MIME4220 Power Plant Engg Hanout Sem 2 2013-14

MINISTRY OF MANPOWER
DIRECTORATE OF TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION

HIGHER COLLEGE OF
TECHNOLOGY
ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SECTION
Specialization: Mechanical Engineering
Level: Baccalaureate
Course Name: Power Plant Engineering
Course Code: MIME 4!
Semester: II "!#$%#4&
Student Name
Student I' No(
Name o) the *acult+: Kuppuraju Bommannan
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page 1

Contents
Chapter ,itle Pages
#
Energ+ -esources and Energ+ Conversion Methods ,o Produce
Electric Power in .man
/%#$
1.1 Oil Reserves and Production 6
1.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Proects. !
1." #atural $as Reserves and Production... %
1.4 &i'ue(ied #atural $as 11
1.) Electricity Production. 11
1.6 Energy *onversion +ethods 12
Modern -an0ine c+cle #4%$#
2.1 Introduction.. 14
2.2 *lassi(ication o( Power Plant *ycles.. 14
2." ,i+-le Ran.ine cycle 1)
2.4 Ran.ine cycle with su-er heat..... 1/
2.) Ran.ine cycle with Re0heat.. 20
2.6 Ran.ine cycle with Re0generation 2)
2.! Ran.ine cycle with irreversi1ility.. 2/
$
1eat -ate2 *an2 *lame ,emperature and Com3ustion 4ir
-e5uirements
$%4!
".1 Introduction... "2
".2 2eat Rate.. "2
"." 3an. "4
".4 3la+e 4e+-erature. ")
".) *o+1ustion 5ir Re'uire+ents.. "6
4 ,u3e -e5uirements to Condenser and *eed 6ater 1eater
4#%44
4.1 Introduction.. 41
4.2 *ondenser... 41
4." 3eed 6ater 2eater.................................. 41
4.4 4u1e and Pi-e Re'uire+ents .. 41
7 Blade Shape and 6or0 .utput Calculations 47%7!
).1 Introduction.. 4)
).2 #o+enclature o( aero(oil cross section 4)
)." 4ur1ine ,tages .. 46
).4 *lassi(ication o( stea+ tur1ine ..... 46
).) 6or. out-ut o( single tur1ine stage.. 4!
/ 8as ,ur3ine 7#%/!
6.1 Introduction... )1
6.2 O-en *ycle $as 4ur1ine... )1
6." *losed *ycle $as 4ur1ine. )2
6.4 Per(or+ance 5nalysis. )2
6.) $as 4ur1ine with Reheat and Regeneration.. ))
6.6 *o+1ined *ycle Power Plants. )!
6.! $eneral 5s-ects.. )%
9 1+dro Power and 6ind Power ,ur3ines /#%/4
!.1 Introduction.. 61
!.2
*lassi(ication o( 2ydro Power
4ur1ines...
61
!." *lassi(ication o( 6ind Power 4ur1ines.... 62
: Power 8eneration )rom -enewa3le 1eat Sources ; 4lternate *uels /7%/<
%.1 Introduction... 6)
%.2 $eother+al Energy *onversion 6)
%." Ocean 4her+al Energy *onversion. 6!
%.4 ,olar 4her+al Power Plant 6!
%.) 7io03uels... 6!
%.6 ,ynthetic 3uels.... 6%
< 'irect Electric Power 8eneration 9!%9$
/.1 Introduction.. !0
/.2 ,olar Photovoltaic *ell... !0
/." 4her+ionic *onverter.................................. !1
/.4 3uel *ells.. !1
#! Control o) Ma=or Pollutants )rom *ossil *uel Power Plants 94%9/
10.1 Introduction.. !4
10.2 E((ects o( -ollutants... !4
10." *ontrol o( -ollutants... !4
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page "
10.4 Electrostatic Preci-itator. .. !)
List o) *igures
Chapter No( *igure No( ,itle Page No(
#
1.1 ,elected +iddle east -roven oil reserves 6
1.2 O+an8s oil -roduction and consu+-tion !
1."
,elected +iddle east -roven natural gas
reserves
/
1.4
O+an8s natural gas -roduction and
consu+-tion
10
1.) $lo1al &#$ e9-orts 1y origin 11
1.6
O+an8s electricity generation and
consu+-tion
12
2.1 &ayout o( si+-le Ran.ine cycle 1)

2.2 40s diagra+ o( si+-le Ran.ine cycle 1!
2."
40s diagra+ o( Ran.ine cycle with
su-erheated stea+ entry to tur1ine
1/
2.4 40s diagra+ o( a Reheated Ran.ine cycle 20
2.) &ayout o( Ran.ine cycle with re0generation 2)
$
".1 3an Power *onsu+-tion ")
".2 7oiler Roo+ "!
4
4.1 3eed 6ater 2eater 4"
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page )
Chapter No( *igure No( ,itle Page No(
7
).1 ,ingle 4ur1ine 7lade 4)
).2 5ero(oil cross section 4)
)." One tur1ine stage 46
).4 :elocity diagra+ (or +oving 1lade 4!
/
6.1 O-en cycle gas tur1ine )1
6.2 *losed cycle gas tur1ine )2
6." -0v and 4s diagra+ )2
6.4 $as tur1ine with Re0heater )6
6.) $as tur1ine with Re0generator )6
6.6 *o+1ined *ycle Plant )!
9
!.1 Energy conversions in a ty-ical 6ind 4ur1ine 62
:
%.1 $eother+al Power Plant 66
<
/.1 4her+ionic *onverter !1
/.2 ,che+atic o( 3uel *ell !2
#!
10.1 Princi-le o( Electro0,tatic Preci-itator !)
Chapter 1
Energy Resources and Energy Conversion Methods
To Produce Electric Power in Oman
11 Oil Reserves and Production
The proven oil reserves in Oman stood at 5.5 billion barrels as of January 2011 [1]. Oman's
petroleum deposits were disovered in 1!"2# deades after most of those of its
nei$hbours. %oreover# Oman's oil fields are $enerally smaller# more widely sattered# less
produtive# and pose hi$her prodution osts than in other &ersian 'ulf ountries. The
avera$e well in Oman produes only around (00 barrels per day )bbl*d+# about one,tenth the
volume per well of those in nei$hbourin$ ountries. To ompensate# Oman uses a variety of
enhaned oil reovery )-O.+ tehni/ues.
0i$ 1.1 Oil .eserves
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*ha-ter 1
Oman1s oil prodution has delined durin$ 2000,200". Oman produed an estimated 2(3#000
bbl*d of total oil li/uids in 200"# about 5 perent less than 2005 levels. Of the ountry1s 200"
output# "2"#000 bbl*d was rude oil# "1#000 bbl*d was lease ondensate# and the remainder
onsisted of natural $as plant li/uids. -45 foreasts that the Oman1s oil prodution will ontinue
to deline in 2002 and 2006# with 2006 output droppin$ to "!0#000 bbl*d# or 2 perent less than
200" levels.
Oman produed 6"3#000 barrels per day )bbl*d+ of total petroleum li/uids in 2010# 6"0#000 bbl*d
of whih was rude oil. 5vera$e oil prodution in Oman has inreased by over 207 for the past
three years. %ost of Oman1s rude oil e8ports $o to 5sian ountries# with 9hina# 4ndia# Japan#
:outh ;orea# and Thailand the lar$est importers.
To help offset delinin$ oil output# Oman1s %inister of Oil and 'as announed in 5pril 200"
that the ountry planned to invest <10 billion in upstream oil and natural $as pro=ets durin$ the
ne8t five years. %uh of this effort will fous on enhaned oil reovery )-O.+ initiatives to
improve reovery rates at several of the ountry1s oil fields. Tethys Oil of :weden has reeived
enoura$in$ results# hittin$ oil at various wells in two of its onshore blo>s in 2010. This ould
indiate a hi$her potential for sustained prodution levels.
0i$ 1.2 Oil &rodution and 9onsumption
1! Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects
There are numerous -O. pro=ets in the pipeline that are e8peted to inrease reovery rates at
several of Oman1s oil fields. The lar$est of these efforts is at Oidental &etroleum1s onshore
%u>hai?na field# whih the ompany a/uired from &@O in 2005. Oidental plans to invest <3
billion to inrease output from 10#000 bbl*d to 50#000 bbl*d in 2006# and then to a pea> of
150#000 bbl*d by 2012. &@O is also en$a$ed in several -O. shemes# most notably at the
Aarweel field# where it hopes to inrease output from 16#000 bbl*d to 20#000 bbl*d by the end of
200!. Other planned -O. pro=ets by &@O are Barn 5lam# %armul# and 0ahud.
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page %
*ha-ter 1
Oman1s lon$,term oil output tar$ets rely heavily upon the suess of these and other planned
-O. pro=ets. The %u>hai?na development plan involves a relatively new -O. proess that
see>s to use steam floodin$ to help reover heavy# visous oil reserves that are not easy to
reover usin$ onventional methods. Cot only is this ostly# the tehni/ue uses lar$e amounts of
water# whih is relatively e8pensive and sare in the &ersian 'ulf. 4n addition# -O. shemes
use substantial natural $as as a feedsto>. This has led Oman to rediret some of its natural $as
supplies that it had desi$nated for e8port to use at -O. pro=ets around the ountry.
1" #atural $as Reserves and Production
5ordin$ to O'J# Oman1s proven natural $as reserves stood at 30 trillion ubi feet )Tf+ as of
January 2011. -8pandin$ natural $as prodution has beome a hief fous of Oman1s strate$y to
diversify its eonomy away from the oil setor. .isin$ natural $as prodution over the last
several years has resulted in the e8pansion of natural $as,based industries# suh as
petrohemials# power $eneration# and the use of natural $as as a feedsto> for enhaned oil
reovery pro=ets. Aowever# despite the reent rise in prodution# additional natural $as reserves
have not been loated as /ui>ly as the $overnment had hoped. :ome industry soures have
speulated that# $iven the ountry1s lon$,term li/uefied natural $as )DC'+ e8port obli$ations#
natural $as supplies may be overommitted in Oman.
Catural $as prodution in Oman stood at "02 billion ubi feet )Ef+ in 200(# up more than
three,fold sine 1!!!. Oman onsumed 23! Ef of natural $as in 200(# with DC' e8ports of 32(
Ef. Cearly two,thirds of Oman1s DC' e8ports went to :outh ;orea# while the remainder went
to Japan# Taiwan# :pain# 0rane# and the Fnited :tates. Oman also pipes some natural $as
e8ports to the Fnited 5rab -mirates )F5-+# althou$h it has plans to import natural $as in the
future.
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*ha-ter 1
0i$ 1.3 Catural 'as .eserves
Catural $as prodution has risen si$nifiantly sine 1!!!# althou$h inreases in prodution have
tapered off durin$ the last two years. The Omani $overnment has intensified its efforts to loate
additional natural $as supplies to help meet risin$ domesti natural $as re/uirements as well as
the ountry1s DC' e8port ommitments.
*ha-ter 1
0i$ 1.( 'as &rodution and 9onsumption
4n 0ebruary 2002# &TT-& started ommerial prodution at the :hams field in Elo> (( at an
initial rate of 50 million ubi feet per day )%%f*d+. The ompany hopes to inrease prodution
at the site in the future if additional reserves are loated. &@O is urrently wor>in$ on several
e8ploration and prodution )-G&+ pro=ets# and hopes to inrease natural $as prodution
si$nifiantly over the ne8t deade. &@O is urrently buildin$ a new natural $as proessin$ plant
to pump supplies from its ;auther field pro=et. The proessin$ station will have the apaity to
produe 200 %%f*d# althou$h the ;auther field will most li>ely produe at a rate between 500
H 550 %%f*d# aordin$ to ompany estimates. The ;auther pro=et will si$nifiantly enhane
Oman1s natural $as prodution apaity# with muh of the supplies feedin$ enhaned oil
reovery pro=ets.
Ihether or not Oman is able to si$nifiantly inrease natural $as prodution in the future hin$es
on the suessful development of Jti$htK natural $as reservoirs# whih are $eolo$ially omple8
strutures onsidered muh more diffiult to aess than onventional natural $as reserves. The
;ha??an*%a>arem ti$ht natural $as fields were ori$inally disovered in 1!!3# but have remained
undeveloped. 4n January 2002# E& si$ned a &rodution :harin$ 9ontrat )&:9+ for
;ha??an*%a>arem# and will arry out appraisal wor> over the ne8t three years to =ud$e the
fields1 potential. E& representatives have stated that the two fields ould potentially yield
between 20 and 30 Tf. 5nother ti$ht natural $as pro=et with lar$e potential is the 5bu Eutabul
field# for whih E' si$ned a &:9 in 200". E' says that the field holds probable natural $as
reserves of 5 , 6 Tf# althou$h advaned seismi and drillin$ tests are not e8peted to be
ompleted until mid,2002. These pro=ets have the potential to si$nifiantly e8pand natural $as
resoures in Oman# althou$h eah field poses tehnial hallen$es and may prove ostly to
develop.
*ha-ter 1
1% &i'ue(ied #atural $as
@urin$ 2005# Oman e8ported ".! million metri tons )%%t# or about 33" Ef+ of DC'. Of this
total# (.3 %%t )20! Ef+ went to :outh ;orea# 1.2 %%t )56 Ef+ to :pain# 1.1 %%t )5( Ef+ to
Japan# and small amounts of DC' went to 0rane# 4ndia# Taiwan# and the Fnited :tates. Oman
has three DC' prodution trains with total annual li/uefation apaity of about 10 %%t )(65
Ef+. ODC'9 operates two prodution trains with a ombined apaity of "." %%t )322 Ef+.
The newest DC' plant was built by Balhat DC'# a onsortium that inludes the Omani
$overnment )52 perent+# ODC'9 )(0 perent+# and :pain1s Fnion 0enosa 'as )6 perent+. The
Balhat DC' unit started ommerial operations in early 200" and has a apaity of 3.3 %%t
)1"1 Ef+. 4ndustry soures report that upwards of 30 perent of Oman1s li/uefation apaity
urrently sits idle# as the ountry has been relutant to si$n additional DC' supply deals in li$ht
of inreasin$ domesti natural $as re/uirements [2].
0i$ 1.5
1) Electricity Production
4n 200(# Oman had 3.3 $i$awatts )'I+ of installed eletri $eneratin$ apaity# all of whih
ame from onventional thermal soures. @urin$ 200(# Oman $enerated 1(.3 billion
>ilowatthours )E>wh+ of eletriity while onsumin$ 13.3 E>wh. Oman hopes to e8pand eletri
$eneratin$ apaity in the future to support risin$ domesti demand and industrial $rowth. The
$overnment has set a $oal to privati?e all state,owned ompanies in the power setor by 200!#
and the ountry has ourted international investors to finane new independent power pro=ets
*ha-ter 1
)4&&+ to help raise $eneration apaity. Oman1s %inistry of Aousin$# -letriity# and Iater
)%A-I+ has primary re$ulatory authority in the power setor and is responsible for eletriity
distribution throu$hout the ountry.
0i$ 1."
-letriity 'eneration and 9onsumption
1* Energy conversion methods
1*1 $as Power Plants
%a=ority of power produed at Oman are throu$h onventional ener$y soures# in partiular $as.
The $as power plants are wor>in$ on Erayton yle# whih is very ompat and noiseless. The
wor> ratio of $as power plant is low. To improve wor> ratio and the overall thermal effiieny of
a $as power plant a steam power plant an be ombined with the $as power plant. This is alled
ombined yle power plant. 0or further details refer hapter ".
1*! +olar Power Plants
:ultanate of Oman is reeivin$ a more intensified solar ray amon$ all '99 ountries. :o a lear
possibility is in si$ht to improve its eletriity prodution throu$h solar. This is still in
oneptual level# soon this will $ain momentum and bi$ establishments would ome up to
support the $rowin$ demand of eletriity in this ountry.
1*" ,ind Power Plants
The oast of Oman is one of the lon$est and in this re$ion. The potential of wind ener$y is
appreiable. Aene a lot of wind turbine both on and off shore an be installed to support the
eletriity prodution.
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page 1"
*ha-ter 1
Re(erences
1. Oil G 'as Journal# January 2002.
2. -45 Catural 'as %onthly# 5u$ust 200".
3. -45 4nternational -ner$y Journal.200(.
(. -45 4nternational -ner$y Journal# 200(
Chapter !
Modern Ran-ine Cycle
!1 .ntroduction
5 thermal power station wor>s on the basi priniple that heat liberated by burnin$ fuel is
onverted into mehanial wor> by means of a suitable wor>in$ fluid. The mehanial wor> is
onverted into eletri ener$y by usin$ $enerators.
5 wor>in$ fluid $oes throu$h a repetitive yli han$e and this yli han$e involvin$ heat
and wor> is >nown as the thermodynami yle. Thus a thermodynami yle is a series of
operations# involvin$ a heat soure# a heat reeiver# a mahine or utili?e between the soure and
the reeiver and a wor>in$ substane.
4n a steam power station# heat is released by burnin$ fuelL this heat is ta>en up by water whih
wor>s as the wor>in$ fluid. Iater is onverted into steam as it reeives heat in boiler. The steam
then e8pands in a turbine produin$ mehanial wor> whih is then onverted into eletrial
ener$y throu$h a $enerator. The e8haust steam from the turbine is then ondensed in a ondenser
and ondensate thereafter pumped to the boiler where it a$ain reeives heat and the yle is
repeated.
!! Classi(ication o( Power Plant Cycles
Thermal power plants may wor> on vapour yles or $as power yles.
Mapour &ower 9yles
a. Ran.ine cycle
1. Reheat cycle
c. Regenerative cycle
d. 7inary va-our cycle
'as &ower 9yles
a. Otto cycle
1. ;iesel cycle
c. ;ual co+1ustion cycle
d. $as tur1ine cycle
i. O-en cycle
ii. *losed cycle
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page 1)
*ha-ter 2
!" +imple Ran-ine cycle
The yles have two harateristis
1. The wor>in$ fluid is ondensable vapour whih is in li/uid phase durin$ part of the yle
2. The yle onsists of steady flow proesses,speially desi$ned omponents ,open systems
0i$ 2.1 Dayout of a simple .an>ine yle
&roess 1,2 .eversible adiabati e8pansion in the turbine
&roess 2,3 9onstant pressure heat re=etion in the ondenser
&roess 3,( .eversible adiabati pumpin$ proess in the feed pump
&roess (,1 9onstant pressure heat supplied in the boiler
9onsiderin$ 1 >$ of fluidN
a. 3or 1oiler <as control volu+e=
h(4 > ?5 @ h1
?5 @ h1 0 h(4 .eqn 2.1
1. 3or tur1ine <as control volu+e=
Eoiler Turbine
T
9ondenser
0eed &ump
1
2
3
(
*ha-ter 2
h1 @ 64 > h2
64 @ h1 0 h2 .eqn 2.2
c. 3or condenser
h2 @ ?R > h("
?R @ h2 0 h(" .eqn 2.3
d. 3or the (eed -u+-
h(" > 6P @ h(4
6P @ h(4 0 h(" .eqn 2.4
The terms related to the analysis are
Cet Ior> output
9yle effiieny O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Aeat supplied PPP.eqn 2.5
Cet wor> output

