts had top t ap ot thor efor, par ese the bounce teneen tem wer so compere contenu The Oneman ba flowed ‘iy 1600 testa ete pss ap ofthe Aan coms of Noth ‘Aer ao on Brean examines ich te apts fad cole The Moshe Chinese nd the aro oa des 9 extinct ‘Sour Thad sd Vitam ao began 1 map thee eres, fen ‘Sepcing the enya erty eid by Fade Which piled ot Hen themprl omer Those were tas complete peppy acute tthe European mae Tar aan noo mach of Ast backwardness as ‘berate enimpeance of dey limiting erry in Asan sate For many ofthe Beat Hing af Aa and Noh Alaa aay sled Iresucace. Then were prt the ceson and peeseeton of Ug boie of dat ch oul Be pa ums writen om BY als For Europeans the eign i ay nent etre wee te ‘nghage of mpmang. Astin, mapas egan 9 oro more Perna seme face. Befoe thy two dmerinal meatreent ha Be rans Now afersout 730 there wee prot eons bye {ln epan so aie ogvemete The pet eapanin of eon col pes withmch rene pccinn, tel inpeovenen ar ‘Sua iar te the pol On land he ner sages of be Inlay revlon Mad aed the develop of ah more sophisicatst ome fal and ress ttt Sse aaa fe. Siang canon su ay ois ates much ore geomet! vadersansing ot Taner soar Somvod Gendron a ene aslearer ino "Tun btw fe and mapng by he ate were tin fee ered nthe mapping for ote French andr sates aes Frmce, Napoleons Bole Patechniqe dew ite huge ange of at {tual a orgy he or el ap ary purpose But Inurl calcd bythe French Academie Reale and te tpographic ‘Top tthe couny which hed bn made ner 7A4, Spare French ‘Soe pares nee fen suited forthe nein pain he cou {Bs case. Thee wa ner expanded to Comin. During Napols “Sceopaton of yp he ln assured dhe esl wee abled 2 the Career ete Pati 1829)" Botan’ nasal mapping proce ead tl, cad the Onsen Suey, cle inning | io asin fo ley ware, er te Cabo eons th Figland io 174, Sein wae careful mapped In te er eps ‘Sf cd tise the i time that eresette of he Bish Sate td peneted ito the couneside at al The Bigh pint of he woe “epee is the rent Tagnnometel Sune of Ind, which compe’ irda uf nd tn shy pa ote Same te ‘Whe the eins ofthe ids of surveving may have een tara, its consequences wide were both Sone and pace. At a syle Tee the popes ofthe sey through te eountsde represented the atch dominion, Gat lice-names wee rendered no agi nd Ton nce tamer wes sandariaed nad enared ino postecre At igh ter fe te Ameria authors bea sia proceso mapping and coal fing the plains and unin ofthe we. Ags sensu nae mee ‘en soppnte ty Anglo-Saxon ony, aking te dase to omen of ‘te nen maser Tr An ain Europ, the ney energetic emerged fo the Napoleonic wars and conteporty word cris demanded am etc Slt ‘Sten ofthat. Inne covet undenand sme indigo ‘ls wed oped he surveying ney ie obs amen ataced ed eon the gonomerical tower At bese times aie woes Mee "oe, ks wrne y Indian mere sek w demonstrate the Hounds nia ofthe Hind are ein. Geography naan amp par ote {ey tonat deg, Meanie ne es ned came a Uehich were gneatel ut othe cepa! suey. Much these ho had append in Island. Here the Gace tert noc wih the sane fr cello an langage ad Rep me the imines pose ane fopulason with s seme of pede nth naon In tne prs Of Ai ri ont Afes which remained dependent oe soindpenet genes fale alo epi rene map nish drew on cl presents he oa pot, ut ai wy beught Europe ei of eesuree 1 ‘ron them Hythe 80 o 1830 the ery f Bara and Tan! a a retely acute maps of th erry dren Li ogehang in ‘cured te prepara detaled maps of 0th Cin These” cons to map the ters ere whey accompanied By nents to names ctr and see Ppatons abl OU, ‘Mow ently modern Hingloms bed ted to pesos told conse, beter this aso act resoures oe se fo co ab eich Ns ‘nak rege Decne of bison had long exe mich rl lier pred ther home province ap ree aout ete tea 0 fle Heal Janes, and product Wha happened ithe aie Ses Recme more predse and se more wiespend Chior protisn ene fs aan poied ero an When Dut he rane nt ic coma me oe ‘one punch ret mar eee Senn wr eo om ager oral Sosa ely Siren ae pace edema oe seo an pic te rhe crt ae, ey ee Sce:B fmse e ed cah eewtw m pro ethos ssa tae on sc Fete ial on pre nat irs vst noi deo nh Te esc fo rt ne oe a on ee ple Sill an tener hd ested ale bes ns oh ‘oem ee cys homey ev ‘Eg sonns Rompe ey te Rom Cama rch nes ‘eChme Emp tiv iting one Eee {Sic and wns an svg ste or eb cic‘ bce mre. Gams faint re Sheila tonne emp sia be cmap oan a om Sie hia ty cal Hots ne eos Tne he md peer nt” hy ce ‘lation cer and te msl oui Pane ot Sher scan fr cons 13 a4 come pee ‘ean i crane, el do the oman Ter ee the roland sig of he pols so upderent a conser (Sonsini yee i et hy fc dn ame he feaseumepesedthae ep ie fe cf es {Rau eons o Sopa trey ey same oe Seer rpc Po ear pe oh A roponcat of the achslargenry spam, wth memorize i the {Contam cnicy, bug ergaré ton aginst ange The cael Sserance mals fend in 1905, when he 1200 ara examin ‘vem nas aed, eae wan "an enemy an Maat the shoo) Shc" Te wou snc pte Seem eres teaching ‘er sb whch ha ose erie patooap the pont ‘etigetn sce te 1870s. Arte turn fhe ert Japanese aise ‘tte hrugh nto Chine with gente eguency to ean aegis ad Jptconal iuming schol, Int Fecha Geman mol were ‘i nd aster fm ae Aan sot anaher "tun and Amie ween wrowhat the oe w te cea of prfenooal sean Besse of arbre upon of tao The one and democrats pion of thm i he other Amer howe, fe to ree st eee 4 tensed se ot ast eens 8 ‘abou which pede eget a unorap arin. The ee goer Pondcon Co Sone Ac of 1989 crete a il arc commlan which ‘Scalers tandem Ate am, he der es persed hat ‘on-ced ofials were tango, anc sevice pests eae Pat [Ft ctor spo ten Present Thendore Roses hopes ofan tse ate ied top further frm a 19034, ot eno pe pares remained unrsed. In Ban Hews, te hed “Sirti patronage ha ber lene abd mentor em fea ‘tates fad bes inode Yor the taining fc seen remained Sey and they canine to be drawn fem 4 arom Fae Of Up daca fs ith css Ono and Cambie vers. ‘Asin several ter respect goverment sar more modem fa Bras lpi stesso tation nd dl aeeron whi had Ber inet from carer indo anim goverment The Ese la Cony sup 2 ring colin gangs sl pla enor at Heya 1803, ‘tic ns fro aun fang domet oerentArtheci Secs refers of 1856, Both feces othe Ingian i Service were taken to among puts sf Oxo, Cambridge, and Tost Colep, ‘eno th utc Tht Became the model or ee Be ero "The Univray 0 Lanes served the sane cin fr Butch omen a ‘he anand sped dni ie of oneal bla Starz, Economy, and Nation “The sineteemhceury i sommvny thought of the ge of ner Wen tbe sate ated as “Bb wate” and cal acy a a‘Gin prea lees ra i oe Mita pera! counts ‘Siar Mam ef sa 2,56. O10; Conf 18 race iterene inthe scone Ony ater ab 40d poets Preis bul py ota nen nas the yer pera pefrence | feist. Tisview sng on ego Bets, Bets penal od [Aercan ey, aod center: raterpai Weve ead ted chat ‘ver much fee wold te modern ste was deed preciy fo cee economy which oul support tcl eens mary Pome ‘ayes and avert sear he grea enemy in wa, This ws ue eve fre tric adn atonally itersne in production ey doy a Daa. Bulga fr instance, Mat Pash, one ofthe pet Onan sero the aneeenheenary, encouraged ele and prone the Ces Tos ne he rig lors of eh Grainy pent ‘egulison feu a ivestmentin indy Ruts fase i A ste" deeopng vnc" Family, the Geman camo fe 1808 ‘merely Comempore yt Otoman Ea, ran Cain napa [Blurore mit concentrate sources is moder nds ‘Specialy mee nda acey production, Where these mores fale 0 ‘heme ema i in Ci the Onan Empey as Par beaus thy were