Running Head: CONTINUING EDUCATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Continuing Education: Past, Present, and Future eanna Patricio Seatt!e Uni"ersit# Autu$n %&1'

CONTINUING EDUCATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Introduction

It (as )een discussed t(roug(out t(is *uarter t(at t(e direction o+ adu!t education is o+ten !ead )# t(e signi+icant e"ents t(at occur in t(e nation and around t(e ,or!d- For continuing education in .articu!ar, it (as needed to react to e"ents t(at a++ect t(e needs o+ a "ariet# o+ t#.es o+ adu!t students interested in +or$a!i/ed degrees or certi+icates, in+or$a! se$inars, !ocation0 )ound and on!ine, and at "ar#ing ages and stages in t(eir careers- 1# !oo2ing at t(e .ast and +inding .atterns o+ c(ange, ,e can )etter understand t(e current trends to see ,(ere t(e +ie!d $a# )e (eaded- T(is .a.er ta2es a !oo2 at 2e# $o$ents in t(e (istor# o+ continuing education and its .(i!oso.(ies, to t(en i$agine (o, it cou!d c(ange o"er t(e course o+ t(e ne3t ten #ears4(i!e it is understood t(at continuing education can inc!ude a "ariet# o+ t#.es o+ !earning e3.eriences +or indi"idua!s, t(is .a.er ,i!! +ocus on continuing education at +our0#ear co!!eges or uni"ersities and is de+ined as a .!ace t(at o++ers )ot( credit and noncredit o++erings +or adu!t !earners and .ro+essiona!s- T(e t#.es o+ .rogra$s o++ered de.end (ea"i!# on t(e current !a)or $ar2et, and can )e on!ine or in0.erson 5Sand$ann, %&1&6- Continuing education .rogra$s $a# a!so )e (oused a!ongside t(e +or0.ro+it )ranc(es or e3tension .rogra$s at co!!eges or uni"ersitiesKey Contributors to Todays Continuing Education The Chautauqua Movement T(e +irst e3a$.!e o+ adu!t education can )e +ound ,it( t(e C(autau*ua 7o"e$ent, as discussed in c!ass and read t(roug( Scott8s 519996 artic!e- T(e C(autau*ua 7o"e$ent in"o!"ed $an# o+ t(e sa$e t#.es o+ educationa! $ode!s t(at are +ound in current continuing education .ractice: noncredit and credit o.tions, distance education, se$inars on !a)or $ar2et trends, and t(e "ision o+ s.reading education to a "ariet# o+ t#.es o+ adu!t !earners- 7ost nota)!#, it is t(roug( t(e creation o+ t(e inde.endent C(autau*uas as ,e!! as :o(n H- ;incent8s C(autau*ua iterar# and Scienti+ic Circ!e 5C SC6 in 1<=> ,(ere t(ese continuing education ideas can )e seen in t(e ear!# stages- T(e inde.endents and C SC, a!t(oug( se.arate entities, co"ered $ore o+ t(e ?!ess serious@ 5Scott, 1999, .- '9A6 .rogra$s, as ,e!! as !ecture series, teac(er e3a$ination and certi+ication, and acade$ic su$$er resortsAt t(is ti$e in t(e nation t(ere ca$e a need +or educationa! o..ortunities in res.onse to t(e c(anging industria! econo$# in t(e United States 5Scott, 1999, .- '9>6- 4it( $ore !eisure ti$e due to s(i+ting ,or2ing standards o+ t(e .eriod, .eo.!e see$ed to searc( +or $ore .ersona! enric($ent- 1ot( o+ t(e .rogra$s ,ere so$e o+ t(e +irst used to esta)!is( reading circ!es in s$a!!, rura! to,ns in an e++ort to )ring !earning co$$unities toget(er- A!so during t(is ti$e ca$e t(e +irst corres.ondence sc(oo!s t(roug( t(e C SC- 4(i!e t(ese corres.ondence sc(oo!s ,ere +or $ore (o$e reading and (ard!# acade$ic, t(e# co"ered a "ariet# o+ to.ic areas and ,ere (ig(!# inno"ati"e t(in2ing +or t(e ti$e in t(at t(e# o.ened u. o..ortunities +or $en, ,o$en, and aging adu!ts to ta2e ad"antage o+ !earning e3.eriences outside o+ t(eir (o$e !i"es, )ut sti!! +ro$ ,it(in t(eir (o$es7ode!s around distance education 5,itnessed no, t(roug( on!ine !earning6, !earning co$$unities, credit and noncredit credentia!ing, and !ectures are no, !arge .arts o+ uni"ersit#

