UNIT 12 GRAMMAR Modal verbs. 1. Modal verbs of probability, present and future.

The main modal verbs that express probability are described here in order of certainty. Will is the most certain and might/could are the least certain. 1) Will. a! Will and wont are "sed to predict a f"t"re action. The tr"th or certainty of #hat is asserted is more or less ta$en for %ranted. e.g. His latest book will be out next month. b! Will and wont are also "sed to express #hat #e believe or %"ess to be tr"e abo"t the present. They indicate an ass"mption based on o"r $no#led%e of people and thin%s their ro"tines character and &"alities. e.g. Leave the meat in the oven. It wont be cooked yet. Its Monday morning, so I guess right now Sarah will be taking the children to school. 2) Must and cant. a! Must is "sed to assert #hat #e infer or concl"de to be the most lo%ical or rational interpretation of the sit"ation. 'e do not have all the facts so it is less certain than #ill. Must in this meanin% is not "sed to spea$ abo"t the f"t"re. e.g. ou say he walked across the Sahara !esert" He must be mad" ou must be joking" I sim#ly dont believe you" b! The ne%ative of this "se is cant. e.g. She cant have a ten$year$old daughter" Shes only twenty$one hersel%" 3) Should. a! Should expresses #hat may reasonably be expected to happen. (xpectation means believin% that thin%s are or #ill be as #e #ant them to be. This "se of should has the idea of if everythin% has %one accordin% to plan. e.g. &ur guests should be here soon 'i% they havent got lost(. )his homework shouldnt take you too long 'i% youve understood what you have to do(. *e should be moving into our new house soon 'as long as nothing goes wrong(. b! Should in this "se has the idea that #e #ant the action to happen. It is not "sed to express ne%ative or "npleasant ideas. e.g. ou should pass the exam. ouve worked hard 'N ! ou should %ail the exam(. ") Ma#$ might and could. a! Ma# expresses the possibility that an event #ill happen or is happenin%. e.g. *e ma# go to +reece this year. *e havent decided yet. ,*heres -nn./ ,She ma# be having a bath, I dont know/. b! Might and could are sli%htly more tentative and sli%htly less certain than ma#. e.g. It might %ain. )ake your umbrella.

ou could be right. Im not sure. c! &ouldnt is not "sed to express a f"t"re possibility. The ne%ative of could in this "se is might not. e.g. ou might not be right. d! &ouldnt has a similar meanin% to cant above only sli%htly #ea$er. e.g. She couldnt have a ten$year$old daughter" Shes only twenty$one hersel%" 2. Modal verbs of probability in the past. All the modal verbs above can be "sed #ith the perfect infinitive to spea$ abo"t probability in the past. They express the same varyin% de%rees of certainty. A%ain will have done is the most certain and might' could have done is the least certain. e.g. ,I met a tall girl at your #arty. 0ery attractive./ ,)hatll have been my sister, 1atsy./ It must have been a good #arty. 2veryone stayed till dawn. )he music cant have been any good. 3obody danced. *heres 1ete. He shouldve been here ages ago. He ma# have got lost. He might have decided not to come. He could have had an accident. 3. Other uses of modal verbs. 1) bligation and advice. a! Must expresses stron% obli%ation. )ther verb forms are provided by have to. e.g. ou must t%# harder. oull have to do this exercise again. I hate having to get u# early. b! Must expresses the opinion of the spea$er. e.g. I must get my hair cut. ou must do this again. ')eacher to student( (ave to expresses a %eneral obli%ation based on a la# or r"le or based on the a"thority of another person. e.g. 4hildren have to go to school until theyre sixteen. Mum says you have to tidy you room. c! Mustnt expresses ne%ative obli%ation. )ont have to expresses the absence of obli%ation. e.g. ou mustnt steal. Its very naughty. ou dont have to go to 2ngland i% you want to learn 2nglish. d! Should and ought to express mild obli%ation or advice. Should is m"ch more common. ught to is not "sed in &"estions. e.g. ou should go to bed. ou look very tired. ou ought to take things easier. e! Should *ought to) + the pe%,ect in,initive is "sed to refer to a desirable

action in the past that didn*t happen. e.g. ou shouldve listened to my advice. I was right all the time. Shouldnt *oughtnt to) + the pe%,ect in,initive is "sed to refer to an "ndesirable action in the past that did happen. e.g. ou shouldnt have told him he was a loser. It was callous. f! Need is a modal verb #ith no +rd person form. It is "sed mainly in &"estions and ne%atives. The meanin% is similar to have to. e.%. Need you ask. )he 1rime Minister need not worry. Need to is a normal verb. e.%. Sarah needs to be more care%ul. ou don-t need to worry. )o . need to %ill in this %orm. %! )idn-t need to describes a past sit"ation #here somethin% #as not necessary so it #as not done. e.g. 5ate looked a%ter the children, so we didn-t need to take them to the nursery. Needn-t have done describes a past sit"ation #here somethin% happened or #as done b"t it #as not necessary. e.g. . needn-t have gone so early to the o%%ice. )he meeting was cancelled. 2) /e%mission. a! Ma#$ can and could are "sed to as$ for permission. e.g. Ma# I use your #hone. &an'could I go home. b! Ma# is "sed to %ive permission b"t it so"nds very formal. &an and cant are more common. e.g. ou can use a dictionary in this exam. ou cant stay u# till midnight. c! To tal$ abo"t permission %enerally or permission in the past #e "se can could or be able to. e.g. 4hildren can *a%e allowed) to do what they want these days. 3) 0bilit#. a! &an expresses ability. The past is expressed by could. )ther forms are provided by be able to. e.g. I can s#eak three languages. I could swim when I was three. Ive never been able to understand her. b! To express a f"lfilled ability on one partic"lar occasion in the past could is not "sed. Instead #e "se was able to or managed to. e.g. She was able to survive by clinging onto the wrecked boat. )he #risoner managed to esca#e by climbing onto the roo%. c! &ould + the pe%,ect in,initive is "sed to spea$ abo"t an "nreali,ed past ability. -omeone #as able to do somethin% in the past b"t didn*t try to. e.g. I could have gone to university, but I didnt want to. d! &ould .and might! can be "sed to critici,e people for not doin% thin%s. e.g. ou could *might) have hel#ed me instead o% 6ust sitting there" ") 1e2uest. -everal modal verbs express a re&"est.

e.%. &an'could'will'would yo" help me/ 3) Willingness and %e,usal. a! Will expresses #illin%ness. Wont expresses a ref"sal by either people or thin%s. e.g. Ill hel# you. She says she wont get u# until shes had break%ast in bed. )he car wont start. b! The past is expressed by wouldnt. e.g. My mum said she wouldnt give me any more money. I. Modal verbs of probability. 1. &hoose the best continuation a to i ,o% sentences 1 to 4. 1 0o" m"st have met some fascinatin% people 2 0o" m"st $no# To$yo is expensive + 0o" can1t have lived in T"nisia for ten years 2 0o" can1t be tired 3 0o" m"st be exha"sted 4 0o" may find it diffic"lt to settle do#n 5 0o" co"ldn1t have %one on holiday 6 0o" mi%ht thin$ abo"t %oin% to -pain 7 0o" co"ld ta$e a taxi a after all yo"r hard #or$. b after to"rin% the #orld for years. 7 if yo"1ve lived there. d d"rin% yo"r trip to Africa. e #hen yo"1ve 8"st had a holiday. % #itho"t learnin% some Arabic. g to the airport tomorro#. h beca"se yo" had a bro$en le%. i for yo"r next holiday. 2. &hoose the best continuation a to j ,o% sentences 1 to 15. 1 I1m still #aitin% for the money the ban$ is s"pposed to have sent me. 2 There1s still no si%n of Alex. + It1s %ettin% rather late to deal #ith this no#. 2 I #ish yo" #o"ldn1t leave yo"r ba% near the door li$e that. 3 0o"1d better ta$e yo"r "mbrella #ith yo". 4 This piece is the ri%ht shape b"t it doesn1t fit. 5 There sho"ld be a fillin% station here. 6 It1s a very lon% boo$. 7 )h sorry yes these are yo"r $eys. 19 :eave yo"rself plenty of time for the 8o"rney.

a. b. c. d. e. f. %. h. i. 8.

0o"1re bo"nd to need it if yo" don1t. -"rely yo" can1t have finished it already; It sho"ld have %ot here by no#. It can ta$e &"ite a lon% time in the r"sh ho"r. It can1t be the ri%ht one after all. That1s stran%e; I can1t see one any#here; 0o" co"ld al#ays come bac$ tomorro#. <e may have missed the train I s"ppose. I m"st have pic$ed them "p by mista$e. -omeone co"ld easily fall over it and h"rt themselves.

3. &hoose the co%%ect alte%native. 1 0o" m"st be = can1t be very pro"d of yo"r son #innin% so many pri,es. 1 'e tho"%ht o"r co"sins #o"ld visit "s #hen they #ere in to#n last #ee$ b"t they didn1t even phone. I s"ppose they m"st be = m"st have been too b"sy. 2 The film1s been s"ch a bi% s"ccess. I %"ess it m"st be = can1t be easy to %et tic$ets to see it. + I1m s"re yo" co"ld mend this if yo" really tried. 0o" m"st be "sin% = can1t be "sin% the ri%ht tools. 2 I1ve 8"st r"n% the %ara%e to chec$ #hether they1ve fixed my car b"t I can1t %et an ans#er. I s"ppose they may have = may be havin% a tea>brea$ o"t in the yard. + I don1t $no# #hy yo" #anted to stay at that party. 0o" mi%ht have en8oyed = can1t have en8oyed tal$in% to all those borin% people. 2 I can1t %o o"t this mornin%. 'e1re %ettin% a ne# sofa and the store may be deliverin% = m"st be deliverin% it today. 3 ?lease chec$ these fi%"res a%ain. They1re not acc"rate. 0o" mi%ht have been concentratin% = can1t have been concentratin% #hen yo" added them "p. 2 0o" m"st be = m"st have been thirsty after carryin% those heavy boxes. -hall I ma$e some tea/ ". &hoose the co%%ect ,o%m. 6$ 7 o% &$ to complete the sentence. 1 'hy don1t yo" phone @atie no#/ -he A yet. 2 Ta$e some s"n>bloc$ and #ear a hat as it A %et very hot in the middle of the day. + There1s no point #aitin% here any lon%er. 'e A %o and have somethin% to eat. 2 :"c$y yo" mana%ed to han% on to that tree. 0o" Ado#n the cliff. 3 1'hat am I %oin% to do abo"t a present for Barol/1 10o" A some flo#ers.1 4 I don1t $no# #hat time I1ll be home. I A be &"ite late I1m afraid. 5 Con1t #orry abo"t yo"r drivin% test. 0o" A to pass. 6 There1s no si%n of the do% any#here. -omeone A it o"t. 7 'hy don1t yo" as$ Nic$ abo"t it/ <e A $no# the ans#er I s"ppose. 19There m"st be some $ind of technical problem. The film A by no#.