bore he tere ofthe poet seca Bina wich wae soso he indian ofthe peers a haper Btw Ath me me the Otman and Cine cvs sn nate that ‘gens rerines might rove instlanton preserve thrown poe. The Cine co clipped the wings of he prone very besa te roid abou the dup of te ame sad aves, Where indigenous {emps ands sce sn Jpn ew nds ener str lft entrprencay eating role stat tenon being ‘haere by histor ire the protection ware at heen fe ninceen cen. Te tut the Bot Epa sorernnt usd he Pose! Beep APES PEN (Se tat lows in west poenmal complet othe fet gratin ‘ator olan nda yp and eve latin land Ba Ps tRenghout he tr hn onary to reste fest seer a ont thet ofindieneu people to aul emuce of ber Te gene Yesesed cola governments suagunted cal Scere and oie ep an ancl bactng for shames of rate development. Above al, ‘Soil govensnens andthe peat powers peatig howgh bake and fancl teaes worked manpule sure apd eer of gl ad Seria tho ora interes. Bei cna of South Ac pl Fes ‘spree mar aspect offer sae nthe Alan tine fr insance, Tato at the Banko gland en he Brat Tremry aug rata sconomic aang ring pets of wee ee 1014” rer it ‘he United Shc hete there man ven reer enngea ras of ae ring ssn eral companir an fre improvement ofan ‘Ap oo tis, ee weve OMY way which the ell Bah seven wate anddomision fhe Engl-spenang wo nese oF ‘ere nreanng compelled fo interne the manne of sone Soremments pevded Il infstrucres and pomlgted pate Which pad parlor atensunio the ennai of economies. ‘They exnblthed sation to prom the ele operation of hee ‘mutt eomory a he anand The me bl of hse wee nr oren,purtte he gl conned of paper money a © orpaern cane tan se broached the previous tape: A Batance Sueer: WHat Hap THe Stare thn te te cuteven? ac ot in al nite a a a is tat he SS im ny wT et th‘ome rapt between 1815 ante en ef the nen cna Tis do ‘otmean however hat the plow of pesonal miiaton sere 0 {he same dace. Bot rane fae goer shoes ss Sed withthe mela te conus to develop the apart fps Secrets and sdinrtr troup th eid oc sel ead ‘entity expended ven wheats sae a uch dd "Chin ton i fics develope tee own al wih apes a {tao sled ths lw of leinacy and ales of wveue dig he “Taping and Nien ebtion of 1830-70, the we tase seresed nerf he atu wih Rely sums coming fom inal and teal est (Se Ai Han ade Vn be ety Sud mou og ik ‘Ectne betwen the mien ebelor nd the Coosmanst eta ‘he went cesar Tae perl tein rye othe png ‘cb th nike wih the anda gay cane which hed Pe ‘ied the administrators ofthe ne das. Tore were ee moves under race Kung inthe 1870 and ean ater Chin as defend Ja 1895, orem the cera uci titan of eee a ge ‘ti amen eesti ater han ane in he Cs case. Tse ‘Chinese elfscnthenrs ha oe th ber cea cnet ae Ispanee and even he Hts wre mitarkng om heat psy det {ole he coun problems ofan ae imac apd wate might be thou ht ap ef pole remained eae vatoghed by the growth af the power and he lms of he Nene ‘atonal conics, ln, ag sca or stance But een were hs sven themarkf hens very mach neve athe ceo ager (suppesed The irstond tekpaph west, te expaana ofthe Re (Gros and Red Crcenr mcs he tangents for ero ‘serio of the Aric tad Antec condor all a icy cane fas tevcen 1900 and 191% sate the lbal tern of lie. Yt al of ‘ey plpem. Scere and shay interchange whch the 170s bat rocked tough femal and personal as etn eee ‘See now crested by aances of atonal seams and acento “These and miferansason ofthe reat "word rl, nce “pte were ot mun om tee press Ie ht any ee ‘el alec els raion ih yoda esis ‘ton osteo he chin ofthe ate un wove tounday ty ed. Ft {he eviedagencs of Roman Cath, pun semian, and Coniciat ‘tna genera tok eae 1 alone and wk ith he nao ‘cepa of the confsoal group within wich they opened. ven soca ‘rey a world evel nas comand Wythe represen of tr af ‘ecient sci egw. Tae tu slaps of he Haan ne ‘sonal ss roth OT, when iis 0 eo war wth Sipibrion of he frm of an group he ton of oecgn nd he Eire porenane which woe need the began ofthe bck "Whore the tmp of he mde ste wan Te sre won ner fcc atl pone an ars il esd er cms pare te wire san ane tegic crmmancatos were port evcoped Therap wee rt caly Cine wer pops ok Iceni or pp vt Front mich fe wot he ate ‘Shoe ene ony nr sey Co Gn infil lies mone ean env andi elders The hat occured st edo he Fat Wild Aur ocr he Mie Ta, cna Asa, Aan, and faa some {Ene reseed pence ef ancy when th sate broke dow” Bre ‘rtm au howe ty sept ected the emerson ew of he ‘St ply a pial scormmeon sn coc wich fat een (heed inthe Naor cody 2 an pos of se power, At the ‘Sr snd fhe spc fc cang he woe cboeence Semmunits ef Unie Stes and of re india es Eup Src aeay sng a eat fhe tate Lol tn Lay se “Sct hd gue ty aque That wo ob the pte of he er ‘Suita neh te cls of wa an derenion betwee 190) {ha 1980 were oo eps change mines. "What mo sets ed iy te mete centr the soto faye Sf te ae, en ey cose be, hee {rfc forme wee pera on nt The parapemaia of fap ing ‘adr unfree sen up By power an ses ‘Sceinsocer mete ec nw cette men and en ‘rl carat movemetswich cane sage purone h ore wordy dominance: Tus uve mincing of he pow thd ch She ocenalsed story ben oan afew telecon aed ‘leo tum nearest, wh ese the wor of te Une {ned commun. ras er uch noha Rai Lean Tey, {Rd Mohandas Kaucinnd Gand, io poner ofthe of he sie ~~[8] THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF LIBERALISM, RATIONALISM, SOCIALISM, AND SCIENCE Thats chair and tenes cons ies and clogs. Lea, oil Ss, and cence wee pteoal evolutionary seb of ies, wb man ontemperanes apd Isr hatorns Selene had anormal fe ne ‘Stn ceuy word. The chapter apis ta all fem were dana ‘ct at tey pened fom cosine fo coming over Sona chance Il anything av chapter 8 shown as the compte Sevlopmene of the great regan wes which ime ape te ‘ena he ofthe pero. ‘cross he mneeeh Utes 1930, when te preset of dea Dane the ping hl Storr ce setae ae inne er pay ay Soave po she hen Sous As despite he bate forts ofthe British an later the Dat 0 ‘pres Hee te ai oof anclng brug a Sea i in the Mie Ages merged wih te praca Hin cst: Hower aes it leh erm domestic serans, with the imptant ception Ut they and Te ciren oul be Doubt andl, Hee api ak of abr ime sr ante fe aed fo great me 0 be rue by dependants an fenosplaved thor pre ay omen, epee within the Bex Musi sflectvely saves." The pec for ofthe testo save-eunuch 8 ao & Istur of Soh and Soren an souls sound 1950, Wh ts Het and Ind, the Bh intenened to emanate domes eves, ‘hee were ciple or indigenous inlet that thi merely eee hole ar people spec wren no poverty or protonSendage mc cote place, creating inthe wd sf up Tinker, ‘tho wis himst quoting Lard John Rasy the, migninewent-cenry [Bah prime mine, «ace sem afer Within the Asan sd Aca Sole ofthe een cen, bre xed pratt ot ‘pe whch ea afer Sear, paced rms of othe” ind ie pic wr plist and mine Tha oe ee {ida flowing a campaign by suas and humans free out slg or mie Inns, Mls Snse, Cites spans were ‘ied srt he wold o work aboree Toh hl fests 0 ‘diane had been imporeed into Guana, 134,000 into Trinidad, and 33,000 ‘nt Jamas sion wap at Burmese woul ot sis and Indian enrepenes ts tog take re umes of Idan coast Burs bore he ist the 18%, they found ther gree champion in te young M. K. Gabi ‘Chase nel punee bere ee an 0 Sotheat Aaa, te Pace, Sd Nor and South Arencs, wor they aed major le te bag ‘leaps ad the develope fe ming iy, The eecodn ‘hal away oft tb Une Ste nd Cana ere uty ier inbore for exumple "The ssuaton vas often ome of