Bond, Anchorage, and Development Length

1
1
3
3
Bond Stress in Beam
Mechanism of Bond Transfer
Development of Bars in Tension
Development of Bars in Compression
Development of Bundled Bars
Angchorage of Tension Bars by Hooks
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET
Reinforced Concrete Design
Reinforced Concrete Design
S U R A N A R E E INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Bond Stresses in Beam
Concrete
Reinforcing bar
P
End slip
Greased or lubricated
Free slip
s

c
Bond forces acting on concrete
Bond forces acting on steel
Tied-arch action in a beam with little or no bond
(Round bar reinforcing)
j d
M
max
Little or no bond
Bond Stress Based on Simple Cracked Analysis
jd
T + dT
V
C + dC
T
V
C
dx
O
[ M
O
= 0 ]
j d (dT ) = V (dx )
T T + dT
u
dT V
dx jd
=
1
[ F
x
= 0 ]
u
o
dx = dT 2
2 1
o
V
u
j d
=

Elastic Cracked
Section Equation
.a.4+a..a.nuv+uaa
Critical section
L
+a
a..a.!.+
2
4
s s s
d
A f f

= =
a..aa.a.
d Lu =
a..aa.a. - a..a.!.+
2
4
s
d
d Lu f

=
..a.4....a.:..+...
4
s
d f
L
u
=
uv.a+aauva.n alu (wsn:
.na.a.rraaaa.ua.++:
2
2.29
25 kg/cm
c
a
b
f
u
d

=
.-euv
2
3.23
35 kg/cm
c
a
b
f
u
d

=
.-eav
.na.a.rraaaa.ua.+a:
2
1.72 28 kg/cm
a c
u f =
e-u.-erae:..u-rer-v..':.v ++ ..r:.
.
.-euv-:e.-e.e:.vvavr:rav.a..-evv.v .c r:.
Nominal Bond Strength
.na.a.rraaaa.ua.++:
2
4.51
39.4 kg/cm
c
n
b
f
u
d

=
.-euv
2
6.39
56.2 kg/cm
c
n
b
f
u
d

=
.-eav
.na.a.rraaaa.ua.+a:
2
3.44
56.2 kg/cm
c
n
b
f
u
d

=
e-u.-erae:..u-rer-v..':.v +..c ..r:.
.
Steel Force and Bond Stress
T
M
T
M
u stresses on bar
Cracked concrete segment
steel tension T
M
T
jd
=
bond stress u
1
o
dT
u
dx
=

Actual Distribution of Flexural Bond Stress

C
L
M
T
jd
=
Actual T
Actual u
o
V
u
jd
=

Mechanism of Bond Transfer

Mechanism of Bond Transfer
u
T
Friction & chemical adhesion
between concrete and steel
R
T
Reaction of concrete on ribs
R R
R R
Forces exerted by ribs on concrete
Failure modes
R R
V-notch failure
Side-split failure
R
Vertical cracking of bottom cover
Ultimate Bond Strength
Cylindrical zones of
circumferential tension
Reinforcement
Radial component
of bearing pressure
Circumferential
tensile stresses
Minimum Bar Covering and Spacing
c
b
Minimum bar covering ( c
b
)
c
s
Minimum bar spacing ( 2c
s
)
2c
s
Splitting of concrete along reinforcement
Embedment length to develop full tensile strength of bar
a
l
d
T = A
b
f
s
T = 0
Requirement: l l
d
: development length
Factors influencing l
d
- Tensile strength of concrete f
ct
- Steel covering
- Bar spacing
- Stirrup
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
ACI ACI 12.2 12.2 Development of deformed bars in tension Development of deformed bars in tension
Development length L
d
shall be determined from either 12.2.2 or 12.2.3, but shall
not be less than 12 in.
12.2.3 For deformed bars L
d
shall be:
0.28
=
+


y
d b
tr c
b
f
L d
c K f
d

in which the term (c + K
tr
)/d
b
shall not be taken greater than 2.5, and
105
=
tr yt
tr
A f
K
s n
c = the smaller of
(a) distance from center of bar to the nearest concrete surface
(b) half the center-to-center spacing of the bars
A
tr
= total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement within spacing s
f
yt
= yield strength of transverse reinforcement
s = maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement within L
d
n = number of bars being developed along the plane of splitting.
It shall be permitted to use K
tr
= 0 as a design simplification even if transverse
reinforcement is present.
Definition of Definition of A A
tr tr
Potential plane
of splitting
A
tr
ACI 12.2.5 Excess reinforcement
Reduction in L
d
shall be permitted where reinforcement in a flexural member is in
excess of that required by analysis
(A
s
required)/(A
s
provided) L
d
Reduction for large cover and wide bar spacing: 0.8
Heavily confined reinforcement: 0.75
Modifying Multipliers of Development Length in Tension Modifying Multipliers of Development Length in Tension
Bar location: (a) Top reinforcement = 1.3
(b) Bottom bars = 1.0
Coating factor: (a) Epoxy-coated cover < 3d
b
or = 1.5
clear spacing < 6d
b
(b) All other epoxy-coated = 1.2
(c) Uncoated reinforcement = 1.0
Note: need not be taken > 1.7
Bar-size factor: (a) DB20 and smaller = 0.8
(b) DB25 and larger = 1.0
Lightweight
aggregate factor:
(a) Lightweight aggregate = 1.3
concrete
(b) Normal weight concrete = 1.0
DB20 and smaller
( = 0.8)
DB25 and larger
( = 1.0)
ACI 12.2.2 ACI 12.2.2 Simplified Simplified Equation for Development Length Equation for Development Length
set 1.5
tr
b
c K
d
+
=
0.15
y
d
b
c
f
l
d
f
=