1 A can8t have le%t 2 A must + A can hardly 2 A could have %allen 3 A might have sent her 4 A must 5 A may 6 A is bound to have let 7 A can 19A should have started

D must have le%t D can D are bound to D must have %allen D must have sent her D can D must D must have let D may as well D must have started

E might have le%t E could have E might as well E may have %allen E could always send her E may E are bound to E can let E might E might have started

3. &omplete the email with the wo%ds below. may be seein% may have left co"ld be comin% may not have done co"ldn1t have left may have fo"nd co"ld have fallen may be visitin% From: Robin Nicholas To: <elena -ha$espeare Sub e!t: -eein% yo" a%ain <elena It #as %ood to see yo" last #ee$ and to %et yo"r email yesterday. -orry to hear yo" lost yo"r rap BC on the 8o"rney home. I1ve loo$ed for it b"t it definitely isn1t in o"r car. I thin$ yo" .1! it on the train. 'hy not phone the lost property office/ It .2! do#n the side of yo"r seat. -omeone .+! it and handed it in. )f co"rse if they li$e rap m"sic they .2!; Any#ay as far as I remember yo" .3! it here beca"se yo" #ere listenin% to it on the #ay to the station. And no# my ne#s. G"ess #hat/ I .4! to yo"r part of the #orld next month; There is a conference in yo"r to#n #hich my boss #anted to attend b"t no# he1s heard that some important clients .5! o"r office at that time. -o #e .6! each other sooner than #e expected. :et1s hope so. )f co"rse it1s not settled yet. I1ll email as soon as I $no# for certain. -ee yo" Robin 8. &omplete the te9t using one o, the ph%ases a:j in each gap. a! can1t have set off b! co"ld easily be c! co"ld expect d! m"st have been e! can1t have been f! co"ld easily sail %! mi%ht have h! m"st have made i! sho"ld have reached 8! mi%ht involve

14th>cent"ry explorers Ima%ine #hat it .1! li$e to have sailed aro"nd the #orld in a small #ooden ship as Cra$e and his men did in 1355>1369. )n a ship only some +3 metres lon% it .2! easy for the 69 or so cre# to live comfortably. (xploration #as part of #ar and rivalry #ith other nations so these voya%es .+! attac$s on other ships and to#ns and had to ma$e a profit. There #ere all the "s"al dan%ers too. A ship .2! destroyed by a storm or r"n o"t of food and #ater and the captain .3! little idea of #here the ship #as or #here it #as %oin%. (xplorers .4! many #ron% decisions in an a%e #hen there #ere only basic maps and navi%ation e&"ipment and in "n$no#n parts of ocean #here a ship .5! for #ee$s #itho"t reachin% land. Fery often places they tho"%ht they .6! t"rned o"t to be m"ch f"rther on or in a different direction. <o#ever they .7! on s"ch lon% voya%es #itho"t some %eneral idea of the places they .19! to reach alon% the #ay and as $no#led%e of navi%ation improved voya%es became more and more s"ccessf"l. ;. &omplete the answe%s with must$ can-t o% might and an# othe% wo%ds #ou need. 1. G(RA:CG Ban that be Hames phonin% at this ho"r/ It1s %one midni%ht; <I:CAG ItAhim. <e said he1d phone if he passed his exam. 2. HIMG There1s a li%ht on in that office bloc$. Co yo" thin$ it1s a thief/ <ARR0G ItAthe cleaners. They al#ays #or$ at ni%ht. +. (:IN)RG 'here did Adam %et that ne# %"itar/ <e hasn1t %ot any money @AT(G It A a present. After all it #as his birthday last #ee$. 2. NIB@0G 'hy did Mina i%nore me at the party last ni%ht/ R0ANG -he Ayo". -he #asn1t #earin% her %lasses. 3. (MMAG Co yo" thin$ Bindy told the boss I left #or$ early yesterday/ N(I:G -he1s a#ay this #ee$ so she A him. 4. HI::G 'hat1s ma$in% me feel so ill/ ?ATG It A ate. Cid yo" have seafood last ni%ht/ That sometimes ma$es people ill. <. 1e:wo%d the ,ollowing sentences using can, may o% must. 1. I don1t thin$ he did it all by himself. 2. ?erhaps yo"1re ri%ht. +. It is possible that they for%ot it in the car.

2. Is it really tr"e/ 3. I don1t believe he has been meanin% to do it. 4. It is impossible that he sho"ld have ref"sed yo"r re&"est. 5. (vidently he has not read the boo$. 6. I1m certain that he has heard the %on%. 7. It #as some special occasion I1m s"re. 19.<e loo$s #et and m"ddy. I1m s"re he has been fishin%. 11.No do"bt she is o"t shoppin%. 12.It1s possible that he doesn1t $no# #e are here. 1+.Is it possible that he is %ivin% a co"rse on the Renaissance at the University/ 12.It is possible that the ne#s is bein% broadcast on all the channels. 13.I1m certain they didn1t ta$e notes of the meetin%. 14.Is it possible that #e are o"t of #rappin% paper/ 15.It is possible he #ill a%ain for%et to r"le a mar%in do#n the left side. 16.Then the firin% be%an a%ain. This time it #as impossible for it to be more than a mile a#ay. 17.:et1s %ive her a call a%ain. It is possible that she #as asleep and didn1t hear the telephone. 29.0o" have "sed "p all the money I %ave yo" I s"ppose. 21.I1m s"re she1s at home. 22.I1m certain yo"1re cra,y. 2+.I $no# that isn1t Hanet > she1s in America. 22.I1m s"re she thin$s I1m st"pid. 23.I bet I loo$ silly in this coat. 24.They1re al#ays b"yin% ne# cars > I1m certain they ma$e a lot of money. 25.I1m s"re he1s not a teacher > he1s too #ell dressed. 26.0o"1re an architect/ I1m s"re that1s an interestin% 8ob. 27.I1m s"re yo"1re not serio"s. I $no# yo"1re 8o$in%. +9.I1m s"re he1s %ot another #omanG he $eeps comin% home late. 4. W%ite a new sentence with the same meaning$ beginning as shown. 1. R"nnin% is not allo#ed on the stairs. There is a dan%er of accidents. R"nnin% is not allo#ed on the stairs. 0o" ................................................. 2. 0o"1d better not "se this ladder. :oo$ at it; I1m s"re it1s not safe. 0o"1d better not "se this ladder. :oo$ at it; It................................................... +. I thin$ I $no# ho# this #indo# %ot bro$en. I1m s"re someone $ic$ed a ball a%ainst it. I thin$ I $no# ho# this #indo# %ot bro$en. -omeone..................................... 2. Unless yo" follo# instr"ctions it1s possible for a %ymnasi"m to be a dan%ero"s place. Unless yo" follo# instr"ctions a %ymnasi"m................................................... 3. I1ve t"rned off the electricity. I1m s"re it1s safe to to"ch these #ires no#. I1ve t"rned off the electricity. It..........................................................................

4. )"ch; 'hy didn1t yo" tell me that piece of metal #as hot; )"ch; 0o"........................................................................................................; 5. 'here are the fire fi%hters/ I expected them to have arrived by no#. 'here are the fire fi%hters/ They...................................................................... 6. I1m s"re yo" didn1t clean this bo#l properly. 0o".......................................................................................... I can see stains on it. 15. 1ead these th%ee sho%t te9ts about missing people. !hen speculate about what #ou think happened in each case. =se must$ might and cant. 1. :inda ?eyton has bee missin% for three #ee$s. It is $no#n that she #as stayin% in a hostel near (xeter "ntil &"ite recently and it is tho"%ht that she has a boyfriend in Iristol over 39 miles a#ay. :inda is only 14 years old and sho"ld have been attendin% school. <er family are #orried abo"t her and #o"ld li$e her to %et in to"ch and let them $no# she*s )@. :inda had been livin% #ith her %randparents. Accordin% to her %randfather :inda en8oys shoppin% is very creative and had hoped to become a bea"tician. 2. Richard 'ithers 2+ #ent missin% from his home in (astbo"rne last )ctober leavin% behind his %lasses credit cards and vario"s personal doc"ments. Richard #as d"e to report to #or$ at a local factory b"t never t"rned "p. <is mother claims that he left the ho"se that day Jin a distressed condition* beca"se he had recently been beaten "p in a street fi%ht and had also been havin% some serio"s personal problems. Richard is a $een football s"pporter #ho often #ent to #atch Iri%hton K <ove Albion play. <is mother described him as Ja lovely helpf"l man #ho #o"ldn*t h"rt a fly*. +. -$ip <"dson disappeared on Bhristmas (ve last year. That day he #as d"e to fly to Almeria in -pain #ith his fiancLe and had %one to the ban$ in Bleethorpes to #ithdra# some money. <e never came bac$ and has not been seen since. -$ip had apparently bee loo$in% for#ard to the holiday despite his fear of flyin%. <e had never flo#n before. There #as a reported si%htin% of him on Ioxin% Cay in a nearby to#n. -$ip "sed to #or$ as a mechanic in a local %ara%e and #as also a $een fisherman. . II. Other uses of modal verbs. 1. &an$ could$ able to. &hoose the co%%ect alte%native. 1 'hy did yo" #al$ all the #ay from the station/ 0o" co"ld Mhone = co"ld