I
T
H I
&
Ior> ratio O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
'ross wor> output

I
T
.eqn 2.6
:peifi steam onsumption O mass of steam re/uired per unit power output
1 >$
::9 O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8 3"00 ,,,,,,,,,,,
Ior>
T
H Ior>
&
>I H hr
.eqn 2.7
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page 1!
*ha-ter 2
Pro/lem !1
9alulate the yle effiieny# wor> ratio and steam onsumption of the .an>ine yle wor>in$
between the pressures of 30 bar and 0.0( bar. 5ssume the steam is dry saturated at the inlet of
turbine.
0i$ 2.2 T,s dia$ram of a simple .an>ine yle
0rom steam tables at 30 bar )O 3%&a+ the orrespondin$ saturation temperature T
1
O 233.!Q9
h
1
O h
$1
O 260(.2 >J*>$
s
1
O s
$1
O ".16"! >J*>$ ;
The proesses 1,2 and 3,( are isentropi :
1
O:
2
G :
3
O:
(

5t ondenser pressure 0.0( bar )O ( >&a+
T
2
O T
3
O 26.!"Q9
h
f2
O 121.(" >J*>$ s
f2
O 0.(22" >J*>$ ;
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page 1%
T
:
1
2
3
(
*ha-ter 2
h
f$2
O 2(32.! >J*>$ s
f$2
O 6.0520 >J*>$ ;
h
$2
O 255(.( >J*>$ s
$2
O 6.(2(" >J*>$ ;
and the dryness fration at state 2 is R
2
O 0.22
h
3
O h
f3
O 121.(" >J*>$
h
2
O h
f2
S R
2 .
h
f$2
O 121.(" S )0.22+ 2(32.!
O 1623.15 >J*>$
Therefore# Ior> of turbine O I
T
O h
1
H h
2

O 260(.2 H 1623.15
O !31 >J*>$
Ior> of pump O I
&
Ov
f
)p
(
H p
3
+
O 0.001 )3000 H (+
O 2.!" O 3 >J*>$
h
(
O h
3
S

I
&

O 121.(2 S 2.!"
O 12(.(2 >J*>$

Aeat supplied O h
1
H h
(
O 260(.2 H 12(.(2

O 2"2!.26 >J*>$
Ior>
T
H Ior>
&
!31 H 3
9yle effiieny O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, R 100 O 3(."2 7
Aeat supplied 2"2!.26
Ior>
T
H Ior>
&
!31 , 3
Ior> .atio O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, O ,,,,,,,,,,,, O 0.!!"2
Ior>
T
!31
1 1
:peifi :team 9onsumption O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, R 3"00 O ,,,,,,,,,, R 3"00
Ior>
T
H Ior>
&
!31 H 3
O 3.62 >$ * >I H hr
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*ha-ter 2
!% Ran-ine cycle with super0heated steam
4n atual power plants various modifiations are usually inorporated to improve overall
performane. :uperheatin$ the steam is one suh modifiation.
Ie are not limited to havin$ saturated vapour at the turbine inletL further ener$y an be added by
heat transfer to the steam# brin$in$ it to a superheated vapour ondition at the turbine inlet.
This is aomplished in a separate heat e8han$er alled a super heater. The ombination of
boiler and super heater is referred to as a steam $enerator.
5ll the e8pressions $iven earlier are suitable for this modifiation.
The T: dia$ram inorporates the modifiation as follows.
0i$ 2.3 T,s dia$ram of a .an>ine yle with superheated steam entry to turbine
4t is evident from the T: dia$ram the enthalpy and entropy at inlet of the turbine are at
superheated state.
The values an be obtained from superheated steam tables.
T
:
2
1
(
3
p
1
p
2
*ha-ter 2
!) Ran-ine cycle with Re0heat
4n the ideal reheat yle# the steam does not e8pand to the ondenser pressure in a sin$le sta$e.
The steam e8pands throu$h a first sta$e turbine )proess 1,2+ to some pressure between the
steam $enerator and ondenser pressures. The steam is then reheated in the steam $enerator
)proess 2,3+. 4deally# there would be no pressure drop as the steam is reheated. 5fter reheatin$#
the steam e8pands in a seond sta$e turbine to the ondenser pressure )proess 3,(+. The
prinipal advanta$e of reheat is to inrease the /uality of the steam at the turbine e8haust.
Ihen omputin$ the thermal effiieny of a reheat yle# it is neessary to aount for the wor>
output of both turbine sta$es as well as the total heat addition ourrin$ in the
vapouri?ation*superheatin$ and reheatin$ proesses.
0i$ 2.( T,s dia$ram of a .eheated .an>ine yle
The han$es in the e8pression are as followsN
Aeat addition O )h
1
, h
"
+ S )h
3
H h
2
+ PPP.eqn 2.8
Aeat re=eted O )h
(
H h
5
+ PPP.eqn 2.9
Ior> of turbine O )h
1
H h
2
+ S )h
3
H h
(
+ PPP.eqn 2.10
Ior> of pump O )h
"
H h
5
+ PPP.eqn 2.11
Pro/lem !!
5 steam plant wor>s on the .an>ine yle with reheat. :team enters the turbine at 35 bar# 350Q9#
and e8pands to 10 bar# where it passes throu$h a reheater# emer$in$ at 350Q9. 4t then e8pands to
the ondenser pressure of 35 >&a. 0or an ideal yle# ompute
)a+ wor>done in A& and D& turbines
)b+ heat added in the reheater
)+ pump wor>
T
:
1
2
3
(
-
1

