kdpjDf;Fs; xspe;jpUf;Fk; kpUfk;

rPd tpyq;F N[hjplk;

rpj;uh rptFkhh;
`hq;fhq;
Nk 2009

1
«½¢óШÃ

“§ƒ¡¾¢¼õ” ¦º¡ø¾¢¼õ ±ýÈ Å¡÷ò¨¾ ¸¡Äô§À¡ì¸¢ø ÁÚÅ¢ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ ±ýÚ

¬¸¢Å¢ð¼Ð. ¿¡¨Ç ¿¼ôÀ¨¾ ¡÷ «È¢Å¡÷? ¡ÕÁȢ¡÷. ¿¡¨Ç ¿¼ôÀ¨¾
«È¢Ôõ ¬÷Åõ; ¬¨º ±ø§Ä¡ÕìÌõ ¯ñÎ.

ÌÈ¢ôÀ¡¸ ²¾¡ÅÐ º¢ÃÁò¾¢ø º¢ì¸¢ÂÅ÷¸û «ó¾ º¢ÃÁõ ±ô§À¡Ð ¿£íÌõ ±ýÚ

«È¢Ôõ ¬Åø Á¢ÌóÐ §ƒ¡¾¢¼÷¸¨Çò §¾Êî ¦ºøÅ¡÷¸û. ¡áÅÐ ƒ¡¾¸ò¨¾ò
àì¸¢ì ¦¸¡ñÎ Åó¾¡ø, «øÄÐ ¯ûÇí¨¸Â¢ø ¯ûÇ §Ã¨¸¸¨Çì ¸¡ðÊ
±¾¢÷¸¡Äò¨¾ô ÀüÈ¢ì §¸ð¸ Åó¾¡ø «Å÷¸ÙìÌ Å¢¨ÃÅ¢ø º¢ÃÁõ ¿£íÌõ, ¿øÄ
§¿Ãõ ÅÕõ ±ýÚ ¾¢¼õ ¦º¡øÄ §ÅñÎõ ±ýÚ Â¡§Ã¡ ´Õ ¿øÄ ¯ûÇõ
¦º¡øÄ ¯ÕÅ¡¸¢ÂÐ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ.

§ƒ¡¾¢¼õ ±ô§À¡Ð ¡áø ±ôÀÊò ¦¾¡¼í¸ôÀð¼Ð ±ýÚ ¬¾¡Ãõ §¾¼

ÓÊ¡Ð. −ýÚ ±íÌ À¡÷ò¾¡Öõ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ! À¢Èó¾ ¿¡û ¿ðºò¾¢Ãõ §¿Ãõ
−¨Å¸¨Çì ¸½¢òÐ ƒ¡¾¸õ ±Øи¢È¡÷¸û.

À𺢠§ƒ¡¾¢¼õ ±ýÚ ¸¢Ç¢¸ÙìÌô À¢üº¢ «Ç¢òÐì ÜðÊø «¨¼òÐ «¨Å¸û

±ÎòÐò ¾Õõ «ð¨¼¸Ç¢ø ¯ûǨŸ¨Çô ÀÊòÐô ÀÄý ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û.
ẢôÀÄý ¦ÅǢ¢¼¡¾ Àò¾¢Ã¢ì¨¸¸§Ç −ø¨Ä. ¾¢ÉôÀÄý ±Ø¾¡¾ ¾¢ÉºÃ¢¸û
±íÌõ −ø¨Ä. §Á„õ,â„Àõ,Á¢ÐÉõ,¸¼¸õ,º¢õÁõ ±ýÚ ÀÉ¢¦ÃñÎ
−Ả¸Ç¢ý ÀÄý ¦ÅǢ¢¼¡¾ ¿¡§Ç§¼ ¸¢¨¼Â¡Ð. NUMEROLOGY ±ýÚ
±ñ¸¨Çì ¦¸¡ñÎ ÜðÊì ¸Æ¢òÐ Á¡üÚì ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û. §º¡Å¢¨Â ¯ÕðÊô
§À¡ðÎô ÀÄý ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û.

†¡í¸¡í¸¢ø ź¢ìÌõ ¾¢ÕÁ¾¢. º¢òá º¢ÅìÌÁ¡÷ “º£É Å¢ÄíÌ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ” ±ýÚ

¿øÄ áø ¾Á¢Æ¢ø ±Ø¾¢Â¢Õ츢ÈÐ. ¿øÄ áø ±ØÐÅÐ º¢òá×ìÌô Ò¾¢¾øÄ.
−ó¾ áø Á¢¸×õ º¢ÈôÀ¡¸ ±Ø¾ôÀðÊÕ츢ÈÐ. áÄ¢ý ¦ÀÂ÷ º£É Å¢ÄíÌ
§ƒ¡¾¢¼õ. º£É¡Å¢ø Calendar ¸¡Äñ¼÷-§¾¾¢¸û ±ôÀÊì ¸½ì¸¢¼ôÀθ¢ÈÐ?
º£É¡Å¢ø ´ù¦Å¡Õ ¬ñÎìÌõ ¦ÀÂ÷ ¯ñÎ.

1. ±Ä¢ 2. ±ÕÐ 3. ÒÄ¢ 4. ÓÂø 5. Êá¸ý 6. À¡õÒ 7. ̾¢¨Ã 8. ¬Î

9. ÌÃíÌ 10. §ºÅø 11. ¿¡ö 12. ÀýÈ¢. ¿õ ¿¡ðÊø À¢ÃÀÅ,Å¢ÀÅ,Í츢Ä,
À¢Ã§Á¡à¾ −ôÀÊ 60 ¬ñθÙìÌô ¦ÀÂ÷ ¯ñÎ. 12 ¬ñθÙ즸¡Õ
Ó¨È Á¡Á¡í¸õ(Á¸¡Á¸õ) ±ýÚõ 5x12=60 õ ¬ñÎ Á†¡Á¸õ ±ýÚõ
¦¸¡ñ¼¡Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. º£É¡Å¢Öõ 5x12=60 «ÚÀ¾¡õ ¬ñÎ ´Õ º¢ÈôÀ¡¸ì
¦¸¡ñ¼¡Î¸¢È¡÷¸û.

¿¡ðÌÈ¢ôÒ, §¿Ã츽¢ôÒ ±øÄ¡õ ¿¨¼Ó¨ÈìÌ Åó¾Ð ±ô§À¡Ð ±ýÚ ÜÈ

ÓÊ¡Ð. −ô§À¡Ð ¯Ä¦¸íÌõ ²üÚì ¦¸¡ñÊÕìÌõ ¸¡Äñ¼÷ Gregorian
Calendar 1752 õ ¬ñÊÄ¢ÕóÐ ¿¨¼Ó¨È¢ø −Õ츢ÈÐ. «¾üÌ ÓýÒ
ƒ¥Ä¢ÂŠ Julius Calendar ÍÁ¡÷ 2100 ¬ñθÙìÌ ÓýÒ ÀÆì¸òÐìÌ Åó¾Ð.

2
º£É¡Å¢ý Å¢ÄíÌ ¬ñθû Òò¾Ã¡ø ¯ÕÅ¡ì¸ôÀð¼Ð ±ýÚ ÜÚ¸¢È¡÷¸û.
Òò¾÷ À¢ÈóÐ, ¿¢÷Å¡½õ «¨¼ó¾Ð, Ó쾢¨¼ó¾Ð ±øÄ¡õ −ó¾¢Â¡Å¢ø ¾¡§É!
¾Á¢ú, ¬í¸¢Ä ¬ñθû Ýâ ¬ñθǡÌõ. º£É ¬ñθû ºó¾¢Ã
¬ñθǡÌõ. −ŠÃ¡Â¢ø,«ÃÒ,Òò¾ Á¾ò¨¾ô ¦ÀÕõÀ¡ý¨Á¡¸ì ¦¸¡ñÎûÇ
À÷Á¡,−Äí¨¸,¾¡öÄ¡óÐ,Å¢Âð¿¡õ,¸õ§À¡Ê¡,Ä¡§Å¡Š §À¡ýÈ ¿¡Î¸Ùõ ºó¾¢Ã
Á¡¾í¸¨Ç§Â ¨ÅòÐì ¸½¢ì¸¢È¡÷¸û. «ÃÒ ¿¡Î ¾Å¢Ã ÁüÈ ¿¡Î¸û ãýÚ
¬ñÎìÌ ´Õ ¾¼¨Å 13 Á¡¾í¸¨Ç ¬ñÎìÌ «¨ÁòÐì ¦¸¡ûÅ¡÷¸û.
−ó¾ ¬Ã¡öìÌò ¾É¢ á§Ä ±Ø¾ §ÅñÎõ.

º¢òáŢý ÓÂüº¢ Á¢¸×õ À¡Ã¡ð¼ò¾ì¸Ð. −ó¾ á¨Äô ÀÊôÀÅ÷¸ÙìÌô ÀÄ

Å¢ÀÃí¸û ¦¾Ã¢Â ÅÕõ,

¸¢Ã§¸¡Ã¢Âý ¸¡Äñ¼÷ ¸¢.À¢.- ¸¢È¢ŠÐ À¢Èó¾Ð Ó¾ø ±ýÚ ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢Î¸¢È¡÷¸û.

ÓŠÄ¢õ¸û †¢ˆÃ¢ ±ýÚ ¿À¢¸û ¿¡Â¸õ Á측ŢĢÕóÐ Á¾¢É¡×ìÌî ¦ºýÈ
¿¡Ç¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¸½ì¸¢Î¸¢È¡Ã¸û.

¾Á¢ú ¿¡ðÊø ¾¢ÕÅûÙÅ÷ §¾¡ýȢ¾¢Ä¢ÕóÐ ¸½ì¸¢ðÎò ¾¢ÕÅûÙÅ÷ ¬ñÎ

¸½ì¸¢Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. †¢óÐ Á¸¡ºÓò¾¢Ãõ ¸Ä¢Ô¸õ §¾¡ýȢ¾¢Ä¢ÕóÐ
ÌÈ¢ôÀ¢Î¸¢È¡÷¸û. ¾¢ÕÁ¾¢. º¢òá º¢ÅÌÁ¡Ã¢ý º£É Å¢ÄíÌ §ƒ¡¾¢¼õ Á¢¸×õ
º¢Èó¾ ӨȢø ±Ø¾ôÀðÊÕ츢ÈÐ. º¢òá×ìÌ ÁÉÁ¡÷ó¾ Å¡úòÐì¸û. §ÁÖõ
§ÁÖõ ¦¾¡¼÷óÐ ¿øÄ ÀÄ áø¸û ±Ø¾¢ ¦ÅǢ¢¼ Å¡úòи¢§Èý. ÍÀõ.

Á¢ì¸ «ýÒ¼ý,
¦º. Ó†õÁÐ äëŠ.

3
cs;slf;fk;

ePqf
; s; ahh;? ........................................................................................................................ 5
1 JWJW vyp .................................................................................................................. 12
2 ciog;ghsp vUJ ........................................................................................................ 18
3 RWRWg;G Gyp ............................................................................................................... 25
4 mikjp Kay; .............................................................................................................. 31
5 tPu buhfd; .................................................................................................................... 37
6 rhfrf;fhug; ghk;G ........................................................................................................ 44
7 Gj;jprhypf; Fjpiu ....................................................................................................... 50
8 gilghsp ML .............................................................................................................. 56
9 rhJh;af; Fuq;F ........................................................................................................... 63
10 xspT kiwtw;w Nrty; ............................................................................................. 70
11 Njhoik eha; ............................................................................................................. 77
12 MuhAk; gd;wp.............................................................................................................. 84

4
 ePqf
; s; ahh;?
Gj;j ngUkhd; ,e;j cyfj;ij tpl;Lr; nry;Yk; NghJ> cyfpYs;s
midj;J tpyq;FfsplKk; tpilngw;Wr; nry;y Ntz;b> re;jpf;f
tUkhW miog;G tpLj;jhuhk;. mth; miog;ig Vw;W te;j tpyq;Ffs;
gd;dpuz;Nl. miog;gpid Vw;W te;j tpyq;FfSf;F kjpg;Gj; jUk;
tifapy;> mtiu ghh;ff
; te;j thpirapd; gb> gd;dpuz;L
tUlq;fSf;F xt;nthU tpyq;fpd; ngaiu itj;jjha; rPdhtpy; fij
xd;W cz;L.
,d;Wk; rPdh;fs; xt;nthU tUlj;ijAk; xt;nthU tpyq;fpd; ngaiuf;
nfhz;Nl Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
kdpjh;fs; jq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j mwpitf; nfhz;L> vj;jidNah
tpraq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;jdh;. vj;jidNah tpe;ijfis Muha;eJ;
njspT ngw;W tUfpd;wdh;. vj;jidNah GJg;GJ fiyfis
cUthf;fp tho;fi; fia Rthurpag;gLj;jp tUfpd;wdh;. mj;jifa
fiyfspy; xd;Nw N[hjplf; fiy.
gy;NtW ehLfspy; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; N[hjplk; ifahsg;gl;lhYk;>
vy;yhtw;wpYk; xU xw;Wik cz;L. Fwpg;gpl;l Neuj;jpy;> Fwpg;gpl;l
tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;gpid> Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gijAk;> mth;fs; tUq;fhyk; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk;
vd;gijAk; fzpj;Jf; $Wtjpy; vy;yh ehLfSk; xd;WgLk;. Mdhy;
fzf;fpLk; Kiw kl;LNk NtWgLk;.