have phoned for a lift. 2 I loved stayin% #ith my %randparents #hen I #as a child. They let me read all the boo$s in the ho"se and told me I co"ld %o = #as able to %o to bed as late as I #anted. + This carpet #as priced at N399 b"t I co"ld %et = #as able to %et a disco"nt beca"se of this little mar$ in the corner. 2 I co"ldn1t have fo"nd = haven1t been able to find my diary for days. It1s terribly inconvenient. 3 I1ve no idea #here my brother is livin% no#. <e can be = co"ld be at the North ?ole for all I $no#. 4 It1s diffic"lt to "nderstand ho# explorers s"rvive the conditions they enco"nter in the Antarctic. I1m s"re I can1t = co"ldn1t. 5 I #ish I1d had yo"r opport"nities. 'ith a proper ed"cation I can be = co"ld have been a rich man no#. 6 The day started off misty b"t the s"n had appeared by the time #e reached the mo"ntain and #e co"ld climb = #ere able to climb it &"ite &"ic$ly. 7 )"r holiday flat had a $itchen. 'e co"ld coo$ = co"ld have coo$ed o"r o#n meals b"t #e preferred to %o to local resta"rants. 19 'hy did I listen to yo"/ I can be = co"ld have been at home no# instead of sittin% here in the cold; 2. =se can$ could o% able to in the ,ollowing sentences. 1 . . . yo" stand on yo"r head/ > I . . . #hen I #as at school b"t I . . . no#. '9nd verb negative( 2 'hen I1ve passed my drivin% test I . . . hire a car from o"r local %ara%e. + At the end of the month the ?ost )ffice #ill send him an enormo"s telephone bill #hich he . . . pay. 'negative( 2 I ... remember the address 'negative( O . . . yo" even remember the street/ 'negative( 3 'hen the fo% lifts #e . . . see #here #e are. 4 0o"1ve p"t too m"ch in yo"r r"c$sac$P yo" never . . . carry all that. 5 'hen I #as a child I . . . "nderstand ad"lts and no# that I am an ad"lt I . . . "nderstand children 'negative, negative( 6 'hen yo" have ta$en yo"r de%ree yo" . . . p"t letters after yo"r name/ 7 Con1t try to loo$ at all the pict"res in the %allery. )ther#ise #hen yo" %et home yo" . . . remember any of them 'negative( 19 'hen I first #ent to -pain I. . . read -panish b"t I . . . spea$ it. '9nd verb negative( 11 . . . yo" type/> 0es I . . . type b"t I ... do shorthand. '9nd verb negative( 12 I1m loc$ed in. I . . . %et o"t; 'negative( > . . . yo" s&"ee,e bet#een the bars/ 'negative( >No; I . . .P I1m too fat. 'negative( 1+ ... I spea$ to Mr ?itt please/> I1m afraid he1s o"t at the moment. . . . yo" rin% bac$ later/ 12 If yo" stood on my sho"lders . . . yo" reach the top of the #all/ Q No I1m

afraid I . . . 'negative( 13 If I san% . . . yo" accompany me on the piano/ >No I. . . I . . . play the piano; 'negative, negative( 14 If a letter comes for me . . . yo" please for#ard it to this address/ 15 -he made the #all very hi%h so that boys . . . climb over it. 'negative( 16 They too$ his passport so that he . . . leave the co"ntry 'negative( 17 . . . yo" tell me the time please/ O I1m afraid I. ... I haven1t %ot a #atch 'negative( 29 If yo" had to . . . yo" %o #itho"t food for a #ee$/ O I s"ppose I ... if I had plenty of #ater. 21 . . . yo" lend me N3/ >No I . . . 'negative( 22 They "sed to chain val"able boo$s to library des$s so that people . . . ta$e them a#ay 'negative( 2+ <e says that he sa# Blementine dro#nin% b"t. . . help her as he . . . s#im 'negative, negative( 22 If yo" had had the ri%ht tools . . . yo" have repaired the en%ine/ 3. &omplete the sentences with could*n-t) and was*n-t) able to. Sometimes the%e is mo%e than one answe%. 1. (ddie bro$e his le% last s"mmer so he A s#im. 2. (mily1s handba% #as stolen #hen she #as o"t yesterday afternoon. :"c$ily she met a friend so she A "se his mobile to call home. +. I didn1t en8oy the play beca"se I for%ot my %lasses. I A see the sta%e properly. 2. Marion1s meetin% #as cancelled at the last moment so she A come to the sports cl"b #ith "s after all. 3. Robert A spea$ any C"tch #hen he moved to Amsterdam last year b"t he1s almost fl"ent no#. 3 I tho"%ht I1d have to %et a taxi home from the party b"t l"c$ily I A have a lift #ith @ate. 4. 'e really #anted to b"y a ho"se last year b"t #e 8"st A afford it. 5. My brother A read #ell by the a%e of seven b"t he1s al#ays had problems #ith maths. 6. :ast ni%ht #e heard a noise o"tside o"r #indo#. 'hen #e t"rned off the li%ht #e A see a deer in the %arden. 7. )ne day last #ee$ I loc$ed my h"sband o"t of the ho"se by mista$e b"t l"c$ily he A %et in thro"%h an open #indo#. 19. <e #as very stron%P he . . . s$i all day and dance all ni%ht. 11. The car pl"n%ed into the river. The driver . . . %et o"t b"t the passen%ers #ere dro#ned. 12. 'e . . . borro# "mbrellasP so #e didn1t %et #et. 1+. . . . yo" #al$ or did they have to carry yo"/ 12. I had no $ey so I . . . loc$ the door 'negative( 13. I $ne# the to#n so I . . . advise him #here to %o.

14. 'hen the %ara%e had repaired o"r car #e . . . contin"e o"r 8o"rney. 15. At five years old he . . . read &"ite #ell. 16. 'hen I arrived everyone #as asleep. Rort"nately I . . . #a$e my sister and she let me in. 17. The s#immer #as very tired b"t he . . . reach the shore before he collapsed. 29. The police #ere s"spicio"s at first b"t I . . . convince them that #e #ere innocent. ". >ill the spaces in the ,ollowing sentences b# inse%ting must o% the p%esent$ ,utu%e$ o% past ,o%m o, have to. 1 -he . . . leave home at ei%ht every mornin% at present. 2 Notice in a pict"re %alleryG Bameras stic$s and "mbrellas ... be left at the des$. + <e sees very badlyP he . . . #ear %lasses all the time. 2 I ... do all the typin% at my office. 3 0o" . . . read this boo$. It1s really excellent. 4 The children . . . play in the streets till their mothers %et home from #or$. 5 -he felt ill and . . . leave early. 6 Mr ?itt . . . coo$ his o#n meals. <is #ife is a#ay. 7 I hadn1t eno"%h money and I. . . pay by che&"e. 19 I never remember his addressP I al#ays . . . loo$ it "p. 11 (mployerG 0o" . . . come to #or$ in time. 12 If yo" %o to a dentist #ith a private practice yo" . . . pay him &"ite a lot of money. 1+ Rather to small sonG 0o" ... do #hat M"mmy says. 12 My nei%hbo"r1s child . . . practise the piano for three ho"rs a day. 13 CoctorG I can1t come no#. "aller: 0o" . . . comeP he1s terribly ill. 14 (n%lish children . . . stay at school till the a%e of 14. 15 In my district there is no %as laid on. ?eople . . . "se electricity for everythin%. 16 Notice above petrol p"mpG All en%ines ... be s#itched off. 17 Mother to da"%hterG 0o" . . . come in earlier at ni%ht. 29 The shops here don1t deliver. 'e . . . carry everythin% home o"rselves. 21 The b"ses #ere all f"llP I . . . %et a taxi. 22 Notice beside escalatorsG Co%s and p"sh chairs ... be carried. 2+ 1A" pair1 %irls "s"ally ... do &"ite a lot of ho"se#or$. 22 Tell her that she ... be here by six. I insist on it. 23 'hen a tyre is p"nct"red the driver . . . chan%e the #heel. 24 ?ar$ noticeG All do%s ... be $ept on leads. 25 -he . . . learn ho# to drive #hen her local rail#ay station is closed. 26 Rail#ay noticeG ?assen%ers . . . cross the line by the footbrid%e. 27 I %ot lost and . . . as$ a policeman the #ay.

+9 Rarmers . . . %et "p early. 3. =se the %e2ui%ed ,o%m o, the in,initive a,te% ought to and should. 1.I"t #e o"%ht 'to have( yo"r brother here to tell "s exactly ho# far #e can %o. 2.Tea is bet#een half past five and six and it sho"ld 'to be( ready no#. +.<e co"ldn1t see anythin%. <e tho"%ht that he o"%ht 'to bring( a torch. 2.-ho"ld the baby 'to #lay( #ith a box of matches/ 3.If yo"1re in love it o"%ht 'to make( yo" happy. 0o" o"%ht 'to laugh(. 4.The doctor said it #as appendicitis and she o"%ht 'to o#erate( on. 5.0o" sho"ld 'to see( him yesterday on horsebac$. 6.)ne day the headmaster came on Hac$ #ho sho"ld 'to sweat( on the sports %ro"nd sittin% comfortably in a %ardener1s shed readin% a boo$ and eatin% a lar%e piece of cocoa>n"t ice. 7.S0o"r father and I sho"ld 'to arrange( everythin% before I came here S he said. 19.)"%htn1t yo" 'to answer( that letter no#/ 11.'here is his car/ <e sho"ldn1t 'to leave( it "nattended. 12.<e drove at %reat speed. <e $ne# that abo"t this ho"r the %"ests sho"ld 'to arrive( at his ho"se. 1+.S'ell I1m very %lad to $no# at last #hat it #as all abo"t.S S0o" o"%ht 'to tell( before.S 12.Then he sho"ld 'to laugh(, b"t instead he heard himself sayin%G S(verythin% yo" say is &"ite tr"e.S 13.Anythin% #e can do to clear "p this miserable affair o"%ht 'to do(. 14.SI don1t thin$ he had the least idea of #hat I meant.S S0o" sho"ld 'to be( more explicit my dear.S III. "onsolidation. 1. >ill in the blanks with can *be able)$ ma# o% must? 1. S'ill yo" $no# #here to %o/S S0es than$ yo". I ... al#ays as$ my brother.S 2. SCidn1t she hear o"r sho"tin%/S S-he says she heard nothin%.S S-he ... have #andered a lon% #ay.S +. 'hat ... he have meant #hen he said it/ 2. <e hesitated and said SI ... %o to -o"th America. As a tea planter.S I said SI ... be #ron% Hason b"t I don1t thin$ they %ro# tea in -o"th America.S 3. <e ... have flo#n off after he dropped "s. <e ... not land here. Not in a plane #ith #heels. 4. SI1d %ive anythin% to meet that fello#.S S'e ... see #hat ... be done.S 5. Bindy ... have la"%hed alo"d. Instead she nodded. 6. 0o" ... hardly have been more s"rprised than I #as.