p
2
p
3
*ha-ter 2
)d+ effiieny
)e+ heat added in the boiler
5t point 1 for 35 bar# 350Q9 from superheated steam tables#
h
1
O 310( >J*>$ s
1
O "."52! >J*>$ ;
5t point 2 10 bar
5t point 3 10 bar# 350Q9
h
3
O 3152.2 >J*>$ s
3
O 2.3011 >J*>$ ;
5t point( 35 >&a
5t point 2 from saturated steam tables#
T
sat2
O 12!.!1 Q9
h
f2
O 2"2.61 >J*>$ s
f2
O 2.1362 >J*>$ ;
h
f$2
O 2015.3 >J*>$ s
f$2
O (.((26 >J*>$ ;
h
$2
O 2226.1 >J*>$ s
$2
O ".56"5 >J*>$ ;
5t point ( from saturated steam tables#
h
f(
O 303.(05 >J*>$ s
f(
O 0.!6(! >J*>$ ;
h
f$(
O 2322."5 >J*>$ s
f$(
O ".23(( >J*>$ ;
h
$(
O 2"31.05 >J*>$ s
$(
O 2.21!3 >J*>$ ;
Ey assumin$ steam is wet at point 2
s
1
O s
2
O s
f2
S R
2
s
f$2
6.6)!/@ 2.1"%! > A2 <4.44!%=
R
2
O 1.02 T 1
:o# steam is superheated at point 2
T
sup
S 223.15
s
1
O s
2
O s
$2
S 9
ps
ln ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
T
sat
S 223.15
T
sup
S 223.15
"."52! O ".56"5 S )2.1+ ln ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
12!.!1 S 223.15
T
sup
O 1!5. 5!Q9
Aene#
h
2
O h
$2
S 9
ps
)T
sup
H T
sat
+
h
2
O 2226.1 S 2.1 )1!5.5! H 12!.!1+
O 2611.026 >J*>$
:imilary# assumin$ steam is wet at point (
s
3
O s
(
O s
f(
S R
(
s
f$(
2.3011O 0.!6(! S R
(
)".23((+
R
(
O 0.!( U 1 so# steam is wet at point (.
h
(
O h
f(
S R
(
h
f$(
O 303.(05 S )0.!(+ 2322."5
O 2(!1.( >J*>$
I
A&
O h
1
H h
2
O 2!2.!22 >J*>$
I
D&
O h
3
H h
(
O """.3 >J*>$
B
.eheat
O h
3
H h
2
O 3("."22 >J*>$
*ha-ter 2
I
&ump
O )p
1
H p
2
+ v
f
O )35,0.35+ 8 100 8 0.001 O 3.("5 >J*>$
h
"
O h
5
S I
&ump
O h
f(
S I
&ump
O 303.(05 S 3.("5
O 30".62 >J*>$
B
Eoiler
O h
1
H h
"

O 310( H 30".62
O 22!2.13 >J*>$
B
:upplied
O B
Eoiler
S B
.eheat
O 22!2.13 S 3("."22
O 31(3.602 >J*>$
I
Cet
OI
Turbine
, I
&ump
O )2!2.!22 S """.3+ H 3.("5
O !55.602 >J*>$
I
Cet
-ffiieny O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
B
:upplied
O 0.30(0
O 30.( 7
*ha-ter 2
Pro/lem !"
5 two sta$e steam turbine with one re,heater wor>s under a boiler pressure of 15 %&a and re,
heater pressure of 2 %&a. The steam temperature at the outlet of boiler is (00Q9 and at the outlet
of re,heater is 350Q9. The net power developed by the plant is13!!5 >I.
@etermine mass flow rate of water supplied to the boiler# if the pump onsumes 1(.! >J*>$. 5lso
find the ratio of heat supplied at the re,heater to the boiler.
p
1
O 15 %&a
p
3
O 2 %&a
T
1
O (00Q9
T
3
O 350Q9
Cet &ower O m
s
)I
T
,I
&
+ O 13!!5 >I
I
&
O 1(.! >J*>$
%ass flow rate of water to boiler ) w
m
+ O V
Aeat supplied at reheater
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, O V
Aeat supplied at boiler
5t point 1 for 15 %&a# (00Q9 from superheated steam tables#
h
1
O 2!25.5 >J*>$ s
1
O 5.6611 >J*>$ ;
5t point 3# p
3
O p
2
O2 %&a# 350Q9 from superheated steam tables#
h
3
O 301".0 >J*>$ s
3
O ".2263 >J*>$ ;
I
&
O )p
1
H p
(
+v
f

1(.! O )15000,p
(
+ 0.001
1 122 -Pa
5t point 2# p
2
O 2 %&a from saturated steam tables#
T
sat2
O 265.66 Q9
h
f2
O 12"2.0 >J*>$ s
f2
O 3.1211 >J*>$ ;
h
f$2
O 1505.1 >J*>$ s
f$2
O 2."!22 >J*>$ ;
h
$2
O 2222.1 >J*>$ s
$2
O 5.6133 >J*>$ ;
s
1
O s
2
O s
f2
S R
2
s
f$2
5.6611 O 3.1211 S R
2
)2."!22+
R
2
O 1.03 T 1 so# steam is superheated at point 2.

s
1
O s
2
O s
$2
S 9
ps
ln
1
]
1
+
+
223.15
223.15
sup
sat
T
T

5.6611 O 5.6133 S )2.1+ ln
1
]
1
+
+
223.15 65.66 2
223.15
sup
T

T
sup2
O 30(.22Q9
*ha-ter 2
Aene# h
2
O h
$2
S 9
ps
)T
sup
H T
sat
+
h
2
O 2222.1 S 2.1

)30(.22 H 265.66+
O 2610."1 >J*>$
5t point (# p
(
O 100 >&a O 0.1 %&a from saturated steam tables#
T
sat(
O !!."3 Q9
h
f(
O (12.(" >J*>$ s
f(
O 1.302" >J*>$ ;
h
f$(
O 2256.0 >J*>$ s
f$(
O ".05"6 >J*>$ ;
h
$(
O 2"25.5 >J*>$ s
$(
O 2.35!( >J*>$ ;
Ey assumin$ steam is wet at point (
s
3
O s
(
O s
f(
S R
(
s
f$(
".2263O 1.302" S R
(
)".05"6+
R
(
O 0.61 U 1 so# steam is wet at point (
h
(
O h
f(
S R
(
. h
f$(
O (12.(" S )0.61+ 2256.0
O 22(".(( >J*>$
I
T
O )h
1
,h
2
+ S )h
3
,h
(
+
O )2!25.5 H 2610."1+ S )301".0 H 22(".((+
O !3(.(5 >J*>$
m
s
)I
T
,I
&
+ O13!!5 >I
m
s
O13!!5 * )!3(.(5 H 1(.!+
O 15.22 >$*se O mass flow rate of water to the boiler O m
w

h
5
O h
f5
O (12.(" >J*>$
h
"
O h
5
S I
&
O (12.(" S 1(.! O (32.(" >J*>$
Aeat supplied at boiler O B
Eoiler
O h
1
,h
"
O 2!25.5 H (32.3"
O 25(3.1( >J*>$
Aeat supplied at re,heater O B
.e,heater
O h
3
,h
2
O 301".0 H 2610."1
O 205.3! >J*>$
205.3!
.atio of heat supplied at re,heater to boiler O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
25(3.1(
O 0.061
*ha-ter 2
!* Ran-ine cycle with Re0generation
4t is one of the ommonly used methods to inrease thermal effiieny of vapour power plants. 4t
is also alled regenerative (eed water heating.
5 part of the steam is e8trated or bled from turbine sta$es and fed into an feed water heater
operatin$ at the e8tration pressure.
The rest of the steam e8pands throu$h the seond sta$e turbine to state 3. This portion of the
total flow is ondensed to saturated li/uid# state (# and introdued into the feed water heater at
the same state. 5 sin$le mi8ed stream e8its the feed water heater at state 5. The li/uid at state 5
is then pumped to the steam $enerator pressure and enters the steam $enerator at state ".
0i$ 2.5 Dayout of a .an>ine yle with re$eneration
4f one >$ of steam is fed into the turbine and some m >$ is bled out at state 2. Then the remainin$
)1,m+ >$ of steam is ontinue to e8pand until ondenser pressure.
Aene# the wor> of the turbine is
Ior> of Turbine O )h
1
,h
2
+ S )1,m+ )h
2
,h
3
+
PPP.eqn 2.12
To $et the /uantity of bled steam out of 1 >$ of steam supplied to turbine# a heat balane analysis
an be adopted aross re$enerator.
Thus the amount of heat $ettin$ in and $oin$ out of re$enerator is same.
m h
2
S )1,m+ h
(
O h
5
PPP.eqn 2.13
Pro/lem !%
5 turbine with one re$enerator is admitted with steam havin$ enthalpy of 3200 >J*>$ at "0 bar. 4t
is then e8hausted to ondenser at an enthalpy of 2200 >J*>$. The ideal re$enerative feed water
heater is fed with 11350 >$*hr of steam at 3.5 bar and with an enthalpy of 2"00 >J*>$. The
ondensate from ondenser is enterin$ heater at 13( >J*>$. 4t leaves the heater dry saturated at
3.5 bar. @etermine the power developed by the turbine and wor> ratio.
1
2
3
(
5
"
Eoiler Turbine
9ondenser .e$enerator
0eed &ump
*ha-ter 2
'iven @ata
h
1
O 3200 >J*>$
h
2
O 2"00 >J*>$
h
3
O 2200 >J*>$
h
(
O 13( >J*>$
p
1
O "0 bar
p
2
O 3.5 bar
m O 11350 >$*hr
5s>ed @ata
&ower O V
Ior> .atio O V
:olution
0rom :aturated :team Tables for 3.5 bar O 0.35 %&a
h
5
O 56(.33 >J*>$
Ior> of the pump O )9han$e in pressure+ W v
f
O )"000 H 350+ 0.001
O 5."5 >J*>$
h
"
O h
5
S Ip
O 56(.33 S 5."5
O 56!.!6 >J*>$
5pplyin$ ener$y balane aross re,$enerator# from e/n 2.13
m h
2
S )1,m+ h
(
O h
5
m 2"00S )1,m+ 13( O 56(.33
m O 0.162" >$* >$ of steam supplied to turbine
This is $iven as 11350 >$*hr O 3.15 >$*se in the problem
Therefore mass of steam supplied to turbine O 3.15*0.162"
O 12.25 >$*se
*ha-ter 2
Therefore from e/n 2.12
Ior> of Turbine O )h
1
,h
2
+ S )1,m+ )h
2
,h
3
+
O )3200 H 2"00+ S )1,0.162"+ )2"00 H 2200+
O !2".!" >J*>$
Therefore#
&ower O mass of steam supplied to turbine 8 I
T
O 12.25 8 !2".!"
O 15!!0 >I
Ior> of Turbine , Ior> of pump
Ior> .atio O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ior> of Turbine
!2".!" H 5."5
O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
!2".!"
O0.!!
Pro/lem !)
5 steam turbine operates on re,$enerative vapour power yle# with one losed feed water heater
reeives some /uantity of steam at intermediate pressure# and develops a net power of 32000
>I. The steam $enerator supplies ((.06 >$*se of steam at 2 %&a and (50Q9. The ondenser
funtions at a vauum pressure of 0.03 %&a. The turbine produes 231.6! >J of wor> per >$ of
steam. The isentropi effiienies of turbine and pump are 627 and 65 7 respetively.
@etermine the fration of steam supplied to feed water heater.