,e;jpahtpy; el;rj;jpuq;fspd; Nghf;fpidg; nghUj;J xUthpd;

jd;ikiaAk; Fzq;fisAk; tUq;fhyj;ijAk; fzpj;Jf; $Wth;.
Nkiy ehLfspy; xt;nthU khjj;jpw;F xt;nthU FwpaPLfisf; $wp>
me;jf; FwpaPLfspy; gpwe;jth;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; Fzq;fisAk;
tUq;fhyj;ijAk; fzpg;gh;.

rPdhtpYk; N[hjplk; vd;gJ nghpa mstpy; ek;gg;gLk; xd;W. th];J

rhj;jpuj;jpd; gb gy tpraq;fs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. xU kdpjhpd;
gpwe;j tUlk;> khjk;> Neuk; mbg;gilapy; gy fzpg;Gfs; nra;ag;gl;L>
gpd;dh; th];J fzpg;Gfs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.

rPdhtpy; 'cq;fs; taJ vd;d?” vd;W ngUk;ghYk; Nfl;f khl;lhh;fs;.

'ePqf ; th;?” vd;W Nfl;ghh;fs;. mjw;F ePqf
; s; ve;j tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; s;
gpwe;j Mq;fpy tUl vz;iz Fwpg;gpl Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy.
ve;j tpyq;F tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth; vd;gijr; nrhd;dhy; NghJk;.
cq;fs; taijr; rhpaha; fzpj;J tpLthh;fs;.

5
Kd; nrhd;d fijapy; Fwpg;gpl;l gb> rPdhtpy; xt;nthU tUlKk;
xt;nthU tpyq;fpidf; Fwpf;Fk;. xt;nthU khjKk; xt;nthU kzp
NeuKk; xt;nthU tpyq;fpidf; Fwpf;Fk;.

rPdh;fs; xt;nthU kdpjhpd; Fzq;fSk;> nray;fSk;> ntw;wp

Njhy;tpfSk; mth;fs; gpwe;j Neuj;jpd; gb mikfpd;wJ vd;gijg;
nghpJk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. fp.K. 2600y; Nguurh; `{thq; jP vd;gtuhy;
,e;j tpyq;Fr; rf;fuk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;W tuthW $WfpwJ.
fy;tpahsh;fs; ,e;j N[hjplk; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J rpd; tk;rj;jpd; NghJ
Gj;j kj Nghjfh;fshy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ vd;Wk; $Wth;.
rPdhtpy; Kd;Ndhh;fs; tUlq;fis 10 Njt Nyhf jz;LfshfTk; 12
JUtf; fpisfshfTk; fzpj;jdh;. Mdhy; ,it kpfTk; fbdkha;
,Ue;j fhuzj;jhy;> 12 fpisfis tpyq;Fr; rpd;dq;fisf; nfhz;L
Fwpg;gpl Muk;gpj;jdh;. 10 jz;Lfs; vd;gd Ie;J %yfq;fs; kw;Wk;
apd;-ahq; Kiwfspy; mike;jit. kuk;> neUg;G> G+kp> cNyhfk;> ePh;
vd;gd Ie;J %yfq;fs;. ,j;Jld; apd;-ahq; Nrh;ej ; hy; apd; kuk;> apd;
neUg;G> apd; G+kp> apd; cNyhfk;> apd; ePh; vd;w Ie;Jk; ahq; kuk;>
ahq; neUg;G> ahq; G+kp> ahq; cNyhfk;> ahq; ePh; vd;w Ie;Jk; Nrh;eJ ;
gj;jhapd. ,j;Jld; vyp> vUJ> Gyp> Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu>
ML> Fuq;F> Nrty;> eha;> gd;wp vd;W 12 JUtf; fpisfshd
tUlq;fs; gd;dpuz;Lk; Nrh;jJ
; rPdh;fspd; N[hjplq;fs;
fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ie;J %yfq;fs;> apd;-ahq;> gd;dpuz;L tUlk;
vd;w ,e;jr; rf;fuk; 60 tUlr; rf;fuk;.

re;jpuid mbg;gilaha;; nfhz;Nl tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk;

fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tUlj;jpDs;Ns gd;dpuz;L khjq;fs; rPdg;
GJ tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; Kjy; ,Wjp tiu gFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpy;
,Uf;Fk; ,Ugj;J ehd;F kzp Neuj;jpy;> xt;nthU ,uz;L kzp
NeuKk; kWgbAk; tpyq;Ffsha; gFf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kjypy; ePqf
; s; ve;j tpyq;F tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th; vd;gijj; njhpe;J
nfhs;Nthkh?
fPof
; z;l ml;ltiziaf; nfhz;L mijf; fz;L nfhs;syhk;.

vyp
vyp vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971
1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947
1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935
6
vyp
vyp vUJ Gyp Kay; buhfd; ghk;G Fjpiu ML Fuq;F Nrty; eha; gd;wp
1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923
1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911

,e;jg; gl;bay; rPd tUlj;ij mbg;gilaha;; nfhz;lJ. rPd

tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; KbT Mq;fpy tUlj;jpd; Muk;gk; KbTf;F
rw;Nw NtWgLk;. rPd tUlk; [dthp my;yJ gpg;uthp khjj;jpy; tUk;
KO epyT ehsd;W Muk;gk; MFk;. xU khjk; 29.5 ehl;fs;
nfhz;lJ. Mq;fpy tUl ml;ltizf;F ,izahf;f rpy
tUlq;fspy; $Ljyha; xU khjk; Nrh;ff
; g;gLfpwJ.

[dthp khjk; gpg;uthp khjk; gpwe;jth;fSf;F rw;W fzf;fpl;Nl

tUlj;ij fzpf;f Ntz;b tUk;. rhp> mg;gbg; gpwe;jth;fSk; rhpaha;
tUlj;ijf; fzpf;f Ntz;Lkpy;iyah? ,Njh mjw;fhd ml;ltiz.

rPd re;jpu tUl ml;ltiz

E}W tUlq;fSf;fhd GJ tUl Muk;gj; Njjpfs;

rPdg; GJ tUlk; tpyq;F rPdg; GJ tUlk; tpyq;F

1900 - [dthp 31 vyp 1926 - gpg;uthp 13 Gyp
1901 - gpg;uthp 19 vUJ 1927 - gpg;uthp 02 Kay;
1902 - gpg;uthp 8 Gyp 1928 - [dthp 23 buhfd;
1903 - [dthp 29 Kay; 1929 - gpg;uthp 10 ghk;G
1904 - gpg;uthp 16 buhfd; 1930 - [dthp 30 Fjpiu
1905 - gpg;uthp 04 ghk;G 1931 - gpg;uthp 17 ML
1906 - [dthp 25 Fjpiu 1932 - gpg;uthp 06 Fuq;F
1907 - gpg;uthp 13 ML 1933 - [dthp 26 Nrty;
1908 - gpg;uthp 02 Fuq;F 1934 - gpg;uthp 14 eha;
1909 - [dthp 22 Nrty; 1935 - gpg;uthp 04 gd;wp
1910 - gpg;uthp 10 eha; 1936 - [dthp 24 vyp
1911 - [dthp 30 gd;wp 1937 - gpg;uthp 11 vUJ
1912 - gpg;uthp 18 vyp 1938 - [dthp 31 Gyp
1913 - gpg;uthp 06 vUJ 1939 - gpg;uthp 19 Kay;
1914 - [dthp 26 Gyp 1940 - gpg;uthp 08 buhfd;
1915 - gpg;uthp 14 Kay; 1941 - [dthp 27 ghk;G
1916 - gpg;uthp 03 buhfd; 1942 - gpg;uthp 15 Fjpiu
1917 - [dthp 23 ghk;G 1943 - gpg;uthp 05 ML
1918 - gpg;uthp 11 Fjpiu 1944 - [dthp 25 Fuq;F
1919 - gpg;uthp 01 ML 1945 - gpg;uthp 13 Nrty;
1920 - gpg;uthp 20 Fuq;F 1946 - gpg;uthp 02 eha;
1921 - gpg;uthp 08 Nrty; 1947 - [dthp 22 gd;wp
1922 - [dthp 28 eha; 1948 - gpg;uthp 10 vyp
1923 - gpg;uthp 16 gd;wp 1949 - [dthp 29 vUJ
1924 - gpg;uthp 05 vyp 1950 - gpg;uthp 17 Gyp
1925 - [dthp 25 vUJ
7
 rPdg; GJ tUlk; tpyq;F rPdg; GJ tUlk; tpyq;F
1951 - gpg;uthp 06 Kay; 1976 - [dthp 31 buhfd;
1952 - [dthp 27 buhfd; 1977 - gpg;uthp 18 ghk;G
1953 - gpg;uthp 14 ghk;G 1978 - gpg;uthp 07 Fjpiu
1954 - gpg;uthp 03 Fjpiu 1979 - [dthp 28 ML
1955 - [dthp 24 ML 1980 - gpg;uthp 16 Fuq;F
1956 - gpg;uthp 12 Fuq;F 1981 - gpg;uthp 05 Nrty;
1957 - [dthp 31 Nrty; 1982 - [dthp 25 eha;
1958 - gpg;uthp 18 eha; 1983 - gpg;uthp 13 gd;wp
1959 - gpg;uthp 08 gd;wp 1984 - gpg;uthp 02 vyp
1960 - [dthp 28 vyp 1985 - gpg;uthp 20 vUJ
1961 - gpg;uthp 15 vUJ 1986 - gpg;uthp 09 Gyp
1962 - gpg;uthp 05 Gyp 1987 - [dthp 29 Kay;
1963 - [dthp 25 Kay; 1988 - gpg;uthp 17 buhfd;
1964 - gpg;uthp 13 buhfd; 1989 - gpg;uthp 06 ghk;G
1965 - gpg;uthp 02 ghk;G 1990 - [dthp 27 Fjpiu
1966 - [dthp 21 Fjpiu 1991 - gpg;uthp 15 ML
1967 - gpg;uthp 09 ML 1992 - gpg;uthp 04 Fuq;F
1968 - [dthp 30 Fuq;F 1993 - [dthp 23 Nrty;
1969 - gpg;uthp 17 Nrty; 1994 - gpg;uthp 10 eha;
1970 - gpg;uthp 06 eha; 1995 - [dthp 31 gd;wp
1971 - [dthp 27 gd;wp 1996 - gpg;uthp 19 vyp
1972 - gpg;uthp 15 vyp 1997 - gpg;uthp 07 vUJ
1973 - gpg;uthp 03 vUJ 1998 - [dthp 28 Gyp
1974 - [dthp 23 Gyp 1999 - gpg;uthp 16 Kay;
1975 - gpg;uthp 11 Kay; 2000 - gpg;uthp 05 buhfd;

rPdg; GJ tUlk; tpyq;F

2001 - [dthp 24 ghk;G
2002 - gpg;uthp 12 Fjpiu
2003 - gpg;uthp 01 ML
2004 - [dthp 22 Fuq;F
2005 - gpg;uthp 9 Nrty;
2006 - [dthp 29 eha;
2007 - gpg;uthp 18 gd;wp
2008 - gpg;uthp 7 vyp
2009 - [dthp 26 vUJ

8
 tUq;fhyr; rPd tUlq;fs;
2010 - gpg;uthp 14 Gyp
2011 - gpg;uthp 3 Kay;
2012 - [dthp 23 buhfd;
2013 - gpg;uthp 10 ghk;G
2014 - [dthp 31 Fjpiu
2015 - gpg;uthp 19 ML

rPdh;fs; ,e;j cyfpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghUl;fs; midj;jpYk; Neh;> vjph;

vd;W ,U tpjkhd rf;jpfs; ,Ug;gjhf ek;Gfpd;wdh;. ,e;j Neh; vjph;
rf;jpfs; vg;NghJk; xd;NwhL xd;W Nghl;b Nghl;Lf; nfhz;L
,ize;Nj cyfj;ij ,af;FtjhfTk; ek;Gfpd;wdh;. ,uTf;F gfy;>
ngz;ikf;F Mz;ik> jho;Tf;F cah;T vd;W apd; ahq; vq;Fk;
vjpYk; epyTfpd;wJ.

fUg;G> vjph;kiw rf;jp> mbikj;jdk;> ePh>; cNyhfk;> G+kp Mfpait

apd; vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. mJ ,uT> gs;sj;jhf;F> ejpfs;> Xilfs;
Mfpatw;iwr; rhh;ej
; J.
nts;is> Neh;kiw rf;jp> MSik> neUg;G> kuk;> fhw;W ahq; vd;W
fUjg;gLfpwJ. mJ gfy;> kiyfs;> Fd;Wfs; Mfpatw;iwr; rhh;ej
; J.
,t;tpU rf;jpfSk; kdpjh;fspd; eltbf;iffis khw;w ty;yJ.
mjdhNyNa> N[hjplj;jpy; ,JTk; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
,g;NghJ tUlq;fis vg;gb apd;-ahq;> kuk;> neUg;G> G+kp> cNyhfk;>
ePh; vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk; vd;gij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. Mq;fpy tUl
vz;izNa ,jw;F cgNahfg;gLj;jyhk;.
tUl KbT 0 ,Ue;jhy; ahq; cNyhfk;.
tUl KbT 1 ,Ue;jhy; apd; cNyhfk;.
tUl KbT 2 ,Ue;jhy; ahq; ePh.;
tUl KbT 3 ,Ue;jhy; apd; ePh.;
tUl KbT 4 ,Ue;jhy; ahq; kuk;.
tUl KbT 5 ,Ue;jhy; apd; kuk;.
tUl KbT 6 ,Ue;jhy; ahq; neUg;G.
tUl KbT 7 ,Ue;jhy; apd; neUg;G.
tUl KbT 8 ,Ue;jhy; apd; G+kp.
tUl KbT 9 ,Ue;jhy ahq; G+kp.