7. The old man c"pped his ear in his palm. SI thin$ I ... be %ettin% deaf. I ... not hear yo".S 19. SThere #as someone on the phone for yo" S he said. S)h #ho/S SI don1t $no# he didn1t say. -ome man.S SIt ... have been Mi$e.S SI $no# Mi$e. It #asn1t Mi$e.S S)h. Then I ... not thin$ #ho it ... have been.S 11. I #ent strai%ht from the station to the cl"b and played billiards. It ... have been after eleven #hen I reached the flat. 12. -he #as be%innin% to #ant to as$ him in b"t she $ne# that she ... not do it yet. 1+. It1s a most interestin% story. <e ... not possibly have invented it. 0o" ... have told him somethin%. 12. I1ve other thin%s to attend to #hich ... be p"t thro"%h immediately. 13. I admire yo"r mother1s loo$s. -he ... have been a lovely %irl. 14. The apples are very %ood. 0o" ... eat them all. 15. My #ife ... leave the hospital in a #ee$1s time. 16. My #ife ... to leave the hospital a fe# days a%o. 17. I1m tryin% to thin$ #here he ... have %one. 29. )f co"rse it occ"rred to me that if he had fo"nd the #atch as he said it ... have been lyin% in the %arden for more than a year. 21. <e be%an absently to eat one of the b"ttered bisc"its. <e1d lose his appetite if his #ife didn1t h"rry "p. -he ... be tal$in% to Rra" -chmidt. 22. A day or t#o later Mrs -tric$land sent me a note as$in% if I ... %o and see her that evenin% after dinner. 2+. SI don1t $no# #hy he did it.S SIt ... have am"sed him.S 22. S0o" $no# I1m a bit of a #riter myself in a small #ay.S S'hat are yo" #ritin%/ A novel/S S)h come off it. I ... not #rite a novel. No it1s a sort of history of the re%iment as a matter of fact.S 23. S<e1s "p in Iarbie1s room. <e1s decoratin% it #ith shells. <e ... have bro"%ht in a ton.S 24. S-he1s %one o"t. -omethin% a#f"l ... have happened.S S<o# ... she have %ot o"t/ The door is loc$ed.S 25. I1m %oin% to tell him that he ... not do any b"ildin% here. 26. They say the driver . . have been %oin% fifty miles ro"nd that blind corner for the body to have been thro#n and in8"red li$e it #as. 27. -he loo$ed "n"s"ally pale and %loomy. I #ondered #hat ... have "pset her. +9. S... yo" drive a car Mooey/S S0es indeed I ... S he ans#ered. +1. 0o" ... be very prospero"s ("stace to o#n a car li$e that +2. )bvio"sly <aviland had #or$ed late the ni%ht before as he ... have done for several ni%hts in a ro# beca"se he loo$ed dra#n and pale. ++. The #ater of the pool ... have been heated for it steamed %ently in the beams of the lamps. +2. Mr <ardy ta$es a lot of aspirin. <e ... have had at least t#elve tablets d"rin% the day. +3. The man danced very #ell. <e ... have s#ent ho"rs ta$in% lessons Hac$

tho"%ht. 2. Must*n-t)$ need*n-t), should*n-t) and don-t have to Match the beginning o, each sentence with the most suitable ending. 1 :"cy sho"ld be havin% brea$fast 2 ?atsy sho"ldn1t %o cl"bbin% all ni%ht + Henny sho"ldn1t have %one o"t 2 Me%an m"stn1t oversleep 3 Nic$y doesn1t have to %et "p yet 4 Natalie didn1t need to h"rry 5 -haron needn1t have set the alarm cloc$ a #hen she #as s"pposed to be st"dyin%. b beca"se she #o$e "p early any#ay. c b"t she*s too nervo"s to eat. d #hen she has an exam the next day. e if she1s not %oin% to #or$ today. % or she1ll be late for her intervie# g beca"se she #asn1t late. 3. &hoose the co%%ect alte%native. Th"rsday N(I:G I1m doin% a trainin% session after #or$ next Monday. Ban yo" email these people/ R)III(G .1! M"st I do = -ho"ld I do it no#/ N(I:G 'ell #e .2! m"st have sent = sho"ld have sent them earlier really. R)III(G )h all ri%ht then. Rriday NA)MIG I1ve had an email abo"t a trainin% day on Monday. Co yo" thin$ I .+! m"st = o"%ht to ta$e my laptop/ (::I(G 'ell yo" .2! m"stn1t = don1t have to. I"t I al#ays ta$e mine 8"st in case I need it. Monday NA)MIG <i Neil. I1ve bro"%ht my laptop. N(I:G )h yo" .3! needn1t bother = needn1t have bothered. There are There are plenty of comp"ters. I"t #hy isn1t (llie #ith yo"/ Is she a#ay/ NA)MIG -he #asn1t as$ed to come. -he1s %one home. N(I:G )h dear. The email .4! m"st %o = m"st have %one to the #ron% address. And I don1t $no# #here Robbie is. <e .5! m"st be = sho"ld be here. NA)MIG 'ell he had to %o o"t earlier. <e .6! m"st have missed = sho"ld have missed the b"s bac$. I expect he1ll be here soon

". &hoose the co%%ect ,o%m. 2. 0o" mustn8t / don8t have to cond"ct any chemistry experiments "nless yo" are #earin% safety %lasses. 3. There are a lot of boo$s #hich Anna did not have to read / need not have read as part of her "niversity co"rse b"t #hich she decided to read o"t of interest. 4. *e don8t have to / *e8d better not tal$ for too lon%. These calls are expensive. 5. I #ent to see the dentist yesterday b"t l"c$ily = didn8t need to have /: needn8t have had any painf"l treatment; 6. 0o" didn8t have to tell me /shouldn8t have told me abo"t the party. No# it1s not a s"rprise; 7. -ome people believe that the %overnment does not have to / should not allo# %enetically modified crops to be %ro#n on a lar%e scale as they co"ld spread o"t of control. 19. These boo$s are on the #ron% shelf. They shouldn8t/ mustn8t be here. 11. The report concl"ded that the resc"ers should not have attem#ted / didn8t have to attem#t to move the in8"red passen%ers before medical help arrived. 12. ?lease p"t the paper c"ps and plates in the bin. 'e mustn8t / don8t have to leave the room in a mess. 1+. There is plenty of time. 'e mustn8t be /don8t have to be at the cinema "ntil 6.99. 3. &omplete the sentences with must*n-t)$ needn-t o% should*n-t). 1 'e1ve r"n o"t of soap. I A %et some more in the mornin%. 2 0o" A finish that report toni%ht if yo"1re too tired. Midday tomorro# is the deadline. + 'hat are yo" doin% here/ A yo" be at colle%e/ 2 <e really A have told his brother abo"t this present. It #as s"pposed to be a secret. 3 0o" A brin% yo"r mobile beca"se I1ve %ot mine #ith me. 4 0o" A ma$e so m"ch noise. 'e1ll be as$ed to leave if yo" don1t stop it. 5 I1m %oin% to be in tro"ble. I A have emailed my brother yesterday afternoon and I completely for%ot. 6 0o" A have #ritten a letter > a text messa%e #o"ld have been )@. 8. &omplete the sentence using one wo%d in each gap. 1. In the early years of motorin% drivers didn1t A to ta$e a drivin% test. 2. 0o" A si%n the application form at the end of the pa%e or it #ill not be accepted.

+. <"rry "p. 'e A to %et to the airport by 7.+9. 2. I thin$ #e had A stop and as$ someone the #ay. 3. This b"s is %oin% to ta$e a%es. 'e A have ta$en a taxi. 4. Important notice. All ne# arrivals A to report to the reception des$. 5. Than$s for comin%. I1m %lad yo" A ma$e it. 6. 0o" loo$ really tired. 0o" A ta$e a fe# days off and have a holiday. 7. -orry I1m a bit late. I A to pic$ "p the children from school. 19. 0o" A not decide immediately #hether to 8oin the class. ;. W%ite a new sentence with the same meaning$ beginning as shown. 1. If I #ere yo" I1d ta$e an "mbrella. I thin$ yo"1dAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.. 2. Is -at"rday mornin% school comp"lsory in yo"r co"ntry/ Co st"dents........................................................................................................... +. In the third #ee$ st"dents m"st hand in a typed copy of their first lab report. In the third #ee$ st"dents are.............................................................................. 2. -heila chan%ed the battery in her camera b"t it #asn1t necessary. -heila...................................................................................the battery in her camera. 3. 0o" loo$ really ill. If I #ere yo" I1d stay at home today. 0o" loo$ really ill. I..................................................................to stay at home today. 4. It #as a bad idea to leave the #indo#s open #hile it #as rainin%. 0o"........................................................................................................................ 5. The theatre tic$ets #ere free so there #as no need for "s to pay. The theatre tic$ets #ere free so #e................................................................ 6. I can stay here "ntil 19.99. I................................................................................................leave "ntil 19.99. 7. <elen mana%ed to stop the car before it crashed into a #all. <elen #as........................................................................................................ 19. -teve1s laptop had a #ireless Internet connection so there #as no need for him to connect it to a phone line. -teve1s laptop had a #ireless Internet connection so he................................. <. &omplete the second sentence with must*n-t)$ need*n-t)$ should*n-t) o% *don-t) have to so that it has a simila% meaning to the ,i%st sentence. 1 It is vital to #ear a helmet #hen yo" ride a motorbi$e. 0o"......AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. 2 I expect #e1ll %et the contract beca"se #e offered the best price. 'e offered the best price so #e.............................................................................. + It isn1t necessary for "s to spend a lon% time in the m"se"m if it1s not interestin%. 'e...............................................G............................................................................

2 It #as #ron% of yo" to spea$ to my mother li$e that. 0o"........................................................................................................................... 3 -he promised to phone me before l"nch. It1s seven o1cloc$ no#. -he.................................................................................................................by no#. 4 I made far more sand#iches than #e needed. I....................................................................................................so many sand#iches. 5 It1s essential that my father doesn1t find o"t #hat I1ve done. My father.................................................................................................................. 6 In my opinion it #o"ld be #ron% for them to move ho"se no#. I don1t thin$ they....................................................................................................... 7 My sister offered me a lift so it #asn1t necessary for me to call a taxi. As my sister offered me a lift I............................................................................... 19 1 thin$ it1s a %ood idea to chec$ the timetable before #e leave. 'e............................................................................................................................ 4. &omplete the te9t with one wo%d in each gap. R"bbish > or ref"se as #e .1! really call it > is bi% ne#s at the moment. Ror many years people in Iritain .2! had to pay a local tax 'council tax( #hich incl"des a char%e for ref"se collection. In many parts of the co"ntry people have also been .+! to as$ their local co"ncil to remove "n#anted ho"sehold items s"ch as f"rnit"re and electrical appliances. <o#ever in recent years as a res"lt of (U le%islation co"ncils have .2! to reconsider ho# they collect r"bbish and #hat they do #ith it. In the past ho"seholders simply .3! to p"t o"t their d"stbins once a #ee$ and the co"ncil collected the r"bbish. No# the emphasis is on recyclin% and ho"seholders .4! to separate recyclable #aste .paper plastic cans and bottles! from or%anic #aste .food and %arden #aste! and other items. 1Really #e .5! have started doin% this years a%o 1 explained @aren Graham from recyclin% cons"ltants 'asteNot. 1'e .6! to stop fillin% "p holes in the %ro"nd #ith r"bbish and loo$ at #hat other co"ntries have .7! able to do.1 )ne li$ely chan%e is that soon ho"seholders .19! have to pay for their r"bbish collections. 1?eople .11! pay accordin% to ho# m"ch r"bbish they prod"ce and #e .12! to re#ard people #ho recycle and cons"me less. ?eople in Iel%i"m for example .1+! had to %et "sed to this system > and it seems to have #or$ed.1 And if yo" thin$ that #ei%hin% yo"r r"bbish is a stran%e idea yo" had .12! %et "sed to it. Iefore lon% an electronic chip in yo"r d"stbin #ill be #ei%hin% the bin and calc"latin% ho# m"ch yo" .13! to pay. 15. =se the pe%,ect in,initive o, the ve%bs in b%ackets with a suitable modal ve%b. 1. Hac$G I1ve finished. AnnG I"t yo" #ere only half #ay thro"%h #hen I #ent to bed. 0o" .#or$! all