Cet &ower O m
s
)I
T
,I
&
+ O 32000 >I
%ass of steam supplied to turbine ) m
s
+ O ((.06 >$*se
p
1
O 2 %&a
T
1
O (50Q9
p
3
O 0.03 %&a
I
T
O 231.6! >J*>$
X
T
O 627
X
&
O 657
0rational mass of steam to heater )m+ O V
*ha-ter 2
m
s
)I
T
,I
&
+ O 32000 >I
((.06 )231.6! , I
&
+ O 32000
I
&
O 5.!( >J*>$
9onsiderin$# X
&
O657
4deal I
&
O 5.!( 8 0.65 O 5 >J*>$
9onsiderin$ X
T
O627
4deal I
T
O 231.6! * 0.62 O 6!2.5 >J*>$
I
&
O )p
1
H p
2
+v
f
O )2000,p
2
+ 0.001 O 5 >J*>$
p
2
O 2000 >&a O 2 %&a
5t point 1 for 2 %&a# (50Q9 from superheated steam tables#
h
1
O 3262.1 >J*>$ s
1
O "."322 >J*>$ ;
5t point 2# p
2
O 2 %&a from saturated steam tables#
T
sat2
O 212.(2 Q9
h
f2
O !06.2! >J*>$ s
f2
O 2.((2( >J*>$ ;
h
f$2
O 16!0.2 >J*>$ s
f$2
O 3.6!35 >J*>$ ;
h
$2
O 22!!.5 >J*>$ s
$2
O ".3(0! >J*>$ ;
5t point 3# p
2
O 30 >&a from saturated steam tables#
T
sat3
O "!.10 Q9
h
f3
O 26!.23 >J*>$ s
f3
O 0.!(3! >J*>$ ;
h
f$3
O 233".1 >J*>$ s
f$3
O ".62(2 >J*>$ ;
h
$3
O 2"25.3 >J*>$ s
$3
O 2.2"6" >J*>$ ;
s
1
O s
2
O s
f2
S R
2
s
f$2
"."322 O 2.((2(S R
2
)3.6!35+
R
2
O 1.02 T 1 so# steam is superheated at point 2.

s
1
O s
2
O s
$2
S 9
ps
ln
1
]
1
+
+
223.15
223.15
sat
sup
T
T

"."322 O ".3(0! S )2.1+ ln
1
]
1
+
+
223.15 (2 . 2 1 2
223.15
sup
T

T
sup
O 26(.6Q9
Aene# h
2
O h
$2
S 9
ps
)T
sup
H T
sat
+
h
2
O 22!!.5 S 2.1

)26(.6 H 212.(2+
O 2!51.5 >J*>$
:imilarly by assumin$ steam is wet at point 3
s
1
O s
3
O s
f3
S R
3
s
f$3
"."322 O 0.!(3! S R
3
)".62(2+
*ha-ter 2
R
3
O 0.63
h
3
O h
f3
S R
3
h
f$3
O 26!.23 S )0.63+ 233".1
O 2226.1! >J*>$
h
(
O hf
3
O 26!.23 >J*>$
h
5
O hf
2
O !06.2! >J*>$
4n re$eneration yle applyin$ ener$y balane aross feed water heater
m h
2
S )1,m+ h
(
O 1 8 h
5
:ubstitutin$ enthalpy values#
m )2!51.5+ S )1,m+ )26!.23+ O 1 8 !06.2!
m O 0.23 >$ * >$ of steam supplied to turbine
!3 Ran-ine cycle with irreversi/ility
.eversible proesses are not possible to obtain in pratie. Eut for onepts we assume suh
proesses# in .an>ine yle the e8pansion and pumpin$ proesses are ta>en as isentropi
proesses. 4sentropi proess means the heat transfer is ?ero and the han$e in entropy is also
?ero# whih is not possible to obtain in pratie. Aene to ma>e the alulation lose to real we
ta>en up effiienies alled isentropi effiieny for both e8pansion and pumpin$ proesses.
The atual /uantities an be obtained by usin$ the followin$ e8pressions
isen
act
T
W
W

PPP.eqn 2.14
act
isen
Pump
W
W

PPP.eqn 2.15
4n the above e8pressions the effiienies are isentropi effiienies# the isentropi wor> is with
suffi8 isen. 5tual wor> an be determined from the e8pression whih is the atual wor> of
e8pansion and pumpin$ an be e8peted at the real power plants.
Pro/lem !*
9alulate the /uantities as as>ed in &roblem 2.1# if the isentropi effiienies of the e8pansion
and ompression proesses are 607 )O0.6+
isen
act
T
W
W

!31
6 . 0
act
W
kg kJ W
act
* 6 . 2((
:imilarly#
act
isen
Pump
W
W

act
W
3
6 . 0
kg kJ W
act
* 25 . 3
5nd hene# Ior> .atio O 0.!!5
::9 O (.61 >$ * >I,hr
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page "0
*ha-ter 2
E4ercises
E4 #o 1
:team at a pressure of 20 bar and 250Q9 is e8panded throu$h a turbine at first to a pressure of (
bar. 4t is then reheated at onstant to the initial temperature of 250Q9 and is finally e8panded to
0.1 bar.
-stimate the wor> done per >$ of steam flowin$ throu$h the turbine and amount of heat supplied
durin$ the proess of reheat.
9ompare the wor> output when the e8pansion is diret from 20 bar to 0.1 bar without reheat.
5ssume all the pressures are absolute and all e8pansion proesses to be isentropi.
E4 #o !
4n a sin$le,heater re$enerative yle the steam enters the turbine at 50 bar and (50Q9 and the
e8haust pressure is 0.2 bar. The feed water is a diret ontat type# whih operates at 2 bar. 0ind
)a+ the effiieny and steam rate of the yle# if turbine develops 20 %I.
)b+ the inrease in effiieny as ompared to the .an>ine yle without
re,$eneration.
&ump wor> may be ne$leted.
E4#o"
5 reheat .an>ine yle turbine reeives steam at 6 %&a# 300Q9. 4t is then e8panded to reheater
pressure. There it is reheated to 2!"0.2 >J*>$ at 300Q9. Then it is further e8panded to ondenser
pressure of 0.5 bar. 5fter pumpin$ water enters boiler at 100Q9# determine effiieny and ratio of
heat supplied at boiler to reheater.
*ha-ter 2
Re(erences
1. %.%.-l Ia>il# &ower &lant Tehnolo$y# %'raw Aill# Cew Yor># 1!65.
2. ..;..a=put# 5 te8t boo> of &ower &lant -n$ineerin$# 3
rd
edition# Da8mi
&ubliations )&+ Dtd.#Cew @elhi #200". 4:EC 61,2006,"52,3
3. ;.;..amalin$am# &ower &lant -n$ineerin$# :94T-9A# 9hennai# 2002. 4:EC
61,62326,22,0
5dditional Te4t Boo- Re(erence
1. -astop G %9on>ey# 5pplied Thermodynamis for -n$ineerin$
Tehnolo$ists 5
th
edition# &earson &rentie Aall# -n$land# 2002.
4:EC !26,0,562,0!1!3,1 )5vailable in the olle$e library+
2. J.Ieisman and ..->art# %odern &ower &lant -n$ineerin$# &rentie Aall of
4ndia# Cew @elhi# 1!65.
3. %.%.-4 Ia>il# &ower &lant Tehnolo$y# %'raw Aill# Cew Yor># 1!65.
*ha-ter "
Chapter "
6eat Rate7 8an7 8lame Temperature and Com/ustion 5ir Re'uirements
"1 .ntroduction
4n the previous hapter the fundamental thermodynami onepts were disussed. To stream
line a thermal power plant in perfet operation some pratial aspets should also be ta>en are.
0ew of them are the amount of heat re/uired by the boiler to produe steam must be met. To
maintain the furnae with $ood operatin$ pressure a fan must be inluded. The flame
temperature must be at the appropriate level to sustain the ombustion. 0inally the amount of air
re/uired by the fuel has to be supplied with allowable veloity. 4n this hapter these small but
important aspets would be onversed.
"! 6eat Rate
Aeat .ate is the amount of heat transferred to water to produe the re/uired /uantity of steam. 4t
is also alled steamin$ rate.
4t is e8pressed in >J*:e.
The steamin$ rate is used to refer the apaity of boiler. The amount of power produed in the
turbine is based on the /uantity of steam supplied by the boiler. :o# heat rate is one of the
important parameters influenin$ performane of a thermal power plant.
Aeat .ate O 9apaity of boiler W :peifi enthalpy of steam at the re/uired /uality.
)or+
5tual -vaporation