0.19
y
d
b
c
f
l
d
f
=

Case A:
(1) covering = d
b
clear c-c = d
b
min. stirrup
(2) covering = d
b
clear c-c = 2d
b
(A - 1) (A - 2)
0.23
y
d
b
c
f
l
d
f
=

0.28
y
d
b
c
f
l
d
f
=

Case B: others
(B - 1) (B - 2)
For deformed bars L
d
shall be as follows:
Development Length of Bars in Compression
0.075
0.0043
b y
db b y
c
d f
l d f
f
=

Modification factors:
- Excess reinforcement A
s
reqd / A
s
prvd
- Spiral stirrup
dia. 6 mm, pitch 10 cm 0.75
- Tied stirrup
DB12, spacing 10 cm 0.75
Development Length for Bundled Bars Development Length for Bundled Bars
when space for proper clearance is restricted when space for proper clearance is restricted
- - No more than No more than 4 4 bars bundled in contact bars bundled in contact
- - Bar larger than DB Bar larger than DB36 36 shall not be bundled in beams shall not be bundled in beams
- - Termination of each bar must be different at least Termination of each bar must be different at least 40 40d d
b b
- - Development length based on single bar in the bundle Development length based on single bar in the bundle
- - Increase Increase 20% 20% for for 3 3 bars bars
- - Increase Increase 33% 33% for for 4 4 bars bars
a) Standard Bar Hook
Anchorage of Tension Bars by Hooks Anchorage of Tension Bars by Hooks
When straight embedment is not enough
T
d
b
D = diam of bend
4 d
b
6 cm
180
o
Hook
T
d
b
D
12 d
b
90
o
Hook
Min. Dia. of Bend (D)
DB10 - DB25 6d
b
DB28 - DB36 8d
b
DB40 - DB60 10d
b
For stirrup and tie anchorage only:
T
d
b
D
6d
b
(a) For DB16 or smaller
d
b
D
T
12d
b
(b) For DB20 or DB25
T
d
b
6d
b
(c) For DB25 or smaller
135
o
b) Development length and Hook
Combined actions: - Bond along straight length
- Anchorage provided by hook
L
d
L
dh
T
d
b
Critical section
full bar tension
T
d
b
L
dh
12d
b
4d
b
6 cm
4d
b
Modification factors:
- Bar with f
y
other than 4,000 ksc f
y
/ 4,000
- DB25mm and smaller
side cover not less than 4 cm
90
o
hook cover hook not less than 5 cm 0.7
- DB25mm and smaller
hook enclosed within stirrup along l
dh
stirrup spacing not greater than 3d
b
0.8
- Excess reinforcement A
s
reqd / A
s
prvd
- Lightweight concrete 1.3
- Epoxy coating 1.2
'
318
b
hb
c
d
L
f
=
Basic development length
with f
y
= 4,000 kg/cm
2
L
dh
= Modification factor L
hb
EXAMPLE 11-1 Anchorage of a Straight Bar
A 40-cm-wide cantilever beam frames into the edge of a 40-cm-thick wall, as shown.
At ultimate, the DB25 bars at the top of the cantilever are stressed to their yield
strength at point A at the face of the wall. Compute the minimum embedment of the
bars into the wall. The concrete is normal-weight concrete with a strength of 240 ksc.
The yield strength of the flexural reinforcement is 4,000 ksc.
3
9

c
m
4
5

c
m
1.5 m
A 3DB25
L
d
B
Wall
Construction joint
Construction joint 40 cm
DB16 at 30 cm O.C.
1. Find the spacing and confinement case.
Clear side cover = 4 + 1.6 = 5.6 cm (2.24d
b
)
Clear spacing = (40 2(4+1.6) 3x2.5) / 2 = 10.65 cm (4.26d
b
)
e-u.-euv = 1.3
.-e':.reauauar = 1.0
e-urav.v-vu. = 1.0
Since the clear spacing between the bars is not less than 2d
b
and the clear cover
exceeds d
b
, case (A-2) applies.
2. Compute the development length. From (A-2) :
y
d b
c
0.19f
L d
f

0.19(4,000)(1.3)(1.0)(1.0)
2.5
240
= = 159.4 cm
Use development length L
d
= 160 cm
There are no stirrups or ties in the wall, but there are DB16 at 30 cm o.c. vertical
bars outside of the 3DB25
3. Compute the development length. Detailed equation :
y
d b
tr
c
b
0.28f
L d
c K
f
d

