Rise of Divorce in Our Society: Research Question

Rise of Divorce In Our Society
Cathryn Dominique Tan BSEd Fl I-IN Research Question : Why is there a rise of divorce rate in the society ? Review of Literature : As they say, all happy families are alike, but every unhappy family has its own unique reason for being unhappy. The same stands true for a couple who decides to end a marriage and opt for a divorce. They have their unique reasons for discord. In this article, we provide a general overview of the most common reasons for why people get divorced. Society has always had varied views on divorce. They exist in different parts of the world, and are influenced by the culture that one belongs to, among other things. It has been observed that the divorce rates are higher in certain places like Europe and America, where individual freedom is given more importance, than in Asian or African nations, where familial and social opinions are highly stressed upon. With the onset of globalization though, opinions, practices, and mindsets have changed. Women, especially, with access to higher education and higher salaries, are less willing to put up with traditional roles and expectations. While many opine that emancipation of women is one of these reasons, there are myriad other reasons as well that have led to an increase of divorce in society. Divorce is not joy-inducing, but then, neither is a corrosive marriage. In such a case, splitting up is probably preferable than staying together 'for the children' or to keep up social appearances. In the end, it all really depends upon the kind of relationship you have -- some relationships are worth working on, some aren't. There are many different and complex causes and reasons for divorce, each of them specific to that particular couple's marital relationship, their individual experiences, and personal problems. None of them may seem 'common' to the people going through a divorce, of course, but many of the reasons recur enough to warrant the term. Causes and Reasons Several reasons have been cited that influence the act of getting a divorce. The following are certain common causes that have been listed.
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Please note - The following reasons do not follow any particular order or ranking system; they have been listed in a random order. 1. Infidelity 2. Abuse in all forms (physical, sexual, emotional) 3. Alcohol addiction and/or substance abuse 4. Abandonment 5. Personality differences or 'irreconcilable differences' 6. Differences in personal and career goals 7. Unemployment 8. Financial problems 9. Lack of communication between spouses 10. Intellectual incompatibility 11. Sexual incompatibility 12. Falling out of love 13. Religious conversion or religious beliefs 14. Cultural and lifestyle differences 15. Mental instability or mental illness in either partner 16. Criminal behavior and incarceration for crime 17. Lack of commitment to the marriage 18. Inability to manage or resolve conflict 19. Different expectations about household tasks 20. Different expectations about having or rearing children 21. Interference from parents or in-laws 22. Lack of maturity 23. Insistence of sticking to traditional roles and not allowing room for personal growth 24. Inability to deal with each other's petty idiosyncrasies 25. The lack of trust and/or feeling of insecurity Recurring Trends Affecting Divorce There are several agencies that undertake surveys in the United States on varied societal issues. The trends associated with marriage, divorce, separation, and cohabitation have been studied by varied agencies like the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Reports (NVSR), U.S. Census Bureau, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the independent Americans for Divorce Reform. It was studied that several factors contribute to the longevity of a marriage and cohabitation. The following are some of the trends that have been recorded in these surveys undertaken by the U.S. Census Bureau. Age as a Factor Couples between the age bracket of 20-24 are seen to go in for the maximum number of divorces, with 36.6% of women wanting to end their marriage, and 38.8% of men wanting to
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end theirs. The second age bracket which is seen to have a high number of divorces are couples under the age of 20 years. 27.6% of women in this age bracket want to end their marriages while 11.7% of men want to end theirs. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009) Percentage of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Marriages Ending in Divorce It has been studied that 41%-50% of first marriages end in divorce, while 60-67% of second marriages and 73%-74% of third marriages end in divorce. It has also been found that couples with no children are slightly more likely to go in for a divorce than those who have children. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009) Trends in Interracial Divorce It was found that marriages between interracial couples have higher chances of ending in divorce. Interestingly, this was true of couples who married in the late 1980s. Another trend that was noticed was that gender played a very important role in interracial divorces. White women and non-white males seemed to have the maximum number of divorces -- especially white wives-black husbands and white wives-Asian husbands. (Education Resources Information Center, 2008) The Change in Divorce Trends with Time The success rate of marriages in the 21st century is known to be higher than marriages that took place in the 1990s. Experts say that divorce rates are bound to go down further because more and more couples are going in for live-in relationships rather than opting for marriage. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009) Parents who are Divorced Vs. Parents who are Together People who have been raised by both parents, rather than those who have been raised by a single parent, or have seen either parent with changing partners, are less likely to go in for a divorce. Those who have seen their parents getting divorced, are more accepting of the idea of divorce, and are more likely to get one. The children of divorced parents are 4 times more likely to go in for a divorce than those children whose parents are together. (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009) In many cases, quite a few problems that cause divorce have existed in the couple's relationship long before they have gotten married. The problems were either not acknowledged or were ignored in the hope that marriage might offer a miraculous panacea. But that is not what happens. Nobody can make you feel better about yourself and you can't change and save anybody. As someone wise once said, it takes two wholes to make a marriage, not two halves. In an ideal world the law of divorce and societys relationship culture will be synchronized and in harmony with existing cultural norms. . When they are not society becomes dysfunctional and the law engenders a sense of fear, mistrust and disrespect.
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Rarely, divorce legislation will be created which is in advance of those of society generally and actual leads to a change in cultural perception. This is what happened in England between 1967-1973, and in Spain after the fall of Franco. On the other hand, for so many years divorce was a distant dream in Ireland. So many, probably 100,000s were forced to lead lives of dishonesty and religious guilt, many fleeing from Ireland to find new partners in the United Kingdom. Societal norms can be incredibly powerful. Until the late 60s homosexuality was a crime in England, driving so many decent people into lives of deception. In Iran it has been declared that homosexuality does not exist. In Uganda it attracts the death penalty. The rate of marriage is declining. Will we soon have a society when only the old will have been married, so only the old will get divorced? In the late 60s/early70s we saw an outpouring of liberal and progressive legislation, in many ways ahead of its time. One example of this was the divorce legislation. Its aim was to free a society crippled by archaic social values which included repression of women and in certain sections of society the ritualization of violence by men towards women, who were often trapped in unhappy marriages. The flip side of that, ironically, was a rise in the belief of self actualization and reduction in the sense of cohesion in. English society. This sense of the unbinding of what made people feel English was in part a result of wave after wave of immigration, first from the West Indies, then the Indian subcontinent and latterly from East European and from around the world. It has made England perhaps, but London very probably, the, or one of the two or three, most multicultural places in the world. Some sections of our society are now very religious; but with the man playing little role in the concept of the family. Others are very religious and very male dominated. Some racial and cultural groups are strongly family oriented. Then there are the indigenous English, who are becoming both less religious and less family oriented. The outlook for young people has changed dramatically since the divorce legislation was passed. In 1973 only about 6-7% of the population went to university. Unemployment was low. Most children left school and started work before they were 18. Slowly the proportion of the young going to university has risen to 40-50%. Unemployment has risen. For a number of reasons the 1970s was the decade when a home was viewed not principally as a fixed location to bring up a family but rather as the only or best way to acquire wealthy was through property. This was partly the result of excessive union power and a strong anti-entrepreneurial running through Government, which resulted in heavy, moralistic taxation.
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It was also due to the rising number of working women. Housing prices depended on the ability to raise a mortgage and as in many examples of the paradoxes of microeconomics vs macroeconomics, one wife deciding to return to work rather than being a full time mother enabled a couple to buy a property. But slowly but surely it meant that only if both were working could they raise the money to raise a mortgage. As a result house prices relative to income have rocketed. So, marriages were delayed to save. Children were delayed so that mortgages were calculated (on the artificial assumption that the couple were not going to have children) on joint incomes. A society developed where children were born later and left home when the parents were older. It also meant that society concentrated so much on property as capital rather than creating a stable home environment that the whole fabric of the family was eroded. Families, in their pursuit of financial security, moved upmarket whenever possible. Money was tight and the family was not able to enjoy itself. Both parents working undermined the concept of the family. The concept of the family and its values was, very sadly, slowly but inexorably diminished. The cancer in English society spread. Divorce became endemic. Family values declined. Religious values declined. Thatcher did much to destroy the power of