set depend Clr tems tao represented a frm of ptitchal staoso hacked ‘he nfo ef savey othe sure of th eect cemary bad commagucnss forte epee of race in aedcne and pelt ‘Ghincse, rail infriory and the aaiabaty of such peop a labor post stevcfowty ving in fe hue aly ws vey cmon, Go (Ac) [nd ected them forse, and he sor seem ao to emo Seth ah wm ara low hr ha the ee fo oo ion inte cent ent 6 bea ad other cen Mary Prince, began to write of their sung i tern which sugacsed 19 tte sois tee fron ede. pace af a esi “tin, however 1 aow ocr f toga ail backward at erection cae oie Ineent ial ues wer edt eal the {Gime oA and th eon ofthe wht ce Ina wold where Aen fie whe ms own sis ort aio tet es ao Proved Tic ne eau roped by one apparent baported by he mot Poem Aint of wmas dependence npn ed TBE rans si Aca. Some Semogrytes ave med hat er, ough dents Alcr™ and the txponaion of people, Whee tit0 ‘ec dees around ts sbject saver met terre ave cont ‘edovome opcantdgieta he tr dopendensy Acasa tie Tue Peasant ann RuraL LABORER AS BOND SERE ‘When Sie Chas Mette reiusygovernorgeerl of Inia, Became soremoroamaca a 199, he omer tae populion ete and seed teh nite ter fed and more presperour appearance tha eI ‘evan sgeing ner the wea fen and nd even ptt [a oversea ad dependent o the ks or Sate Buenas 5 Though sey ere techy fe” Here again th rarer pl the eT ofr seme to hve Ben perpetuate even deemed Oy the “Phoushot the nineteen century tefoers uumpeed th eed 1 Spansion of wor de elighlened clot sdminseaion oF at ast sve ah Oran Qi rein i, ah oe ‘Bock sunt a "aul economy" came io este nh inte ‘Spin and indian np colo pence rr sss ft ‘ich roa acces ad mee eae soninod eld back dercop tne. Sic the 1950, Astoria and “word esters" ave eee Pts the ch thr earl rope or he Amerson tolmpovesehnurry dependents both ie and wut the Bupa ‘ork, Unierdevelpment ay nota mtr st, ut a ee crete by ee ‘ery metas fen development and pera themes Ti ae (he sealed depensency theory ssoated wih André Candr Fran an Sevkped as a hone mode by Krmanuel Walesa” Feo spe fpesthe, Meco war “undereoped” by the expansion of the Une ‘Stes: cand’ pensar ule rm amine and opera cos he Eos [sbapeling werd ara crs teins growth of Bina De elo fe rade which ae ini wae Ale the popes wes ‘nt by the evan of he ne radeon ested fo # et Uondapey the expersion thea lite tren come 'scoc and pal ol ested for he instal ors wesc Bop. Suck tems of rt economic dependence i war atu, ee abo ‘senghend nities coneps of cel and egos backwardness, Tis ptr sore overdue et emi ha he progr dminatin af he pentny by indus and bane append nt ner and wa ed to soe arcu aie so fms. Eogne Weber ebesed book Psa te Proce cae t roses wich war cry penis in some par of weve Europe and {Cina o Sot Amare. In sea ich st nartbem and eter France, perl ces wer aeing otis tou. They sade pi economic ‘roi the sone ates of both seca and religion Bae sn p= Foeng oduatian, aod the ites of 2 poral tae fred atlcan hated of rl peg Even when France nied om a ‘ute ibersorage si seasonal during te voter ares ith fret seer dng the Fine Wot Wa, howands of Fear’ aay Fut er buh nfm Algeria an Indochina totopap numbers The esas of he Tied Wed wre deed i ofl tbe deleted tanks of Ennpean pesein, Ths “penans” ner ered nt “Frencmen” ‘cep Bey when needed ty cannon foder dura ws Ths Thi ‘Weld sain as vse suthem Karo ol a" and Spa tach af ester Harpe he teed hry even ent tou Be Bake ‘eso rl peer, malt main ef the eh of ene teem cena Tae only yu sb segaton npoveried Tal, Spankh, Poraguere, and German peas Dooded aces the AAMC To ‘rand Arena, input er 1848 i, Ras, Seana, "Why wee these deep cn dependency bemee pean and cps and ae epndaced nthe nnetenth cet? Te rent at Exopean goth ped ld Gown Ing standards cheers work wel fo ‘ny aren ofthe incient poor caenize sou which ec rw mate [Seaport the ich “eth” clr fone examine the Bie ‘he dsuton of poe fom sbme of the restatement cask trop such a etn, ides ite cose a pl I al thee ae ICs the once shipper inter, car, and vendor in Europe ad presen word ade Leal Aan Aan South Ameianmercan, teal the pense producers poi avery smalpereetage fhe rol (nthe thers, deren econmies wee forced Myint hh cot the ‘chin fr procesing thet agree mater Ths be ers of {de wore very much to the daadetge ofthe "out Hough! the ico cetuny ah ali deere as ore rately por ats ‘reume producer of base export rope er tere were ier fr ong 0 fife elatie over and the Jee pena hah he coutryssePopalason pease Wes ce ‘eon why ru peopl coated to gt for exten tousout the ‘onus Aeenrton ag andr the ence of Ferman Brae! and te “Amal shel of Prec scl tora deogephy was he stating ois ‘ral rat toy, Now, cea he wate ae moe eient i er aver wie mach dmograpic Biter as eprate el of 8 ater chain of mato Soil pone wo nore he rowingwiht f umber a ator deeesing farmer an abr ing and ide eecily drags prod when cern gr mes wore were Bercy Heeping up ws populiton expen. Ths as cous cle Popusons grew, aot many cause dat rates wer ating at Bee fumes wanted to make se at thee were enough hand for he Sr, tnhrnghematven agus per mies lense. The me pests theater prt of te cents for eal ang popltion a ing wae ba boen ear People cul no lng ind eer onditns by ing ‘Despite he enormous setback o Chia’s masse rural population, brought People needed chen as an insurance for ot age, Over de same ped he Egypiag rr popution xpd fom about lion to abt eon prople and thu of Java othe ste ee, Fn ns expo, tn om, plot afl and fumes ado wok Mader and toe ngeoes ‘Sythe deande ote sine an els wel ato pore oth oom Sbsstnce The ls developed farts of Europe sw sia pons fa [Auris Hungary, popu go a yf efor 184 nn Hu fr the land”? and eapaining part he scl an pl tenors ‘een te two Kingons, ‘vag of cholera and plague the ater par ofthe cenury, held ack even er growth Slay sansa hori ange tht ther at a these ‘ari putter ats chaste In pros of wes Food Skt [esippe out meen by ra delet bent rom gh prices Ine ter eee cet hvtre; may of thse i ring he an 2 ‘tonal Rad expoed hoe ling ore Eatope w te wags of ‘plein ehaper 7 rm srengshening ofthe sate, wheter tis ok he fo of annie o cli ovement. The itary revelain” of| the seventeenth emonies had ade i easier ore Se sh For imtancr he peavOxeman sed serena eine in Eap cored oe amours of cmp pessn abort coor ines me an the Sue Canal drag te eet cen” In apa the ls ee ally cence tx bud onthe oor toe the al pop hain dosperte pi ib dere. Moreover, twas Sons enb¥B fre much wore he npr fe centry Hy the waenpen ak of ‘Stes curency which flowed te clnng sf vere Byte Spanith [Arc estutone. Pope i the Anan cumtsde ere seer paid thar tans inser This ant tat they eed to se ore and more ey efatin was rep hy inion. Thi eed esa emer ition to pct ter noe Capa span wasnt theo ceyork Here the experince of Tokugae apa asf this was 2 ‘oat it tected by te Wet ona he 1850 ad ne which al oper Ihe ounaste women and pease of fpunee nce be has) oe tame experience tronic and more ema om of beriation nt ‘hctiniatoa inte ne ches and ety nner cee. Those Pepuasonoflexnerortr, lls for ct and scavenge sale oe, (hear of plltng, ar dsr soap sought Fat an South Av “They nd aysvedin pes serge amr wey rm cer lage, tnd be found mariage pare and compansnhip oly within tc owe {moups. Yea the Tekapons sytem of goverment ece ot ine Sd reused ove hit pio the ate were sobjeed a more an oe gl pels wich boon thm to semi of the tr An the prosperous ene oceuir pest ai put sew