9
xt;nthU %yfKk; xt;nthU Fwpfspd; jd;ikfis MSk;.

%yfq;fs; tUlf; Fwpfs;

kuk; Kay;> Gyp(nkype;j)> buhfd;(tYj;j)
neUg;G ghk;G> Fjpiu(tYj;j)> ML(nkype;j)
cNyhfk; Fuq;F(tYj;j)> Nrty;>; eha; (nkype;j)
ePh; vyp(tYj;j)> vUJ> gd;wp(nkype;j)
G+kp buhfd;> ML> eha;> vUJ (rk epiyapy;
,Ug;gjhy; midj;J Fwpfspd; jd;ikfis Ms
ty;yJ)

ve;j khjj;jpy; gpwe;NjhNkh me;je;j khjj;jpd; FwpfisAk; mwpe;jhy;>

mjd; mbg;gilapYk; Fzq;fis Muhayhk;. fPo; fz;l ml;ltiz
mijf; fz;L gpbf;f cjTk;. ,ij xUthpd; cs;Fwp vd;W
Fwpg;gplyhk;.

#upa Njjp rPd epiyahd fhyk;

Nuif khjk; %yfk;
314 gpg; 04-gpg; 18 1-Gyp kuk; tre;j fhyk;
329 gpg; 19-khh;r; 05
344 khh;r; 06-khh;r; 20 2-Kay; kuk; tre;j fhyk;
0 khh;r; 21-Vg;uy; 04
14 Vg;uy; 05-Vg;uy; 19 3-buhfd; kuk; tre;j fhyk;
29 Vg;uy; 20-Nk 04
44 Nk 05-Nk 20 4-ghk;G neUg;G Nfhil fhyk;
59 Nk 21-[_d; 05
74 [_d; 06-[_d; 20 5-Fjpiu neUg;G Nfhil fhyk;
89 [_d; 21-[_iy 06
104 [_iy 07-[_iy 22 6-ML neUg;G Nfhil fhyk;
119 [_iy 23-Mf];l; 06
134 Mf];l; 07-Mf];l; 22 7-Fuq;F cNyhfk; ,iyAjph; fhyk;
149 Mf];l; 23-nrg; 07
164 nrg; 08-nrg; 22 8-Nrty; cNyhfk; ,iyAjph; fhyk;
181 nrg; 23-mf; 07
194 mf; 08-mf; 22 9-eha; cNyhfk; ,iyAjph; fhyk;
211 mf; 23-et 06
224 et 07-et 21 10-gd;wp ePh; Fsph; fhyk;
244 et 22-br 06
251 br 07-br 21 11-vyp ePh; Fsph; fhyk;
271 br 22-[d 05
284 [d 06-[d 19 12-vUJ ePh; Fsph; fhyk;
301 [d 20-gpg; 03

xt;nthU kzp Neuj;jpw;Fk; FwpaPLfs; cz;L. xUth; gpwe;j Neuj;jpd;

gb> ,e;j ,ufrpa Fwpfis mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;.

10
 • 23:00 - 01:00: vyp
• 01:00 - 03:00: vUJ
• 03:00 - 05:00: Gyp
• 05:00 - 07:00: Kay;
• 07:00 - 09:00: buhfd;
• 09:00 - 11:00: ghk;G
• 11:00 - 13:00: Fjpiu
• 13:00 - 15:00: ML
• 15:00 - 17:00: Fuq;F
• 17:00 - 19:00: Nrty;;
• 19:00 - 21:00: eha;
• 21:00 - 23:00: gd;wp
tUlf; Fwp> khjf; Fwp> Neuf; Fwp ,k;%d;iwAk; ,izj;Nj xUthpd;
Fzhjpaq;fisf; fzpf;fpwJ rPd N[hjplk;.
rPd N[hjplj;jpd; rpd;dq;fSf;F ,izaha; ,e;jpa N[hjplj;jpYk;>
Nkw;fj;jpa N[hjplj;jpYk; rpd;dq;fs; cz;L. mtw;iw ,q;F
ghh;gN
; ghk;.
rPdk; ,e;jpah Nkiy ehLfs;

buhfd; - Nk\k; - Vhp];

ghk;G - hp\gk; - lhu];
Fjpiu - kpJdk; - n[kpdp
ML - fhh;jj; pif - fhd;rh;
Fuq;F - rpk;kk; - ypNah
Nrty;; - fd;dp - tph;Nfh
eha; - Jyh - ypg;uh
gd;wp - tpUf;rpfk; - ];fhh;gpNah
vyp - jDR - rfplhupa];
vUJ - kfuk; - Nfg;hpfhh;s;
Gyp - Fk;gk; - mf;thhp];
Kay; - kPdk; - gprp];

,it midj;ijAk; mbg;gilaha; nfhz;Nl rPd N[hjplq;fs;

fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,dp xt;nthU tpyq;Ff; Fwpfisg; gw;wpAk;
njhpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

11
 1 JWJW vyp
(1900> 1912> 1924> 1936> 1948> 1960> 1972 >1984> 1996> 2008> 2020> 2032> 2044)

Neuk; ,uT 11:00 Kjy; 1:00 tiu

chpa jpir Nkw;F
chpa fhyq;fs; Fsph;fhyk;> brk;gh; khjk;;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk ePh;
ahq ahq;
apd;-ahq;
Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; Gj;j ngUkhd;> tUlq;fSf;Fr; rpd;dkpl vy;yh
tpyq;FfisAk; xU $l;ljpw;F mioj;jhuhk;.
$l;lk; elf;ftpUe;j Ke;ija ehs; G+id jd;Dila ez;gdhd
vypaplk; $l;lj;ijg; gw;wp $wp tpl;L> mjpfhiyapy; Kjypy; vOgth;
mLj;jtiu vOg;g Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;J tpl;L J}q;fr;
nrd;wJ.
fhiyapy; vyp Kjypy; vOe;jJ. jhd; kl;LNk Kjyhtjha; nry;y
vz;zk; nfhz;l vyp G+idia vOg;ghky; $l;ljpw;F nrd;wJ.
mJNt $l;lj;jpd; Kjy; MshfTk; ,Ue;jJ. gpwF vUJ> Gyp> Kay;>
buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> Nrty;> eha;> gd;wp vd;W xd;wd; gpd; xd;wha;
tpyq;Ffs; te;J Nrh;ej; d. tpyq;Ffs; te;J Nrh;ej ; thpirapd; gb
Gj;j ngUkhd; tUlq;fSf;F rpd;dkpl;lhuhk;.
G+id J}q;fp vOe;J ghh;jj
; NghJ> mq;F vyp ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Ntf
Ntfkha; $l;lk; elf;Fk; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;wJ. Mdhy; mJ nrd;W
NrUk; NghJ $l;lNk Kbe;Jtpl;bUe;jJ. md;wpypUe;J vyp
G+idf;Fg; gifahdJ.
,e;jf; fij vyp tUlk; Vd; Kjypy; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;f
$wg;gLk; fij.
fPof
; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; vyp
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.
[dthp 31> 1900 - gpg;uthp 18> 1901
gpg;uthp 18> 1912 - gpg;uthp 05> 1913
gpg;uthp 05> 1924 - [dthp 24> 1925
[dthp 24> 1936 - gpg;uthp 10> 1937
gpg;uthp 10> 1948 - [dthp 28> 1949
[dthp 28> 1960 - gpg;uthp 14> 1961
gpg;uthp 15> 1972 - gpg;uthp 02> 1973
gpg;uthp 02> 1984 - gpg;uthp 19> 1985
gpg;uthp 19> 1996 - gpg;uthp 06> 1997
12
 gpg;uthp 07> 2008 - [dthp 25> 2009
,dp vypthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN
; ghk;.

kf;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhh;fF ; vypiag; gpbf;fhJ. ,Ue;jhYk; rPd

N[hjplj;jpy;> vypNa Kjy; tUlj;ija rpd;dk;. ,e;j tpyq;F
Mh;tk;> rhJhpak;> vr;rhpf;ifj; jd;ik> nkd;ik> ,zf;fk;> cw;rhfk;
Mfpa Fzq;fSf;F rhd;wha; tpsq;Fk; tpyq;F. tUlk; 2008> vyp
tUlk;. ,J ahq; - G+kpiar; rhh;ej ; tUlk;.
vyp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; trPfukhfTk; NghuhLk; kdg;ghd;ikAk;
nfhz;lth;fs;. epfo;fhyj;jpy; ed;wha; tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk;
nfhz;lth;fs;. ve;jr; #oiyAk; jdf;Fr; rhjfkha; Mf;fpf; nfhz;L
thoj; njhpe;jth;fs;. Nkk;Nghf;fha; ghh;fF ; k; NghJ kpfTk;
mikjpahAk; ed;F rPh; J}f;fpg; ghh;jJ
; r; nray;gLgtuha; njhpe;jhYk;>
cs; kdjpy; mth;fs; mikjpaw;wth;fshAk;> rpwpJ gae;j Rghtk;
nfhz;lth;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
vypthrpfs; vspjpy; vjw;Fk; xj;Jg; Nghff; $bath;fs;. fbd
ciog;gpy; mjpf ehl;lk; nfhz;lth;fs;. fhhpaq;fis Muk;gpj;jTld;>
jhd; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij kl;Lk; mwpe;J tpl;lhh;fs;
vd;why;> mjw;Fg; gpwF mth;fis epWj;jNt KbahJ. ve;jr;
nraiy Muk;gpj;jhYk; mij Kbf;fhky; tpl khl;lhh;fs;. fUkNk
fz;zhf ,Ue;J rhjpf;f ciog;ghh;fs;. Rw;wp gyh; ,Ue;j NghJk;
jd;Dila Ntiyiaj; jpwikaha; nra;a ty;yth;fs;.
ve;jr; #oiyAk; rhjfkhf;fpf; nfhs;s ty;yth;fs;. rq;flq;fs;
Vw;gLk; NghJ mtw;iw kpfj; jpwikaha;; ifahs ty;yth;fs;.
nfhf;fpidg; Nghy; re;jh;gq;fSf;fha; fhj;jpUe;J jq;fs; tho;fi
; fia
Kd;Ndw;wj; njhpe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; ,aw;ifapNyNa clypy; mgha
kzpia itj;jpUg;gth;fs;. Jd;gk; tUk; Kd; fhf;f> nra;a
Ntz;ba nray;fisr; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;.
ntsp tpraq;fspy; mjpf ehl;lk; nrYj;Jthh;fs;. mLj;jth;fSf;F
mwpTiu nrhy;y ty;yth;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fs; gpur;rpidfis
mLj;jth;fsplk; nrhy;yj; jaq;Fthh;fs;. mjdhy; kw;wth;fs;
tho;fi
; fr; rpf;fy;fspy; ,th;fSk; rpf;fpj; jtpg;ghh;fs;.
vypthrpfs; gzj;jpw;F nghpJk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. fhy;
fhRf;Fk; fzf;F ghh;fF; k; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. vypthrpfisAk;
gzj;ijAk; gphpg;gJ kpff; fbdk;. vypthrpfSf;F Nguk; NgRtJ
kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. mth;fs; Njitaw;w nghUl;fisAk; kyptha;
fpilf;fpwnjd;why; thq;fp tpLthh;fs;. epidTg; nghUl;fs;
mth;fsplk; epiwaNt ,Uf;Fk;. gz tpraq;fspy; mjpf ftdk;
Njit. rpy rkak; mth;fspd; fzpg;Gfs; ngha;jJ ; g; Nghdhy; mJ
mjpf el;lj;jpy; nfhz;L tpl;L tpLk;.