A. O m
a
W h
s
PPP.e/n 3.1
)>J*:e+ )>$*:e+ )>J*>$+
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page ""
*ha-ter "
Pro/lem "1
@etermine the heat rate to produe 200 >$ of dry and saturated steam per hour at 10 bar.
'iven N
m
a
O 200 >$*hr O 200*3"00 O 0.055 >$*se
p O 10 bar
:olution
Aeat .ate O m
a
R h
s
.
0rom steam tables for p O 10 bar )1 %&a+# the saturated enthalpy O 2226.1 >J*>$
Therefore#
A. O 0.055 R 2226.1
O 152.60 >J*se
Pro/lem "!
9alulate the amount of heat to be supplied to $enerate 2 >$*se of steam at 100 bar and 350Q9.
0rom superheated steam tables at the $iven pressure and temperature
h
s
O2!23.( >J*>$
A. O 2 8 2!23.( O 56(".5 >J*:e.
*ha-ter "
"" 8an
""1 Chimney 9raught
The small pressure differene whih auses a flow of $as to ta>e plae is termed as a drau$ht.
The funtion of drau$ht is to fore air to the fire and to arry away the $aseous produts of
ombustion. 4n a boiler furnae proper ombustion ta>es plae only when suffiient /uantity of
air is supplied to the burnin$ fuel.
The drau$ht may be lassified as )i+ Catural and )ii+ 5rtifiial drau$ht
Fnder artifiial drau$ht either fored or indued drau$ht fans are used.
""! 8orced 9raught
4n this system a blower or fan is installed near or at the base of the boiler to fore the air throu$h
the ool bed and other passa$es throu$h the furnae. 4t is a positive pressure drau$ht.
""" .nduced 9raught
4n this system a blower or fan is loated at or near the base of the himney. The pressure over the
fuel bed is redued below that of the atmosphere. Ey reatin$ a partial vauum in the furnae and
flues# the produts of ombustion are drawn from the main flue and they pass up the himney.
This drau$ht is used usually when eonomi?ers and air pre heaters are inorporated in the
system.
""% 8an Power Consumption
The ideal power onsumption of a fan )without losses+ an be e8pressed as
&
i
O dp . / PPP.e/n 3.2
Ihere#
P
i
O ideal power onsumption )I+
dp O total pressure inrease in the fan )&a+
q O air volume flow delivered by the fan )m
3
*s+
The ideal power onsumptions for fans at different air volumes and pressure inreases are
e8pressed in the hart belowN
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page ")
*ha-ter "
:oure N www.en$ineerin$ toolbo8.om
0i$ 3.1 &ower hart for industrial fans
"") 8an E((iciency
The fan effiieny is the ratio between power transferred to the airflow and the power used by
the fan. The fan effiieny is in $eneral independent of the air density and an be
e8pressed asN
Z
f
O dp / * & PPP.e/n 3.3
where
Z
f
O fan effiieny )values between 0 , 1+
dp O total pressure )&a+
/ O air volume delivered by the fan )m
3
*s+
& O power used by the fan )I# Cm*s+
The power used by the fan an be e8pressed asN
& O dp / * Z
f
PPP.e/n 3.(
"% 8lame Temperature
The temperature of flame varies dependin$ on
)i+ the substane bein$ ombusted
)ii+ the e8tent to whih the fuel and o8idi?er have been pre,mi8ed
)iii+ the flow is laminar or turbulent.
*ha-ter "
One of the lowest temperature of flame is the [safety flame[ of a Eunsen burner# to demonstrate
it is on \ about 300 Q9 # while the hottest is arbon sub,nitride burnin$ in pure o8y$en# with a
temperature of (!62 Q9# almost as hot as the surfae of the :un. The nulear [flame[ that heats
the :un is not a hemial flame at all# but it does have an e8tremely hi$h temperature \ the
temperature of flame at the :un's ore is estimated at over 13#000#000 Q9.
Ihen the fuel and o8idi?er are mi8ed well# the temperature of flame is hi$her# as the reation
proeeds more /ui>ly and $enerates more heat.
Ihen the fuel and o8idi?er are not mi8ed at all prior to ombustion# the reation ours
imperfetly# $eneratin$ less total heat.
The olor of a flame is often related to its temperature# althou$h the moleule bein$ burned is
relevant as well.
Di$ht resultin$ =ust from temperature is alled bla>body radiation# and ran$es from
red , 1000 ;
oran$e*yellow , 3000 ;
white or li$ht blue , 5000 ;
0lames an be divided into ( ate$oriesN
a. laminar# premi8ed
b. laminar# diffusion
. turbulent# premi8ed H followed in boilers# air and fuel are premi8ed in burner
d. turbulent# diffusion
") Com/ustion 5ir Re'uirements
0uels that are used in boiler are $enerally hydro,arbons. They an be in any of the three states.
The amount of air re/uired to ompletely ombust the fuel is one of the >ey elements to deide
the performane of thermal power plant.
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page "!
*ha-ter "
5tually ombustion of fuel means o8idation that is addin$ o8y$en with the moleules present in
fuel and onvertin$ them into different ompounds# bein$ e8othermi reations they liberate
hu$e /uantity of heat.
0or e8ample 9 present in fuel an either beome 9O
2
or 9O. 4f enou$h o8y$en is supplied 9
produes 9O
2
# if not it produes 9O.
The ombustion trian$le ontains three elements re/uired for ombustion to ta>e plae. These
elements areN fuel# heat )i$nition+ and air. The re/uirement for fuel is obvious. The re/uirement
for i$nition is e/ually obvious. The re/uirement for air is somewhat less obvious and too often
i$nored beause it is freely available. 4f one of these three elements is removed# the ombustion
proess stops and the ombustion trian$le ollapse.
Ihen boilers are installed in a onfined spae suh as a boiler room# two openin$s
ommuniatin$ diretly with the outside are re/uired. One openin$ is loated hi$h in the outside
wall. The seond openin$ is loated lose to the floor. 4f the boiler room is loated partially or
entirely below $rate# a dut is provided from the lower openin$ terminatin$ at a point e/ual to
the depth of the dut above the floor )0i$ 3.2+.
0i$ 3.2 Eoiler .oom
The most important elements of fuel are arbon and hydro$en# and sometimes a small amount of
sulphur. 4n addition they ontain some o8y$en and a small /uantity of inombustibles )-8N water
vapour# nitro$en# or ash+
5n aurate hemial analysis by mass of the important elements in the fuel is alled the
:&T.M5TE 5#5&;+.+.
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page "%
'.5T- @F9T
DOFM.-
EO4D-. .OO%
0DOO.
*ha-ter "
The followin$ table indiates different types of oal that are ommonly used in thermal power
plants.
Table 3.1
Type Car/on 6ydrogen O4ygen #itrogen 5sh
1.5nthraite !0.22 3.00 02.32 1.(( 2.!2
2.Eituminous 9oal 61.!3 (.62 05.!6 2.32 (.!0
3.Di$nite 5".52 5.22 31.6! 1."2 (.25
(.&eat (3.20 ".(2 ((.3" 1.52 (.00
100 O
2
%inimum air re/uired per >$ of solid fuel O ,,,,,,,, [ 11.5 9 S 3(.5 )A
2
, ,,,,,+ S(.3:]
23 6
PPP.e/n
3.5
)or+
100 6 O
2

%inimum air re/uired per >$ of solid fuel O ,,,,,,,, [ ,,,,,, 9 S 6)A
2
, ,,,,,+ S:]
23 3 6
PPP.e/n 3."
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page "/
*ha-ter "
E4ercises
E4 #o 1
9alulate the amount of heat to be supplied to $enerate 10 >$*se of steam at 12 %&a
and (00Q9 from water at 115Q9.
E4 #o !
Irite the hemial e/uations to find out the amount of O
2
re/uired to ombust the $iven
perenta$e of 9# A
2
and : present in fuel.
E4 #o "
@etermine the minimum amount of air re/uired to ombust 1 >$ of fuel with the followin$
onstituents
9 H 607L A
2
O 37 L : O 0.(7 and the rest is O
2
.
*ha-ter "
Re(erences
rd
edition# Da8mi
61,62326,22,0
*ha-ter 4
Chapter %
Tu/e Re'uirements to Condenser and 8eed ,ater 6eater
%1 .ntroduction
5 thermal power plant involves many numbers of heat e8han$ers. Eut dependin$ upon the
need# purpose and ativity they arry different name. 9ondenser and feed water heater are two
suh heat e8han$ers. 5s the name implies ondenser onverts the steam omin$ out of turbine
into water thus removin$ the latent heat of steam# whih would be sent ba> to boiler. 0eed water
heater is preheatin$ the water before enterin$ boiler# thus minimi?in$ the amount of sensible heat
to be supplied at boiler. The oolin$ soure at ondenser is waterL the heatin$ soure at feed
water heater is the flue $as omin$ out of furnae.
-very heat e8han$er omprises of tubes# in this hapter the re/uirements of suh tubes to
ondenser and feed water heater will be disussed.
%! Condenser
4n a thermal power plant# a ondenser unit is attahed to the e8it of the steam turbine and the
pressure in this unit is maintained to be far below that of atmosphere. This partial vauum is
maintained by a powerful vauum pump. Ey this means the steam an e8pand in the turbine from
the boiler pressure to a pressure lower than that of atmosphere. Ey this $reater e8tend of
e8pansion# the steam produes more power
[3]
.
%" 8eed ,ater 6eater
0eed water heater is a heat e8han$er whih uses the waste heat from the e8haust $ases to heat
the feed water before its entry into the boiler. The supply of preheated water redues the amount
of heat to be added in the boiler for onvertin$ the same into steam. &reheated water supply also
redues the thermal stresses whih will be indued due to the variations in the temperature of
water in the drum.
The provision of feed water heater inreases the effiieny of the boiler onsiderably. The steam
$enerator effiieny rises about 17 for eah 5Q9 rise in feed water temperature
[3]
.4n the feed
water heater the heatin$ surfae is built of a number of tubes arran$ed in $roups. The number of
tubes in eah row# the len$th of the tubes# and the number of $roups depend on the performane
re/uired. 4n feed water heater the water flow throu$h the feed water heater tubes and the hot
$ases flow over the tubes. These tubes are usually sta$$ered in a sinuous form.
%% Tu/e and Pipe Re'uirements
The pipin$ system in steam power plant is divided into four ate$ories
)i+ :T-5% &4&4C'
)ii+ I5T-. &4&4C'
)iii+ EDOI,O00 &4&4C'
)iv+ OTA-.:
%%1 Re'uirements o( steam piping system
)a+ %a8imum reliability
)b+ :hould be of neessary si?e
)+ %ust withstand the pressure to whih it is sub=eted
*ha-ter 4
)d+ 4t should be possible to arry out inspetion at any point without shut,down the entire
system
)e+ &ipes should be made in lon$est possible len$th to redue the number of =oints
)f+ :hould be able to withstand the temperature and e8pansion aused due to the
temperature han$es
)$+ &ipe should run as diret and strai$ht as possible
)h+ &ipin$ system should ensure an effiient draina$e of all pipes
%%! Materials (or tu/es in Condenser and 8eed ,ater 6eater<
5 ,RO:$6T .RO#<
This material is used for low and medium pressure ran$e and should not be used when
pressure is more than 250 psi )12 bar+.
B ,RO:$6T +TEE&<
%ost of the pipes used in power stations are made up of this material. The ost is
relatively less.
C 5&&O; +TEE&<
Fsed for hi$h temperature appliations.
9hromium steel pipes are used for temperature hi$her than 525Q9. 0or temperature
between (00 H 525 Q9 arbon molybdenum steel may be used. Ci>el and vanadium are
also used.
9hromium improves orrosion and o8idation resistane.
Ci>el adds tou$hness to the materials.
%olybdenum improves reep stren$th.
9 COPPER and BR5++<
%ostly used for oil lines# but hi$h in ost. The ma8imum pressure is limited to 20>$*m
2
.
Tubes of lar$e si?e arryin$ very hi$h pressure and temperature steam is made by turnin$
and borin$ solid for$in$s.
%%" .nsulation o( steam piping<
4nsulatin$ hot pipes not only onserves heat but also avoids an unomfortable overheated
atmosphere in lose of pipe.
The insulatin$ material should possess the followin$ properties
Eare surfae loss , insulated loss
a. Ai$h insulatin$ effiieny O ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]
Eare surfae loss