ress om ne tmorement vad nborneds wer one ofthe coer et it Biv ans, Ooms puts mire sts om thereof he ate fending ssbordinaon Oils of the Toga rope and apes fea” Soins dened to enter excl, and gre tes ous son x 2 pmcipe f pre poser The npg’ of st tl pun and pall ‘sor tradend at to someting more sin the rc of ope othe ‘mes. When in the 1870 the ew Mj moeing ets tock power ie Sap assed many of the ld prntepes ana pergui of heato sty ad samurs wartor case, the Anat were eed Bom Smal eat Teun. Yet they fonained ep and cmt aes "mack he tenes ht of Genovese persistence of avery and denen ie "ape the fe-teaton and sengthening fs Keech thi canbe mulged cost Eat abd Southey whe communis | ly. Souter and een Europe hal te apie. As we wl yee ‘robles inte wite dense af de Ban Emp andthe ated Stace. hme o sae sen bile, avged i ation by si ant Sease The mo skingcompartan, owee, can e ae eh the lo fares of Indy te s-iled noua td thse of ery fw sant St, Haze agin the me of hese and the etn ofthe tithe loomed pena en clei prods seems expan he pat ‘on of te phenomenon of rita wonton ter than any pure oaic imperteIn ghee cenay Ind the nll of tsk ne Panning. fener workin, and slur profs mem Yo fave cone Some advantge om nw ater an utara the ne wold fete esp and warfare. The tan horn Ded Warrock wre othe fiends cery atthe "Gnlden Age the Pas” the South Ki ‘eran of he "umtouchble” Even as penn bomever we ee ‘heen apg ler the Bon to rt gh il at wit ces. Tey impose dere alae el pent on temo ven Mp igo, ar fact of nda caste pte a of lainey sere on Bash eal eon frrdecpened thee tendencies. ‘Bois admit tended oop the Rese and Bedi ei cao becne hey wee ade by high-cost sobordnae. The Ge State fey wed judgments en pene pees forthe oe ‘nla donne power ore by oso poses hugh marist ‘alo, manatee taal spent andy the ae taketh sor Mon ofrtem, A nies they pede edie lor and the eoric ideation poet well hee to, Wahoo wes of perase ‘uy By th he mean ha frm Being don ol rons as ‘ios sll goverment helped o recente He Tue Peasants THAT Gor Away “There wees hawere mprtant aceptens tothe rl ofthe perpetuation of ‘at power and Goetance hag th cou of eminent cent. [Aectoprs tame ioe the eergece of ch pease eles in some atthe wamtomaon of ea so amet ts tcl tse ‘he mincendheomary mod Cul ve aheved ven he ele Say [Bisco beeen the ver of ear and rblio, Foe nstnce, prover tents communieatnos and techies of euaton di work v0 ot ‘hee burden ard pole for some Pus of pean aces the ‘rr to ingove tt eagamic poten esr the pried. eter eon Und wcsechnangy and the pend a log tmproved eves of pod {hi howe nn il bo were arn protuces ing ea inosine Even ny th see cena, any ees of ‘Shs penn ie ba Sappetee fem England and Hold wih te tooth of ge market Lado, Aan nd ober es, Ae the French Ree pesos rte and nore Ua eles mses fm gear is coma ole a pn ree Se on apc in 1911, high pedo and «goa mi of Ds Slowed the Po waley reaps to prosper by exporing tothe ne aan ‘Stovand cena Barone’ Catan ne ren bl fhe easy, wa ‘ey vole cop, bt she peasearenrepreneus of ween ni ah he Tre son! penty 0 loner Ezype amped the sat the howe oft poorer niger theater pat of he ent. Tagline crenton dd none conn nse parts fhe woe, sven though fad oe up toe as of be ber formes Famers i ‘Serie Kopel the Bish diane eee eter ecuFrench Noh Aca and Unochnaandi Bsh Aandi ru ined move orto nse gts inthe ferme of prac ‘flanger 9 contemplate rade! nd form, Agro ose Raa ‘cn ofthe eee concurs Rass serfs were sbjetoinuneabe eal ‘Spates nd secur end state demands Goverment andy petted {ot thea and be bdies decided imprint sues A wth he ‘toned ota supreme adeinsteator but as symbsic court of fal appeal ‘teem Europ. The 80 pee f the pepulainwho ps he head | veto cry Shy am ahd gue comMUN, soca OEE as the epee enghenet! despts td seed gel 0 repeat enforce obordination andthe listo of ren rope, sd be Ceotemporn apa lm ‘On the other bundy Rove ao a «anal cosmopolitan buresscras, loon ith strat development othe German aes agen to acto it bythe Naplenicand he he Crean war The basin ‘paie wit any seus expan of nvidia he coughs Aci © son in lhe Ste.” Change wo! rik ebelbon, unde ane the aa cl rene sod teten esi of etnies ‘Tho help wale sie. Whe the munition ofthe srs i aly ome, as pce trough hy a ious cntal elie agains the ses of somber reacts, We sre ofthe mesure propels sed 10 Inder sce hes wished snp ro stengten thes fe ba fhtocrcy by managing socal change Wath sae European ender pil Femigs cs tal or consreaves ake Sint encessns in oder Hieves despite Ruin low mkminion ant the goth of fo parculartic estates sure ut was brutally uprooted by the revolution Tin Stains tomer Aprian centlicr coined tr wmouler tenet the Stree of asian cet Aller emancputor pest romaine Jeri teers what eae a ante Peleg and ested temps "hr mone accel ember to pt of rm the comma a of prosperous seam chy By 101, pests one os ofthe nd The "trove apd upicigs word be pene commu (he ma) ane sine cous ese fhe remain bi obese arya which came eomamicly es viable i he Ler nineteenth cena. In wre ‘blazed out of cote in 1903, when the ate wan weakened by milay fet zoveroments seeking to stable la-oning peasants Ho the ites of bt pote erder an ood proton The Rain chi init Se ‘Yemen. These men wanted to confer land rights on peasants and reduce their th burden nro owt ape predacin: Some clon goer ‘pote nthe fin Pana and he Mekong Dek, for aan de he ae [Eke refrmes i suter al Sc Sa nd Mexico wor senukan- ‘aod peane wuld mb coated ut hey wd be ingrve, Way Rurat Sunorpination Survives {scot now rc oe aeston wih which hie ect sa why ibe fndions of psn fe remain eouslycomparble inthe core ofthe Iineteets cea despite egal como lang and pease ‘i of bowy to alps? A lrge par of te soe ef be inne fc tha ae xen out peas was cone mond conducive ober au fore ces and wvernen here pon tor thse demande Pal erin and the pes of tt ‘en number fered peasant ome the cope pt undeeosted, tn pocalyupsohscated ur people wee uble wo extect ch oft fer lo than inal wetter, had geben fad to cate longer "cocintons which might ge them pater plcal ct, hough Rass eps ees nd Beganeignsa nee Pegining to work amon ‘hem bythe 68s. Kiel Mar, shew oserser of his, whtever he ‘dznens ef ht popbeys noe meray tat he pent wee ke "tok of potstons” He meat the had weight but Ue capac fo Shh wo thar fly fry ap were no nln oct oneal fh ‘ebjers "Ura dll fo alr he ele Ineo of pean farming Nena fe ol bene conker) 0 than. Riche, more sl-onfigon pean on the Fad (0 becoming ‘Simmer ec ld Bid up the So 0 ap nda obry 8 Inne Stan foun tothe deiment ofthe Soe ally te SDPO! “This comizeratin sgn remind us of some the mes of bal 36 sopore to nana orp sie oreo peat lari ee ‘Synge of Europe, Ava and Aes sol be eared eaot simpy perpen to the nding economies of the atc woe ‘The amopolgs and hstoran Alan Mactilane srged pena ha “"Eelah individual’ toe out fw ene the Engh psa othe ‘ey Mile Ages If we fok ony athe fan tin 200 300 aes oF {Som pesny indeed appear mth sy af Eaghsh sey td coon. Yet Bas tte pot of “aol” of ndasrnanton Ba he Jnr ebay pence nthe worn Flan Sn lan ni, ‘a Asc, Tas ss pesnty tht Rt only povided she aca rt Insel for Bh industry an itera ane of rae but ao Ait ot rete the nda Revolution, bt i ep unde she soa Se pte! power of indurtralsing Botan a tres dominions ‘Aust, Canals, New Zeta, abd South Als. Mach the same ae ‘the Neth, whose populton bal made the wanton om peso Jvaneae pentane to price