CONTINUING EDUCATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

'

continuing education de.art$ents- As an e3a$.!e during t(is *uarter8s assign$ent %, t(e +ocus o+ $# .roBect ,as on t(e Uni"ersit# o+ 4as(ington Pro+essiona! and Continuing Education 5U4PCE6 de.art$ent- It is c!ear +ro$ )ot( ,or2ing t(ere and researc(ing a!! o++erings t(at t(e o++ice current!# re+!ects $an# o+ t(e C(autau*uan educationa! $ode!s- 4it( +or$a! .rogra$s suc( as certi+icates and on!ine degrees, U4 in t(e Hig( Sc(oo!, and U4 Su$$er Cuarter, as ,e!! as non+or$a! .rogra$s !i2e t(e Su$$er Dout( Progra$, t(e Os(er i+e!ong earning Institute, and noncredit se$inars and !ectures, U4PCE is a .ri$e e3a$.!e o+ (o, t(e C(autau*ua 7o"e$ent can sti!! )e an in+!uence on continuing education toda# 5U4 Pro+essiona! E Continuing Education, %&1'6- A!t(oug( not e3.!icit!# stated )# t(e .rogra$, t(e i$.act t(at t(e C(autau*ua 7o"e$ent (as is a..arent to t(ose ,it( t(e a,areness o+ its )earing on adu!t educationCooperative Extension System In addition to t(e C(autau*ua .resenting signs o+ ear!# continuing education .rogra$$ing, t(e +edera! Coo.erati"e E3tension S#ste$ a!so ser"es $an# o+ t(e sa$e .ur.oses +or !and0grant uni"ersities and t(e .u)!ic- 4(at started o"er <& #ears ago as a $eans to s(are agricu!tura! researc( +indings to t(e +ar$ing co$$unit# 5Sand$ann, %&1&6, t(e e3tension s#ste$ is sti!! in .!ace toda#- As discussed in c!ass, !earning a)out suc( to.ics .rior to t(at ti$e $eant t(at in+or$ation and 2no,!edge ,ou!d on!# )e .assed do,n +ro$ one generation o+ +ar$ers to t(e ne3t, assu$ing t(e +a$i!# $e$)ers re$ained in t(e occu.ation- An# ne, in+or$ation ,ou!d )e +ound inde.endent!#, and eit(er !ost o"er t(e #ears or 2e.t on!# ,it(in a s$a!! co$$unit#Since no +or$a!i/ed education ,as a"ai!a)!e on suc( +ar$ing tec(ni*ues, t(ere ,as a need to .ro"ide t(is sort o+ ser"ice to t(e .u)!ic )# s(aring )est .racticesToda#, t(e Coo.erati"e E3tension S#ste$ re$ains a +edera!!#0+unded, nation,ide, noncredit net,or2 o+ !and0grant uni"ersities and o++ices- In addition to agricu!ture, t(eir researc( (as gro,n to co"er a ,ide "ariet# o+ to.ics inc!uding ani$a!s, )iotec(no!og#, econo$ics, en"iron$ent, +ood, nutrition, .!ants, and tec(no!og# 5Nationa! Institute o+ Food and Agricu!ture, %&1%6- T(e E3tension S#ste$ no, not on!# .ro"ides t(eir +indings to +ar$ers, )ut a!so to #out(, consu$ers, and )usiness o,ners concerned ,it( !earning $ore a)out to.ic areas- Continuing education itse!+ is a .ractice )# uni"ersities as a $eans to .ro"ide a .u)!ic good 5Sand$ann, %&1&6, and t(e E3tension S#ste$ a!so .ro"ides t(is ser"ices as a t#.e o+ continuing education +or adu!ts- T(e idea o+ reac(ing out to surrounding co$$unities ,it( e3tracurricu!ar and .ersona! de"e!o.$ent o..ortunities is integra! to continuing education, and t(e E3tension S#ste$ .ro"ides t(at to "er# s.eci+ic co$$unities in t(e +ar$ing +ie!dContinuing Professiona Education 4it( t(e C(autau*ua 7o"e$ent and t(e E3tension S#ste$, a co$$ona!it# can )e +ound ,it( t(e connections to .ro+essiona! education- For t(e C(autau*ua 7o"e$ent, ,(i!e $ost o+ t(e education .ro"ided t(roug( t(e inde.endents and t(e C SC ,ere non0acade$ic, t(e# did .ro"ide so$e educationa! o..ortunities +or teac(ers as ,e!! as +ar$ers t(roug( t(e corres.ondence courses and t(e tra"e!ing !ecture series- For t(e E3tension S#ste$, t(eir so!e +ocus ,as on agricu!ture and .ro"iding continuing education to +ar$ers- Continuing education at $an# institutions no, enco$.asses t(e .ro+essiona! needs o+ indi"idua!s t(roug( continuing .ro+essiona! education 5CPE6-

