CONCEPTS OF RADIOLOGIC SCIENCE
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Man made radiation---60 mrem.
Medical
Nuclear medicine
Occupational Nuclear power Industrial Consumer products
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Discovery of X rays
During 1870s and 1880s Conduction of cathode rays through Crookes tube
invented by Sir William Crookes.
Crookes tubeforerunner of modern fluorescent
lamps & X rays tubes.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen was working in his lab in
Wuzburg Germany.
Completely enclosed his Crookes tube in black
photographic paper.
Barium platinocyanide coated plate
The plate glowed.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Intensity of the glow increased as plate was brought
closer
Glowfluorescence
Roentgen named the invisible light-- X light
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Development of modern radiology
2 types of X ray examinations Radiographyuses X ray films
X
ray tube is mounted from ceiling on a track
ray tube can be moved in any direction
images
18 April 2014
Fixed
concepts of radiological science
Fluoroscopy
X
ray tube usually located under examination table. images are provided to radiologist
Moving
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
X ray voltage is measured in kilovolt peak(kVp)
X ray currents are measured in milliamperes(mA)
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
Radiographic intensifying screensby Micheal
Pupin in 1896 to reduce the exposure time. the exp. Time.
Double emulsion films in 1904further reduced
Cellulose nitratesubstitute for glass plate Fluoroscope1898 by Thomas A. Edison
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
In 1907, H.C.Snooka high voltage power supply
interrupterless transformer.
In 1913,William Coolidge---hot cathode x ray tube. A
vacuum tube that allowed x ray intensity & energy to be selected separately & with accuracy.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Further developments
1960s
1970s
1980s
2004-06
U/S Gamma camera PET
CT
MRI
64 slice CT 256 slice CT
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Reports of radiation injury
The first x ray fatality in 1904, Edisons assistant &
friend- Clarence Dally.
Suffered severe X ray burns that eventually resulted
in amputataions of both arms.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
In coming yearsthe frequency of injuries increased. Skin damage, loss of hair and anemia. Blood disorders; aplastic anemia and leukemia
more in radiologists.
By introduction of Coolidge tube and Snook transf.
reduction in frequency of injuries.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Basic Radiation Protection
After 1910, biologic effects of x rays were
scientifically investigated & reported.
X ray workers were routinely investigated.
Provided with personnel radiation monitoring
devices.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Radiation protection devices
FiltrationAl or Cu filterslow energy x rays are
absorbed.
Collimation---restricts useful beam to the part of
body to be imaged, reduces scatter radiation, improves image contrast.
Intensifying screensreduce exposure to x rays by
more than 95%
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Protective apparellead impregnated material used
to make aprons & gloves
Gonadal shieldinglead impregnated gonadal
shields in persons of child bearing age.
Protective barriers--Radiographic control console
should be located behind a protective barrier-often lead-lined & a leaded glass window.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Always practice ALARA;
keep radiation exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
The Ten Commandments of Radiation Protection
1. Understand and apply the cardinal principles of radiation control: time, distance, and shielding. 2. Do not allow familiarity to result in false security. 3. Never stand in the primary beam. 4. Always wear protective apparel when not behind a protective barrier.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
5. Always wear a radiation monitor and position it outside the protective apron at the collar.
6. Never hold a patient during radiographic examination. Use mechanical restraining devices when possible. Otherwise, have parents or friends hold the patient.
7. The person holding the patient must always wear a protective apron and, if possible, protective gloves.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
8. Use gonadal shields on all people of childbearing
age when such use will not interfere with the examination. 9. Examination of the pelvis and lower abdomen of a pregnant patient should be avoided whenever possible, especially during the first trimester. 10. Always collimate to the smallest field size appropriate for the examination.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
THANKS
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
MCQs
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
X-rays voltage is measured in
milli ampere 2. milli joules 3. Electron volt 4. Kilo volt peak
1.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Removal of an electron from atom is
Radiation 2. Ionization 3. X-rays 4. Amplification
1.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Largest source of natural environmental radiation is
Cosmic rays 2. Radon 3. X-rays 4. Potassium 40
1.
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
Which of these have the longest wavelenght? X rays
Micro waves
Infra red Gamma rays
concepts of radiological science
18 April 2014