cope st» Ricken re hgh thes {led Cultiaton Sytem afer 1605. King espa of he Began on he int ad wt ost up someting ser the Congy i the TOs an soo Even the Unied Sats bene of the sheryl ee pail a ‘reco, inproving fer hadi own tsuary Pesan enaones oo 3 ‘al scl. Afr the elle of he slave nem se wp sae abt “America, Palys and he Pippin, ho, exe he he Bt fa opal fut thee esnips were fe cpa gnc EUSA et “Te ltl eproach a hls comet the il all but nee logy pant usa wooing ass wich ws emer of he mare sotueskments of the peauny in ans soit A cats nd, ther in the more devoped or fn the lon developed eonamer were ‘an workers umply "penn in dune” Even est worker 3 Dine snd in he cy quer On the ether and he elie pve a be Pena and apical borer mee tat nda age cul keep Voges low A cy ob owever cep secre tractive compar nt he grind of agi! aor ap the mers a bt which lowe labs Decne rece workere could avy eon see spore Povey and depen i on an oun tenet efor each het THE TRANSFORMATION OF ““GeNTRIES” In addon to these ecnomi and mit cess fo the sal of the [Endolding eset remodel thonsetes, Gextemanandlons thought (he old had he Knick of resning an epradacng thir economic sé pital onl over country peopl aden oer urban people as el) tn dion to hi ecnamis cat they were ae continue tcl up tone ‘Somes of rrpect end sborinton which rc the wail ide of {uch ser pono Laoed at fom he penpecte ef 179, oe eat Demat seat im Rusia and Asay hevey the Perstebe of BEHEY ad bli fends soe explanation. The reolasnary tons of oe ea {esouncing herein ples cntmany pape ab he bees of ‘Sorc 0 Canal oe wrth aerng hii rer ‘appreste bow through ral Mercier needed oe erred “Thee “aetna ai grew othe ain he tre of the soci per which hey cold mob incre greeter auton ‘Over mctofthe Eagisspeating Wrasse te Beak ‘Misotaeo th lef pmogentre, By wih the else sn herd he ‘amy pope Thi ad the elect of maining, her tan grein the ecomic power of and fame. For itane in Vga and the Cnn ld eehsling fms nape Bary on 0 press abd power ee afer he abolition of ser, bees hey cold op cmtina= Ing profits fom te nd ino emerging oa inosine. By con= tent the Ruan and Chine gen, of eien the Cape Dutch landed fection by geneon. Yet embodied sts, compen sea a amily Ince tote peopers-ding women, or domme of oc plc! ‘When av ine cn of Hungry, the ery comin o demas power ‘penal vcmbly wich Sted ack tote eal ode had» god nce ging of cena state bug and manning Is poli re ‘Brin were agony cs wih pimogenare ornate representation in Amid mem, one of te most series ofall The ey Were leo ur esos of rapid ecnori change mately concede once to he me an oting cues we Pitaining toch of ‘ik snd pee tact Cuarzences To THe GENTRY Ath being ofthe pei howe, th ook fr ates fandowner| Ibe athe per: During he French Revoir ris venders ere Slee se progstorsest anna. Britain Bring the 1790, “tegen ere hough honey the specter rr kee ‘hough anon as i 1798 llc pest eva sme at Bscn fee as enough aptaton aginst mechan for firmer and rani abres wo pee othe mth of ebuton om che reser “Capn Suing” inthe sump afer he end ofthe Arlo Fee wor Apun sincecvcetry Rss tod Posh novels Sout tbe ete and sora armory fund umeous echo sure Earope‘thmughout he cena In Runs, where xed waren a ean 10s, 170% and 1770 meng nol who comer ven the rill of cntasonal torent, Anil there Nae up ee Inthe Ameri, Thor revolutions tad ned incessant tat he com ‘Seon fBrih or Spc mold bring in Bei eh ot sriorcy the tha ofthe ome counrie. Where the colo the Beh ‘Grown persed, event Canady, wherland was esi ha sae fr iy [eid the eet er 1s oth othe Enel and Frac speaking rs of the county: Thowph the 848 eosion in Harpe td a the “nlsraing wan centers Indole thoughout cena and stern uroe eared that sal explosions woul ck the poser “The great Asan and Noth tfc pest groupe acemeden mort ‘ole snd thf he more noun fo ni Pre he 1650s, eh India convec by acne oft soe of hich mie Soci scintns wth lenara alam hry the Fae oe sate irom he 184 othe 870 Othry ke tne vem Noth Tain pls during 1860s and 180, pcs word te peas of tenants apt Indo, neces andthe sana ste whith S= Pred them. Ral ret ere ao common throu the sd Ota [Ends and wothenstern Aes epecalron the ry ages othe ale nes ovary fanaa eial ec Ia Mose he Re ‘pen reat erpedn are ad aiandowna tr a 1870, thik Abpsinan pesans ox apa els whence copes Routes ro Survival: Stare SeRvice AND Commerce The widespread prstene of gentry and lund pws th one | Per rr kins toupee nr dese need frre ‘nT caper has ead sagged tha pean produc wn 2 connin soilt guing stm for ban ter Burhow were the te {oi fhe cals fpr rl reli? The answer scm tobe ‘hac the people th ral propre were ae ede he bess ves {vance new fos of poli per aca wih he ing ne ‘ella in sal pokes emer apca In an ki tot ‘of atonal tration in the moder world, ater than 4 survival of theo since pn catego in he wo the Chi shal gen ‘howaThe Chinese panty was compo no os sal ume tron ae to las option, pep 2 min ng, Hing Inn ther aporen Ap clcey Onpand by dan ronda {emer hcl niger i py wos ot trocar alnnolng cs, Gey clas tne th young men pe tse. Once tein al pont mages memes ofthe ht ‘Su anima one ol ten sehen perce Sewn and iy whieh sae ne reaching ot fhe appr of {eau gem he dsc touch ey ne age As the ce Suayorriga Hocnubed, by teeny ncn era, pnt ‘Soe sey tig moneys his sghewed an encng Inmate cute dnp san xpemed in Concianerhing fear ofa se Tyas al waenmen ad monn FRvunty ncn ty ei om the one ri te cae Gcumsvoton ater ne 00, poceing he fc fea ores Imokotthe pls redece y ayn rong edt ‘Sion ate pw aa Thesiger oes sats uy iin the inpea te somthing Hess of uel magnate ety al vp oer pak {Gautier Chine. edo hep the lipo diag ion ‘seo rt or dei own eke en pel gas o Hunan Sho ht noron ste pe em ree eo {hepa Eenopeal problems td decane 38 t tow of “rropaiton er fr nai 0 yar teeny managed ot mre 10 Nox tupangy en owing soil equal ao rena clo ine fer 180, pty ound hes ro ad ear itt acarunmencats pote. In he pet Chee eon of Sonus wusance sects we sal water arg eb oe SREP LEE gc i rhe ool ea et et” toe les” So shin the sn 46 est pe he ‘Tping Reblnn anne the Qing powrmonteemel 0 ake Bey Dep ret, Tere were resanding cro can eee By Ex hugh sce nay ete lion wah ota uncompleted ‘Soin goes ncned fy an ep of sean Bae Das and Canty, ch ti eared fom the cows sions ‘hon There esos song cement of ner ft, wth coming ‘ters be Hak oop tha rata mene {ies por eric sa gsr fe he aie, deed BY Ne Bh ne ot we ao aed th re “Groin sary Grup aM ett andi Ws he ty wo Tok Stowe ny ban aye se often ceo the y= Dri cd pen we nd nr ted te cl ‘ile nib hho emer row nee. They ba heoat defense fre tbe Aus) and protect people ant Dany and ‘taal Dig te ate Nien Rebelo te U0 etn ened Feace to tebe rl eitere Nov only dite) enc fom the Fess” ated for protection they avo eed sm om eda loyal to {npr ons and seme tht oe and harmony bt Be ests {Gh st in um nis eh wats “The helped roar spall aprons is deve ast 6) mang internal ade pon by he ovement fe may ee The tf the lier ada f te Chee province governors ho now relly ran the sounay forte dens cour Being. Fal they proved ‘publ madi to the now eppertnies intra sad exper aes “We thie war not mercy a mater of ecopomi anna The eos ofthe ct and besince to them persed, deep ingrid bin Ces ‘tone fari home the 190 eto bl ae nso emis ey SES a wae hence Te A ‘las ™ What i iin show th serie cee ale ope fa as gurdlane of te dary sd evn ie emerging Chinese ot ‘Ths theme