the unions but in doing so she unwittingly destroyed the manufacturing base of England, and the cohesion of many working class (as they still proudly called themselves) communities up and down the country, but particularly in the Midlands and the North. The ambitious headed to the Southeast. At the same time, wave after wave of ambitious immigrants started at the bottom and clawed their way up the ladder by hard graft and strong family values. With their financial and cultural security and their values having been taken away, many of the working class fell into depression and became embedded into the benefit culture. Thatcherism reforms meant that housing security was stripped away. Prices continued to rise. So a cycle of despair vortexes outwards. Parents lost their belief that their children could improve themselves. They stopped helping their children at school. Parents became disillusioned. Children are not now able to find jobs. Many ex working class children (perhaps now called the benefit class) have lost the work ethic. Many will live with their parents, happily or unhappily, but unemployed with nowhere else to go. This section of society is permeated with the canker of despair. Children will be born, but often outside marriage and outside stable unions, and will inherit a culture which has lost its soul.
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The power of the press and the media has also undermined stability in our society. It will pursue something which is newsworthy but quickly lose interest and then a couple of years later pursue the same story but from a new and inconsistent direction. Their short term goals undermine society. Even the broadsheets are often not only incredibly superficial but also incredibly selective in the way in which they report a story. Let me provide one example. In their desperate search for copy, one week they will criticize social workers for failing to do their jobs properly in taking children into care. The result is that social workers are scared stiff. There is an atmosphere of fear and persecution amongst the staff. They can no longer think straight. They become self preservationist. They start to tick more and more boxes. Many become sick, long term, meaning that other social workers become much stretched. Any hint of child abuse and the child is rushed into care. The chance of a considered approach, trying to rehabilitate parents and keep the children in the family, is lost. The predicted outcome for those children languishing in care in infinitely worse than any other segment of English society. But what happens. 100s, 1000s of couples cannot adopt the children because the social workers are so afraid of press criticism of their adoption decisions. They adopt of set of laudable but completely unachievable prerequisites as hurdles to adoption. So the couples adopt from Central America, or East Africa. Meanwhile the children languish in care, unloved, disturbed, few of whom will ever gain any (any not even one GCSE) qualifications and will come out as the dysfunctional dregs of society. Of course, any scenario such as this is not entirely the fault of the press. But an awful lot is. Another example would be this countrys failure, a rarity in the Western world, to pass any legislation dealing with those who are living together outside marriage. Successive Governments have simply been simply too scared of the media. And against that over simplistic analysis there are the immigrants. The Indians and the Chinese have prospered and have been incredibly successful. So have the East Europeans and the South Americans. On the other hand, other sectors of the immigrant community have failed to integrate economically or socially and remain at the base of our society, with little social mobility. In spite of all these changes, the divorce statutory law is the same. We do not have the certainty of many areas of European family law. We do not have the flexibility of other areas. In Europe judges are much younger. In this country they are old, and the more senior the older they are. Their thought processes will tend to lag behind changing views and values in society. Where there is a culture which perceives that the divorce laws are unfair and out of touch, fewer and fewer are going to get married. Combine this with the delay in couples having children and the increase in the number never getting married, and the insecurity of the
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institution of the family -- and one can see that the idea of marriage, divorce and the married family unit appears to be becoming increasingly irrelevant. How can one pinpoint it but there is no doubt that we have somehow, in spite of laudable values of fairness, justice and due process, created a terribly dysfunctional society and one about which, frankly, we should all feel guilty (without really knowing why) for handing our children a poisoned chalice. Somehow we have got things terribly wrong. Another blog will address what could be done to family law to create the sense of optimism and innovation, of fairness and moral justice, which was implicit in the divorce legislation of 1973 and the Children Act 1989. Analysis : The dramatic increase in the number of marriages ending on divorce is one of the most startling changes in Britain of the last century. The number of divorces has increase from 27,000 in 1961 to 153,000 by 2006. Britain has one of the highest divorce rates in the European Union. About 40% of modern marriages are likely to end in divorce and 1 in 4 children will experience parental divore before they are 16. Divorce Statistics Divorce statistics are presented in three ways:

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The total number of divorce petitions filed each year The total number of divorce petitions granted each year The divorce rate
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Divorce statistics must be treated with caution because the increase in divorce rate may reflect the fact that divorce is now easier and cheaper than ever before. Easier divorce means that people who were already in a meaningless, empty-shell marriage can may now get divorced and also people who were previously were just seperated may now opt for divorce. Divorce rates do not show:

the number of people seperated but not divorced the number who live in empty-shell marriages then number of stable or unstable marriages existed before divorce was made easier
This could mean that these statistics underestimate the extent of marriage or family breakdown OR that the increase in divorce rates is only showing the changes in the law and the changes in societies view of divorce, which makes divorce easier, and does not represent an increase in actual marital breakdown.
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Changes in the law as a reason for the rising divorce rate Changes in the law have made divorce easier and cheaper and have provided women with equal rights to file for divorce. This is a major cause for the steep increase in divorce over the last 50 years. However there are lots of other factors with have affected it. Changes in society as a reason for rising divorce rate
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The changing role of women - this is another major factor influencing the increase in divorce rates. Around three-quarters of divorce petitions are inititiated by women and 7 out of 10 of all divorces are granted to women. This suggests that women are more unhappy in their marriages than men, and this could be due to their expectations of life have risen and many women are no longer happy to accept their role in the family as housewife and mother. Also, employment of women has increased over the last year and this has increases their financial independence, so a husband is no longer a necessity for financial seurity. They can also recieve a range of government benefits to help divorced women so marriage is less of a financial necessity for women and this makes it easier for them to find an escape from their unhappy marriages.
Rising expectations of marriage - Parsons and Fletcher - argue that divorce rates have increased because couples have higher expectations of each other. Successful marriages today are based on love, companionship, understanding, sexual compatibily and person fulfilment. Higher expectations mean that couples end a relationship which past generations may have tolerated much more. Therefore the functionalist view is that higher divorce rates reflect better quality marriages and this is reflected in the high rate of remarriage amongst divorced people, families are splitting to re-form happier families.
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Growing secularization - Goode(1971) and Gibson (1994) argue that secularization has resulted in marriage becoming less sacred and less of a spiritual union and more of a practical commitment which can easily be abandoned. Research shows that 65 per cent of marriages no longer involve a religious ceremony, so many people do not attach much religious significance to their marriages.
Changing social attitudes - divorce is more socially acceptable and so there is less of a stigma and dissapproval associated with divorce. Being divorced no longer has an effect on job oppurtunities, which means people are less afraid of the consequences of divorce so are less afraid to seek for it as a solution to an unhappy marriage.
The greater avaliability and effectiveness of contraception - More effective contaception means more people have sex outside of marriage, and with another person other than your marital partner. This weakens the idea of fidelity to one partner and makes relationships more unstable.
The growth of the privatised nuclear family - functioanlists argue that the increase of isolation from nuclear family means that it isn't as easy to seek advice or temporary refuge with relatives. Isolation also causes demands and expectations of each other within marriage. There is also less pressure from extended family to keep faithful to marriage ties.
The reduced functions of the family - The fact that the functions which were origionally transferred to other social institutions means that marriage has become less of a necessity, so the only factors holding a marriage together is love, companionship and personal compatibility.If any of these factors diappear then there is nothing to hold the marriage together.
Increasing life expectancy - The potential number of years a couple will be married for increases, as life expectancy increases. This gives more time for marriage to go wrong and for divorces to occur.
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Variations in divorce rates between social groups:

teenage marriages are twice as likely to end in divorce there is a high chance of divorce in the first 5 to 7 years and then after 10 to 14 years the working class has a higher rate of divore than the middle class childless couples from different social, racial or religious backgrounds are more likely to get divorced couples who work separately for long periods of time are more likely to get divorced
This shows that the rising rate of divorce does not affect all groups of married people equally. Conclusion : It is high time now that the society must do something to preserve the sanctity of marriage. For of the pace divorce continues to increase at such an alarming rate, then the society itself would be adulterated. And people would lose faith in the stability of love, marriage and long lasting relaionships. And life would be far more stressful than it is now.
References : http://sociology-changes-in-family.wikispaces.com/the+rising+divorce+rate http://divorceandsociety-arnotts.blogspot.com/ http://www.essayforum.com/writing-feedback-3/divorce-effect-society-47051/ http://www.ageuk.org.uk/latest-news/archive/divorce-rate-rising-for-over-60s/ http://www.channel4updates.com/reasons-for-increased-divorce-rate/ http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120528/lead/lead4.html http://divorcesupport.about.com/od/maritalproblems/f/divorcerate.htm http://www.hist.umn.edu/~ruggles/Articles/divorce.pdf http://www.buzzle.com/articles/common-causes-and-reasons-for-divorce.html http://revisesociology.wordpress.com/2011/04/27/9-the-rising-divorce-rates/
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Rise of Divorce in Our Society: Research Question

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Rise of Divorce in Our Society: Research Question

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Variations in divorce rates between social groups:

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