a. :hould not be affeted by moisture.
b. :hould be able to withstand hi$h temperature
. :hould not overload the pipe by its dead wei$ht.
d. :hould have hi$h mehanial stren$th.
*ha-ter 4
Tubes of large sie !arr"i#g $er" %ig% &ressure a#' (e)&era(ure s(ea) is )a'e b"
(ur#i#g a#' bori#g soli' forgi#gs*
%%% +election o( tu/e (or (eed water heater<
&reheatin$ feed water auses sale H formin$ dissolved salts to preipitate outside the boiler and
removes dissolved O
2
and 9O
2
# whih orrode boiler material. :o# orrosive resistant material
suh as stainless steel is used in feed water heaters.
0i$ (.1 0eed Iater Aeater
9losed or :urfae feed heaters are used for hi$h temperatures and pressures and have hi$her
stren$th.
The water tubes are of 1" to 25 mm diameter and made up of brass and strethed between two
end sheets of %unt? metal or soft steel# one of these bein$ fi8ed and the other Jfloatin$K to ta>e
up the e8pansion strain in tubes.
:anned ima$e from .ef[2]
*ha-ter 4
Re(erences
rd
edition# Da8mi
61,62326,22,0
Chapter )
Blade +hape and ,or- Output Calculations
)1 .ntroduction
The most si$nifiant part of a thermal power station desi$nin$ is the turbine blade. The shape of
a turbine blade is often termed as +AEROFOIL,. This is the shape whih offer very less entry as
well as e8it loss to the fluid flow# thus transformin$ ma8imum ener$y from fluid into mehanial
ener$y. The followin$ dia$ram desribes a sin$le turbine blade. The two main omponents are
blade ross setion and blade hei$ht.
0i$ 5.1 :in$le Turbine Elade
)! #omenclature o( aero(oil cross section
0i$ 5.2 5erofoil 9ross :etion
The above dia$ram mentions some of the basi nomenlature of an aerofoil setion.
Elade ross setion
Elade hei$ht
9hord Den$th
9amper Dine
*ha-ter )
)" Tur/ine +tages
4n atual turbine two types of blades are in use. One is fi8ed blade )no??le+ and another is
movin$ blade. 0i8ed blade onverts the potential ener$y of steam into >ineti ener$y. %ovin$
blade transforms that >ineti ener$y into mehanial ener$y. One set of fi8ed and movin$ blade
is alled a turbine sta$e.
@ependin$ upon the pressure differene between the boiler and ondenser as muh as 2( sta$es
had been pratied.
0i$ 5.3 One Turbine :ta$e
:et of blade often termed rin$. :imilar >ind of sets $ives additional turbine sta$es.
)% Classi(ication o( steam tur/ine
There are several ways in whih the steam turbines may be lassified. The most important and
ommon division bein$ with respet to the action o( the steam as
a. I+-ulse
1. Reaction
c. *o+1ination o( I+-ulse and Reaction
Other are
5ordin$ to the number of sta$es ):in$le,sta$e and %ulti,sta$e+ and diretion of steam flow
)58ial or .adial+ et.#
0i8ed Elade .in$
%ovin$ Elade .in$
*ha-ter )
)) ,or- output o( a single tur/ine stage
0i$ 5.( Meloity dia$ram for movin$ blade
The above dia$ram shows the veloity dia$ram of a sin$le sta$e impulse turbine
9
bl
O Dinear veloity of movin$ blade )m*s+
9
1
O 5bsolute veloity of steam enterin$ movin$ blade )m*s+
9
0
O 5bsolute veloity of steam leavin$ movin$ blade )m*s+
9
w1
O Ihirl veloity at the entrane of movin$ blade
9
w0
O Ihirl veloity at the e8it of movin$ blade
9
f1
O 0low veloity at entrane of movin$ blade
9
f0
O 0low veloity at e8it of movin$ blade
9
r1
O .elative veloity of steam at entrane of movin$ blade
9
r0
O .elative veloity of steam at e8it of movin$ blade
^ O Co??le 5n$le at entry
_ O Co??le 5n$le at e8it
` O Elade an$le at entry of movin$ blade
a O Elade an$le at e8it of movin$ blade
9
1
9
r1
9
f1
9
bl
9
w1
9
bl
9
w0
9
0
9r
0
9
f0
9
bl
^
`
a
_
9
ro
*ha-ter )
The wor> output of a sin$le blade may be found out from the han$e of momentum of the steam
=et durin$ its flow over the blade. 4t is only the veloity of whirl whih performs wor> on the
blade sine it ats in its )blade+ diretion of motion.
0rom Cewton1s seond law of motion
0ore )tan$ential+ on the wheel O mass of steam 8 aeleration
O mass of steam*se 8 han$e of veloity
O
s
)9
w1
H 9
w0
+ PPP.eqn 5.1
T%e $alue of C
-.
is a!(uall" #ega(i$e as (%e s(ea) is 'is!%arge' i# (%e o&&osi(e 'ire!(io# (o (%e
bla'e )o(io#/ (%erefore/ 'ue !o#si'era(io# s%oul' be gi$e# (o (%e fa!( (%a( (%e $alues of C
-0
a#' C
-.
are (o be a''e' -%ile 'oi#g (%e solu(io# of (%e &roble)*
Ior> done on blades * se O 0ore 8 distane travelled * se
O
s
)9
w1
S 9
w0
+ 8 9
bl
PPP.eqn 5.2
&ower per wheel O
s
)9
w1
S 9
w0
+ 8 9
bl
s
9
w
9
bl
O ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, >I PPP.eqn 5.3
1000
*ha-ter )
E4ercises
E4 #o 1
5 turbine blade reeives fluid at 1( m*se and leaves at ! m*se absolute veloities. The no??le
inlet and outlet an$les are 1!Q and 21Q. @etermine the wor> developed by the blade per
unit flow rate in >I# if the wheel diameter is (0m and spins at 2( rps.
E4 #o !
Aow to alulate the whirl and flow veloitiesV
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page )0
*ha-ter )
Re(erences
rd
edition# Da8mi &ubliations )&+
Dtd.#Cew @elhi #200". 4:EC 61,2006,"52,3
3. ;.;..amalin$am# &ower &lant -n$ineerin$# :94T-9A# 9hennai# 2002. 4:EC 61,62326,22,0
1. J.Ieisman and ..->art# %odern &ower &lant -n$ineerin$# &rentie Aall of 4ndia# Cew
@elhi# 1!65.
Chapter *
$as Tur/ine
*1 .ntroduction
The $as turbine is the most satisfatory way of produin$ very lar$e /uantities of power in a self,
ontained and ompat unit. 4t omprises of a ompressor# a ombustion hamber and a $as
turbine unit. To improve the thermal effiieny of a $as turbine unit a heat e8han$er an be
inluded. The thermal effiieny of a $as turbine unit alone is 20 to 307# whih is low ompared
with that of a modern steam plant 36 to (07. 4t is possible to onstrut ombined plants where
effiienies are (57 or more.
*! Open cycle $as Tur/ine
The fundamental $as turbine unit operatin$ on the open yle has a ompressor and a turbine
mounted on a ommon shaft. 5ir is drawn into the ompressor and after ompression passes to a
ombustion hamber. -ner$y is supplied in the ombustion hamber by sprayin$ fuel into the air
stream# and the resultin$ hot $ases e8pand throu$h the turbine to the atmosphere. 4n order to
ahieve networ> output from the unit# the turbine must develop more $ross wor> output than is
re/uired to drive the ompressor and to overome mehanial losses in the drive.
0i$ ".1 Open yle $as turbine
The produts of ombustion omin$ out from the turbine are e8hausted to the atmosphere as they
annot be used further. The wor>in$ fluid )air and fuel+ must be replaed ontinuously as they
e8hausted into the atmosphere.
9 T
99
2
3
(
1
-
v
1
2
"
4
4
,
1
2
"
4
*ha-ter 6
*" Closed cycle $as Tur/ine
0i$ ".2 9losed yle $as turbine
The above fi$ure shows a $as turbine operatin$ on a onstant pressure yle in whih the losed
system onsists of air behavin$ as an ideal $as. 5 heat e8han$er or otherwise >nown as ooler is
used to ool the e8haust fluid from $as turbine and reyle the same to the ompressor. :o# the
wor> input ta>en by the ompressor redues# thus improves the overall thermal effiieny as well
as the net wor> output of the $as turbine unit.
*% Per(ormance 5nalysis
0i$ ".3 pv and T: dia$ram
-ffiieny )
+ O
ed 2eat,u--li
6or.done #et
O
in
?
net
6or.
O
in
?
out
?
in
?
PPP.eqn 6.1
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page )"
1
9 T
99
2 3
(
*ha-ter 6
Aeat is supplied durin$ onstant pressure proess 2 H 3
B
in
O 9
p
)T
3
H T
2
+ PPP.eqn 6.2
Aeat is re=eted durin$ onstant pressure proess (, 1
B
out
O 9
p
)T
(
H T
1
+ PPP.eqn 6.3
:ubstitutin$ the above values of heat supplied and heat re=eted in the effiieny e/n".1
-ffiieny )
+ O
in
?
out
?
in
?
O
( ) ( )
( )
2 " -
1 4 - 2 " -
4 4 *
4 4 * 4 4 *

O
( ) ( )
( )
2 "
1 4 2 "
4 4
4 4 4 4

O1
( )
( )
2 "
1 4
4 4
4 4
O1
,
_
,
_
1
4
4
4
1
4
4
4
2
"
2
1
4
1
PPP.eqn 6.4
&roesses 1,2 and 3,( are isentropi
&roesses 2,3 and (,1 are isobari
Aene p
2
O p
3
and p
(
O p
1
the pMT relationship for isentropi proess yields
b
1 b
,
_
1
-
2
-
1
4
2
4
b
1 b
,
_
4
-
"
-
4
4
"
4
:ine# p
2
O p
3
and p
(
O p
1

,
_
b
1 b
1
-
2
-
1
4
2
4
,
_
b
1 b
4
-
"
-

4
4
"
4
:o#
1
4
2
4
O
4
4
"
4

On ross multipliation
1
4
4
4
O
2
4
"
4
PPP.eqn 6.5
:ubstitutin$ e/n ".5 in e/n ".(
*ha-ter 6
O 1
2
1
4
4
PPP.eqn 6.6
O 1
b
1 b
,
_
2
-
1
-
O 1
( ) b
1 b
-
r
1
PPP.eqn 6.7
Pro/lem *1
5 $as turbine unit has a pressure ratio of "N1 and ma8imum yle temperature of "10Q9.
9alulate the power output in >I of an eletri $enerator $eared to the turbine when the air
enters the ompressor at 15Q9 at the rate of 1" >$*se.
p
2
* p
1
O "
T
3
O "10Q9 O 663 ;
T
1
O 15 Q9 O 266 ;
+
O 1" >$*se
0or isentropi proess
,
_
1
2
1
2
-
-
4
4
( ) 1.4
1 1.4
1
2
6 2%%
4
4

T
2
O (61 ;
:imilarly for the turbine T
(
O 52!.2 ;
Ior> of the ompressor )I
9
+O +
9
p
)T
2
H T
1
+
O 1" 8 1.005 )(61 H 266+
O 3103.(( >I
Ior> of the turbine )I
T
+ O +
9
p
)T
3
H T
(
+
O 1" 8 1.005 )663 H 52!.2+
O 5"6!.1 >I
Cet wor> output O I
T
, I
9
O 2565.""( >I
Pro/lem *!
5 hi$h speed $as turbine power plant reeives $as at 1500 ;# produes 100 %I. The
ompressor wor>s with a pressure ratio of 12. The atmospheri onditions are 101 >&a and (0Q9.
@etermine#
)i+ The mass flow rate of air.
)ii+ The thermal effiieny of the power plant.
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page ))
*ha-ter 6

&ower O 100 %I
T
3
O 1500 ;
T
1
O (0 Q9 O 313 ;
p
1
O 101 >&a
p
2
* p
1
O 12
T
2
O "3"."2 ;
T
(
O 232.(! ;
B
in
O 9
p
)T
3
H T
2
+
O 1.005 ) 1500 H "3"."2+
O 6"2.20 >J*>$

O 0.51
I
net
O -ffiieny 8 heat input
O 0.51 8 6"2.2
O ((2. 522 >J*>$
&ower O mass flow rate 8 I
net
100 8 10
3
O mass flow rate 8 ((2.522
%ass flow rateO 225.!2 >$*se
*) $as Tur/ine with Reheat and Regeneration
.eheat and .e$eneration are employed with simple Erayton yle to inrease the speifi output
and thermal effiieny of the plant.
*)1 Reheat<
The output of a $as turbine an be amply improved by e8pandin$ the $ases in two sta$es with a
re,heater between the two as shown in 0i$ ".(.
,
_
1
1
]
1
b
1 b
1
-
2
-
1
4
2
4
[ ]