ofthe perinenee ofthe gery eps 10 sala the eee “The nets euaen o « goty pan Was he srr "ase ‘portant rpc, Thee war that «waar aber tha ered ater gop. They opened stem tomehing ke European pone ‘samurai wer pli up among the domain lor, the oad feudal barns of bet deren ellen wo thelr goio, In 196K sume fm the ter {ookthe ee in ling othe repeaters the Chinese pny ide “Taping era However, ew enlist emerged the Mesh ‘Sem wo stpnds ad ater gvermene bond Th wat mre Sei an ‘syhing tat happened t European landed src dune De Ot ‘oles, Mang sas fies cell need thi sary ‘Na ien remed he pic of defence al maine song nt ese and merchant people looked up tote semua. Thi 8 fo east becuse they succes capred and embodied the see of "bot Chin snd apy asta slement with he ol gene” ‘Colonial governments usally discovered that they needed what they called Teer of the epic” to matin tcl cl and ae intheere, Where hey were reson adaptable he ld roca an Seeds uch om may aces and et eng asf he Ines ater 180, younger and pore ator heaps the pra Su meted hi rt] contol wits oe pl ors = Dat er Ios ue Berber css sped sled by Be Frenchy exported {bod prc cs om Agere Vege sith etalon apt nanced thera cote fade Wo northern Eerpe bts an | ‘holder wat a servants of the sae and plows Mansy my ‘Wes tea ania Dahomey ld war aoc wich Md pase 9 Tornoten Euope ater 1830. They fought fhe calenge Hom Pest ‘opin mesg areal etn wh they anne With ‘One peal evelopment wich could be ify seo abated bythe ‘ep na more labled ips Colonia oils four the comptes, Serapping tense of the repes ining an ie Tey Innes for te singly of Ronan law or Eni comin aw Very it, ‘herr hey reed anon with power coerce hte bench he od by and el enfants the Ind market nc Rad mo xed 0 ‘afar bee enol re For ian, nd’ Ibe, sa, (atte ene of ot ihe tat andr ow cant ogo oe ours ofthe aeeth cerry Jing tht te hd abated oo many sore cautos and consrtie” They dca that Tn wap es) English aque. Cour of Wars were etn to manage the eae | ‘hone carded a parater n tbe an” whl hey wee tre ‘Men or Fewer “Broan Acres" 1N EUROPE ‘i amie who had feed say ther fone in caso ales etaned trnlgnce.Ipaeme cane though, the ioe ad ene of I “put actly eed them wo sure Tinian ad ot ad ge a seo fats rom aster 0 wey me css {Sit omnes lg cl i ed ache "springin ofp af 888-50 amined another shack ean fel aot orang an lemon Wes ia Provence ae the 848 fvo= he. Unter they bows in 9 Genin ganing per: setup 2 {tine fr hem. Ra oancson th Franc ed inesennt by Napoleon the "Bonaparte of indy” ped fo rotors the fone A he ‘ely an mons cae to lay tn Monaco eee numbers the lanownets mae the sme lap foo andor to capitalism a beat frees ger say vied ofce fr the ee ay reat tthe German Erp and hen em othe geal vate A ie sane {ie ey wee hod by ute sale to pads ed i rane TBuupes pat ndowners scans the ee of the aw boa) they Tn Rusia fw well-connected landed fais of te ghteenh eetury Get and Catherine the Get They tee ee pomience tah ‘kb and decline 50 gabrsy esrb by 0 many of Rs great Sretcentcentry noice. Rasanhiorans hae debuted wheter rl Rus in thet ineteeth contr ws ound to dscns ne perso sf pean wary wheter srr apa an ping ne say 0 Some par of te country The jay on ths st ot, Wht car, ‘Bough ta, een in Rus grain change Wa wesing ae that Some ined fmsier wee Foding new prosperity and care ene ‘Whether tay, Rosey or Pasi the embod scheme of seal ofan a the natonsut. Members ofthe ol ens wre becoming amr theses ofthe ne ate By the same ok te ‘aig and merchant odors wee cling ther se, For craps ‘German sl captain, rn oon the new wath ofthe Rhine ade Rar ez to spor acing sears nation of one cgi yt ld landed jake sof Est Pras, The nk hese, canbe ere Mood them wo accunslte lage etaisiments of pearl and domestic Seems fom te and sus rng cases Atte ue time ‘om ncn tha gen were able to erent ter power, inp at ass ‘eens sme of tent wee abe to rand wie fom thle dies aoa Engh al Geran en piu wer thereon of movements "mete 901s ha 1 percent ofthe popaion owned 80 percent st the land. "Te iiuence of the arent tera arcs a sy ric f defence and cl il worked in hr irene me ba ‘nl large pros inthe Cty of Loon, a bene handsome om Iishopec onemontip, and cole inthe mp” Unt 191, he as‘el arty Dd he emer Bt democrcy in ih esc trogh he mechanoms ofthe House of Lords Een io Fence th more Sere ted of gna ital emerge ene the shoo ticularly Jews weath, assimilated 1 the se of the European aesocracy ‘ich et, populting te hunting sls, ps and etl or cana of the Cee Arar As Dad Canadien tse the Bes ao ‘Stored ter motos of ie daminance othe spe, secuning fr tem ‘sheesh libel of ervey and ant ich ery fof em feuld fave manned at home Once api te inbestece of empie opi. Perhaps i was ony in Ieland tha the gery faced economic and lite ice equslet thre, they foo tame pera sede and an: “Acros the woe Uns many astosaces al eeties were able 1 per seuste of toognact th power Pay hs was because they wee he ‘Conal warsors an saped quick fo he new aso depo ce ten whee they ent a he case of Chin, genes eid por Sand ier Even whe gen peop ced economic deli nt ‘cal soft, at Runa and ih eter pare of ester Earpe fer the ‘Word Wr anno he son a a taiorwan consequence af he agai Sugvivine Supremactss seat explanation. Atte bepning afte psd eoltonary wate wat ‘reeing Europe and te Ameeas whle experts Eurpenn, Ain 2 ‘ican elect depounced the coupt ab pos savers of tee {exons thoughout he centr. The srl of monary not el imped ‘Bemintenancs of cnraand al urs eas led to shte up ale os of spc fristcuons,coportensy at pve which drew thet Jeptinacy fom nga To obne eet, hse suis pa 2 tre he ‘proces of growing sacl and poi urmy which was 4 fre of fd ryal coportons ao played a finedopl role puter ety linge, Monarchies nd cour ar ho etereingin her ou rib. Anew eration foc! stor ey cnceed wih san tesla aca ‘he has Bou to camine pl courts pe of sal eae cveing “S coneon of Retna ertre Cough i the 1980 was 0 ree ninccentvertry monaco sural etnies, ey ‘veanzn bound tf. the exe ed fhe pects, th Ota nd Ging monarchies were ced inte terminal war of to wed at eso the point of uccmbing to the il laa of emering Ae, Furi, o Han Chinese natonalnm Bren em-cosaoal monarchies, Sigh eskulous hangovers epring along tothe music of Joann Sts ‘monarchy with patclar disfavor not way Beese of is complex telaons St pearputoip figure Hn supose bled ol sropance and weakness mbined wih ancy and sapponelypeclaly Germany hab ong frltcl power to nenily unc dope. Such Ratna efen fund ens for hi the wring comeporres, The Rus rene Se 4s governor mae of St Petersbury “Its Quek eden a a om iv os powe by ping up al hs pron! pst or he carey Tony ne of ple commandant he had become even more poeta "wea 0 a-one an Aue eunuch at European eau” ‘Since 1960, hone that hes ban to change. Historias have become ints the pretation schemas powe anda the le he reexamined tem ste of ts essing Pemoesvalt Fhe pipes foveal momen, sche Empres Dowager or Queen Vicor Histo ism asso pe ha war oly the expec of defen in war which Iowgh awe these ener ec wich oben emeds demerste ronadebl sense suoted mba of canst abot and populs, of ital and base Dries, of nig and leaders were ane 0 teen eery Bric many wn nether wre hey were we tthe polite frees tying vo mediates nreningy complex ase The ene of Louis Nope. teow and Rainer Willan ante ar wel, Louis Rapley eer ‘epee a mocitbank fie apd even precur of the democratic ‘remey cee poi actor who Cou pl