CONTINUING EDUCATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

According to :eris 5%&1&6, continuing .ro+essiona! education ?concerns .ro+essiona! grou.s and t(eir !earning and de"e!o.$ent )e#ond initia! .re.aration@ 5.- %=F6- 4it( a +ocus in adu!t education turning to,ards continuing .ro+essiona! education around t(e 19>&sGon, Hou!e ,as one o+ t(e +irst adu!t education .ractitioners to stud# and ana!#/e t(e nature o+ CPE 5:eris, %&1&6- T(roug( t(ese ana!#ses it ,as +ound t(at .ro+essiona!s (ad a need to continue t(eir educations in order to 2ee. ,it( ne, trends, de"e!o. $asteries ,it(in t(eir +ie!ds, as ,e!! as gro, in t(eir .ro+essiona!i/ation and connect ,it( ot(er $e$)ers 5:eris, %&1&, .- %=>6- Post0 *ua!i+ication, CPE can +i!! in t(e ga.s ,(ere ot(er +or$a!i/ed uni"ersit# .rogra$s $iss t(e $ar2 )# .ro"iding education on trending to.ics or $ore s.ecia!i/ed credentia!ingTo continue ,it( an e3a$.!e +ro$ assign$ent t,o, U4PCE is t(e )ranc( o+ t(e uni"ersit# t(at can .ro"ide .ersona! enric($ent courses as ,e!! .ro+essiona! certi+icates +or adu!ts interested in starting a ne, career or ad"ancing ,it(in t(eir current careers- Around t(e sa$e ti$e t(at Hou!e )egan ana!#/ing t(e nature o+ continuing .ro+essiona! education, t(is ,as a!so around t(e sa$e ti$e t(at t(e U4PCE a!so )egan to !oo2 at ne, .rogra$s in res.onse to t(e econo$ic do,nturn o+ t(e 19>&s- In t(e 19=&s, aside +ro$ res.onding to t(e Ci"i! Rig(ts 7o"e$ent and 4o$en8s i)eration 7o"e$ent )ui!ding in t(e .re"ious #ears, t(eir $ain +ocus ,as a!so on creating $ore .ro+essiona!i/ed .rogra$s ,it( s.onsors(i. +ro$ acade$ic de.art$ents on ca$.us 5U4 Pro+essiona! E Continuing Education, %&1%6- Reading :eris8 5%&1&6 c(a.ter on continuing .ro+essiona! education and a!so !oo2ing at t(e U4PCE (istor# s(o,s rea!0 ,or!d e3a$.!es and connections to nationa! de"e!o.$ents t(at too2 .!ace on a !oca! sca!e! Phi osophy for Every Educationa Mode T(is course re*uired considera)!e ti$e s.ent on understanding adu!t education t(eories and a..!#ing t(e$ to a "ariet# o+ t#.es o+ adu!t education .ro"iders and .rogra$s- 4it( continuing education )eing so )road in its sco.e, it can .ro"ide a "ariet# o+ t#.es o+ educationa! $ode!s and use di++erent .(i!oso.(ies de.ending on t(e needs o+ t(e students4it( $uc( o+ t(e $ore +or$a!i/ed education ,it(in continuing education, inc!uding an# certi+ications or degrees o++ered )# t(e de.art$ent, t(ere $a# )e a co$)ination o+ !i)era!ist and (u$anistic .(i!oso.(ies used- For +or$a!i/ed certi+ication, it see$s t(at t(e $ain +ocus can )e +or t(e instructor to +eed in+or$ation to t(e !earner using t(e )an2ing $ode! o+ education 5Tisde!! E Ta#!or, 19996- In suc( a case, t(e instructor is seen as t(e su)Bect $atter e3.ert ,(o de!i"ers t(e .ractica! and rationa! 2no,!edge to t(e !earner t(roug( t(e )an2ing $ode! o+ education4it(in t(is $ode! and .(i!oso.(#, $uc( o+ t(e socia! in+!uences !i2e se3, race, or c!ass are not discussed as di++erences )et,een students, si$.!# )ecause rationa! t(in2ing is at t(e +ore+rontDuring t(e c!ass +or assign$ent t,o it see$ed t(at $an# o+ t(e +or$a!i/ed educationa! institutions ,or2ed o++ o+ t(is $ode! so$e,(at, and e"en t(roug( t(e U4PCE, t(e de.art$ent ta2es .ride in t(eir su)Bect $atter e3.erts as instructors- 1# .!acing t(e instructor as t(e e3.ert, it gi"es !itt!e roo$ +or t(e adu!t !earner to .artici.ate or gro, on a .ersona! !e"e!H !earning t(e $ateria! +or .ractica! .ur.oses is ,(at is dee$ed necessar#, and $uc( o+ t(e +or$a!i/ed !earning s#ste$ at an# !e"e! sti!! ,or2s in t(is $annerSti!!, t(ere does a..ear to )e so$e $o$ents in continuing education ,(ere, a!t(oug( it is +or$a!i/ed ,it( traditiona! instructorIstudent ro!es, t(e instructors do see t(at adu!t !earners can