,
_

( . 1
1 ( . 1
12
"1"
2
4
4
4
"
4
1
4
2
4
1
1
2
p
p
1
1

,
_

*ha-ter 6
The A& turbine drives the ompressor and the D& turbine provides the useful power output.
Ce$letin$ mehanial losses the wor> output of the A& turbine must be e8atly e/ual to the
wor> input re/uired for the ompressor.
5lthou$h net wor> is inreased by reheatin$ the heat to be supplied is also inreased# and the net
effet an be to redue the thermal effiieny.
*
**
2P4
R2
&P4
6
0i$ ".( 'as Turbine with .e,heater
*)! Regeneration<
The e8haust $ases from a $as turbine arry a lar$e /uantity of heat with them sine their
temperature is far above the ambient temperature. They an be used to heat the air omin$ from
the ompressor thereby reduin$ the mass of fuel supplied in the ombustion hamber. 0i$ ".5
shows a $as turbine plant with a re$enerator. The ma8imum temperature to whih the air ould
be heated in the heat e8han$er is ideally that of e8haust $ases# but less than this is obtained in
pratie beause a temperature $radient must e8ist for an unassisted heat transfer.
*
**
4
Re0generator
0i$ ".5 'as Turbine with .e,$enerator
The re$enerative yle has hi$her effiieny than the simple yle only at low pressure ratios. 5t
pressure ratios above ertain limit the effiieny of the re$enerative yle drops sine in that ase
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page )!
*o+-ressor
$as
4ur1ine
,tea+
4ur1ine
*o+1ustion
*ha+1er
2eat Recovery
,tea+ $enerator
*ondenser
3eed Pu+-
*ooling
6ater
*ircuit
*ha-ter 6
the re$enerator will ool the ompressed air enterin$ the ombustion hamber instead of heatin$
it.
** Com/ined Cycle Power Plants
The plant ombines a 'as Turbine &lant Toppin$ Fnit with a :team Turbine &lant. That means
the ombined yle plant ombines a Erayton 9yle on top and a .an>ine 9yle at the bottom.
This is harateri?ed by hi$h inlet temperature and low e8haust temperature and hene hi$h
effiieny of around (57.
0i$ "." 9ombined 9yle &lant
The 'as Turbine Fnit in a ombined yle is li>e that in a simple $as turbine plant. Aowever the
e8haust is not wasted into atmosphere. The heat is reovered in a Aeat .eovery :team
'enerator and the steam so $enerated is supplied to the :team 'enerator Fnit.
The omparisons of effiieny for different types are as follows.
Table ".1
Comparison o( E((iciency
Type E((iciency
.an>ine 35
:imple Erayton 20
9ombined (5
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page )%
*ha-ter 6
*3 $eneral aspects
*31 5pplications
%a=or fields of appliation of $as turbines are
a. 5viation
1. Power $eneration
c. Oil and gas industry
d. Marine -ro-ulsion
*3! 5dvantages
a. ,el( contained
1. &ight weight
c. #o cooling water re'uired (or o-en cycle -lant
d. &ow installation cost
e. ?uic. starting
*3" 9is0advantages
a. #ot sel(0starting
1. &ow e((iciencies at -art loads
c. #on irreversi1ility
d. 2igher rotor s-eeds
e. &ow overall -lant e((iciency
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page )/
*ha-ter 6
E4ercises
E4 #o 1
5ir enters the ompressor of a $as turbine plant operatin$ on Erayton yle at 101.325 >&a#
22Q9. The pressure ratio in the yle is ". 9alulate the ma8imum temperature in the yle and
the yle effiieny.
5ssume I
T
O 2.5 I
9
# where I
T
and I
are the turbine and ompressor wor> respetively.