=
+

c = the smaller of
(a) distance from center of bar to the nearest concrete surface:
the side cover is 4 + 1.6 + 2.5/2 = 6.85 cm;
(b) half the center-to-center spacing of the bars, or
40 2 6.85
0.5 6.58 cm
2

=


Therefore, c = 6.58 cm.
tr yt
tr
A f
K
105sn
=
s = spacing of the transverse reinforcement within L
d
= 30 cm
A
tr
= transverse steel area crossing splitting plane within spacing s
= DB16 at 30 cm each face = 2 x 2.01 = 4.02 cm
2
f
yt
= 4,000 kg/cm
2
for the wall steel
n = number of bars being anchored = 3
4.02 4,000
1.7 cm
105 30 3

= =

tr
b
c K
d
+ 6.58 1.7
3.31 2.5
2.5
+
= = >
USE 2.5 USE 2.5
y
d b
tr
c
b
0.28f
L d
c K
f
d

=
+

0.28 4,000 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.0
2.5
240 2.5

=

= 122.2 cm Use development length L

d
= 125 cm
3
9

c
m
4
5

c
m
1.5 m
A 3DB25
L
d
= 125 cm
B
Wall
Construction joint
Construction joint
Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Beams Bar Cutoff and Bend Points in Beams
Moment capacity of beam:
2
s y
a
M A f d

=


5M
L
d
L
d
L
d
2 bars 4 bars 5 bars
Moment capacity M
n
Required moment M
u
/
C
L
Bar Cutoff requirements of the ACI Code Bar Cutoff requirements of the ACI Code
Moment capacity
of bars O
Moment capacity
of bars M
F
a
c
e

o
f

s
u
p
p
o
r
t
Inflection point
for +A
s
Inflection point for -A
s
- M
M
Bars N
Bars O
d or 12d
b
L
d
C of span
L
L
d
15 cm for at least
1/4 of +A
s
Bars M
Bars L
L
d
d or 12d
b
L
d
Greatest of d , 12d
b
or L
n
/16
for at least 1/3 of -A
s
Development of Reinforcement at Simple Supports Development of Reinforcement at Simple Supports
A
M
u
M
n
At point A, M
u
= M
n
of bars continuing
into the support
ACI: Distance from A to bar end L
d
L
d
x
V
u
V
avg
Approximate
(say, 0.9 )
n
avg u n
u
M
V V x M x
V
= =
L
a
L
a
= Straight length beyond c.g. support
M
n
/V
u
ACI: Embedment length
1.3
n
a d
u
M
L L
V
+
1.3 for less tendency to split due to
confinement at support
Development of Reinforcement at Inflection Points Development of Reinforcement at Inflection Points
Locate away from support no confinement 1.3 factor not apply
Inflection point
A
M
n
M
u
V
u
M
n
/V
u
Actual L
a
Usable L
a
ACI: Embedment length
Usable
n
a d
u
M
L L
V
+
Usable L
a
= Actual L
a
but
not exceed the larger of
12d
b
or d
Standard Cutoff and Bend Points for Bars Standard Cutoff and Bend Points for Bars
For approximately equal spans with uniformly distributed loads
15 cm
L
1
L
1
/4 L
1
/3
0 cm
15 cm
L
1
/8
L
2
L
2
/8
L
2
/3 L
2
/3
L
1
/7 L
1
/4 L
2
/4 L
2
/4
L
1
/3 L
2
/3
o.aa++ c.c .n.er:ra.-euv.e:.-eerarv.a.varvaeee.ee
v-v..u:er-:era w
u
a.c .v -ve f
c
.ac ..r:.
.
. f
y
+.ccc ..r:.
.
.
b +c r:.. h cc r:. .e:rav.-: + r:.
w
u
Exterior column Interior column
L
n
= 7.6 m
+. aaauu.na.a.r.ur.rvoaa:a.+.aav.ua+ov
a. r.r:-.uuu::er|:.:v..e:...av
Interior face of
exterior support
-M
u
= w
u
L
n
2
/16 = 8(7.6)
2
/16 = -28.88 t-m
Mid span positive +M
u
= w
u
L
n
2
/14 = 8(7.6)
2
/14 = 33.01 t-m
Exterior face of first
interior support
-M
u
= w
u
L
n
2
/10 = 8(7.6)
2
/10 = -46.21 t-m
Exterior face of first
interior support
V
u
= 1.15w
u
L
n
/2 = 1.15(8)(7.6)/2 = 34.96 t-m
-. n.e.-e.e:u|:.:v.ee |errav.-: + r:. .-euea es+c .e:.-e
.e:u|:.:v.ee es. -a es.a r - cc++.c+.+ ..c r:.
M
u
A
s
required Bars A
s
provided
- 28.88 t-m
+ 33.01 t-m
- 46.21 t-m
15.97 cm
2
18.44 cm
2
26.76 cm
2
4DB25
4DB25
2DB25+3DB28
19.63 cm
2
19.63 cm
2
28.29 cm
2
A
A
B
B
4DB25
2DB25+3DB28
4DB25
40 cm
60 cm
Section A-A
4DB25
4DB25
DB10@0.20m
40 cm
60 cm
Section B-B
2DB25
4DB25
DB10@0.20m
3DB28