tay pots. Tow ay the Fine Empice pd oad es the Feder of the amy. now nce ‘tvlved in lmenal expense. Ae Laut Napoleon, vice of seetont 1648 and a peti T951, he cold ci to embody the opel‘fom the unpopular ha plage eae he ‘a of Prine Alber to Bete the Creat White Queen 7 ‘one cul ot weal ave Been presedstates of the Midle East and Asa. The monarch which consi eceved Hand ts was once porrayed a « hened depeneae, presiding over the eo of saan Rae nthe aad, onerlonn ew ples the Boophora. ete Oteaa Erp trvved un 1022, pry bea of the stent, not ert The stun were also Ks, vce oe ‘sped wo the words of tabu! ding ofthe Bence Rebelon. Even the Rh fcr Ottoman to Aah bande de sueunte seca «wc ‘tut of spel asin he sbi the sceapsing Bish power. stm powers the state na ale od he here fam hal nd Rann Atthe sein, the tate bd never bec got Ian ronnie a Dir wn thers ny fice On even atch cine te Fe Conrinerry on CHANGE? ‘eration le etren 1780 an 1914. the inl cape wl show tere S's purty good set be made tat he sed of sca change an {a reconsited themstes nett to Parada therefor these[12] THE DESTRUCTION OF NATIVE PEOPLES AND ECOLOGICAL DEPREDATION Previous char hate shown how betwen 180 a 1914, govern scr he worl eae mie ie ech ter The read sary esr ‘Sounds and debe horses aus forges. Tey weed 0 Bad Streamlined puters ofpovernmens bichbypest many ef powee ‘ovine pica uray aces the be ws matches xe at, 2 rapt enon diferencia wel win ond bewcen Cute, 9k per prponion of he worl pops ha Ben inserts ine te ‘Bteatonl capt conery by he nt othe ety. At pest thse ‘te popular paced cath cops fr expr As ins workers hey prin ierestnned Ascomsmerlndprofienl ppl the tale ated orga iti te cote fh new wo tended rodece renters insect ad ests scr he me ‘Trispreenchpreshnwever cumin he tect aryfuma comme er nich were puke othe magi nd ometines empty Seo tye ebanges The previous chat sogeted tht some sparen ld ‘Sense sch organ andere ey sue bat wee 22807 promoted the rs of mde Tats mh sh case fo what at haptr ale aie pepe” There rer fen dg to stand ae wa progres andthe srl wa dls dou ate 1890. Wuar 1s Meant ay “Native Peopies"? aie peor defined ho nce eps wow # welling sete ‘err, useiy nomad fart dwn, an her people tose mo srr fen ptr together in ily ntroploial woes at “peive (ibe The denn of tse soups canst be vey pre, ine there ‘Sil uch inerminge an ell nechange eto fem ae he Iho setd peoples an the sje of tat, Far expe sp Southeast ‘As some of the so-called tial popes rch the Kaen, Kachin indotingsatle am them excepts atts of esta soil aso Other nia people ecame mare completly “Burmese” hough proce of ‘eg, ndaton noord puters of Thera Buds nd the 120 Acs roe ans sme examples of ing carl ms tres West Aen the season beter he Fue nomad peop Be Hawa torneo ws complex abd anys. Urbanized Falah Swans art of the otban poor There wae ab Mowe bolted Sia bBouge, sh m the people of Manes apd the dec Amazon, who a ede cone with oes oer banded of year a for who “fest ‘ntact wth ites or occ inthe ieee cnr epee ‘No al eh soles wee sbordated ad vag by fem leo ‘many ent come Asan Aborebes were eter buted dow oe ven ‘Shay hea exuplsof Haasan snd Mac chicas who preseed Some of thir iependence a eprte culture npn ete ‘neural lo Wes demand Sometime they pide lo see [ade Sones they eee wrk ing epi ab aos which taped othe asjstive Ween dee forex obj, Wht can beak Feast emmy production cee ur egret posta elt, [rin pws. Th “er ems of wade” moved decielnfrrnat aly of whe socks of Eareean rg, Hut we ger ofa et ‘ects proce pemanea air sus oF nasal ae “Te tel pune tach peoples wer eee smal ITB, probably ‘acme tan 8 pore ft wor’ population. Bute boning he oath anor arcy of anki cre pees a deepen ‘oymbai mperance, ep = tao olen accompanied by muse cclogal camps th lingo oes te exe aang of er and ‘Sean an the pluading up of praie Irwas ely nthe sed bal the ‘rent cy thatthe fa oral ad csonmestalimpiatos of ese ange became cine Nation sateen seo rt eet tte pepe” and sek 0 rept The eli! dae of 200 eas of ‘mdi ange nom pa dwn othe human race's esac fHvionmene ad i extipaton of popes who in te ote pm ‘atone iterated rh mur er nen eal eee Teo prime cscs of the “nes-dendh of the tare” in many Icons sco he wood were th pac i Europens opel sa the don ‘persion of Eropesn forms of gorameat sr Americ, Asta, the Pare and eventual Ale Aes cane won te soning ster eho find py om Sed ty he apn [Musi veer of Eaypt Bo, fom the 18200 pushed ther power ito ‘eather Sinan, tending the lal Nee An peoples to i wl ‘They deployed European aple amie, but the deste for deme dle Isher nd Isis veons af the aicouse of Barbar ad cay erated It mention of Eu cs poy ahs whew here previously bo art inthe elas Beene an at the feet Yer npr and olnzten wee ly eae oa lent “Simonson of ch more general developments which aw te man sate Gn Hs ch uh mf on nh ope Srenon, expan, or samaaton. Assn most of Europe, ane, Uhsiasthe ped when mn tring. shin, and encom, Senescence, and ape he age of Uhestt the national crc, ore men eatin sue Te poss Sf enormity calenged the Laps and he Gace Ring commie | forthe Scotnd sn wera fees mutha i he Cree Ia ‘Canaan he Maon of New Zealand est te expan ofthe Comin language sere damage ince onthe Gl, ty ad WUD ans, ‘the newr-asinton ofthe Ocha ngage of wthern France Tt ‘ti cure in what wat bern reach Indchin and he dena the Nate Ameria fhe ent coast fhe Unie Ste. Evrorgans ap Native Peories BEFORE ¢.1820 In he intent entry he oping and sleet of ge ands cae xt sy that hte weteno examples f guess selement before that (hte Sigua he Engi he lending clots of the mince co tu had along history af what Me would tow cal “the cleansing” of amateur sd foe popes in thet eater patra cloiai Engin ston in War and Ilan tad oes apse cea of the ‘tale inthe nncteenhecmary 0 force Gace place-namcr abd Rain [ters into the AngrSinon fold. On tow Caren ndy seen ‘Eenrcenury scr ha den sway or led the iigcnous ppeiton [tanh Arma, a Tin people togph sme ned Domains sd ‘cL and mite or maroon popuitonsetained isan Tee Nee Englund clas inte seneneunth an hee cma thee ad > ‘een many cups of val ete wars when cloast tempted to oblate oe expel mune ofthe Amerindian atom ith which ey tured wo more metenay purpose The Engi neton of pete poner, ‘ritesive mend of para production, and ner Prot fee and arson terme appt to ate bre fats ee nthe New England colonies frites Indian det ar often flowed By = (Padua reed th sat vagabond poe dependants Ava ec tetoes were srunded bythe improves a he Bropens conse {iene wc they ge ly nate, unig. abd una to te oF fallow any of ur vasa nae encase pense ‘Some Seunnavan poplsons eeed sar itslerance toward lngenous Ba and Lapp peoples of hele onber ters, whe onthe Sager ef Rossan Oran, here # met Mongol abd ame open, ‘Stage wars of eermisoon a expulsion Ind so hong ten pce, Bat 25th nemarage. The cet cenery Rutan congue of the lind secing oth and the Khapt fhe Crimes noe he ete ‘eno ssn a Chistian clones among the sng il oles Che repon ar ely in he ay see cnt tn nc expos epaninsome pr othe wee Caan. Spanish, Poa and eve ‘tough toe icine Go take women fem Henny popula, eine ‘tea mich larger nomi popuition i thei new aes fee Ine nal hese ctr te laey moderating ec ofthe pene Calc and especialy memes the Feito ho ook eae 10 Banat fhe dfeence i outome Byte eno he per ea merc sere woot ns del to ding ch en French et ‘mento ative peop Canad o the Cate Tnaraeraifeent 2), Chie panes, and