Ta>e b O 1.(
5nswer T
3
O 1251 ; L X O (07
I
T
O 2.5 I
E4 #o !
5n isentro-ic air tur1ine is used to su--ly 0.1 .gBsec o( air at 0.1 M#B+
2
and at 2%) C to
a ca1in. 4he -ressure at inlet to the tur1ine is 0.4 M#B+
2
. ;eter+ine the te+-erature at
tur1ine inlet and the -ower develo-ed 1y the tur1ine.
5ssu+e *- @ 1.0 .DB.g C.
5nswer 4" @ 42".) C E P @ 1".%) .6. F 2int G 64 @ *- < 4 " H 44= I
E4 #o "
5ir enters the co+-ressor at 1.0 1ar and 20J*. 4he -ressure o( air leaving the
co+-ressor is ".) 1ar and the te+-erature at tur1ine inlet is 600J*. ;eter+ine -er .g o(
air G
<i= E((iciency o( cycle
<ii= 2eat su--lied to air
<iii= 6or. availa1le at the sha(t
<iv= 2eat reected in the cooler and
<v= 4e+-erature o( air leaving the tur1ine
*ha-ter 6
Re(erences
rd
edition# Da8mi
61,62326,22,0
*ha-ter !
Chapter 3
6ydro Power and ,ind Power Tur/ines
31 .ntroduction
5 hydro power turbine onverts the potential ener$y of water into mehanial ener$y whih in
turn is utili?ed to run an eletri $enerator to $et eletri ener$y. :imilarly wind power turbine
onverts the >ineti ener$y of wind into mehanial ener$y whih in turn is used to run an
eletri $enerator to $et eletri ener$y. The eletri ener$y produed by hydro power turbine
would be 59 and the same with wind power turbine would be mostly @9.
3! Classi(ication o( 6ydro Power Tur/ines
a 5ccording to the head and 'uantity o( water availa/le
)i+ 4mpulse turbine H Ai$h head and low /uantity of water
)ii+ .eation turbine H Dow head and hi$h /uantity of water
/ 5ccording to the #ame o( the Originator
)i+ &elton turbine H 4mpulse turbine
)ii+ 0ranis turbine H .eation turbine )medium head and medium /uantity of
water+
)iii+ ;aplan turbine H .eation turbine )Dow head and hi$h /uantity of water+
c 5ccording to action o( water on the moving /lades
)i+ 4mpulse turbine H &elton turbine
)ii+ .eation turbine H 0ranis turbine G ;aplan turbine
d 5ccording to direction o( (low o( water in the runner /lades
)i+ Tan$ential flow turbine )&elton turbine+
)ii+ .adial flow turbine
)iii+ 58ial flow turbine );aplan turbine+
)iv+ %i8ed flow turbine )0ranis turbine+ both radial and a8ial flow turbine
e 5ccording to the disposition o( sha(t
)i+ Aori?ontal shaft
)ii+ Mertial shaft
( 5ccording to speci(ic speed =#
s
>
)i+ &elton turbine H 10 to 35 rpm
)ii+ 0ranis turbine H "0 to 300 rpm
)iii+ ;aplan turbine H 120 to 1000 rpm
S&e!ifi! s&ee' of s%af( is 'efi#e' as (%e s&ee' of a geo)e(ri!all" si)ilar (urbi#e (%a(
-oul' 'e$elo& o#e bra1e %orse &o-er u#'er (%e %ea' of 0)*
All geo)e(ri!all" si)ilar (urbi#es 2irres&e!(i$e of (%eir sies3 -ill %a$e (%e sa)e
s&e!ifi! s&ee' -%e# o&era(i#g u#'er (%e sa)e !o#'i(io#s of %ea' a#' flo-*
*ha-ter !
3" Classi(ication o( ,ind Power Tur/ines
0i$ 2.1 -ner$y onversions in a typial Iind Turbine.
9ourtesy N www.Aow:tuffIor>s.om
;ineti ener$y of the onomin$ air stri>es the rotor blades# turnin$ them# and hene the a8ial
>ineti ener$y is turned into mehanial ener$y of the rotatin$ blades.
:ome of this mehanial ener$y is lost in the ontrol mehanism# onsistin$ of the $ear bo8 and
bra>e to re$ulate the speed and math it with that of the $enerator. :ome ener$y losses are
enountered due to frition.
The shaft turnin$ with the remainin$ ener$y will rotate in turn the $eneratorL hene onvertin$
it1s the output into eletrial ener$y )i.e.# mehanial to eletrial ener$y+.
:ome losses are dissipated throu$h the mehanial onnetions between the turbine and the
eletrial $enerator.
%ahines usin$ rotors as wind ener$y olletors may be lassified in terms of the orientation of
their a8is of rotation# relative to the wind,stream.
)i+ Aori?ontal,a8is rotors , for whih the a8is of rotation is hori?ontal and parallel to the
wind
)ii+ Mertial,a8is rotors , for whih the a8is of rotation is vertial and perpendiular to the wind
Iind turbines an also be lassified aordin$ to their si?es.
*ha-ter !
)a+ +mall ,ind Tur/inesN Dess than 12 meters in diameter with ma8imum power outputs of
between 50 I and 50 >I. These are used as stand,alone systems for water pumpin$# battery
har$in$ or small,sale power $eneration appliations.
)b+ Medium0si?ed ,ind Tur/inesN Fp to about (0 meters in diameter with ma8imum power
outputs of up to 250 >I. These are used for eletrial power $eneration appliations and usually
onneted to a main $rid.
)+ &arge ,ind Tur/inesN 'reater than about (0 meters in diameter and have been built as lar$e
as 100 meters in diameter. The lar$est an provide power outputs of up to 5 %I.
Eoth medium and lar$e si?e wind turbines an be $rouped to$ether in wind farms.
*ha-ter !
E4ercises
1. Ihih turbine is preferred for low head and low flow rate and whyV
2. Aow to lassify hydrauli turbines based on the pressure headV
3. -numerate the use of draft tube.
Re(erences
rd
edition# Da8mi
61,62326,22,0
Chapter @
Power $eneration (rom Renewa/le 6eat +ources
and
5lternate 8uels
@1 .ntroduction
:ome of the renewable heat soures are 'eothermal# Oean thermal# :olar thermal power plants.
5lternate fuels are Eio fuels and :yntheti fuels.
@! $eothermal Energy Conversion
The earth rust is in hot ondition. The heat ener$y is available there in earth1s rust and it is
easily aessible upto a depth of 10 >m. The term $eothermal is defined as Jall the heat
stored in the earth1s rust above 15Q9 to a depth of 10 >m.
The hot molten ro> alled Jma$maK usually present at a depth of 25 to (0 >m. The ma$ma also
present lose to the surfae of the earth in some plaes due to $eolo$ial onditions.
Aene this heat ener$y an be tapped artifiially to $enerate steam. The total amount of heat
ener$y available upto a depth of 10>m is far $reater than the heat obtained from
ombustion of fossil fuels. Only small portion of this heat is tapped so far and there is
sope to use $eothermal ener$y.
The earth1s surfae is lassified into three broad $roups. They are
)i+ Con thermal areas )10Q to (0Q 9 per >m depth+
)ii+ :emi thermal areas ) 20Q9 per >m depth+
)iii+ Ayper thermal areas
)a+ Iet fields H produes wet steam# small fration of that steam splashed into
steam and a ma=or portion remains as hot water.
)b+ @ry fields H produes dry saturated and super heated steam at a pressure
above atmospheri.
*ha-ter %
:oure N httpN**visual.merriam,webster.om
0i$ 6.1 'eothermal &ower &lant
5dvantages
1. Mersatile and heaper ompared to onventional power plants.
2. Deast pollutin$ ompared to onventional power plants.
3. Ai$hest load fator.
(. Ai$h ener$y density.
9isadvantages
1. Dow overall effiieny.
2. :team and water from the earth may ontain harmful A
2
:# 9o
2
# CA
3
and other $ases.
3. @rillin$ of earth reates lot of noise.
(. Dar$e area is re/uired.
*ha-ter %
@" Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
The first system this >ind was proposed by the 0renh physiist Ja/uesd15rsonval in the year
1661. This OT-9 is another form of utili?in$ the solar ener$y indiretly.
The basi priniple behind this ener$y onversion system is utili?in$ the temperature $radient
e8istin$ between the surfae level sea water and the deep water.
The surfae sea water whih is e8posed to the :unli$ht is in warm ondition. The deep water is
in old ondition. There is a temperature differene of the order of 20 H 25; is e8istin$.
The warm water an be used to vapori?e some low boilin$ or$ani fluids. Then the
vapour an run a turbine oupled with $enerator to produe power. The e8it vapour from
the turbine is ondensed usin$ the old water from the deeper re$ions. The amount of
ener$y available for the $eneration of oean thermal power is enormous.
Two methods normally adopted are
)i+ Open yle OT-9 system )9laude yle+
)ii+ 9losed yle OT-9 system )5nderson yle+
@% +olar Thermal Power plant<
-letri power from sunli$ht by fousin$ onentrated solar radiation on a tower mounted heat
e8han$er. 4t is best suited for lar$e sale appliations of 30,(00 %I.
Di/uid salt at 2!0
o
9 is pumped from a stora$e tan> throu$h the reeiver# where it is at 5"5
o
9 and
then to a hot stora$e tan>. The hot salt is pumped to a steam $eneratin$ system that produes
superheated steam for a onventional Ra#1i#e !"!le (urbi#e ge#era(or s"s(e).
4n this system several heliostats are loated on the $round level. 5 heliostat is a nearly flat mirror
with the provision to tra> the sun in two planes. The refleted rays are pointed towards a 9entral
.eeiver mounted on a tall tower. -ah heliostat has its own tra>in$ system.
5 lar$e entral reeiver power plant is usually built with modular onept. -ah power plant may
have 2 to 10 modules. -ah module may be rated for 10 %I to 100 %I.
@) Bio 8uels<
Eiofuel is defined as solid# li/uid or $aseous fuel obtained from lifeless or livin$ biolo$ial
material and is similar to fossil fuels# whih are derived from lon$ dead biolo$ial material. 5lso#
various plants and plant,derived materials are used for biofuel manufaturin$.
'lobally# biofuels are most ommonly used to power vehiles# heat homes# and for oo>in$.
Eiofuel industries are e8pandin$ in -urope# 5sia and 5meria. .eent tehnolo$y developed at
Dos 5lamos Cational Dab even allows for the onversion of pollution into renewable bio fuel.
5$rofuels are biofuels whih are produed from speifi rops# rather than from waste proesses
suh as landfill off,$assin$ or reyled ve$etable oil.
*ha-ter %
There are two ommon strate$ies of produin$ li/uid and $aseous a$rofuels. One is to $row
rops hi$h in su$ar )su$ar ane# su$ar beet# and sweet sor$hum or starh )orn*mai?e+# and then
use yeast fermentation to produe ethyl alohol )ethanol+. The seond is to $row plants that
ontain hi$h amounts of ve$etable oil# suh as oil palm# soybean# al$ae# =atropha# or pon$amia
pinnata. Ihen these oils are heated# their visosity is redued# and they an be burned diretly in
a diesel en$ine# or they an be hemially proessed to produe fuels suh as biodiesel. Iood
and its byproduts an also be onverted into biofuels suh as wood$as# methanol or ethanol
fuel.
@* +ynthetic 8uels
:yntheti fuel is a li/uid fuel obtained from oal# natural $as# or biomass. 4t may also refer to
fuels derived from other solids suh as plastis or rubber waste# or from the fermentation of bio,
matter.
:yntheti fuels are lassified based on what feedsto> was used to reate them. Ey far# the three
most prominent proesses are 9oal,To,Di/uids )9TD+# 'as,To,Di/uids )'TD+ and Eiomass,To,
Di/uids )ETD+.
The widest used form of syntheti fuel is li/uefied oal and its derivatives. The 0isher,Tropsh
&roess# developed by Ca?i 'ermany and used by :asol in :outh 5fria today is one of the most
used for onvertin$ oal# as well as biomass or natural $as# into syntheti fuels.
@*1 +teps to produce synthetic (uel
1. 9onvert the fuel into arbon mono8ide and hydro$en $as# in natural $ases li>e
methane# this re/uires partial ombustion.
2. 0or oal or biomass# $asifiation is neessary# whih means ombinin$ the material
with water and o8y$en or air at hi$h temperatures.
3. The arbon in the oal ombines with o8y$en in the water to reate arbon mono8ide#
whih the leftover hydro$en atoms reate hydro$en $as.
(. This produes a substane alled :yn$as# whih an itself by used as a fuel# or further
proessed into diesel or another derivative.
*ha-ter %
E4ercises
1. 9ompare the positive aspets of $eothermal power plant over OT-9.
2. Ihat is the strate$y suitable to Oman to produe bio,fuelV Justify your answer.
3. Dist the advanta$es of syntheti fuel onversion.
Re(erences
rd
Dtd.#Cew @elhi #200". 4:EC 61,2006,"52,3
3. :..ao and @r.E.E.&arule>ar# -ner$y Tehnolo$y#3
rd
edition# ;hanna &ubliations#Cew
@elhi# 1!!!. 4:EC 61,2(0!,0(0,1
1. J.Ieisman and ..->art# %odern &ower &lant -n$ineerin$# &rentie Aall of 4ndia# Cew
@elhi# 1!65.
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page !0
Chapter A
9irect Electric Power Conversion +ystems
A1 .ntroduction
The diret eletri power onversion systems are possessin$ overall thermal effiieny of more
than "07 sine they do not have mehanial ener$y onversion from primary soure in their
ener$y route. They do not reate noise pollution as well. :o# they an be utili?ed for small sale
appliations.
Eut the disadvanta$e is the initial investment over the e/uipment is enormous# in addition the
si?e is also bi$.
:ome of the ommonly used diret eletri power onversion systems are solar photovoltai#
thermioni# and fuel ell devies.
A! +olar Photovoltaic Cell
The :olar &hoto,Moltai ells )&M ells+ onvert the inident solar li$ht ener$y diretly to
eletrial ener$y in @9 form. 5 sin$le ell has a rated volta$e of about 0.5 M and rated power of
about 0.3 I.
4n the 1!50s# 5merian en$ineers sou$ht a method to power F.:. spae satellites. They found it
in an e8istin$ proess that used ener$y from the sun alled photo,voltais )&M+. Ie still use
photo,voltais to ener$i?e orbitin$ satellites# spae stations# and the Aubble telesope. Ea> on
the earth# &M is widely used for everythin$ from roadside all bo8es to lar$e power plants.
4n photovoltais# photons of sunli$ht reat with speially desi$ned materials in a proess that
results in eletriity. &hoto means li$ht# and voltai refers to the eletrial urrent. The smallest
unit is a photovoltai ell# made of wafer,thin layers that reat to sunli$ht to reate eletriity.
The most ommon material in use today is silion# either in rystalline form or thin films# but
other materials are bein$ investi$ated. :olar ells are wired to$ether to ma>e modules# and
modules are ombined to$ether to ma>e up a solar panel. 5 $roup of solar panels are olletively
>nown as a &M array and an provide enou$h eletriity for a household.
*ha-ter /
A" Thermionic Converter
5 thermioni onverter# in priniple# onsists of two metals or eletrodes with different wor>
funtions sealed into an evauated vessel. The eletrode with a lar$e wor> funtion is maintained
at a hi$her temperature than one with the smaller wor> funtion. Ior> funtion is te ene!g"
!equi!ed t# e$t!act an e%ect!#n &!#m te meta%. 4t is measured in e%ect!#n '#%ts. The value of
wor> funtion varies with the natu!e #& meta% and its su!&ace c#nditi#n.
0i$ !.1 Thermioni onverter
5 thermioni onverter omprises a heated athode )eletron emitter+ and an anode )eletron
olletor+ separated by vauum# the eletrial output iruit bein$ onneted between the two as
shown in 0i$ !.1 The heat whih is supplied to the athode raises the ener$y of its eletrons to
suh a level that it enables them to esape from the surfae and flow to the anode. 5t the anode
the ener$y of eletrons appears partially as heat# removed by oolin$ and partially as eletrial
ener$y delivered to the iruit. 5lthou$h the distane between anode and athode is only about
one millimeter# the ne$ative spae har$e with suh an arran$ement hinder the passa$e of the
eletrons and must be redued# this an be ahieved by introduin$ positive ions into the inter,
eletrode spae# esium vapour bein$ valuable soure of suh ions.
A% 8uel cells
5 fuel ell is an eletrohemial devie in whih the hemial ener$y of a onventional fuel is
onverted diretly and effiiently into low volta$e# diret,urrent eletrial ener$y. This devie is
often desribed as a primary battery in whih the fuel and o8idi?er are stored e8ternal to the
battery and fed to it as needed.
The 0i$ !.2 shows a shemati dia$ram of a fuel ell. The fuel $as diffuses throu$h the anode
and is o8idi?ed# thus releasin$ eletrons to the e8ternal iruitL the o8idi?er diffuses throu$h the
athode and is redued by the eletrons that have ome from the anode by way of the e8ternal
iruit.
The fuel ell is a devie that >eeps the fuel moleules from mi8in$ with the o8idi?er moleules#
permittin$# however# the transfer of eletrons by a metalli path that may ontain a load.
5node
*athode
-vauated Messel
Aeat input
-8ternal
@.9.load
9oolant
-letrons
*ha-ter /
Of the available fuels# hydro$en has so far $ive the most promisin$ results# althou$h ells
onsumin$ oal# oil or natural $as would be eonomially muh more useful for lar$e sale
appliations.
E&E*4RI *5&
&O5;
E&E*4RO&K4E
*542O;E
5#O;E
0i$ !.2 :hemati of fuel ell
E4ercises
1.Ihat are the available forms of silion to produe solar ellV :tate the advanta$es of eah
ate$ory.
2. Ihy do we need an evauated vessel to perform thermioni onversionV
3. Aow the o8idi?er diffusion happens in fuel ellV
Re(erences
rd
edition# Da8mi
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page !"
*ha-ter /
61,62326,22,0
(. :..ao and @r.E.E.&arule>ar# -ner$y Tehnolo$y#3
rd
edition# ;hanna
&ubliations#Cew @elhi# 1!!!. 4:EC 61,2(0!,0(0
Chapter 12
Control o( Major Pollutants (rom 8ossil 8uel Power Plants
121 .ntroduction
(#ssi% (ue% )#m*usti#n results in emission of pollutants and heat into the environment. 5ir#
water and land are adversely affeted by various emissions from P#we! P%ants and +ndust!ies.
The prinipal emission produts )pollutants+ from fossil fuel power plants are
)i+ 9O )ii+ 9O
2
)iii+ :O
2
)iv+ CO
R
)v+ @ust )vi+ 0ly ash
)vii+ &artiulate matter
12! E((ect o( pollutants
.easons for 9O# CO
R
emission are inomplete ombustion. That means insuffiient supply of
o8y$en.
9O
2
is very harmful to atmosphere# whih ould turn fertile lands into desserts.
:O
2
is assoiated with deterioration of the surfaes of leaves or needles due to the destrution of
hlorophyll.
They also need to aidi rain# :O
2
ontributes "07# CO
R
ontributes 357 and 9O
2
also
ontributes.
12" Control o( pollutants
%ethods to ontrol emission of :O
2
N
1. @e,sulphurisation of fuels
2. Fse of low sulphur fuels
3. Fse of tall sta>es )9himneys+
(. 9leanin$ of flue $ases
%ethods to ontrol emission of CO
2
N
1. .edue the temperature in ombustion ?one
2. .edue residene time in ombustion ?one
3. 4nrease the e/uivalene ratio in ombustion ?one
MIME4220 Power Plant Engineering Page !)
%ethods to ontrol &artiulate matter
1. 0abri filter # Ea$ house H heap to remove partiles of 2 to 3 mirons
2. -letrostati preipitator H ostly# to remove up to 1 miron
3. 9ylone separator H moderate ost# usin$ entrifu$al priniple
0ly ash an be removed usin$ fly ash srubber# it is similar to a mehanial ash olletor# but has a
flowin$ water film on its inner walls. 5t present# this fly ash is used to ma>e hollow,blo>s and bri>s.
Aene# the disposal volume an be redued.
12% Electrostatic Precipitator
0i$ 10.1 &riniple of -:&
,ource G htt-GBBwww.ha+on0researchcottrell.co+BtechLes-(unda+entals
&artiles suspended in a $as
enter the preipitator and pass
throu$h ioni?ed ?ones around
the hi$h volta$e dishar$e
eletrodes. The eletrodes#
throu$h a orona effet emit
ne$atively har$ed ions into the
$as.
The ne$atively har$ed
$as field around eah
eletrode har$es the
partiles ausin$ them to
mi$rate to the eletrodes
of opposite polarity# i.e.
the olletin$ eletrodes.
The har$ed partiles $ather
on the $rounded olletin$
plates. .appers dislod$e the
a$$lomerated partiulate#
whih falls into the
olletion hoppers for
removal.
E4ercises
1. &erform a flue $as analysis and list the ompositions of $ases omin$ out vehiles. :u$$est
suitable methods to ontrol the pollutants.
2. Ihat is use of fly ashV
Re(erences
rd
Dtd.#
Cew @elhi #200". 4:EC 61,2006,"52,3
3. ;.;..amalin$am# &ower &lant -n$ineerin$# :94T-9A# 9hennai# 2002. 4:EC 61,62326,22,
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MIME4220 Power Plant Engg Hanout Sem 2 2013-14

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MIME4220 Power Plant Engg Hanout Sem 2 2013-14

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MINISTRY OF MANPOWER

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION

2.1 &ayout o( si+-le Ran.ine cycle 1)

are the turbine and ompressor wor> respetively.

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