ni%ht; 2 The instr"ctions #ere in Rrench. I translated them into (n%lish for him.> 0o" .not translate! them. <e $no#s Rrench. + TomG 'hat1s happened to Hac$/ 'e said 5.+9 and no# it1s 6.99 and there1s no si%n of him. AnnG <e .for%et! that #e invited him. <e is rather for%etf"l. I .telephone! him yesterday to remind him. 'It was %oolish o% me not to tele#hone.( 2 TomG )r he .%et! lost. <e hasn1t been to this ho"se before. I .%ive! him directions. 'I didn8t give him directions, which was stu#id o% me.( AnnG )r he .have! a brea$do#n or a p"nct"re. TomG A p"nct"re .not delay! him so lon%. 3 AnnG )r he .stop! for a drin$ and .%et! involved in an ar%"ment. Hac$1s ar%"ments %o on for ho"rs; TomG )r he .r"n! o"t of petrol. ?erhaps #e1d better %o and loo$ for him. 4 0o" .not feed! the bears; 'It was %oolish o% you to %eed them.( No# they1ll be an%ry if the next campers don1t feed them too. 4 Nobody has been in this ho"se for a month. Q Nonsense; <ere1s last Monday1s paper in the #astepaper bas$etP somebody .be! here &"ite recently. 6 T#o of the players spent the ni%ht before the bi% match at a party. Q That #as very foolish of them. They .%o! to bed early. 7 <e says that #hen #al$in% across @ensin%ton Gardens he #as attac$ed by #olves. Q <e .not be attac$ed! by #olves. There aren1t any #olves in @ensin%ton. <e .see! some Alsatian do%s and .thin$! they #ere #olves. 19I #aited from 6.99 to 6.+9 "nder the cloc$ and he says he #aited from 6.99 to 6.+9 "nder the cloc$ and #e didn1t see each other; >0o" .#ait! "nder different cloc$s; There are t#o in the station yo" $no#. 11<e set off alone a month a%o and hasn1t been heard of since. Q <e .fall! into a river and .be eaten! by crocodiles. Q )r .be $idnapped! by tribesmen. Q )r .catch! fever and .die! of it. 12'e .start! yesterday 'this was the #lan(; b"t the fli%ht #as cancelled beca"se of the fo% so #e1re still here as yo" see. 1+Mary to Ann #ho has 8"st toiled "p six fli%hts of stairsG 0o" .not #al$! "p; 0o" .come! "p in the lift. It1s #or$in% no#. 12 I left my car here "nder the No ?ar$in% si%nP and no# it1s %one. It .be! stolen; > Not necessarily. The police .drive! it a#ay. 13<e had t#o bottles of Bo$e and %ot fri%htf"lly dr"n$. $<e .not %et! dr"n$ on Bo$e. <e .drin$! %in #ith it. 14<e #as ridin% a bicycle alon% the motor#ay #hen he #as hit by the trailer of a lorry. These bi% lorries are very dan%ero"s. Q ?erhaps b"t ?a"l .not ride! a bicycle alon% the motor#ayP bicycles are not allo#ed. 15I1ve lost one of my %loves; >

The p"ppy .ta$e! it. I sa# him r"nnin% by 8"st no# #ith somethin% in his mo"th. It .be! yo"r %love. 16 'e1ve r"n o"t of petrol; > I1m not s"rprised. I noticed that the tan$ #as nearly empty #hen #e left home. Q 0o" .tell! me; 'e .%et! petrol at the last villa%e. No# #e1ve %ot a 19>mile #al$; 17If the %ro"nd hadn1t been so soft the horse I bac$ed .#in! instead of comin% in second. <e never does very #ell on soft %ro"nd. 29I1ve #ritten to ?a"l. Q 0o" .not #rite!. <e1s comin% here tomorro#. 0o"1ll see him before he %ets yo"r letter. 21They .b"ild! a t#o>storey ho"se 'this was the original #lan(, b"t money ran o"t so they b"ilt a b"n%alo# instead. 22If the do% hadn1t #o$en "s #e .not notice! the fire for several ho"rs and by that time it .spread! the ho"se next door. 2+'hy didn1t yo" #ait for me yesterday/ Q I #aited five min"tes. Q 0o" .#ait! a little lon%er; 22 <o# did ?eter %et here/ > <e .come! on a motorcycle. ')his is a #ossibility.($<e .not come! on a motorcycle. <e doesn1t ride one. O <e .come! as a pillion passen%er. 23 .Alice stayin% at a hotel for the first time caref"lly #ashes "p the early mornin% tea thin%s.! MotherG 0o" .not do! that. The hotel staff do the #ashin% "p. 24'hy are yo" so late/ 0o" .be! here t#o ho"rs a%o; 25Mrs -mithG I1ve coo$ed scrambled e%%s for Mr Hones beca"se of his diet and stea$ and onions for everyone else. Mr HonesG 0o" .not coo$! anythin% special for me Mrs -mithP I1m not on a diet any lon%er. 26If I1d $no#n #e1d have to #ait so lon% I .brin%! a boo$. Q If I1d $no#n it #as %oin% to be so cold I .not come! at all; 27Tom .loo$in% o"t of the #indo#!G Rort"nately that teapot didn1t hit anyone b"t yo" .not thro#! it o"t of the #indo# Ann; 0o" .$ill! someone. +9:oo$ at this bea"tif"l paintin%; )nly a very %reat artist .paint! s"ch a pict"re; > Nonsense; A child of five .paint! it #ith his eyes sh"t. +1 I #onder ho# the fire started. Q )h someone .drop! a li%hted ci%arette. )r it .be! an electrical fa"lt. Q +2 0o" don1t thin$ it .be started! deliberately/> 'ell I s"ppose it .be!. 'It is #ossible.( I"t #ho #o"ld do a thin% li$e that/ ++There is only one set of footprints so the $idnapper .carry! his prisoner o"t. <e not .do! it in dayli%ht or he .be! seen. <e .#ait! till dar$. +2I #ent #ith him to sho# him the #ay. $ 0o" .not do! that. ')hat wasn8t necessary.( <e $no#s the #ay. +3Then an enormo"s man ten feet tall came into the rin%. ><e .not be! ten feet tall really. <e .#al$! on stilts.

+4<e 8"mped o"t of a sixth>floor #indo# and bro$e his nec$. Q 0o" say 18"mped1. It .not be! an accident/ O No. The #indo# #as too small. It .be! deliberate. 11. 1ead the desc%iption o, the ,ollowing situations and sa# what the people should'must'could @ *not) have done and what ma#'must @ happen in ,utu%e. a! It #as -"nday yesterday and Mi$e too$ his father*s car #itho"t permission to %o to a disco. At the disco he had too m"ch beer and on the #ay home he s$idded as he #as drivin% too fast and had a minor accident. <o#ever he mana%ed to ret"rn home "nnoticed. Nat"rally he didn*t tell anybody at home abo"t #hat had happened. No# it is Monday evenin%. Mi$e*s father has 8"st ret"rned home and he loo$s very an%ry. b! )scar too$ his friends for a drive in his car. They #ent abo"t +9 miles alon% a hi%h#ay and stopped at a service station. )scar entered a fast> food resta"rant #hich #as nearby to %et some food. 'hen he came o"t his car #asn*t there. <is friends had disappeared too.

12. >ill in the blanks in the ,ollowing te9ts with suitable modal ve%bs. 1. S<allo Tim. 'hat have yo" been doin%/S Mary called to the boy. SI1ve been "p at the station S Tim said S#atchin% the trains. 0o" ... learn a lot there. 0o" ... %o "p there more often. And I1ve %ot a messa%e for yo".S SRor me/S S0es. Rrom Mi$e. I sa# him off bac$ to :ondon. <e said he #as called a#ay "nexpectedly and ... .not! to see yo" a%ain. <e also said if yo" #ere in :ondon he1d li$e yo" to call on him b"t he didn1t %ive me his address so I ... .not! tell it to yo".S SI"t he ... .not! have %one S Mary cried o"t. S'hy not/S Tim loo$ed p",,led. SI1ve 8"st seen him %o.S 2. SGranddad says he1ll be %lad #hen yo" %et o"t of the ho"se S the little %irl said after she had been sittin% still for nearly a min"te. SCoes he/S said Ted. S0es. <e says he ... .not! tr"st yo" ro"nd the corner.S S)h/S S'hat ... yo" do ro"nd the corner/S SI ... do a lot of thin%s.S S'hat sort of thin%s/S SAll sorts of thin%s.S The %irl occ"pied herself for a short time #ith her o#n tho"%hts. Then she saidG SM"mmy says yo"1re a cheat. 'hat is a cheat/S SI don1t $no# S said Ted rather bitterly.