CONTINUING EDUCATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

)ring $ore t(an Bust e$.t# $inds to +i!!- For .rogra$s suc( as t(ese, t(e (u$anist $ode! cou!d )e seen- Tisde!! and Ta#!or 519996 descri)e t(is (u$anist +ra$e t(roug( t(e conce.t o+ andragog#, and (o, t(e indi"idua! is t(e centra! +ocus o+ !earning 5.- 96- For instructors teac(ing using t(is .(i!oso.(#, t(e adu!t !earner is seen as needing education +or se!+0+u!+i!!$ent, ,(ic( cou!d )e on a .ersona! or .ro+essiona! !e"e!- ;er# se!+0directed, t(is t#.e o+ !earning $a2es it so t(at students are seen $ore on an indi"idua! !e"e! )ased on .ersona!it#, )ut t(ere is sti!! no attention on structura! di++erencesT(is t#.e o+ t(in2ing can )e +ine to reac( goa!s on a sur+ace !e"e!- For t(e students, continuing education is indeed se!+0directed in $an# ,a#s, and t(e .at( c(osen +or se!+0 +u!+i!!$ent is t(at o+ t(e student8s- T(e issue (ere is t(at )# not ta2ing into account t(e rea!, structura! di++erences +or eac( !earner suc( as c!ass, se3, gender, race, a)i!ities, and etc-, t(e instructor .er+or$ing under t(is .(i!oso.(# is a!so $issing out on .ro"iding a dee.er !e"e! o+ !earning +or t(e student ,it( regard to t(e $an# ,a#s t(at t(is ne, education cou!d a++ect t(eir !i"es- Education +or adu!t !earners is essentia!!# trans+or$ing (o, t(e student t(in2s and +ee!s, and ,(i!e it can )e u. to t(e student to deter$ine (o, t(e# ,i!! )e a++ected )# ne, 2no,!edge, t(e instructor s(ou!d a!so )e so$eone to +aci!itate t(at t#.e o+ e3.erienceCurrent!# as an e3a$.!e +ro$ c!ass, ,it( $ore in+or$a! t#.es o+ continuing education .rogra$s suc( as t(e U4PCE Os(er i+e!ong Institute +or adu!ts o"er t(e age o+ F&, educationa! !ectures and se$inars, and e"en $assi"e o.en on!ine course,are 57OOCs6, students cou!d .ossi)!# (a"e o..ortunities +or $ore (o!istic or trans+or$ationa! education, )ut t(e c(ances are not great- Adu!t educators ,it(in continuing education s(ou!d ret(in2 (o, t(eir teac(ing .(i!oso.(ies (e!. a student gro, )ot( .ersona!!# and .ro+essiona!!#, and .er(a.s a s(i+t in teac(ing .(i!oso.(# is needed to address t(e $an# needs o+ continuing education studentsThe "ext #ecade$ T%o Predictions for the &uture A+ter re"ie,ing t(e (istorica! $o$ents and contri)utions to continuing education, t(e t(e$es +ound are concentrated around educationa! outreac(, career and .ro+essiona! education, as ,e!! as credit "ersus noncredit o.tions- It is ,it(in t(ese areas t(at t(e +uture o+ continuing education (as $aBor o..ortunities +or c(ange' oba i(ation) Competition) and Techno ogy In 7erria$8s 5%&1&6 c(a.ter on g!o)a!i/ation, s(e +ocuses on (o, )ot( t(e $ar2et econo$# and desire to $a2e .ro+it direct!# integrates ,it( t(e conce.t o+ g!o)a!i/ation 5.- A&16In t(in2ing a)out adu!t education as .art o+ a ?2no,!edge econo$#@ 5.- A&%6, t(is s(eds so$e !ig(t on ,(ere continuing education is )eing directed ,it(in t(e +ie!d- Since continuing education .rogra$s are t(e .ro+it0.roducing )ranc(es o+ a ca$.us, it ,ou!d on!# $a2e sense +or a uni"ersit# to +ocus $ore o+ its energ# on creating a $ore sta)!e +inancia! situation during ti$es ,(en +edera! and state resources are no !onger as ,ide!# a"ai!a)!e- 4(i!e a sad trut( in t(in2ing o+ education as a )usiness, t(e rea!it# o+ t(e $atter is t(at t(ere is gro,ing co$.etition and s(rin2ing )udgetsH ,(at (as ,or2ed in t(e .ast +or (ig(er education as ,(o!e is not ,or2ing toda#4it(in t(e ne3t decade t(ere cou!d )e an increase in ,(at is 2no,n as t(is 2no,!edge