13
khiyapy; gpwe;j vypthrpfSf;F fhiyapy; gpwe;jth;fis tplTk;
rw;Nw fbdkhd tho;fi
; fiag; gpd;gw;w Ntz;b tUk;.
njhopy;
vypthrpfs; mjpGj;jprhypfs;. epidthw;wy; kpf;fth;fs;. vijAk;
vspjpy; fw;f ty;yth;fs;. cz;ikahdth;fs;. mjpfk; gbf;f
tpUk;Gthh;fs;. jq;fisg; gw;wp mofha; $wTk; vOjTk;;
jFe;jth;fs;. JWJWntd vijahtJ njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tk;
cs;sth;fs;.
vypthrpfs; ,ufrpaq;fis fl;bf; fhg;gjpy; if Njh;ej ; th;fs;.
mLj;jth;fspd; ,ufrpaq;fis mwpAk; Mh;tk; mth;fsplj;jpy;
mjpfkhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fspd; ,e;j tpraq;fisj; njhpe;J
nfhs;Sk; Mty; mjpfkha; ,Ug;gjpd; fhuzkha;> mth;fs; Njh;ej ;
vOj;jhsh;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
mth;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; mtiug; Nghw;Wk; $l;lj;jth;fs;
,y;yhky; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kdjpw;F gpbj;jkhdth;fsha;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. vg;NghJk; gspr;nrd;W kfpo;rr
; pAld; ,Uf;Fk; cUt
mikg;igg; ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fs; rKjhaj;jpy; kpfTk;
Nghw;wj;jf;fth;fshAk; mjpfkhd Ntiy cs;sth;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
mth;fSf;F $l;lq;fSf;Fr; nry;yTk; tpohf;fSf;Fr; nry;yTk;
kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;. mth;fs; jdpj;Jtk; tha;ej ; FOf;fspy; ,Uf;f
tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fSf;F gy ,ufrpa csthspfs; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
ve;j tpraj;ij vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhYk; mjpy; mjpf <LghL ,Uf;Fk;.
kpFe;j Gj;jp $h;ik> vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ik fhuzkha;
mth;fs; cah;ej ; gjtpfis mila Kayyhk;. mth;fsJ Fzk;
fhuzkhAk; rhpahd KbT vLf;Fk; jd;ik fhuzkhAk;>
gpur;rpidfSf;F vspjpy; jPhT ; fhZk; jpwk; ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy;
cah;gjtpfSf;F Fwp itf;fyhk;. mJ kjpg;igAk; nry;thf;ifAk;
ngw;Wj; jUk;. mth;fs; ey;y v[khdh;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. GjpJ
Gjpjhd fhhpaq;fisr; nra;a tpUk;Gfpwth;fs;. mjdhy; ,ir
ty;Yeh;fs;> eifr;Rit tpj;jfh;fs;> murpay;thjpfs;> tof;fwpQh;fs;>
fhh; ge;ja tPuh;fs;> Muha;rr ; pahsh;fs;> ,af;Feh;fs;> Nkyhsh;fs;>
eph;thfpfs; vd ,Uf;f Kayyhk;. ,tw;wpy; mth;fs; gpufhrpf;f
mjpf tha;gG ; fs; fpl;Lk;.
cwT
cwtpdh;fs; tpraj;jpy; mth;fs; kpfTk; jahs Fzk; kpf;fth;fs;.
cwtpdh;fis vg;NghJk; Mjhpf;f vz;Zthh;fs;. ngw;NwhUf;F mjpf
kjpg;G nfhLg;ghh;fs;. jq;fs; Foe;ijfspd; Nky; ghrk; kpff;
nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F FLk;gk;> tPL> kidtp> kf;fs; kpfg;
gpbj;jkhd tpraq;fs;. FLk;g tho;fi; ff;F kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLg;ghh;fs;.
14
mth;fSf;F Rw;wpYk; kdpjh;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gk;
fhuzj;jhy;> vg;NghJNk Gjpa Gjpa kdpjh;fisr; re;jpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl
,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; cwTfisj; Jz;bf;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;.
mjdhy; rpy Neuq;fspy; Gjpa el;Gfis Vw;f jilfs; Vw;gLk;.
vypthrpfSld; el;G itf;f tpUk;Ggth;fs; mth;fSf;F ,izaha;
RWRWg;gha; ,Uf;f Kaw;rp nra;tJ eyk;.
cly; eyk;
vypthrpfspd; cly; epiy nghJtha; ed;whfNt ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs;
vg;NghJk; RWRWg;ghfNt ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;> jq;fs; cly;
epiyia ey;y gbahfTk; Neha;fis vjph;jJ; g; NghuhLk; tifapYk;
itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;.
vypthrpfs; rQ;rykha; ,Uf;Fk; rkaj;ij vspjha;; fz;L
nfhs;syhk;. me;j rkaq;fspy; kpfTk; mikjpaw;wth;fshAk;
Nfhgf;fhuh;fshAk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mj;jifa Neuq;fspy; kd
mOj;jj;jhy; jtpg;ghh;fs;. kdij mikjpg;gLj;Jk; gapw;rpfis
fw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; eyk;.
kw;nwhU FiwAk; mth;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. xNu Neuj;jpy; gy
fhhpaq;fspy; <LgLtNj mJ. jq;fs; rf;jpapid gy fhhpaq;fspy;
tpuak; nra;J mtw;iw Kbf;f Kbahky; jtpg;ghh;fs;. ,J
clYf;Fk; NfL tpistpf;Fk;.
vyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;

jkpof Kjy;th;fs; fiyQh; fUzhepjp> n[. n[ayypjh> tpQ;Qhdp

rh;. rp. tp. ,uhkd;> Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; lhf;lh;. v];.
,uhjhfpU\;zd;> tpz;ntsp tPuh; uhNf\; rh;kh> ebif N`kkhypdp>
fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; nrsut; fq;Fyp> Kj;ijah Kuspjud;> ehkf;fy;
ftp> ebfh; uh[; fg+h;> Mq;fpyf; ftpQh; tpy;ypak; N\f;]g
; pah;> Kjy;
mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjp [hh;[; th\pq;ld;> ,ir ty;Yeh; cy;gf ; hq;
Nkhrhh;l>; ,sturh; rhh;y];> u\;a vOj;jhsh; ypNah lhy;]l; ha;
mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 1> 4> 5> 10> 11> 14> 41> 45> 51> 54
xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;
fs : buhfd;> vUJ> Fuq;F
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs;
fs : Fjpiu> Kay;> Nrty;> ML
%yff; Fzq;fs;
vypthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg;
ngWtjha;; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

15
neUg;G vyp
([dthp 24> 1936 - gpg;uthp 10> 1937
gpg;uthp 19> 1996 - gpg;uthp 06> 1997)
Fzq;
Fzq;fs; Mf;Nuhrk;> RWRWg;G> Nghl;bfis vjph; nfhs;Sk;
jd;ik> jd;dk;gpf;if> kd cWjp> nfhs;if gpbg;G Nghd;w
Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. JLf;Fj;jdkhdth;fs;. gazk;
nry;tJ tpUk;gj; jf;f tprak;. Gjpa Ntiyfis tpUk;gp
Vw;ghh;fs;. xNu khjphpahd Ntiy Vw;gLj;Jk; Nrhh;tpypUe;J
jg;gpf;f tpj;jpahrkhd Ntiyfisr; nra;a Jbg;gh;. gpwuhy;
tpUk;gg;gLgth;fs;.

ku vyp
(gpg;uthp 05> 1924 - [dthp 24> 1925
gpg;uthp 02> 1984 - gpg;uthp 19> 1985)
Fzq;fs; Mty;> cs;Szh;T> vspjpy; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sjy;>
#oYf;FNfw;g khWjy;> rpuj;ij Nghd;w Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;lth;fs;. ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; jd;dk;gpf;if kpf;fth;fsha;
Njhd;wpa NghJk;> jq;fsJ Fiwfis ntspf;fhl;bf; nfhs;s
khl;lhh;fs;. Njhy;tpiaf; fz;L mQ;rpa NghJk;> mth;fs;
ntw;wp ngWtJ epr;rak;. ez;gh;fSlDk; FLk;gj;jhUlDk;
,Ug;gJ ,d;gk; juf; $baJ. md;Gk; kjpg;Gk; mth;fs;
tpUk;Gk; gz;Gfs;.
G+kp vyp
(gpg;uthp 10> 1948 - [dthp 28> 1949
gpg;uthp 07> 2008 - [dthp 25> 2009)
Fzq;fs; ek;gpf;if> njsptha; Muha;eJ ; KbT vLj;jy;>
khWjy;fspy; tpUg;gk;> J}a;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;lth;fs;. ];jpuj; jd;ik> ntw;wpfukha; Ntiyia Kbf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mokhd gw;Wjy; tpUk;gg;gLk; Fzq;fs;.
nkJtha;> epjhdkha;f; fhhpaq;fisr; nra;tijNa rpwe;j top
vd;W vz;Zthh;fs;.

cNyhf vyp
([dthp 31> 1900 - gpg;uthp 18> 1901
[dthp 28> 1960 - gpg;uthp 14> 1961)
Fzq;fs; vspjpy; czh;rr ; p trg;gLk; jd;ik> cah;ej ;
nfhs;ifAld; ,Uj;jy;> vz;zq;fshy; jd;idj;jhNd
Cf;Ftpj;jy;> vijAk; tpl;L nfhLf;fhik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;lth;fs;. vt;tsT tpiyahapDk;> jhq;f ; s; tpUk;gpaijg;
ngw tplhgpb nfhs;ifAld; miythh;fs;. nghwhik> Nguhir>

16
 MSik gpur;rpidfisf; nfhz;L tUk;. cwTfspy; rpf;fy;fs;
Vw;gl tha;gG
; fs; mjpfk;.
ePh; vyp
(gpg;uthp 18> 1912 - gpg;uthp 05> 1913
gpg;uthp 15> 1972 - gpg;uthp 02> 1973)
Fzq;fs; tpNtfk;> Qhdk;> fy;tpahy; Cf;fk;> vspjpy; Ghpe;J
nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. trPfuj;
jd;ikAilath;fs;. rhkh;jj
; par;rhypfs;. Mo;ej; mwpT
ngw;wth;fs;. rpe;jidahsh;fs;. gpur;rpidfSf;F jPhT
;
fhz;gjpy; rkh;jj ; h;fs;. eilKiwthjpfs;. Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk;
jd;ik vy;NyhhplKk; ed;F gofTk;> gyuhYk;
tpUg;gg;gLgtuhfTk; nra;Ak;.
ePqf
; s; vyp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.
vyp tUlg; gyd;fs; s: re;jh;gk;> ey;y vjph;fhyk; ,e;j tUlj;jpd;
Kf;fpahk;rq;fs;. njhopy; Jiw nghJtha; ed;wha; ,Ue;jhYk;>
tUlj;jpd; gpw;gFjpapy; vjph;ghuhj khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;L tpahghuq;fspy;
f\;l e\;lq;fs; Vw;gLk;. vJtha; ,Ue;jhYk;. ,e;j tUlj;jpy;
njhlq;fpa fhhpaq;fs; ntw;wp ngWk; tha;gG ; f;fs; kpf mjpfk;.

17
 2 ciog;ghsp vUJ
(1901>1913>1925>1937>1949>1961>1973>1985>1997>2009>2021>2033>2045)

Neuk; ,uT 1:00 Kjy; 3:00 tiu

chpa jpir tlf;F> tl fpof;F
chpa fhyq;fs; Fsph;fhyk;> [dthp khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk ePh;
apd;-ahq;
ahq apd;
xU Kiw tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; Kjy; ,lj;ijg; ngw tpyq;FfspilNa
rz;il %z;lJ. flTsh;fsplk; ,e;jg; gpur;rpid vLj;Jr;
nry;yg;gl;lJ. mth;fs; ,jw;Fj; jPhT
; fhz tpyq;FfSf;F xU
Mw;iw flf;Fk; Nghl;bia itj;jdh;. ahh; Kjyhtjha;
tUfpwhh;fNsh mth;fs; Kjy; tUlj;jpa rpd;dkhAk; mLj;J
tUgth;fs; tUfpd;w thpirg;gb rpd;dkha; nfhs;sg;gLth; vd;Wk;
jPhk
; hdpf;fg; gl;lJ.
xU ehs; vy;yh tpyq;FfSk; Mw;wpd; fiuapy; mzptFj;J epd;wd.
Nghl;bAk; Muk;gkhdJ. vUJf;Fj; njhpahky; vyp mjd; Nky; rthhp
nra;jJ. vUJ mf;fiuiar; NrUk; NghJ> mjw;Fj; njhpahky; rthhp
nra;j vyp> mjw;F Kd;gha; fiuapy; Fjpj;J Kjy; ,lj;ijg;
ngw;wJ. vUJ ,uz;lhtJ ,lj;ijg; ngw;wJ.
,e;jf; fij vUJ Vd; ,uz;lhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;
$wg;gLk; fij.
fPof
; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; vUJ
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.
gpg;uthp 19>1901 - gpg;uthp 07>1902
gpg;uthp 06>1913 - [dthp 25>1914
[dthp 25>1925 - gpg;uthp 12>1926
gpg;uthp 11>1937 - [dthp 30>1938
[dthp 29>1949 - gpg;uthp 16>1950
gpg;uthp 15>1961 - gpg;uthp 04>1962
gpg;uthp 03>1973 - [dthp 22>1974
gpg;uthp 20>1985 - gpg;uthp 08>1986
gpg;uthp 07>1997 - [dthp 27>1998
[dthp 26>2009 - gpg;uthp 13>2010
,dp vUJthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN
; ghk;.

vUJ tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; rhe;jkhdth;fs; Nghy; fhzg;gLthh;fs;.