SI"t ... yo" be a cheat if yo" don1t $no# #hat it is/S SI ... .not! of co"rse. I am not one.S SIs Grandad a cheat/S SI sho"ldn1t be s"rprised.S S... I as$ him if he is a cheat/S SI don1t thin$ yo" ... .S S'hy not/S S<e ... .not! li$e it.S S'hy not/S SI don1t $no# S said Ted. SI don1t really $no# anythin% abo"t cheats Ann. And I thin$ yo" ... have made a mista$e abo"t the #ord alto%ether.S +. SThe ho"se is absol"tely f"ll of %as. 'hatever have yo" been doin%/S I as$ed the maid enterin% her bedroom. SI have done nothin% S she said #ea$ly. S)h then #ho #as it/S I said tryin% to open the #indo#s. S0o" ... have been dead. I ... .not! thin$ #hat yo" ... have been doin%. The %as oven #as on. I s"ppose it ... have been Rlora. 'as she playin% in the $itchen/S S0es. -he ... have done it. 'hat a na"%hty %irl tryin% to $ill "s all.S SCo yo" mean S I said Sthat yo" didn1t even notice/ That since seven o1cloc$ yo" haven1t noticed a thin%/S SI did not notice anythin% no.S S0o" ... be an idiot S I said. S'hat if I had stayed o"t all ni%ht yo"1d probably all have been dead by the mornin%.S 13. Suppl# the necessa%# modal ve%bs ,o% the ,ollowing sentences$ noticing ca%e,ull# the 1ussian e2uivalents given in b%ackets. l.<e ... not and ... not believe her. '<= >?@; <= A?B=C( 2. TU sat thin$in% "nhappily of his tal$ #ith Himmy. <e #ondered if he ... have stayed #ith him. <e felt he ... have said somethin% at least to #arn Himmy a%ainst -mith. I"t #hat ... he have said/ And Himmy ... not have listened '<DE? FGC? FG; 7C=E?HDC? FG; >?@ FG; <= 7BDC FG( +.SIy the #ay S I as$ed S#hat1s Iill doin% no#/S S<o# in the #orld ... I $no#/S Arth"r loo$ed pained. SI tho"%ht he ... have been botherin% yo" for money.S .?BIJED ><= K<DBL; >?M=B FGBL( 2.TU came o"t of the #ater smilin%. S0o" ... have come earlier S he said. S'e ... have s#"m to%ether. The #ater is %reat.S 'KNO <= PNQR=C; >?@CQ FG( 3.S:ast ni%ht yo" $no# <"%h s"ddenly be%an to spea$ to me abo"t #hat my f"t"re #as %oin% to be li$e.S S'hat ... it have meant/S S<o# ... I $no#/S 'Q SB? TB? >?@C? K<DSQBL; ?BIJED ><= K<DBL( 4.There #as an old apple tree beside the path. I said SI bet I ... climb that.S SNo yo" ... not S said Hac$ '>?@J; <= <DE?( 5.S'ell then ... yo" hold the line #hile I find the letter/S SI ... not I1m in a telephone box.S SThen ... I rin% yo" bac$/S SI1m not on the telephone.S SThen I thin$ perhaps yo" ... rin% me bac$ in half an ho"r. Iy then I ... have some idea

#hat this is all abo"t.S '>?M=RL CQ; <= >?@J; >?M<? ><=; B=F= CJSR=; >?M=B FGBL( 6.TU $no#s he ... read classics. <e ... chan%e to somethin% else. '<= <JM<?; >?@ FG( 7.SMonday #ill be my last day in :ondon S <"dson said. SI stay do#n here fairly late.S '>?M=B FGBL, PNQE=B7O( 19. In any case I ... not han% abo"t o"tside indefinitely #hile the sisters finished their &"arrel. They ... contin"e for ho"rs '<= >?@ M=; >?M=B FGBL( 11.It1s too bad she ... not have a drin$ #ith "s. 'e ... have learned a %reat deal abo"t the theatre toni%ht '<= >?@CD; >?@CQ FG( 12.If yo" help me no# I ..... help yo" later '>?M=B FGBL, 7>?@J( 1+.SI shall #ait to hear #hat :ily has to say abo"t it.S S0o" A #ait a lon% time.S '>?M=B FGBL, PNQE=B7O( 12.1 thin$ yo" ... certainly have told "s the tr"th and #e ... have decided #hat #as the best thin% to do. '7C=E?HDC? FG; >?@CQ FG( 13.If yo"r mother calls tell her I. .be a little late 'H?K>?M<?, PNQE=B7O( 14.)n -at"rday Bharles bro$e the ne#s to his father. Mr March be%an to %r"mbleG S0o" ... have chosen a more s"itable time to tell me. 0o" ... have $no#n that hearin% this #o"ld p"t me o"t of step for the day.S '7C=E?HDC? FG; >?@ FG(

F)BAI K -?(A@ING. 1. (e%e a%e seve%al idioms to e9p%ess su%p%ise. Stud# them and use them in #ou% own sentences. It beats me# This expression is "sed to express s"rprise at somethin% that yo" find diffic"lt to "nderstand SIt beats me ho# he can live in that horrible apartment;S It$s beyond me. The expression Sit$s beyond meS meansG Sit1s impossible for me to "nderstandS SIt$s beyond me #hy Mary #ants to marry Hohn.S % bolt from the blue. To refer to somethin% as a bolt from the blue means that it happened completely "nexpectedly. The chairman1s resi%nation came as a bolt from the bl"e;S Out of the blue If somethin% happens out of the blue it happens "nexpectedly "au&ht una'ares. If someone is !au&ht una'ares they are s"rprised and "nprepared for #hat happens. SThe sec"rity %"ard moved so silently that the thief #as !au&ht una'aresS (rop a bombshell. If someone ma$es an "nexpected or shoc$in% anno"ncement they drop a bombshell. S<er ne# h"sband dropped a bombshell #hen he anno"nced that he #as already the father of three children;S % doubtin& Thomas is one #ho habit"ally or instinctively do"bts or &"estions. V<e #as a doubtin& Thomas abo"t the comin% mer%er not believin% it #o"ld ever happenW. One$s a' drops. If someone1s a' drops they sho# total ama,ement. S'hen the pri,e #as anno"nced the #inner1s 8a# dropped.S )ump out of one$s s*in. If yo" ump out of your s*in yo" are extremely s"rprised or shoc$ed. SHane nearly 8umped out of her s*in #hen the horse p"t its head thro"%h the #indo#;S The mind bo&&les. The expression Sthe mind bo&&lesS is "sed as a reaction to somethin% yo" find ama,in% or diffic"lt to "nderstand +i&s mi&ht fly. To say Vpi&s mi&ht fly, expresses disbelief or the idea that miracles mi%ht happen b"t are extremely "nli$ely. SMy %randmother b"yin% a comp"ter/ ...0eah; ...and pi&s mi&ht fly;S -aise eyebro's. If somethin% raises eyebro's it ca"ses s"rprise or disapproval. S'hen the boss arrived in 8eans it raised a fe# eyebro's.S -ooted to the spot. If yo" are so shoc$ed s"rprised or scared that yo" are rooted to the spot yo"r reaction is so stron% that yo" are "nable to move. SHoe stood rooted to the spot as the plane landed on the #ater.S It$s a small 'orld This expression is "sed by someone #ho is s"rprised to meet familiar people events or sit"ations in "nexpected places. S'o#; It$s a small 'orld. I never expected to meet a nei%hbo"r on a transatlantic fli%ht;S Stru!* dumb. If someone is stru!* dumb they are "nable to spea$ beca"se they are so

s"rprised shoc$ed or fri%htened by somethin%. SThe acc"sed #as stru!* dumb #hen the verdict #as anno"nced.S .ords fail me. This expression is often "sed #hen someone is so shoc$ed s"rprised or to"ched by somethin% that they don1t $no# #hat to say. S'hat do yo" thin$ of Iob1s attit"de/S /.ords fail me#/ .onders 'ill never !ease# This sayin% is "sed to express pleas"re or s"rprise at somethin%. SIdioms are increasin%ly pop"lar #ith learners of (n%lish. .onders 'ill never !ease#S 2. &omplete each o, these idioms. 1. S'o# ho# did yo" %et that br"ise/S SA me;S 2. 'e #ere str"c$ A by the candidate1s anno"ncement +. The mind U at the thought o% what you could do with all that money. 2. 'e mi%ht have fine #eather for o"r holidays.1 X0es and pi%sA;1 3. Actress -haron -tone raised a fe# A last ni%ht #hen she donned an enormo"s Rendi fox #rap to the Binema A%ainst AIC- benefit in Rome. 4. Mary #on1t believe that I have a do% "ntil she sees it. She8s such a U )homas. 5. They seemed to be tal$in% calmly #hen o"t A she slapped him in the face; 6. The actress #as ca"%ht A #hen the a"dience reco%ni,ed her and started to ma$e a beeline as$in% for a"to%raphs. 7. Ima%ine yo" $no#in% (ri$; It1s aU, isn8t it. 19.The :iverpool football cl"b dropped a A #hen they anno"nced that they had sac$ed their mana%er. 3. 1ende% the ,ollowing te9t into Anglish using modal ve%bs and at least 13 active wo%ds and e9p%essions *including the idioms). Suggest #ou% own e9planation o, the m#ste%#. Make su%e #ou use the modal ve%bs o, p%obabilit#.
TYDYEZ[ [\ ]^_`abEcYdY Z_^adYefT[cg ]UMhijklmn oMUipqrstml > qurvkos lqoqMvw qpMvtmxUtv yqquMvzvUhqn rmtmUn kyw{|yv}~Un rqMmji ]UMhij| m iMoq>_mlq > u|r hUkoqh pjU jqyqrstq xvkoq Mqvjvrm lqMvurm kvhqrUo| m r}jm. Yjmt m{ kvh| {vpvjqxt| krixvUy Mqm{qUr yq yMUhw lqMqolqpq vymvmqttqpq UMUrUov tv qkoMqy ZUMl .]vpvh|!. cqpjv UrUt cvklq Mmurmzvrvks tv kyqUn SEUktU>152S l qkoMqyi jmkUoxUMklvw UMUjvrv Un Mv{MUUtmU tv qkvjli. Tq cvklq tU qoyUxvrv qow UU lvtvr tU u|r {vtwo. UMU{ tUlqoqMqU yMUhw tv{Uht|n UMkqtvr vMqqMov ikr|vr lvl cvklq klv{vrv kyqUhi vkkvzmMiG S tvyUMtq kumrvks k iom. `| jqrzt| izU u|os i qkoMqyv ZUMl tq qj tvhm ytm{i tmxUpq tUo. Tm vMqjMqhv tm jqhqy tmxUpqS. bmkUoxUM| qoxvwttq |ovrmks m jvrsU kyw{voskw k cvklq tq qtv m tvyUMtwlv tU kr|vrv. Zio cvklq Mqm{tUkrv kyq} qkrUjt}} Mv{iG SYok}jv yqqu~U hqztq y|uMvoskw/;S Tmlvlm krUjqy kvhqrUov tmlvlm qkovtlqy mrqov m vkkvzmMv tU u|rq qutvMizUtq.