CONTINUING EDUCATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

>

econo$#, and t(e g!o)a!i/ation o+ education ,it(in continuing education de.art$ents ,i!! )e at t(e +ore+ront +or $ost institutions i+ t(e# ,is( to re$ain re!e"ant- In t(is idea, tec(no!og# .!a#s a (uge ro!e in $a2ing educationa! .rogra$s accessi)!e- 7ore institutions ,i!! in"est in on!ine !earning de.art$ents and instructiona! designers so t(e# $a# )oost on!ine o++erings +or a ,ider s.read o+ access- 4(ereas during t(e da#s o+ t(e C(autau*ua, t(e corres.ondence courses ,ere a"ai!a)!e as +ar and as *uic2!# as snai! $ai! cou!d reac(, on!ine education can $ean to0t(e0 $inute res.onses )# +acu!t# $e$)ers and students, as ,e!! as (ig(!#0tec(nica! ,a#s to trac2 student .artici.ation, success rates, and .us( outs- G!o)a!i/ation s(ou!d )e seen as )ot( t(e )iggest t(reat +or education as ,e!! as one o+ t(e $ore .ro$ising ,a#s to gain .ro+itH t(e ne3t decade ,i!! !i2e!# s(o, a great s(i+t in t(e +rontrunners o+ continuing education, and t(ose ,(o are signi+icant toda# $a# not continue on in t(e ne3t ten #ears i+ t(e# do not $odi+# $ode!s great!#!ccommodating *earning Sty es 1# !oo2ing at t(e .ast, it see$s t(at t(ere (a"e a!,a#s )een needs )# !earners to (a"e a "ariet# o+ t#.es o+ educationa! e3.eriences, and as descri)ed t(roug( t(e C(autau*ua 7o"e$ent, t(e Coo.erati"e E3tension S#ste$, and continuing .ro+essiona! education- 4(et(er t(e needs inc!ude credit or noncredit o++erings, certi+icates, degrees, 7OOCs, on!ine !earning, or )!ended education, a!! o+ t(ese t#.es o+ educationa! $ode!s sti!! do not $eet t(e needs o+ e"er#one, and it is di++icu!t to continue to create a ne, $ode! +or e"er# ne, t#.e o+ needIn t(e ne3t decade +or !earning st#!es and credentia!ing, t(e current s#ste$s in .!ace ,i!! need to )e re0e"a!uated to deter$ine i+ t(e# are in +act $eeting students8 needs in addition to t(e needs +or t(e institution as ,e!!- Cuestions around ,(at is considered a credentia!, ,(at does it ta2e to recei"e a credentia!, as ,e!! as ,(o (as access to a credentia! s(ou!d a!! )e t(oug(t a)out in t(e #ears to co$e- 4(i!e a sing!e institution $a# not )e a)!e to .ro"ide e"er# t#.e o+ !earning e3.erience +or e"er#one under t(eir current $ode!s, .er(a.s a !oo2 at uni"ersa! design or creating education e3.eriences +or t(e $ost underser"ed in order to o)!ige e"er#one ,ou!d )e a good o.tion- As an e3a$.!e +ro$ one c!ass discussion, t(ere ,as ta!2 around di++erent credentia!ing $ode!s inc!uding co$.etenc#0)ased education- 4(i!e t(is t#.e o+ $ode! is not ne,, t(ere is de+inite!# roo$ +or $ore institutions and continuing education o++ices to e3.!ore t(is t#.e o+ !earning to discern t(e $ost e*uita)!e t#.es o+ educationa! $ode!s- T(e ne3t ten #ears ,i!! sure!# .ro"ide a ti$e o+ c(a!!enge +or institutions t(at ,is( to re$ain in t(eir sa$e, one0di$ensiona! educationa! $ode!s t(at .ro"ide !ac2!uster resu!ts +or on!# a s$a!! su)set o+ continuing education studentsConc usion Continuing education continues to re$ain a +ascinating to.ic area to stud#- As $entioned a)o"e, t(e needs o+ t(e adu!t !earners are ,ide0ranging and great!# "ariedH +inding out ,a#s to ser"e $ost o+ a continuing education .rogra$8s audience is crucia! +or an institution and continuing education de.art$ent to sta# a+!oat- 4(i!e concern around gro,t( and educationa! $ode!s in t(e ne3t decade are "a!id, it is i$.ortant +or institutions to sti!! 2ee. t(eir co$$unities and audiences in $ind ,(en $a2ing decisions- It can )e eas# to decide to reac( out to $ore internationa! students ,it( $ore on!ine !earning +or$ats, (o,e"erH in t(in2ing too )road!# and too ,or!d,ide, so$e adu!t educators $ig(t +ai! to re$e$)er t(e needs o+ t(ose !ocated c!osest