Mdhy; [hf;fpuij. mth;fs; kpfTk; Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. mth;fs;
18
jd;dk;gpf;if kpf;fth;fs;. jq;fsJ Fwpf;Nfhis mila njhlh;eJ;
mauhJ ghLglj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. gbg;gbaha; jq;fs;
Fwpf;Nfhis vl;l Kaw;rp nra;thh;fs;.

mth;fs; gpbthjf;fhuh;fs;.; fh;tk; kpf;fth;fs;. ntspg;ghh;itapy;

mth;fs; mikjpaha; ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs; ,Wkhg;G kpff;
nfhz;lth;fs;.
vUJthrpfs; gz;ghl;il kjpg;gth;fs;. Neh;jj; paha; jq;fis itj;Jf;
nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fsJ ghh;itapypUe;J vJTNk jg;g KbahJ.
vijAk; ntspg;gilahfNt ghh;gg ; hh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; kpfTk;
Ntfkha; tpraq;fis fpufpf;f ty;yth;fs;. tpraj;jpd; ey;yJ
nfl;lij cld; Ghpe;J nray;gLth;. jq;fSf;F Ghpahj tpraq;fis
ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. ey;yJ my;yJ nfl;lJ vd;gij kl;LNk
ghh;gg
; hh;fs;.

vUJthrpfs; kpfTk; Rj;jkhfTk;> cz;ikahfTk;>

ciog;ghspfshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F ey;y epidthw;wy;
,Uf;Fk;. kw;wth;fs; kwf;Fk; rpy rpwpa tpraq;fisAk;
epidTg;gLj;jp nrhy;yf; $bath;fs;. xU thuk;> xU khjk;> xU
tUl tpraq;isAk; epidtpy; itj;Jf; nfhs;sj; jf;fth;fs;.
mth;fSf;F tUj;jk; Vw;gLk; NghJk;> Jd;gk; te;j NghJk; kd
mikjp Vw;gLk; tiu VjhtJ Ntiyapy; jq;fis Mo;jj ; pf; nfhz;L
tpLthh;fs;.

vUJthrpfs; cjtp Nfl;f ntWg;gth;fs;. xU nraiyr; nra;a

,uz;L klq;F NeuKk; Kaw;rpAk; NjitahdhYk; $l> mij
ahUila cjtpAk; ,d;wp jhq;fsha;; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;.
mLj;jth;fis vjph;ghh;ff
; khl;lhh;fs;. gpwh; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fisf;
ftdkha; ftdpj;J> jq;fis gyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;fs;.
neL ehisa %jyPLfis kpfTk; jpwikAld; ifahs ty;yth;fs;.
mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; #jhl;lj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;j khl;lhh;fs;.
mth;fs; jq;fs; Fzj;jhYk; Kaw;rpahYk; jq;fs; ntw;wpiaj; Njbr;
nry;thh;fs;. mjph;\l
; j;ijAk; mLj;jth; cjtpiaAk; vd;WNk ek;g
khl;lhh;fs;.

vUJthrpfs; jq;fs; fld;fis vg;NghJk; milj;J tpLthh;fs;.

mth;fs; ahUf;NfDk; fld;gl;L ,Ue;jhy;> mjd; filrp fhirf;
nfhLf;Fk; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; ed;wp kwthjth;fs;.
jq;fs; ed;wpia moF thh;ji ; jfspy; Ngrhtpl;lhYk;> gy topfspy;
jq;fs; ed;wpiaf; fhl;Lthh;fs;. mth;fsJ nray;fs; mth;fsJ
thh;ji
; jfis tpl mjpfk; NgRk;.
vUJthrpfspd; jd;dk;gpf;if mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;>
kw;wth;fis Cf;Ftpf;f ty;yth;fs;. ngUk;ghYk; mikjpAk;>

19
nghWikAk; nfhz;lth;fshjyhy;> msthfNt NgRthh;fs;. Ntz;ba
NghJ NgRtdtw;iw thh;ji
; jr; Rj;jkhAk; ftdkhAk; NgRthh;fs;.
FWf;F topia ek;ghjth;fs;. ciof;f tpUg;gkpy;yhjth;fisAk;
Nrhk;NgwpfisAk; kjpf;fj;jfhjth;fsha; vz;Zgth;fs;.
mLj;jth;fspd; mgpg;gpuhaj;ij jpwe;j kdk; nfhz;L Nfl;Lf;
nfhs;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ mwpthh;ej ; Muha;rr
; papd; mbg;gilapNyNa
KbTfis vLg;ghh;fs;.
tajhd fhyj;jpy; mjpf kfpo;rr
; pAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
,e;j tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fsplk; cs;s nfl;l Fzk; gpbthj Fzk;.
FWfpa kdk; nfhz;L nray;gLjy; kw;wth;fSldhd el;igf;
Fiwf;Fk;.
njhopy;
vUJthrpfs; kpfTk; ek;gfkhdth;fs;. Ntiyia Kbf;Fk; tiu
jq;fsJ nray;fisj; jpl;lkpl;Lj; njhlh;eJ
; nra;j tz;zk;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; eLepiy nfhz;lth;fs;. ,t;tsT
ew;Fzq;fs; nfhz;l NghJk; mth;fsJ mlKk; NfhgKk; rpy rkak;
mth;fsJ gytPdq;fsha; mike;J tpLk;.
vUJthrpfspd; ek;gfkhd jd;ikapd; fhuzkha; mth;fs; gy
Neuq;fspy; cah;ej; mjpfhuj;jpYk; nghWg;GfspYk; ,Ug;gth;fsha;
jpfo;thh;fs;. mth;fs; cyfpy; vy;yhiuAk; tpl NkNy NkNy nry;y
tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; jhq;fs; nra;Ak; njhopYf;F kl;Lk;
mbikahfhky; ,Uf;Fk;gb ghh;jJ ; f; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. vUJthrpfs;
rkak; tUk;NghJ jiy rpwe;j jiyth;fshfTk;> Ngr;rhsh;fshfTk;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. fbdkhd Neuq;fspYk; $l mth;fs; mwpT jwpnfl;Lg;
Nghfhky; rhpahd topapy; nray;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.
xNu khjphpahd Ntiyiar; nra;a tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Mdhy; nra;Ak;
Ntiyia Nfhh;itahfTk;> Neh;jj ; pahfTk; nra;a Kay;thh;fs;.
vijAk; ftdkha; nra;a vz;Zthh;fs;. vUJthrpfs; $l;L
Kaw;rpfspy; mjpfk; fye;J nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. tPz; Ngr;Rf;Fk;
Mlk;gu gfl;Lf;Fk; ,lk; ju khl;lhh;fs;.
mth;fspd; gpwtpf;FzNk jiyik jhq;Fk; Fzk;.
mth;fs; ifj;jpwd; kpf;fth;fs; vd;gjhy; kUj;Jth;fshfTk;> mWit
rpfpr;ir epGzh;fshfTk;> fl;bl ty;Yeh;fshfTk; ,Uf;fj;
jFe;jth;fs;. Nghh;tuP h;fshfTk;> tpahghu ty;Yeh;fshfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.

20
cwT
mth;fs; FLk;gj;ij md;Gld; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. tPli
; l
mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. FLk;gj;jpdUf;F Njitahdtw;iw rhpahd
Neuj;jpy; ju ty;yth;fs;. jq;fs; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk;
jq;fs; gq;fpw;F epiwaNt nra;af; $bath;fs;.
jhq;fs; tpUk;Ggth;fsplk; mlq;fhj tpRthrk; nfhs;gth;fs;. mth;fs;
vjphpfis vg;gb vjphg;g; hh;fs; vd;W nrhy;yNt KbahJ. mjdhy;
vUJthrpfis vjph;ff ; KayhjPhf ; s;. mth;fSld; neUq;fpa el;G
nfhs;tjw;F gy fhyk; gof Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. Mdhy; gofptpl;lhNyh>
mJ kpfTk; gykhd el;gha; mikAk;. mth;fs; xUth; Nky;
ek;gpf;if itj;J tpl;lhy; mth;fSf;F kpfTk; ek;gfkhfTk;
md;GlDk; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;.
jdf;F jFe;j $l;lhspfis ePzl ; ehl;fs; gofpa gpd;dNu Njh;T
nra;J nfhs;thh;fs;. cwtpy; khw;wq;fis tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;.
vUJthrpfSf;F xUth; Nky; ek;gpf;if Ngha;tpl;lhYk;> Nfhgk;
Vw;gl;lhYk; mijr; rPh; nra;J kPzL
; k; cwitg; GJg;gpj;Jf; nfhs;tJ
kpfTk; fbdk;.
ngz;fs; rpwe;j FLk;gj;jiytpfsha;; jpfo;thh;fs;. Foe;ijfspd;
fy;tpf;F kpFe;j Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fs;.
cly; eyk;
mth;fs; nghJthfNt kpfTk; ey;y cly;epiyiaf; nfhz;lth;fs;.
mth;fs; Neha;tha;gg; LtJ kpfTk; fbdk;. mjdhy; mth;fs;
gykpy;yhjth;fsplk; gof tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kdij
mikjpaha; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; gapw;rpfisr; nra;jy; eyk; Nrh;fF
; k;.
vUJthrpfs; tPlb
; Ny ,Ug;gijNa trjpaha; vz;Zthh;fs;.
Ntiyfisj; njhlh;eJ ; nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy; Xa;T
gw;wpa ftdk; ,Uf;fhJ.
vUJthrpfSf;F Nfhgk; Vw;gl;lhy;> mth;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lk; ,uz;L
gl;LtpLk;. me;j Neuq;fspy; ve;j thh;ji ; jfSk; vLglhJ.
mth;fsha; mikjpahFk; tiu nghWf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vUJ tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;
Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; ePyk; rQ;[pt nul;b> nld;dp]; tPuh;fs;
ypad;lh; gpa];> uNk\; fpU\;zd;> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; rr;rpd;
njz;Ly;fh;> jpNd\; fhh;jj ; pf;> tpQ;Qhdp N`hkp ghgh> ebfh; `pUjpf;
Nuh\d;> ebif I];th;ah uha; gr;rd;> gpud;R kd;dd; neg;Nghypad;
Nghdghh;l>; fhh;^d; epGzh; thy;l; b];dp> mnkhpf;f [dhjpgjp hpr;rh;l;
epf;rd;> ebfh; rhh;yp rhg;ypd;
21
mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 1> 5> 12> 15> 33> 35> 51> 53
xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;
fs : vyp> Nrty;> ghk;G
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;
tpyq;Ffs;
fs : Gyp> Fjpiu> ML
%yff; Fzq;fs;
vUJthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW
Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.
neUg;G vUJ
(gpg;uthp 11>1937 - [dthp 30>1938
gpg;uthp 07>1997 - [dthp 27>1998)
Fzq;fs; rf;jp tha;ej ; > gzj;jpw;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;Fk;>
NghuhLk; jd;ik nfhz;L> Fwpf;NfhshL thOk; Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;lth;fs;. gpwtpj; jiyth;fs;. NtiyapYk;> r%fj;jpy;
Kf;fpa nghWg;Gfspy; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gpwhpd; fUj;Jf;fis
rkaq;fspy; Vw;fhky; rpf;fy;fspy; khl;bf; nfhs;sf; $bath;fs;.
ku vUJ

([dthp 25>1925 - gpg;uthp 12>1926

gpg;uthp 20>1985 - gpg;uthp 08>1986)

Fzq;fs; Ijpfj;jpy; ek;gpf;if> ve;jr; #oiyAk; Vw;wy;> ePjp

newpg;gb tho;jy;> eLT epiyik> cz;ikAld; Cf;fj;Jld;
nray;gLjy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. FOtpy; ed;F
nray;gl;lhYk;> mth;fspd; mZFKiw> jd;dk;gpf;if>
ed;dlj;ij fhuzkha;> mth;fs; FO jiytuha; ,Ue;jhy;
NkYk; rpwg;gha;; nrayhw;Wthh;fs;. vspjpy; Nfhgg;gLgth;fs;.
JLf;Fj;jdkha; Ngrf; $bath;fs;.
G+kp vUJ
([dthp 29>1949 - gpg;uthp 16>1950
[dthp 26> 2009 - gpg;uthp 13> 2010)
Fzq;fs;
fs; JzpT> rfpg;Gj; jd;ik> nghWikAld; nray;gLjy;>
Fwpf;Nfhis Nehf;fp gazpf;Fk; Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;.
fbd ciog;ghy; jdp kdpjuha; rhjpf;f ty;yth;fs;. kpjkhd
Nghf;Fk;> fz;zpaKk; gpwuhy; tpUk;gg;gLgth;fsha;; jpfor;
nra;Ak;.