Oxon expansion on what sere to bese ther er bois played a uncompreminna cht ‘iar toh he Enis, tough hea es eel clara sition cr sabato rate han ugh etme unio Fears of Caine cation were clamped nthe country’s “aris” near, ‘avis thay the Chines crc andthe Canaan te ap ‘Stespamion thei centry ad lotessned he ndepenent ‘iu popleof Holla ind TnsheOtoman Emp ng 3awn into dhe dorunant society wa already prevalent hefore the en! of te tigen cet The ni bets te oft en hat thee people re lomo te on Turks ap non-A Ker wells he ater Sovesgty oer lands, pote fread o more moder conf. Kurd ‘ls ais Oueman pero rok ot Hewcen 177 and 188, "Thee examples of ea modern war f sent wes were the cep rer than the ue before the mi iecemth cm Atos Inuchof he woe apse ogc andcommerc cee Maaco ‘oda and wed the ea, aa an hues ppultons te ee {ee For one hing he poner ate promod ate rar en ot cet ‘ppemmanenty man and coos "araran atch "Indo see thar ss amenable elation. Ss the forest a omade pes ad ‘och to oer te rer ofthe sete de play. Themen oie orp frac alors. Tranny the shat Pest ad wre ah ther ames fm moving peoples sche Baie The Qa themsler tree, afer al, congue Tar day. Even ctpnding European Powers ha achicedsereting simian tates drew on Alban ng rople for ter Medernean pbs Scotia Hiiandes tr poor sige entry Atop exe this roc were the aro noma ‘who oerhe coun ofa genet ort beam rsa sete Uo omit These ited the Tima wo led nde Manch "ns word China the Armenian das wich pein Bopha, he ‘he aan cal keepers wh elie he Ste ipa tm We As ‘om Rus 9 North Ales somads moved grain snd thee gos cre he ‘ap we proving shins an animal the soma pean the etl nthe Indian, Chinese, an Southeast ian sce, ein hts andre ruse harvested bythe pope he fore ple ctl rol ihe elation of molting of he der popula. Hepat sd fenk were hugely valuable pooducts” Ful hough they ceaily pose them aot” the people fhe pla athe etd lan hl ot eed ler abou 820 Mami acer read he spo mater for ern ‘am bythe Pope The frst andthe sts al paped an inpartnt putin the i of he rat eins, ch veered wr nh ec) efor dtan laces. Tebexmen wee sl bee to arbor sama wit Paste pera : ‘he mode sae, asin te ae of eon so expson Koen 1780 nd hehe nrond nre mase, hugh he tal pple coined 1 [hd 1490 when the maze capa of set popltons frm Seria ‘Brough Asai nt soutert Alea tothe Arment xpopetd ae ‘ois aca foes oan extent Final ae 470 traning Thc wre ines oc ado the des ess and eno he homelands to be exited a pools of abor for capitals farms and sie, "Then coon conae thn vo pegs of change Narive Peopues IN THE “AGE oF Hiatus” During dhe Napoleonic mars and the fst age of abel imperiem, the tary snd demographic Blac Had ot sed dete sgn nate ‘withthe Five Nations Iroquois which had been presaged during the Seven “ers War andthe War of Ameran Independence ah North Ameria Indian Deprnent, un by the fons Angee Joao fy soe tine! cart pace at ang wth the major Mohawk and ober Amerindian lens The ecru Young wares so the ble is fn Br cers eer mar nome soya doped Some of ‘Sion, Contemporary onc with ne much res seer pplaton fae ‘ew American Repue sve the Bish dims aang ere. Ba ‘he Midwest the Americas on cnn we he sls fate people prove he fr en, een though he Inds mee removed an ips ‘Sed wih pueulr Engin hooughness behind te nt, Nate scouts ‘made a conadeblecnbuton to the speed tnd sect ofthe Aer ad Canaan eparsion to thecal lis Since ames Cok OH, {betas he nore com had made sina aks withthe sal, Ivaluppered Both and Armencan fing and fortran pox. The sane Chinese demand for br are made hem rate commoy Paciccont snd the Bish vcr Kodo or "Motto" herdsneh a ers ino thce mato pole the fone ofEsopen exlemen The eles of depos nd weapons the ear may ave niet aed othe tj changes hig poe in contemporary Ae societies. The Mecane, ‘Renucof the Zak warorsne athe rhe Cape stony to in Natal, seems pr to heeft response wo Buopenn dstrtances othe feast On hs thr has he Earpean goverment on he Capea bea ‘eres nie and aod bare Alas ne cl work foro” Me ‘Seay he fre sag European infec n New Zena peer er‘euine ae technics f walt an egg dominant fore actos ‘ormous sequal mathe rial wars were told inthe 1408 td ‘ntuence gradual penetrated the Hawi Ids che fate fs nin ‘eos wan mito, While ates of Sth fm deste rove rama wel ‘ced cet fies ere able ome ore for Uh se of = tod and ther exe proce wich wat hound fo Bosh Barpean an ‘ern feasting an oa consumpdo, wih Which had watony ‘Meanwhile as Russa stm and colonies of selement moved fhe lng Siri and pein the weer Cases nme acl hin so ‘ade compacts ah Be invader supping fos Ube nu spect ‘Sider, Ina thse ares, ove pooper were eto ll ary ile {nd hi envcs aches they conmeatedaoand new fran ain ‘etal noma and fret people cote Yo pay ab pratt he “ssiaton and expanon of empire, Nema rain merchants (bars) Hincing’ en, Augvos Ctl sempre 1 cre an armed foce uta peopl ofmonbeater nin wee. wer ila {ores of the Bombay presses the Bhi frstrs were opanied into 2 ‘pci Bh Crp in he ers ear ote cetary. The mot mous exe ‘fats prose by te Gus wars of Nepal. These moun ames nd err ney fs the Bri he war of ISLE 16. pred by ‘hry tl the Bes renin don the Gus fe Fe mane bth ame then; Gur Nels became incesngly open {otunincome om ovens eric the Poplson rove a ales “Thus puterm mas sted out shewbere it Euopean Asa The Dutch, fo inane, nd lady begun to vert fom the fort commun of te Java As the French became evablihed in Cochin China in the eae nine teen cont, tye began to eras people owt te ier the Cambodian Doce Thee pbc, apie ragmatcaly, ler Became ‘fl nse enc plc of nasil govermenseting te sane he ‘Rtecommnal ube ofthe er inte nd rene ene Hire he Europeans were mre exening an enn ples ich Asan Kingdoms ha nag adopted. Te Msi anos ha al ees 4 Scag hitea and foetet teak of pang Ye mountain pss ad fungi ngoEven ste ab he 17M when tbe Crise Got Lan ‘Spor ima Sacchi commanders were ste 10 Snore ‘Se Gone th ume Chines emis Wed to est Doo Burmese, Chinese set Sent he ain conten ere ns Tue Wurre Detuce, 1840-1890 Arai, and even before 60, European expan inthe Amer, Aue Isa Eras Hopu rot de of stain on mae pope. The Par nial goverment al aught 9 rae eenae, Nomads Se fd foro tbls who pd Hele in the way of ses wee of le ecoomse ‘tise and pte suc tension ey cond nate he Heh ia Abeer na asin tebe a doe and he contig ‘pea ofthe pend. The Amevcm preset, Ande Jose, ode 2 "removal poly” whereby tes ich were ought 0 be Badin up ee fac ofWenem can were relied oars of tan nd al brand Ths wth frenaoner of the whole ply feng ote Focrins ner pte eeu In Canals, Bott authors verted be ‘ven removals Jackie orton ta cle and ches acme st “Te decive chang came wt theeapanso of element fe 1840. Te ‘ey 40 percent By ts dt, Beith emigration oes ad seat Aaseaa Seshomecons Apevia ea ‘lug by the 1870, The Roan equivalent, in south Siberia, oly realy took ‘Ofer 190, brad ema ser corequence the 930 "Thi eat eft had un consequenee fr atv eae eveyubee ramets an indigenous people ora ck of the ~ posed iret ‘ze rue land But, kins exropriaion wat genet. Parca Signeant wan the ln hanger ich drove the ropa surge Mos of Fepein ln wtih thy coal hen pn tothe cre, semetng at ray of tem hd mo en able to Jo lay Plaster Tao ‘he ln tei of Greet Ras The us or pate prope ined Meese peoples anyways th dec td inet. ese times eliminate the aes of temporary sere agricul which wee Patan Sea es natn peso coined oe hich they ved. Tek food dine s heb, bison, Kanata