oq koMvttqU mkxU{tqyUtmU hqztq quwktmos q>ykwlqhiG m qm~UtmUh m lq{twh kqyMUhUtt| mMvoqy m Mqkoq xUrqyUxUklmhm qmulvhm. Ei~UkoyiUo ovlzU pmqoU{v xoq y kUMUjmtU ]UMhijklqpq oMUipqrstmlv tvqjwokw qpMqht|n yqjqyqMqo mrm j|Mv lqoqM|U {vkvk|yv}o y kUuw lqMvurm mrm kvhqrUo| Mmurmzv}~mUkw l tmh. `qztq ovlzU jqikomos xoq qj ]UMhijklmh oMUipqrstmlqh tvqjwokw qyUwtt|U rUpUtjvhm mMvhmj| gorvtomj| krizv~mU yMqjU u| mkoqxtmlvhm tUMpmm lqoqM|U yMUhw qo yMUhUtm Mqk|v}okw m tvxmtv}o jUnkoyqyvos ytqkw kuqm y itlmqtmMqyvtmU kmkoUh lqMvurUn m kvhqrUoqy. e}jm lqoqM|U ymjwo yq ykU om MqmkUkoymw vpMUkkm} lqyvMt| mtqrvtUowt klrqtw}okw UkoUkoyUttq l pmqoU{U xoq ilv{vtt|U ki~Ukoyv lvlmh>oq quMv{qh yhUmyv}okw y hvptmotqU qrU ]UMhijklqpq oMUipqrstmlv m Mmowpmyv}o r}jUn m m hvmt| jrw oqpq xoqu| m mkkrUjqyvos. Eqqu~Utmwhm qu mkxU{tqyUtmw y ]UMhijklqh oMUipqrstmlU tmlqpq tU ijmyms v yqo qwyrUtmw mkxU{tiym kijqy xMU{y|xvntq MUjlm. D m}rU 1753 pqjv xrUt tvixtqpq lmvzv wo| Ts}>Mmjqh kqoqpMvmMqyvr tUyUMqwotq kmrsti} pMq{i tvj oMUipqrstmlqh. cqpjv qt MqkhqoMUr MqwyrUtt|U rUtlm oq k mkipqh iymjUr xoq tv Mvkkoqwtmm MmhUMtq kqotm hmrs qo wo| r|yUo lqMvurs. Tq ixUt|n {tvr xoq y oi tqxs qurm{qkom qo m lqMvurw tU hqprq tvqjmoskw tm qjtq jMipqU kijtq.

R(ACING K -?(A@ING 1. >ill the gaps in the sentences using ke# wo%ds ,%om the te9t. !he pa%ag%aph numbe%s a%e given to help #ou. 1. An is someone #ho st"dies the stars and planets "sin% scientific e&"ipment incl"din% telescopes. .para 1! 2. If yo" a radio si%nal yo" send it thro"%h the air. .para 1! +. An is a person or creat"re from a planet other than (arth. .para 1! 2. A is an extremely lar%e %ro"p of stars and planets. .para +! 3. The planets of o"r solar system the s"n. .para +!
6. comm"nication is comm"nication bet#een different

stars. .para +! 5. A is the distance that li%ht travels in a year. .t#o #ords para 3! 6. A is a period of one tho"sand years. .para 4! 7. A is a hole or space that allo#s %as to escape. .para 6!

19.A is a s"bstance in food that plants animals and people need to %ro#. .para 7! 2. )ecide i, these statements a%e t%ue *!) o% ,alse *>). !hen check #ou% answe%s in the te9t. 1. There are almost a million stars in o"r %alaxy. 2. The oldest broadcast has already travelled 69 li%ht years from (arth. +. It #o"ld ta$e a tho"sand years for a messa%e from a planet 1 999 li%ht years a#ay to reach (arth. 2. In the early days of research astronomers foc"sed on findin% planets li$e the (arth. 3. -ome sin%le>cell (arth creat"res can live in temperat"res of min"s 299B. 4. (veryone a%rees that ma$in% contact #ith aliens #o"ld be a %ood thin%. 3. 1ead the te9t. 1etell it pa#ing special attention to the use o, #ou% active g%amma% and vocab.

Is Stephen 0a'*in& ri&ht about aliens1

Ste#hen Hawking thinks that making contact with aliens would be a very bad idea indeed. Vut with new, massive telesco#es, we humans are ste##ing u# the search. Have we really thought this through. The h"nt for intelli%ent species o"tside (arth may be a staple of literat"re and film b"t it is happenin% in real life too. -pace probes are searchin% for planets o"tside o"r solar system and astronomers are caref"lly listenin% for any messa%es bein% beamed thro"%h space. <o# a#e>inspirin% it #o"ld be to %et confirmation that #e are not alone in the "niverse to finally spea$ to an alien race. 'o"ldn*t it/ 'ell no accordin% to the eminent physicist -tephen <a#$in%. VIf aliens visited "s the o"tcome #o"ld be m"ch as #hen Bol"mb"s landed in America #hich didn*t t"rn o"t #ell for the Native Americans W <a#$in% says. <e ar%"es that instead of tryin% to find and comm"nicate #ith life in the cosmos h"mans #o"ld be better off doin% everythin% they can to avoid contact. <a#$in% believes that based on the sheer n"mber of planets that scientists $no# m"st exist #e are not the only life form in the "niverse. There are after all billions and billions of stars in o"r %alaxy alone #ith it is reasonable to expect an even %reater n"mber of planets orbitin% them. And it is not "nreasonable to expect some of that alien life to be intelli%ent and capable of interstellar comm"nication. -o #hen someone #ith <a#$in%*s $no#led%e of the "niverse advises a%ainst contact it*s #orth listenin% isn*t it/ -eth -hosta$ a senior astronomer at the -(TI Instit"te in Balifornia the #orld*s leadin% or%ani,ation searchin% for telltale alien si%nals is not so s"re. VThis is an "n#arranted fear W -hosta$ says. VIf their interest in o"r planet is for somethin% val"able that o"r planet has to offer there*s no partic"lar reason to #orry abo"t

them no#. If they*re interested in reso"rces they have #ays of findin% roc$y planets that don*t depend on #hether #e broadcast or not. They co"ld have fo"nd "s a billion
years a%o.W

If #e #ere really #orried abo"t lettin% aliens $no# #e #ere here -hosta$ says the first thin% to do #o"ld be to sh"t do#n the IIB NIB BI- and the radars at all airports. Those broadcasts have been streamin% into space for years the oldest is already more than 69 li%ht years from (arth so it is already too late to stop passin% aliens #atchin% every episode of TF pro%rammes li$e Ii% Irother. There are lots of practical problems involved in h"ntin% for aliens of co"rse chief amon% them bein% distance. If o"r nearest nei%hbo"rs #ere life forms on the .fictional! forest moon of (ndor 1 999 li%ht years a#ay it #o"ld ta$e a millenni"m for "s to receive any messa%e they mi%ht send. If the (ndorians #ere #atchin% "s the li%ht reachin% them from (arth at this very moment #o"ld sho# them o"r planet as it #as 1 999 years a%oP in ("rope that means lots of fi%htin% bet#een $ni%hts aro"nd castles and in north America small bands of natives livin% on the %reat plains. It is not a timescale that allo#s for &"ic$ banter and any#ay they mi%ht not be comm"nicatin% in o"r direction. The lac$ of a si%nal from (T has not ho#ever prevented astronomers and biolo%ists .not to mention film>ma$ers! comin% "p #ith a #hole ran%e of ideas abo"t #hat aliens mi%ht be li$e. In the early days of -(TI astronomers foc"sed on the search for planets li$e o"rs the idea bein% that since the only biolo%y #e $no# abo"t is o"r o#n #e mi%ht as #ell ass"me aliens are %oin% to be somethin% li$e "s. I"t there*s no reason #hy that sho"ld be tr"e. 0o" don*t even need to step off the (arth to find life that is radically different from o"r common experience of it. J(xtremophiles* are species that can s"rvive in places that #o"ld &"ic$ly $ill h"mans and other Jnormal* life>forms. These sin%le>celled creat"res have been fo"nd in boilin% hot vents of #ater that come thro"%h the ocean floor or at temperat"res #ell belo# the free,in% point of #ater. The front ends of some creat"res that live near deep>sea vents are 299B #armer than their bac$ ends. )n (arth life exists in #ater and on land b"t on a %iant %as planet for example it mi%ht exist hi%h in the atmosphere trappin% n"trients from the air s#irlin% aro"nd it. And %iven that aliens may be so o"t of o"r experience %"essin% motives and intentions if they ever %ot in to"ch seems beyond the realms even of <a#$in%*s mind. ?a"l Cavies an astrophysicist at Ari,ona -tate University ar%"es that alien brains #ith their different architect"re #o"ld interpret information very differently from o"rs. V:ots of people thin$ that beca"se they #o"ld be so #ise and $no#led%eable they #o"ld be peacef"l W adds -te#art. VI don*t thin$ yo" can ass"me that. I don*t thin$ yo" can p"t h"man vie#s onto themP that*s a dan%ero"s #ay of thin$in%. Aliens are alien. If they exist at all #e cannot ass"me they*re li$e "s.W G"ardian Ne#s K Media 2919

". &hoose the best answe% acco%ding to the te9t. 1. -tephen <a#$in% believes A a. A #e sho"ld contin"e to try to ma$e contact #ith aliens. b. A #e sho"ld only ma$e contact #ith intelli%ent life forms. c. A #e sho"ld do everythin% #e can to avoid contact #ith aliens. 2. Accordin% to -eth -hosta$ A a. A TF and radio stations and radars sho"ld be sh"t do#n. b. A TF and radio stations and radars co"ld let aliens $no# #e are here. c. A TF and radio stations and radars are an effective #ay of contactin% aliens. +. The bi%%est problem in contactin% aliens is A a. A the lac$ of technolo%y. b. A the fact that #e don*t spea$ their lan%"a%e. c. A the enormo"s distances involved. 2. 'hat are Jextremophiles* / a. people #ho li$e extreme sports b. or%anisms that live in extreme temperat"res c. creat"res #ith front ends and bac$ ends that have different temperat"res 3. >ind the ,ollowing wo%ds and ph%ases in the te9t. 1. a t#o>#ord no"n meanin% a vehicle containing cameras and other eWui#ment that is sent outside the 2arths atmos#here to collect in%ormation .para 1! 2. a t#o>#ord ad8ective meanin% making you %eel great res#ect and admiration and sometimes %ear .para 1! +. an ad8ective meanin% obvious .para 2! 2. an ad8ective meanin% not necessary .para 2! 3. a no"n meanin% %riendly conversation in which #eo#le tell 6okes and laugh at each other .para 4! 4. a verb meanin% move Wuickly in circles .para 7! 5. a fo"r>#ord expression meanin% outside the area o% knowledge, ex#erience or interest .para 7! 6. an ad8ective meanin% knowing a lot about di%%erent sub6ects .para 19! 8. Match the beginnings and endings to make ph%ases ,%om the te9t. 1. free,in% 2. solar +. li%ht 2. life 3. a#e> a. inspirin% b. year c. point d. n"mber e. form

4. sheer

f. system

;. )iscussion )o aliens e9istB Should we t%# to make contact with themB Wh#B Wh# notB <. &omment on the ,ollowing 2uotations about m#ste%# and ,aith. To one #ho has faith no explanation is necessary. To one #itho"t faith no explanation is possible. -t. Thomas A&"inas Man is #hat he believes. Anton Bhe$hov The tr"e mystery of the #orld is the visible not the invisible. )scar 'ilde All is mysteryP b"t he is a slave #ho #ill not str"%%le to penetrate the dar$ veil.
Ien8amin Cisraeli

Mystery is another name for o"r i%noranceP if #e #ere omniscient all #o"ld be perfectly plain.
Tryon (d#ards

'hen people cease to believe in God they don1t believe in nothin%P they believe in anythin%.
G. @. Bhesterton

I respect faith b"t do"bt is #hat %ives yo" an ed"cation.