22
cNyhf vUJ

(gpg;uthp 19>1901 - gpg;uthp 07>1902

gpg;uthp 15>1961 - gpg;uthp 04>1962)
Fzq;fs; vjph;jJ; g; NghuhLk; jd;ik> fh;tk;> gspr;nrd;W
,Uj;jy;> jpl ek;gpf;if jUk; Cf;fj;jhy; nray;gLjy; Nghd;w
Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. cNyhfj;ijg; Nghd;Nw kpf
typik kpf;fth;fs;. jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis mila fbdkha;
ciof;f jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. czh;rr
; pfis vspjpy;
ntspf;fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. ek;gfkhdth;fs;. gpwuJ
czh;Tfis Ghpe;J nfhs;tjpy; rq;flq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
ePh; vUJ
(gpg;uthp 06>1913 - [dthp 25>1914
gpg;uthp 03>1973 - [dthp 22>1974)
Fzq;fs; fhhpaq;fis Kiwaha; nra;jy;> kNdhgyj;jpd; %yk;
Cf;fk; nfhz;L nray;gLjy;> nghWik> mDgtj;ij ek;Gk;
Fzk;> eLT epiyik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;.
tise;J nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik fhuzkhf gpwuJ vz;zq;fSf;Fk;
czh;TfSf;Fk; kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. ,th;fSld; ,Ug;gij
gyh; tpUk;Gth;.
ePqf
; s; vUJ tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.
2009tJ tUlk; apd; G+kp vUJ tUlk;. ,e;j tUlj;jpy;
gpwg;gth;fspd; rpwg;gk;rq;fisg; ghh;gN
; ghkh?
jiyik tfpf;Fk; jd;ik> ek;gfkhd> tpRthrKs;s> nghWikkpf;f>
nghWg;Gs;s Fzk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. rpwe;j
mikg;ghsh;fsha; jpfo;thh;fs;. mth;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak; ,lj;jpy;
vy;NyhUlDk; jFe;j Kiwapy; Ngrp Ntiyiar; nra;J Kbf;ff;
$bath;fs;. kw;wth;fs; mth;fspd; MNyhridfis Nfl;f
tUthh;fs;. kpFe;j Gj;jprhypfs;. mikjpia tpUk;Ggth;fs;.
mth;fSld; ,Uf;f midtUk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. rpyh; Mf;NuhrkhfTk;
,Uf;fyhk;. Nghl;b kdg;ghd;ik kpf;fth;fs;. mth;fSld;
goFgth;fis tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kpFe;j tPuk;
nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;j tpjr; #oypy; ,Ue;jhYk;>
mijf; fle;J tUk; JzpT nfhz;lth;fs;.
vUJ tUlg; gyd;fs;s: vt;tsT ftdkha; cioj;J ghLgl;lhYk;
ntw;wp eOtpr; nrd;WtpLk;. FLk;gr; rpf;fy;fs; epiwa Vw;gl;L
23
njhlh;ej
; f\;lq;fisj; jUk;. me;j tUlj;jpy; xOf;fk; epiwa
Njitg;gLk;. FWf;F topfs; ed;ik juhJ.

24
 3 RWRWg;G Gyp
(1902 1914 1926 1938 1950 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010 2022 2034 2046)
Neuk; ,uT 3:00 Kjy; 5:00 tiu
chpa jpir fpof;F> tl fpof;F
chpa fhyq;fs; Fsph;fhyk;> gpg;uthp khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk kuk;
apd;-ahq;
ahq ahq;
flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp KjypYk; vUJ
,uz;lhtjhAk; te;J Kjy; ,uz;L tUlq;fspd; rpd;dq;fsha; njhpT
nra;ag;gl;ld. vj;jid typajha; ,Ue;j NghJk; Gyp %d;whtJ
,lj;ijNa gpbf;f Kbe;jJ. ,J mth;fis Mr;rhpaj;jpw;F
cs;shf;fpaJ. fhuzk; Nfl;l NghJ> Gyp ePej ; p tUk; NghJ Mw;wpd;
Ntfk; mjpfkha; ,Ue;jjhYk; kpfTk; rpukg;gl;L mij vjph;jJ; ePej
; p
te;j fhuzj;jhYk; rpwpJ jhkjk; Vw;gl;lJ vd;W Gypahh; $wpajha;
fij xd;W cz;L.
fPof
; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Gyp
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 08>1902 - [dthp 28>1903

[dthp 26>1914 - gpg;uthp 13>1915
gpg;uthp 13>1926 - gpg;utup 01>1927
[dthp 31>1938 - gpg;uthp 18>1939
gpg;uthp 17>1950 - gpg;uthp 05>1951
gpg;uthp 05>1962 - [dthp 24>1963
[dthp 23>1974 - gpg;uthp 10>1975
gpg;uthp 09>1986 - [dthp 28>1987
[dthp 28>1998 - gpg;uthp 15>1999
gpg;uthp 14>2010 - gpg;uthp 02> 2011

,dp; Gypthrpfspd;; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN

; ghk;.
rPd N[hjplj;jpy; kpfTk; RWRWg;Gf;F Ngh; Nghd rf;jp tha;ej ;
rpd;dk; ,J. Gypthrpfs; trPfuj;jw;Fk;> mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk;> vhpr;rYf;Fk;
Ngh; Nghdth;fs;.

mth;fs; tbtj;jpy; rpWj;j NghJk; fk;guP khdth;fs;.

nghWikrhypfshdhYk; Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. mikjpahdth;fshdhYk;
vjph;ff
; ty;yth;fs;. mr;RWj;jpdhYk; md;ghdth;fs;.
mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; gy;NtWgl;l ,e;j Fzq;fspd; fhuzkha;
mth;fs; jq;fSila kdj;ij epiy epWj;j rw;Nw fbdkha;
25
czh;thh;fs;. mth;fs; jd;ikiaf; Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;tJ kpff;
fbdk;. Gypthrpfs; mjpf jw;ngUik nfhz;lth;fs;. nghwhik
nfhz;lth;fs;.

Gypthrpfs; fl;Lf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ njhpe;j #oypy; kpfTk;

kfpo;rr; pAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fs; czh;Tfis fl;Lf;Fs;
itf;fhky; Nghdhy;> gy gpur;rpidfisr; re;jpf;f NeUk;. mth;fspd;;
tho;fi; f KOtJNk czh;rr ; p G+h;tkha; ,Uf;Fk;. mJNt
mth;fSf;F gpbj;j FzKk; $l. tho;fi
; fia tpUk;gp tho
Ntz;Lk; vd;w kNdhepiyiaf; nfhz;lth;fs;. epiwtha; tho
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; cs;sth;fs;.
VjhtJ xU jPur; nraypy; <Lgl Ntz;Lnkd;whYk; nehbapy; KbT
nra;J fhhpaj;jpy; ,wq;fj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. Gypthrpfs; Gjpa
Gjpa rthy;fisr; re;jpf;fg; gha;thh;fs;. gzj;jpw;Fk;
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fk; nrtp rha;ff
; khl;lhh;fs;> kaq;f khl;lhh;fs;.
mth;fs; czh;Tg;g+h;tkhdth;fs;. jq;fSf;fhfNth my;yJ
cwtpdh;fs; ez;gh;fSf;fhfNth Kd;dpd;W Ngr Ntz;ba> nra;a
Ntz;ba rkaq;fspy;> mr;rkw;W jq;fis Kd;dpiyg; gLj;jpf;
nfhz;L nray;gLth;. rKjhaj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; mePjpfis vjph;ff
; j;
Jzpthh;fs;. rhpahd fUj;Jf;fis Vw;W> mjd;gb rKjhak; elf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mjw;fhd fhhpaq;fspy; <Lgl Kay;thh;fs;.
mth;fSf;F Jzpfukhd nray;fspy; <Lgl kpfTk; gpbf;Fk;.
Gypthrpfs; xg;gpl;Lf; $wKbahj mstpw;F kpFe;j ijhparhypfs;.
Nghh;ff; hyq;fspy; Kd; epw;f ty;yth;fs;. kf;fs; kdijj; jd; gf;fk;
<h;gg
; jpy; murh;fs;. mth;fsJ fk;guP khd Njhw;wk;> nray;
kw;wth;fis mth;fs; ghy; <h;fF ; k; jd;ik nfhz;lJ. Gypthrpfs;
vg;NghJk; cz;ikapd; gf;fNk epw;gjd; fhuzkha;> mth;fs;
ey;ytw;wpw;fha; Nghuhb> ,Wjp tiu Nghuhb nty;y Kay;thh;fs;.
Nfhgg;gl;lhYk; mth;fs; cz;ikahdth;fshfTk; jhuhs kdk;
cs;sth;fshfTk; md;ghdth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs;
eifr;Rit jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; kf;fsplKk; rKjha
eydpYk; kpFe;j mf;fiw nfhz;lth;fs;. Gypthrpfs; nra;tij
xj;Jf; nfhs;shjth;fSk; $l cs;Sf;Fs; mth;fisg; Nghw;Wthh;fs;.
Gyp fhl;bd; murdha; ,y;yhj NghJk;> kpfr; rhjhuz tpyq;fd;W.
Gypthrpfs; jpwik tha;ej ; Rag;gw;W kpf;f kdpjh;fs;. mth;fs;
trPfukhdth;fshfTk; eifr;Rit jd;ik nfhz;lth;fshfTk; ,Ue;j
NghjpYk;> rpy Neuq;fspy; jdpikia tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Gypthrpfspd;
gykhd Fzk; tho;fi ; fapy; caUk; Nehf;fKk; mij mila ,Uf;f
Ntz;ba fl;Lg;ghLk; jhd;.
GypthrpfSld; goF NghJk; rw;Nw [hf;fpuijaha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
mth;fs; vg;NghJ gha;thh;fs; vd;Nw nrhy;y KbahJ. mth;fsJ
26
czh;Tfs; mjpfkhfNt Cryhl ty;yJ. ,j;jifa Fzk; rpy
rkak; mth;fSf;F rhjfkhfTk; ghjfkhfTk; mikfpwJ.
Gypthrpfs; fw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;ba tprak; vy;yhtw;wpYk; kpjkha;
ele;J nfhs;tJ. mth;fsJ rf;jpia xUKfg; gLj;jpr; nray;gl;lhy;
mth;fshy; vijAk; ey;ygbaha; rhjpf;f KbAk;.
mth;fs; vg;NghJk; ve;jf; $l;lj;jpYk; jq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;bf;
nfhs;Sk; gb ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk; nray;fs;
nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Rk;kh ,Ug;gJ Rfkd;W
vd;w vz;zk; nfhz;lth;fs;.
vt;tsT jho;ej ; epiyia mile;j NghJk; mth;fs; kdk; jsu
khl;lhh;fs;. KjypypUe;J Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;whYk; mijr;
nra;aj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;.

njhopy;
gpwtpapNyNa jiyik jhq;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fsplk;
,Uf;Fk; mjpfhuj; jd;ik mth; mUNf ,Uf;Fk; midtiuAk;
mth;fs; tpUk;gpagb top elj;jpr; nry;y cjTk;.

Ntiy ,lq;fspy; mth;fs; jq;fSf;Fs; ,aw;ifahfNt mike;j

jiyik Fzj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Kay;th;. mg;gb ,Ue;j NghJk;>
mth;fs; jdpNa Ntiy nra;a tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs; tpahghu
ty;Yeh;fshfTk;> rKjha Nghuhl;l tPuh;fshfTk;>
Muha;rr
; pahsh;fshfTk;> gazf;Fwpg;ghsh;fshfTk;> ebfh;fshfTk;>
tpkhd Xl;Leh;fshfTk;> vOj;jhsh;fshfTk; ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;.
cwT
md;G nfhz;lth;fsplk; fhl;Lk; ghpTk; ek;gpf;ifAk; mth;fis
trPfukhdthfshAk;> MSk; jd;ik cs;s cUtk; nfhz;lth;fshAk;
fhl;Lk;. Gypthrpfs;> goFfpwth;fsplk; kjpg;Gk; khpahijAk; vspjpy;
ngw;W tpLthh;fs;.
Gypthrpfspd; $l;lhspfSk; mth;fSf;F ,izaha; RWRWg;gha;
,Ug;gJ ey;yJ. mth;fs; cwTfspy; jq;fsJ Mjpf;fj;ijf;
fhl;Lthh;fs;.
,q;fpjkha; ele;J nfhs;gth;fisf; fz;lhy; mth;fSf;F kpfTk;
gpbf;Fk;. gw;gy ghpRfisj; je;J mth;fis Mjhpf;fj; jaq;f
khl;lhh;fs;. tpUe;J itj;jhy;> tpUe;jhspfis kpfTk; md;GlDk;
MjuTlDk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;.
mth;fs; czh;Tfisg; Gz;gLj;Jk; gb ele;J nfhs;tJ ey;yjy;y.
mth;fs; vspjpy; ahiuAk; kd;dpf;f khl;lhh;fs;.
27
cly; eyk;
ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shFk; NghJ kpfTk; Nkhrkha; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;.
czh;rr ; p nfhe;jspg;gpy; %o;fp tpLgth;fs;. mth;fspd; nray;fs;
ez;gh;fisAk; gifth;fisAk; kpfTk; mr;RWj;Jk;.
GypthrpfSf;F clypy; VJk; fhak; gl;lhy; mth;fs; vy;yhhpd;
mDjhgj;ijAk; vjph;ghh;gg ; hh;fs;. ve;j tpj yh[pf;Fk; ghh;ff
;
khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F cly; epiy rPuhtNj Kf;fpa Nehf;fkha;
,Uf;Fk;. mjdhy; ahh; vijr; nrhd;dhYk; mij rpuNkw;nfhz;L
mg;gbNa nra;a Kw;gLthh;fs;.

