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Multi-Carrier Systems: Wireless Information Transmission System Lab
Multi-Carrier Systems: Wireless Information Transmission System Lab
Multi-Carrier Systems
2006/3/9
Institute of Communications Engineering National Sun Yat-sen University
Outline
Multi-Carrier Systems Overview Multi-Carrier System Models
MC-CDMA MC-DS-CDMA MT-CDMA OFDMA
Combining
Equal Gain Combining (EGC) Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) Orthogonality Restoring Combining (ORC)
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Multi-Carrier System
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Multi-Carrier System
The new multiple access scheme based on a combination of frequency division and OFDM techniques were proposed, such as
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
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Multi-Carrier System
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Multi-Carrier System
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Multi-Carrier System
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Multi-Carrier System
MC-CDMA Transmitter
aj
c1j c3j
c2j
Ts
c1j
Frequency
j cN
c2j
j sMC (t )
aj
j cN
Ts
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Multi-Carrier System
MC-CDMA Receiver
c1j
q1j
c2j
q2j
Received Signal
FFT
j cN j qN
Dj
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Multi-Carrier System
MC-CDMA
The MC-CDMA transmitter spreads the original data stream over different subcarriers using a given spreading code in the frequency domain. We can use the Hadamard Walsh codes as the given spreading code. The capability of suppressing multiuser interference is determined by the cross-correlation characteristic of the spreading codes. Therefore, the capability of distinguishing one component from other components in the composite received signal is determined by the auto-correlation characteristic of the spreading codes.
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Multi-Carrier System
Hadamard Code
Hadamard code is obtained by selecting the rows of a Hadamard matrix. A Hadamard matrix Mn is an n x n matrix that any row differs from any other row in exactly n/2 positions.
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Multi-Carrier System
Hadamard Code
Hadamard code of length 8
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Multi-Carrier System
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Multi-Carrier System
MC-DS-CDMA transmitter
c1j
0
c3j
NTs Time
c2j
j cM
c j (t )
c j (t )
Data Stream
aj
0
IFFT
j sMD (t )
Ts Time
aj
0
NTs
Time
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Multi-Carrier System
MC-DS-CDMA Receiver
c j (t )
c j (t )
Received Signal
FFT
c j (t )
D j (t )
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Multi-Carrier System
MC-DS-CDMA
The Multicarrier DS-CDMA transmitter spreads the Serial-to-Parallel converted data streams using a given spreading code in the time domain so that the resulting spectrum of each subcarrier can satisfy the orthogonality condition with the minimum frequency separation. This scheme is originally proposed for a uplink communication channel, because the introduction of OFDM signaling into DS-CDMA scheme is effective for the establishment of a quasi-synchronous channel.
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Multi-Carrier System
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Multi-Carrier System
MT-CDMA Transmitter
c1j c3j
Time
c2j
j cM
c j (t )
cos ( 2 f1t )
c j (t )
cos ( 2 f 2t )
j sMT (t )
Data Stream
aj
Time
aj
Time
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Multi-Carrier System
MT-CDMA Receiver
cos ( 2 f1t )
cos ( 2 f 2t )
Received Signal
cos ( 2 f N t )
D j (t )
Rake Combiner N
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Multi-Carrier System
Conclusion
System features comparison
DS-CDMA Symbol duration TS at subcarrier The number of subcarriers Processing gain Chip duration Subcarrier separation Required bandwidth (main lobe) 2006/3/9 GDS/TS Nyquist filter with rolloff factor = 0 1 GDS TS/ GDS GMC/NCTS (NC +1)/ NC GDS /TS 20 MC-CDMA NCTS/GMC NC GMC GDS Multicarrier DSMT-CDMA CDMA NCTS NC GMD = GDS NCTS / GMD GMD/NCTS (NC +1)/ NC GMD /TS NCTS NC GMT = NC GDS NCTS / GMT 1/NCTS (NC 1+2GMT) /(NCTS)
Multi-Carrier System
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Multi-Carrier System
OFDMA Transmitter
X i1
Subcarriers Placement
IDFT
x1 n
1 hn
DAC
K hn
RF
ADC
X iK Subcarriers
Placement
IDFT
K xn
DAC
RF
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Multi-Carrier System
OFDMA
In OFDMA, closely spaced and overlapped subcarriers are divided into groups and assigned to multiple users for simultaneous transmissions. The N subcarriers are divided into K groups and assigned to K users. Since one subcarrier is only allocated to one user, each user has a group of subcarriers.
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Multi-Carrier System
Combining
Equal Gain Combining (EGC) Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) Orthogonality Restoring Combining (ORC)
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Multi-Carrier System
Combining Overview
In an MC-CDMA receiver the received signal is combined, in a sense, in the frequency domain, therefore, the receiver can always employ all the received signal scattered in the frequency domain. Through a frequency selective fading channel, all the subcarriers have different amplitude level and different phase shift. In this section, we will introduce three different combining techniques.
Equal Gain Combining (EGC) Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) Orthogonality Restoring Combining (ORC)
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Multi-Carrier System
MC-CDMA Receiver
c1j
q1j
c2j
q2j
Received Signal
FFT
j cN j qN
Dj
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Multi-Carrier System
Combining
Equal Gain Combining (EGC)
The equal gain combining only compensates the channel phase shift. j = e jm . The gain for the EGC is given by qm
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Multi-Carrier System
Combining
Orthogonality Restoring Combining (ORC)
The orthogonality restoring combining compensates the channel phase shift and the channel amplitude fading. 1 jm j The gain for the ORC is given by qm = e . Am However, low level subcarriers tend to be multiplied by high gains, and the noise components are amplified at weaker subcarriers. The noise amplification effect degrades the BER performance.
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Multi-Carrier System
Reference
S. Hara and R. Prasad, Overview of Multicarrier CDMA, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 126-133, December 1997. S. Hara and R. Prasad, DS-CDMA, MC-CDMA and MT-CDMA for Mobile Multi-Media Communications, Proc. of IEEE VTC 96, Atlanta, USA, April 1996, pp. 1106-1110.
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Multi-Carrier System