6.

6.

326

4. :

,

.
;
1950
.

pH .
,
. -R

.
(-COOH)


pH.

.
,
(-3)


pH.
.
,
- .
L- D. L-
( L- ).

.

. ,
.

.
. ..
186 114mg/100g ,
24mg/100g .

6.30 .
,
.
- - .

327

328

1950
1960
,
.
,
, ( )
, .
,
, ,
D-
L- .


.
, ,
.

.
.
().
, - (acetyl CoA).
acetyl CoA .
, - (a-KG)
. ,

a-KG .
(
6) .
(
)
.

, ,
.
.

. ,
,
.

.

-
-

6.31 .
: () - -,
() .

.
,
.

. :

.
( )
.
,
. ,
, .

,
,


. -

( 6.33). ,
,

329

330

-
CO2 .

6.32
. , ,
.
CoA, Krebs. -KG
Krebs .
( ) . ,
.

.

,
()

.
. :
, ,
, .

, ,
( )
.

.

. ..

( ).
-
.
,
.
. NAD+ NADP+.

6.33 .
(GDH).

,
.
.
L-.
Ca2+-.
.
,
.

.
L-, D- L-,
. D-, N-methyl-D-aspartate
, ,
.


1000-10000 .

Na+ .
Na+
Na+ , .
Na+-+
Na+.

331

332

.
.

. , ..

-
.

6.34 .
1. , 2. , 3. , 4. , 5. , 6.
, 7. , 8. , 9. , 10.
, 11. , 12. , 13.
, 14. , 15. , 16. - , 17.
, 18. , 19. , 20.
, 21. , 22. , 23.
, 24. , 25. , 26. , 27.
, 28. , 29. , , 30.
( VIII), 31. , 32.
, 33. , 34. , 35. , 36.
, 37. , 38. , 39.
, 40. .

. - ,
, .


...
,
( )
. ,
,
( 6.35).

,
.
,
,
.

.

,
.
.
,

( 6.1).
6.1

AMPA

NMDA

GPCRs

GluR1-GluR4
GluR5-GluR7, KA1,
KA2
NR1, NR2A-NR2D
mGluR1-mGluR7

+
Na , K+

Na+, K+
Na+, K+, Ca2+
IP3, DAG, cAMP

AMPA, NMDA . ,
-.

. AMPA ( -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid)
NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid) ,
Digenea simplex.

333

334

quisqualic acid ( Quisqualis),

-NMDA ( AMPA
), domoic acid,

ibotenic acid,
NMDA . ( )
.
,
.

DA

quisqualic acid

AMPA

domoic acid

. NMDA
CPP, D-AP5 D-AP7.
AMPA .
AMPA -
AMPA , ,
a+ +, Ca2+.
AMPA ,
. ,

...
, GluR1-GluR4,
AMPA .
900-1300 .
- AMPA
,
.
.
AMPA
Ca2+. GluR-2

, - RNA .
, CAG (cytosine-adenineguanine) , ,
CGG .
GluR-2
Ca2+. GluR-1, GluR3 GluR-4 . ,
AMPA Ca2+ GluR-2
, AMPA
GluR-2
Ca2+.

6.35 GluR1-4 AMPA .

( 2- (D), (LBD: D1 D2) ), - (1, 3,
4) (2), , COO (CTD). Szenasi C. et al, 2,3-benzodiazepine-type AMPA receptor antagonists and

their neuroprotective effects, Neurochem. Intern. 2007.

AMPA :
:
/ 2- (D),
,
/ -,
(D2) (D1),

335

336

/ ,
.
.

- (1, 3, 4) (2),
.
.

COO- (CTD),
.
GRIP (glutamate receptor interacting protein), ABP
(AMPA-receptor binding protein), PICK1 (protein interacting with C kinase),
PKA, PKC CAMK.

.

-
AMPA . ,

. .

GluR5, GluR6, GluR7, KA1 KA2.

,
. AMPA,
.
NMDA -
AMPA , NMDA -
+
Na+ Ca2+. NMDA
Ca2+
AMPA .
, Mg2+.
,
NMDA (.. NMDA) Mg+
. ,
Mg2+ . Mg2+
NMDA

.
, NMDA .
,
- ( 3.22).

.
.
NMDA
PCP ().
NMDA, AMPA

. -,

(). NMDA
Mg2+.
. PCP
Mg2+ .
NMDA Zn2+
-. Zn2+

NMDA
(.. ).
NMDA
.
NMDAR1 ( NR1).
.
(
NR2A-NR2D) NR1.
NMDA NR1
NR2 .

.
NR2 (-D) .
Ca2+ NMDA
NMDA AMPA
Ca2+ Ca2+
.
Ca2+/ II, ,
C,
.
NMDA
.
C,

NMDA.
Ca2+ NMDA
()
.
cGMP
-. NMDA
cGMP .

1985,
C
. ,
G (GPCR)
GPCRs,

337

338

.
.
,

GPCRs


.

(mGluR1-7).


,
,
:
1.

mGluR1(a,b,c)

mGluR5(a,b).
trans-ACPD,

, quisqualate.
, PLC.
2.
,
mGluR2 mGluR3,
trans-ACPD
quisqualate.

.
3.

,
(mGluR4, 6,
6.36 o
7).
GABA.

. Dhami et al,

L-2Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2006, 111, 260-4- (L-AP4)

271.
L---
(L-SOP).
L-AP4
,
, .


NMDA , ,
. AMPA
NMDA,
.
, NMDA. ,
( NMDA),
.

mGluR1a
,
, , ,
.
. knock-out mGluR1 (
mGluR1) (
) (
).
,
Purkinje ,
.
AMPA ,
, mGluR1a . ,
,
, (
).

339

340