Ntiy nra;tjpy; kw;w vy;yh tpraq;fisAk; kwe;J tpLthh;fs;.

mjdhy; tpiutpy; fisg;gile;J tpLthh;fs;. gpwF ntF
tpiutpNyNa ghaj; jahuhfp tpLthh;fs;. mjdhNyNa mth;fspd;
cly; epiy ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shFk;. mjdhy; tho;fi
; fiar;
rkepiyAld; vLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; jd;ikiag; ngw Kay Ntz;Lk;.

Gyp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;

vOj;jhsh; NjtNeag; ghthzh;> %jwpQh; uh[h[p> ebfh; u[pdpfhe;j>;
ghlfp v];. [hdfp> ebfh; tp[a;> nld;dp]; tPuh;fs; kNf\; G+gjp>
rhdpah kph;rh> u\;ahtpd; fhh;y; khh;f]
; >; ebif kh;ypd; kd;Nuh>
ntdp]; efu thzpfd; khh;Nfh NghNyh> ,uz;lhk; vyprngj;> ebfh;
lhk; F&];
mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 4> 5> 7> 9> 13> 34> 44> 45> 54
xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;
fs : eha;> Fjpiu> buhfd;
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs;
fs : ML> vUJ> Fuq;F
%yff; Fzq;fs;
Gypthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg;
ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.
neUg;G Gyp

(gpg;uthp 13>1926 - gpg;utup 01>1927

gpg;uthp 09>1986 - [dthp 28>1987)

Fzq;fs; cjhu Fzk;> cjTk; jd;ik> Mh;tk;> Cf;fk; Nghd;w

Fzq;fspd; ,Ug;gplk;. ey;y gf;fj;ijNa ghh;fF
; k; Rghtk;
cs;sth;fs;. kw;wth;fis kfpo;tpf;Fk; gz;G nfhz;l
fhuzj;jhy; jiyth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
28
kug; Gyp
([dthp 26>1914 - gpg;uthp 13>1915
[dthp 23>1974 - gpg;uthp 10>1975)
Fzq;fs; trPfuk;> jiyik> $l;Lwtpy; ehl;lk;> nghWik>
cjTk; kdg;ghd;ik Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;.
gpwUld; ,ize;J gzpahw;w Ntz;ba NghJ rpwg;gha;;
nray;gLthh;fs;.

G+kp Gyp
([dthp 31>1938 - gpg;uthp 18>1939
[dthp 28>1998 - gpg;uthp 15>1999)
Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;G> gbg;gjpy; mf;fiw> eLT epiyik>
nghWg;G> Fwpf;Nfhspd; Nky; gw;Wjy; Mfpa Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;lth;fs;. #o;epiyf; ifjpahf khl;lhh;fs;. gha;tjw;F
Kd; vy;yh gf;fq;fisAk; myrp MuhAk; jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;.

cNyhf Gyp

(gpg;uthp 17>1950 - gpg;uthp 05>1951

gpg;uthp 14> 2010 - gpg;uthp 02> 2011)

Fzq;fs; Mf;Nuh\k;> trPfuk;> Raeyk;> Cf;fk; Nghd;w

Fzq;fshy; Mdth;fs;. Fwpf;Nfhis milAk; tiu Xa
khl;lhh;fs;. jtwhd Kbit vLg;gjpy; ty;yth;fs;. mjdhy;
mijj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;tJ eyk; gaf;Fk;.
ePh; Gyp
(gpg;uthp 08>1902 - [dthp 28>1903
gpg;uthp 05>1962 - [dthp 24>1963)
Fzq;fs; $h;eJ ; Nehf;Fjy;> eLT epiyik> Neh;ik> jpwe;j
kdk;> rhe;jk; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;.
mLj;jth;fspd; thh;ji
; jfSf;F nrtp kLg;gth;fs;. mth;fsJ
MuhAk; jd;ik> fbdkhd #o;epiyfspYk; rhpahd Kbit
vLf;f itf;Fk;.
ePqf
; s; Gyp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

29
Gyp tUlg; gyd;fs;s: Gyp tUlk; epiyaw;w jd;ik nfhz;lJ. me;j
tUlj;jpy; Nghh;> ,aw;if rPww
; k;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; Vw;gLk;. khw;wq;fs;
epiwe;J fhzg;gLk;. mit ed;ikapy; KbAk; jd;ikAk;
nfhz;ldtha; mikAk;.

30
 4 mikjp Kay;
(1903 1915 1927 1939 1951 1963 1975 1987 1999 2011 2023 2035 2047)
Neuk; fhiy 5:00 Kjy; 7:00 tiu
chpa jpir fpof;F
chpa fhyq;fs; tre;j fhyk;> khh;r; khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk kuk;
apd;-ahq;
ahq apd;
flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp KjypYk; vUJ
,uz;lhtjhfTk;> Gyp %d;whtjhfTk; te;J Kjy; %d;W tUlq;fspd;
rpd;dq;fsha; njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld. Kay; kpfTk; rhJthdJk;
nkd;ikahd cly; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,Ue;j NghJk; mJ ehd;fhtjha;
te;jJ flTsh;fSf;F Mr;rhpaj;ijj; je;jJ. fhuzk; Nfl;l NghJ>
jhd; Kjypy; Mw;iw flf;f vd;d nra;tJ vd;W Nahrpj;jjhAk;>
gpwF Mw;wpd; eLNt ,Ue;j ghiwfspd; Nky; Fjpj;J Fjpj;J ghjp
J}uj;ijf; fle;jjhAk; Kay; $wpajhk;. gpwF vd;d ele;jJ vd;W
flTsh;fs; Mtyha; Nfl;f> ghiw KbTw;wJk; jhd; Nghl;bapy;
n[apf;f KbahJ vd;W vz;zpa Neuj;jpy; me;jg; gf;fk; xU kuf;
fl;il kpje;J tu mijg; gw;wpf; nfhz;L jhd; fiuiar; Nrh;ej
; jha;
Kay; $wpajhk;.
,e;jf; fij Kay; Vd; ehd;fhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;
$wg;gLk; fij.
fPof
; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Kay;
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.

[dthp 29>1903 - gpg;uthp 15>1904

gpg;uthp 14>1915 - gpg;uthp 02>1916
gpg;uthp 02>1927 - [dthp 22>1928
gpg;uthp 19>1939 - gpg;uthp 07>1940
gpg;uthp 06>1951 - [dthp 26>1952
[dthp 25>1963 - gpg;uthp 12>1964
gpg;uthp 11>1975 - [dthp 30>1976
[dthp 29>1987 - gpg;uthp 16>1988
gpg;uthp 16>1999 - gpg;uthp 04> 2000
gpg;uthp 03>2011 - [dthp 22> 2012

,dp Kay;thrpfspd;; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN

; ghk;.
Kay; tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej ; th;fs; mjph;\l
; uhrpiag; ngw;wth;fs;.
me;j uhrpfhuh;fs; ePzl; MAs; ngw;wth;fs;. epytpd; mj;jidr;
rf;jpiaAk; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fs; moif Muhjpg;gth;fs;.
31
trPfukhdth;fs;. kpfTk; nkd;ikaha; NgRgth;fs;. mth;fs; uh[
je;jphpfs;. mikjp tpUk;gpfs;. rhe;jkhd tho;fi ; f tho
tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fSf;F mikjpahd khiyg; nghOJ kpfTk;
gpbf;Fk;. mth;fs; fiyeak; kpf;fth;fs;. ey;y mwpthh;ej;
gz;ghsh;fs;.
mth;fs; kpfTk; mjph;\l ; rhypfsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F
Nfl;fhkNyNa gy mjph;\l
; g; ghpRfs; te;J FtpAk;.
mikjpahd> rhJthd> tpUk;gj;jf;f tifapy; cs;s Kay;thrpfs;
kpfTk; cah;ej
; Nehf;fk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs;
vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mth;fspd; cs;Szh;T nfhz;Nl
Cfpj;J nray;gLk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.
ngUk;ghYk; Kay;thrpfs; jq;fisAk; jq;fisr; Rw;wpas;s
,lq;fisAk; kpfTk; mofhfTk; Rj;jkhfTk; itj;Jf; nfhs;th;.
mth;fSf;F fiy> moFgLj;Jjy;> cilayq;fhuk; Mfpatw;wpy;
mjpf <LghL ,Uf;Fk;.

Kaiyg; gyUk; Nfhioaha; vz;zpdhYk;> mth;fs; gpwtpapNyNa

kpFe;j vr;rhpf;ifj; jd;ikAk; tpNtfKk; nfhz;lth;fs;.
Kay;thrpfs; ve;jr; nraiyAk; KOikaha; myrp Muhahky;>
jpBnud KbT vLj;J fhhpaj;ijr; nra;a Kd; tu khl;lhh;fs;.
nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;W rl;nld Fjpf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fspd;
rhe;jkhd Fzk; Nghl;bfis vjph; nfhs;s jilr; nra;Ak;. mjdhy;
mghafukhd nray;fisr; nra;a Mh;tk; fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. rpy
rkak; ey;y re;jh;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jhky; tpl;L tpLthh;fs;.

mth;fs; Rfthrpfisg; Nghy; njhpe;jhYk; mth;fs; rpwe;j je;jphpfs;.

mth;fs; kNdhgyk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. mjdhy; jq;fs;
Nehf;fj;ij mila mth;fs; mikjpahfTk; cWjpahfTk;
nray;gLth;. mth;fs; ve;jtpjj;jpYk; Mh;gg
; hl;lk; nra;J nraypy;
<Lgl khl;lhh;fs;.
Kay;thrpfs; vg;NghJk; ey;y Kiwapy; ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;.
jtwhd thh;ji ; jfisAk; Ngr;Rf;fisAk; gad;gLj;j khl;lhh;fs;.
ePqf
; s; nra;tij ed;F ftdpj;J midj;Jr; nray;fisAk; jpwk;glr;
nra;J> rkaj;jpy; cq;fisNa Ke;j ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk;
nkj;jdkha; ,Ug;gJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;. Mdhy; mJ mth;fs;
vr;rhpf;if jd;ik fhuzkha; mg;gb ,Uf;Fk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; jPu
Muha;eJ ; > thpf;F thp gbj;J tpl;Nl jq;fs; ifnahg;gj;ij
,Lthh;fs;.

vy;NyhUk; Xbf;nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; NghJ> mth;fs; mikjpahfNt

,Ug;ghh;fs;. nraypNy ntw;wpAk; ngWthh;fs;. jhDk; tho;eJ
;
mLj;jtiuAk; tho tpLk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.

