Radiology Department Hayat Abad Medical Complex

Mitral stenosis/ regurgitation LVF LA myxoma VSD PDA

Double right heart border >75 splaying of carina with horizontal orientation of left main bronchus Enlarged left convex left atrial appendage Increased density of chamber >7 cm distance b/w left main stem bronchus and right lateral LA shadow

Increased convexity of posterio-superior cardiac margin Posterior displacement of left main bronchus Posterior displacement of barium filled esophagus

Tricuspid stenosis/ regurgitation ASD AF Ebstein anomaly Pulmonary atresia

Enlarges in rightward and posterior direction Prominent round superior border at junction with SVC >5.5 cm from midline to most lateral RA margin >2.5 cm from right vertebral margin

Pressure overload: HTN, AS Volume overload: VSD, AR, MR Aneurysm Cardiomyopathy

Enlarges in post, inferior and leftward direction Increased CTR Larger radius of curvature of left heart border Downturned cardiac apex Depression of left hemidiaphragm

Increased convexity of posteroinferior cardiac margin Hofman rigler rule: posterior cardiac margin projects >1.8 cm post to IVC measured at a point 2cm above intersection of IVC with right hemidiaphragm

PV stenosis Cor pulmonale ASD Tricuspid regurgitation Secondary to LVF

Only extreme dilatation causes signs on frontal view Straightening/ convexity of left upper cardiac contour Upturned cardiac apex Left upper cardiac margin parallels left main stem bronchus as a long convex curvature Large appearance of MPA Occurs higher on the left heart border b/w left ventricular contour and pulmonary outflow tract

Prominent convexity of ant heart border >1/3 distance from anterior cardiophrenic sulcus to sternal angle Increased size prominent in retrosternal area

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