'ilson Mi,ner

-cience #itho"t reli%ion is lame reli%ion #itho"t science is blind.

Albert (instein

:ife #itho"t faith in somethin% is too narro# a space to live. Geor%e :ancaster -paldin% There is only one reli%ion tho"%h there are a h"ndred versions of it. Geor%e Iernard -ha# There are ten ch"rch members by inheritance for every one by conviction. A"thor Un$no#n As $no#led%e increases #onder deepens.
Bharles Mor%an

R(ACING K -?(A@ING .2! 1. 1ead the a%ticle below. )iscuss the impo%tance o, lea%ning ,o%eign slang at school and =nive%sit#.

In other 'ords2
Xoreign slang is o%ten overlooked at school Y which isnt much good %or real li%e, says )homas Ste#hens. V'haassss"""pppp//;;W If d"rin% a freshers* party I introd"ce myself #ith these #ords .all ri%ht #ord! yo"*ll probably smile nervo"sly and ma$e a mental note to chan%e co"rse if necessary to avoid me. If ho#ever I*d said exactly the same thin% t#o years a%o yo"*d probably have b"rst into la"%hter at my 'ildean #it and V#hass"ppedW me strai%ht bac$. 'hat*s "p indeed/ (n%lish is (n%lish yo" mi%ht thin$ a means of comm"nication for millions of people aro"nd the #orld. And yo" #o"ldn*t be #ron%. I"t lan%"a%e is also a f"ndamental means of self>expression the Vdress of tho"%htW accordin% to Cr Hohnson and of identity. 'hen social %ro"ps #ant to create an identity .#hy they #ant to do this is another story;! they create their o#n c"stoms and lan%"a%eP if yo" are then a#are of the codes of cond"ct and slan% yo" can %ain membership of these excl"sive %ro"ps. I"t it*s not 8"st %ood eno"%h to learn these Vpass#ordsW. :an%"a%e is aliveG every year ne# #ords are born and others die and if yo" don*t $eep yo"r fin%ers on the lin%"istic p"lse yo"*ll be exposed as an imposter a c"lt"rally o"t>of>to"ch fa$e. That*s #hass"pp. In the case of st"dents ho#ever the social %ro"p is very lar%e. University is a meltin% pot of national dialects and apart from a fe# local idioms st"dents in -o"thampton #ill be on the same #avelen%th as those at -t Andre#s. This lin%"istic %lobali,ation leads dependin% on yo"r point of vie# to either c"lt"ral enrichment or bland homo%eneity. I"t yo"r point of vie# is not important; In the box belo# yo" #ill find common #ords heard on camp"ses across the U@ #hich yo" probably didn*t learn at school. :earn them "nderstand them and if yo" #ant "se them. -orted;

i -lan% Glossary
%ll ri&ht/ <i .i!*ed; Rantastic; 3i!e one; 'ell done; % bre' a c"p of tea=coffee % sarnie a sand#ich % -uby 4Murray5 a c"rry

Spa& bol spa%hetti Iolo%nese Fit physically attractive -ou&h physically "nattractive Min&in& physically "nattractive 6ush .of food men etc! delicio"s 7oo8e alcohol 6ashed terribly terribly dr"n$ 0eavin& .of a place! very b"sy 6oaded very rich S*int very poor 9na!*ered very tired 3aff of inferior style= taste To !hill to relax Sorted; No problem; 3o hassle; No problem; % blo*e a boy= man % !opper a policeman % mate a friend To *ip to sleep % pad a ho"se % &ee* someone lac$in% social s$ills "heers; Than$s; or Good health; or Goodbye; 2. &an #ou guess the meaning o, the slang# and collo2uial ph%ases in boldB 1. 2. +. 2. I sear!hed hi&h and lo' for my $eys b"t no oy. I found myself coo$in& for ei%hteen people the other ni%ht. My friend is al#ays &oin& on about his 8ob. I #o"ldn*t have the first idea ho# to &o about fixin& a car let alone tellin& anyone else ho# to fix theirs. 3. Cavid has only &one and %ot married; 4. I had a bit of a dod&y stoma!h earlier b"t no# it*s sorted. 5. I really hate people messin& 'ith my personal possessions my hair my head and most of all me. 6. The bar last ni%ht #as completely rammed. It #as so pa!*ed #e co"ldn*t find a place to stand. 7. 'hen a man %ives a #oman a compliment yo" $no# he*s after somethin&. 19.N199 for a piece of toast/ 0o"*re havin& a lau&h; 11.N199 for a piece of toast/ .hat a rip:off; 12.In the mornin% I*m a real s!atterbrain. I;d for&et my head if it 'asn;t s!re'ed on# 1+.Are yo" readin% this paper/ No &o ri&ht ahead. 12.Co yo" #ant chips #ith that/ No that;ll be it than$s. 13.I*ll be the first to admit my coo$in% leaves a lot to be desired.

14.'hen the %irl ta$in% my order $ept on as$in% me if I #o"ldn*t rather have a salad it too$ me a #hile to "nderstand #hat she #as &ettin& at.

T(-T 0)UR-(:R 1. C%amma%. &hoose the co%%ect answe%. 1. J0o" A pay the bills today.* JI $no#. I promise I #on*t for%et.* A #o"ld I shall B m"st 2. JA #e %o to the beach tomorro#/* J0es that*s a %reat idea.* A -hall I M"stn*t B 'o"ld +. JI*m %oin% to the cinema. Co yo" #ant to come #ith me/* JNo than$ yo". I A do my #or$.* A co"ld I #o"ld B have to 2. J0o" A p"t that shirt in the #ashin% machine.* JI $no#. It has to be dry>cleaned.* A m"st I m"stn*t B co"ldn*t 3. J'as yo"r s"itcase very heavy/* J0es b"t I A carry it by myself.* A #as able to I can*t B o"%ht 4. JA yo" drive/* J0es b"t I haven*t %ot my o#n car.* A Mi%ht I -ho"ld B Ban 5. JI A ride a bicycle "ntil I #as ei%ht.* JNeither co"ld I.* A co"ldn*t I co"ld B can*t 6. JA yo" open the door for me please/* J0es certainly.* A -hall I M"st B 'o"ld 7. JIen had a hard time tryin% to find the lea$ in the pipe.* JI"t he A stop it #asn*t he/* A #as allo#ed to I #as able to B co"ld 19. JI sa# Tina in to#n last ni%ht.* J0o" Ahave seen her. -he is on holiday in -pain.* A #o"ld I co"ld B can*t 11. J'here*s Bolin/* JI*m not s"re. <e A be in the st"dy.* A mi%ht I #ill B o"%ht 12. JI feel very tired today.* J0o" A have stayed "p so late last ni%ht.* A sho"ldn*t I co"ld B mi%htn*t 1+. JCid yo" phone Alan yesterday/* JNo I A. <e came ro"nd to see me.* A didn*t need to I needn*t B have to 12. JA yo" %ive me a lift to #or$ tomorro#.* J0es I*ll pic$ yo" "p at ei%ht o*cloc$.* A May I -hall B 'ill

13. JA I help yo" madam/* J0es I*m loo$in% for the mana%er.* A 'o"ld I M"st B May 2. Docab. Suggest active vocabula%# units co%%esponding to the ,ollowing de,initions .phr.v. inf.! to spoil or dama%e somethin% or to do somethin% #ron% or badly 2. .inf.! to thro# somethin% carelessly +. .inf.! .a sit"ation ca"sin%! diffic"lty or tro"ble 2. a stron% expression of an%er and disapproval abo"t somethin% made by a %ro"p of people or by the p"blic 3. someone #ho is ta$en as a prisoner by an enemy in order to force the other people involved to do #hat the enemy #ants 4. a television or radio pro%ramme 5. describes a place #here %hosts often appear 6. to %ive somethin% and be %iven somethin% else insteadP to exchan%e 7. to disappear or stop bein% present or existin% especially in a s"dden s"rprisin% #ay 19..idiom! to be deserved "nder the circ"mstances 11..idiom! in a position of %reat happiness or s"ccess 12..idiom! be very different from somethin% else 1+..idiom! in a very remote place 12..idiom! to have a chance as of %ainin% or accomplishin% somethin%. 13..idiom! to be overcome by one1s feelin%s
1.

ABTIF( F)BAI. p. 72 .:earn the collo&"ialisms in F12.1! p. 74 .:earn the #ords and phrases in F12.2! a ne#s b"lletin flee .one*s homes co"ntry etc.! an adaptation a play#ri%ht a series of smth a broadcast ca"se panic s"e smb a co"rt case fictio"s p. 75 s#ap ta$e t"rns to do smth pay a .phone! bill p. 76 77 ha"nted spoo$y a #ere#olf vanish reveal claim %ive smb a tal$ on smth ta$e smb on a to"r of #eird an enco"nter s"fficient .learn the #ords and phrases in F12.+! fort"ne>tellin% R12.1 p"t smb strai%ht thro"%h to .voicemail! it*s bo"nd toA #or$ o"t a mate text smb stare at smb R12.5 %et smb a drin$ Bheers; settle in to .a ne# flat! a .t#o!>bedroomed flat move in be $een to do smth odd the other day .ni%ht! next door have a loo$ clothes from the fifties vanish into thin air hold one*s hands o"t free,in% cold an option Focab"lary pl"sG Idioms abo"t feelin%s=opport"nities. Ie on top of the #orld %et carried a#ay have a ro"%h time $eep an eye on stand a chance be in t#o minds %et yo"r act to%ether miss the boat serve yo" ri%ht be thrilled to bits