CONTINUING EDUCATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

,it(in t(e co$$unit#- Finding t(e )a!ance in t(e ne3t decade ,i!! re*uire g!o)a! t(in2ing .aired ,it( !oca! action, and i+ socia! Bustice ,or2 can )e done to !o,er costs and .ro"ide access to di++erent t#.es o+ education +or a!!, t(en t(is ,ou!d create a $ore d#na$ic continuing education e3.erience- Continuing education de.art$ents on ca$.uses (a"e )een 2no,n to )e on t(e cutting edge o+ e3.eri$enta! education and ne, educationa! $ode!s- It ,i!! )e i$.ortant to re$ain on t(e edge and to .us( t(e en"e!o.e to .er(a.s encourage si$i!ar c(anges at an institutiona! !e"e!-

+eferences

CONTINUING EDUCATION: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

<

:eris, - H- 5%&1&6- Continuing .ro+essiona! education- In Jas,or$, C- E-, Rose, A-D-, E Ross0 Gordon, :- 7- 5Eds-6, Handbook of adult and continuing education 5..- 'F0A<6- T(ousand Oa2s, CA: SAGE Pu)!ications7erria$, S-1- 5%&1&6- G!o)a!i/ation and t(e ro!e o+ adu!t and continuing education- In Jas,or$, C- E-, Rose, A-D-, E Ross0Gordon, :- 7- 5Eds-6, Handbook of adult and continuing education 5..- 'F0A<6- T(ousand Oa2s, CA: SAGE Pu)!icationsNationa! Institute o+ Food and Agricu!ture 5%&1%6- About Us: Cooperative Extension System offices- Retrie"ed +ro$ (tt.:II,,,-csrees-usda-go"IE3tensionISand$ann, - R- 5%&1&6- Adu!ts in +our0#ear co!!eges and uni"ersities: 7o"ing +ro$ t(e $argin to t(e $ainstrea$- In Jas,or$, C- E-, Rose, A-D-, E Ross0Gordon, :- 75Eds-6, Handbook of adult and continuing education 5..- %%10%'&6- T(ousand Oa2s, CA: SAGE Pu)!icationsScott, :-C- 519996- T(e C(autau*ua $o"e$ent: Re"o!ution in .o.u!ar (ig(er education- The ournal of Higher Education! "# 5A6- Co!u$)us, OH: T(e O(io State Uni"ersit#Tisde!!, E-, E Ta#!or, E- 519996- Adu!t education .(i!oso.(# in+or$s .ractice- Adult $earning! %%5%6, ..- >01&U4 Pro+essiona! E Continuing Education, 5%&1%6- &ur history- Retrie"ed +ro$ (tt.:II,,,-.ce-u,-eduIa)outI(istor#I191&sI-