32
ve;jg; gpur;rpidfspYk; rpf;fpf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. f\;lq;fisf;
fz;L mDjhgg;gl;L cjt Kd; tUthh;fs;. Mdhy; mjw;fhf
vjph;jJ
; g; Nghuhl Ntz;Lnkd;why;> Ms; fz;fspy; gl khl;lhh;fs;.
clNd ntspNawp tpLthh;fs;.
mth;fSf;Ff; f\;lq;fSk; Jd;gq;fSk; gpbf;fhj xd;W.
Kay;thrpfs; f\;lq;fistpl;L ntF njhiytpy; Xl vj;jdpg;ghh;fs;.
gak; Vw;gLk; NghJ mth;fs; vd;d nra;thh;fs; vd;Nw njhpahJ.
mth;fis kpfTk; tw;GWj;jpdhy;> cwNt Ntz;lhk; vd;W ntl;br;
nry;Yk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fsplk; gpwtpapNyNa vjph;fF
; k;
jd;ik fpilahJ. mth;fs; jq;fs; topapy; gpur;rpidfis vjph;
nfhs;thh;fs;. jq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s ed;F mwpe;jth;fs;.
jq;fs; nrhe;j tpraq;fisAk; nghUl;fisAk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s
vd;d tpiy nfhLf;fTk; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
vd;d ele;jhYk; mth;fSf;F jq;fs; fhypNyNa epw;Fk; jpwidg;
ngw;W jilfisj; jhz;l ty;yth;fs;. jq;fs; Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if
nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; jpUg;jpahd tho;fi
; f tho tpUk;Gthh;fs;.

njhopy;
Ntiy ,lq;fspYk; mth;fspd; mikjpAk;> gzpTk; mth;fis
ek;gfkhdth;fsha; fhl;Lk;. kpfTk; fbdkhd tpahghug; Ngr;Rf;fis
mikjpahd Kiwapy; Ngrp Kbf;Fk; jpwd; mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk;.

mth;fs; ed;F njsptha; NgRk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy;

mwpe;jth;fSk; ez;gh;fSk; ,th;fspd; mwpTiufisf; Nfl;f
tUthh;fs;. ve;jnthU FOtpy; ,Ue;jhYk;> Kay;thrpfs;
mikjpf;Fg; ngah; Nghdth;fs;.
rz;il rr;ruTfs; Vw;gl;lhy;> mq;F rkhjhdk; nra;a Kd;dpw;gth;fs;
mth;fshf ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;jr; #oypYk; mikjpiaf; filgpbj;J>
Mj;jpuk; nfhs;shky; nraiy Kbf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fSf;F
NfhgNk mjpfk; tuhJ. Ntfkha; Nfhgk; tuhj Mrhkpfs;
Kay;thrpfs;. mjdhy; mth;fs; murpay;thjpfshfTk;>
mjpfhupfshfTk; ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; Mrphpah;> ebfh;fs;>
cil myq;fhuk; nra;gth;fs;> Gj;jf ntspaPll ; hsh;> nghJr; Nrit
nra;gth; Nghd;w njhopy;fspy; <Lglyhk;.
cwT
Kay;thrpfs; urid kpf;fth;fs;. mLj;jtiuAk; kfpo;tpf;f
ty;yth;fs;. vy;Nyhiug; gw;wpAk; ey;y tpjkha; nrhy;y tpraq;fis
itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. ntspNa nrhy;yhtpl;lhYk;> xUtiu ed;F
fzpj;J> mth;fsplk; vg;gbg; gof Ntz;LNkh mg;gbg; gof
ty;yth;fs;.

33
Kay;thrpfs; ed;F ftdkha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mLj;jthpd; Ngr;rpid
rhpaha; nrtpkLj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fs;. mth;fs; ,uf;f Fzk;
ngw;wth;fs;. ,aw;ifapNyNa ,dpikahd jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;.
mjdhy; mth;fs; cwtpdh;fs; ez;gh;fs; kj;jpapy; gpugykhdth;fsha;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F ek;gj;jFe;j ez;gh;fs; gyh; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
Kay;thrpfSf;F tpNuhjpfs; mt;tsthf ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;.
kdpjh;fis rhpaha;; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; Fzk; mth;fsplk; gpwtpapNyNa
,Ug;gjhy;> mth;fs; rw;Nw mfe;ijAld; elg;gJ Nghy; Njhd;Wk;.
mth;fs; vg;NghJk; el;GlDk; ghrj;Jld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
nghJ ,lq;fspy; ahiuAk; jh;k rq;flkhd epiyf;Fj; js;s
khl;lhh;fs;. vg;gb xUtiuf; fhf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ mth;fSf;Fj;
njhpAk;. czh;TfSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLf;fj; njhpe;jth;fs; vd;gjhy;>
midtuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLk; [Ptd;fs; ,th;fs;.

kpf neUq;fpa cwtpdh;fs; kj;jpapy; rhfrpfsha; kaf;Fgth;fsha;

,Ug;ghh;fs;. Mdhy; mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; gpwtpf; Fzkhd
vr;rhpf;ifj; jd;ik mth;fis epiyahd cwT itj;Jf; nfhs;s
jil nra;Ak;. mjdhy; fz;lJk; fhjy; vd;gJ ,th;fsplk; rw;W
fbdNk.

el;Gk; NjhoikAk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. rr;ruT Vw;gLk; NghJ vjph;

jug;gpdiug; gw;wpAk; vz;zpg; ghh;gg
; h;. mth;fs; ez;gh;fisAk;
cwtpdh;fisAk; ek;gp tpl;lhy; mjpy; tYthf ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
cly; eyk;

mth;fSf;F vg;gb> vg;NghJ Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ

ed;F njhpAk;.
mth;fs; kd mikjpapd;wp jtpf;Fk; NghJ kpfTk; tpj;jpahrkha;
ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; kdr;rq;flq;fs; Vw;gLk; NghJ mijg;
gw;wp ntspapy; fhl;bf; nfhs;shky; jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt itj;J
kUFthh;fs;. mjdhy; cly;epiy ghjpg;Gf;F cs;shFk; epiy $l
Vw;gLk;. mth;fsJ rq;flq;is jpdrhp fhhpaq;fs; nra;J> kwf;fr;
nra;jhy; cly; epiy rPuhFk;.
Kay; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;
,e;jpa Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;l tPuh; mtpehrypq;f nrl;bah;> ghNte;jh;;
ghujpjhrd;> ftpQh; fz;zjhrd;> jhtputpayhsh; gPh;gy; rfdp>
ngUe;jiyth; fhkuhrh;> je;ij nghpahh;> ebfh;fs; rpth[p fNzrd;>
#h;ah> ebif =Njtp> ghlfh; NaRjh];> jgyh ,ir fiyQh;; rhfph;
`_ird;> tpQ;Qhdp My;gh;l; Id;]B ; d;> gjpdhd;fhk; Nghg; Ngdbf;l>;
fhy;ge;jhl;l tPuh; Nltpl; ngf;fhk;> Nfhy;g; tPuh; ilfh; Cl;]>; ebif
tpl;dp `_];ld;
34
mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 1> 3> 5> 9> 15> 19> 35.
xj;Jg;
g; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;
fs : gd;wp> eha;> ML
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs;
fs : Nrty;> vyp
%yff; Fzq;fs;
Kay;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW
Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.
neUg;G Kay;

(gpg;uthp 02>1927 - [dthp 22>1928

[dthp 29>1987 - gpg;uthp 16>1988)
Fzq;fs; md;G> czh;rr ; p trg;gLjy;> $h;eJ
; Nehf;Fjy;>
ghuhl;il vjph;ghh;jJ
; cioj;jy; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;lth;fs;. jP Kay;thrpfis Gjpa gjpa rhfrq;fis vjph;
nfhs;s itf;Fk;.
ku Kay;

(gpg;uthp 14>1915 - gpg;uthp 02>1916

gpg;uthp 11>1975 - [dthp 30>1976)
Fzq;fs; ,uf;fk;> jhuhsj; jd;ik> $h;eJ ; Nahrpf;Fk;
jd;ikfisg; ngw;wth;fs;. mLj;jth;fis jpUg;jpg; gLj;j
Kay;th;. gpwUf;fhf mjpfkha; Ntiy nra;af; $bath;fs;.
mth;fSf;Ff; njhpahkNyNa mth;fsplk; vy;NyhUk;
fhhpaq;fisr; rhjpj;Jf; nfhs;th;.
G+kp Kay;

(gpg;uthp 19>1939 - gpg;uthp 07>1940

gpg;uthp 16> 1999 - gpg;uthp 04> 2000)

Fzq;fs; nry;tj;jpy; ehl;lk;> Mh;tk;> rk Nehf;F> ftiy

Nghd;w jd;ikfisg; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fsJ MNyhridfs;
kpfTk; cz;ikahditaha; ,Uf;Fk;. FLk;g tho;fi ; ff;F
kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUth;.

cNyhf Kay;
(gpg;uthp 06>1951 - [dthp 26>1952
35
 gpg;uthp 03>2011 - [dthp 22> 2012)
Fzq;fs; fiyeak;> rhe;jk;> czh;rr ; p trg;gLjy;> Muha;eJ
;
mwpAk; jd;ik Mfpa Fzq;fisg; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fs;
gyrhypfshfTk; Fwpf;NfhSilath;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
nra;Ak; nraypy; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; ,Ug;gh;.
ePh; Kay;
([dthp 29>1903 - gpg;uthp 15>1904
[dthp 25>1963 - gpg;uthp 12>1964)
Fzq;fs; nkd;ik> mikjp jUk; Cf;fk;> eLT epiyik>
mjpfk; ntspahl;fSld; gofhj Fzk; Nghd;w Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;lth;fs;. tho;fi; f NghFk; jpirapy; nry;Yk; jd;ik>
gpur;rpidfis jtph;fF
; k; jd;ik> mLj;jtUf;F cjtp nra;Ak;
jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;.
ePqf
; s; Kay; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.
Kay; tUlg; gyd;fs; s: Kay; tUlk; Gyp tUlj;ijg; Nghd;W
ntbf;fhky; kpfTk; mikjpiaj; juf; $ba tUlk;. f\;lq;fs;
mjpfk; ,uhky;> kpjkhd tUlkha; ,Uf;Fk;.

36
 5 tPu buhfd;
(1904 1916 1928 1940 1952 1964 1976 1988 2000 2012 2024 2036)
Neuk; fhiy 7:00 Kjy; 9:00 tiu
chpa jpir fpof;F> njd; fpof;F
chpa fhyq;fs;
s; tre;j fhyk;> Vg;uy;; khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk kuk;
apd;-ahq;
ahq ahq;;
buhfd; vd;gJ rpq;fk; Nghd;w jiyAk; ghk;G Nghd;w tisthd ePzl
;
clYk; nfhz;l tpyq;F.

flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp KjypYk; vUJ>

Gyp> Kay; mLj;jLj;J te;J Kjy; ehd;F tUlq;fspd; rpd;dq;fsha;
njhpT nra;ag;gl;ld. tPuKk; gyKk; nfhz;l buhfd; thapy;
neUg;igf; ff;fpf; nfhz;Nl> Ie;jhtjha; gwe;J te;J epd;w NghJ
flTsh;fSf;F Mr;rhpaj;ijj; je;jJ. fhuzk; Nfl;l NghJ> buhfd;
cyf caph;fSf;fhfTk; kf;fSf;fhfTk; kioiaj; ju Ntz;b
,Ue;jjhy; rpwpJ gpd; jq;fpajhfTk;> fiuia te;jilAk; rkak;
Kay; kuf;fl;iliag; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;L jpz;lhbf;nfhz;bUe;jijj;
ghh;jj
; Jk; mjw;Ff; fiu Nru cjt vz;zp xU nghpa Kr;ir mjd;
gf;fk; tpl;l gpd; te;jjhy; jkhjkhfp tpl;lJ vd;W $wpajhk;. ,ijf;
Nfl;l flTsh;fs; kfpo;jJ ; mij tho;jj ; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; Ie;jhk;
rpd;dkha; njhpT nra;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij.
fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; buhfd;
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 16>1904 - gpg;uthp 03>1905

gpg;uthp 03>1916 - [dthp 22>1917
[dthp 23>1928 - gpg;uthp 09>1929
gpg;uthp 08>1940 - [dthp 26>1941
[dthp 27>1952 - gpg;uthp 13>1953
gpg;uthp 13>1964 - gpg;uthp 01>1965
[dthp 31>1976 - gpg;uthp 17>1977
gpg;uthp 17>1988 - gpg;uthp 05>1989
gpg;uthp 05> 2000 - [dthp 23>2001
[dthp 23> 2012 - gpg;uthp 09>2013

,dp; buhfd;thrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN

; ghk;.
Ie;jhk; ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; buhfd; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs; kpfTk;
mjph;\l; r; rpd;dj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,J
Kf;fpakhd kpfTk; rf;jp tha;ej ; rpd;dkhff; fUjg;gLk; xd;W.
37
buhfd; vd;gJ cz;ikahd tpyq;F fpilahJ. ,J fw;gidapy;
jPll
; g;gl;l> cUthf;fg;gl;l tpyq;F. rPdhtpy; buhfd; rpq;fj;jpw;F
,izahd rf;jp nghUe;jpa tpyq;fha; fUjg;gLfpwJ.
buhfd;thrpfs; neUg;Gg; ge;Jfs; vd;Nw nrhy;yyhk;. mth;fs; cly;
cuk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F tPuk; cld;gpwe;j xd;W.
buhfd;thrpfspy; mfe;ijAk; mfq;fhuKk; nfhz;lth;fSk; cz;L.
gpj;jh;fs;. mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jgth;fs;. ve;jr; rkaj;jpYk; cjtpf;fuk;
ePll
; ty;yth;fs;. tpl;Lf; nfhLf;ff; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; vijAk;
Neubaha; vjph; nfhs;sj; Jzpthh;fs;. NgRthh;fs;.
tho;fi
; fia tho tpUk;Ggth;fs;. tho;fi
; fia Nerpg;gth;fs;.
tho;fi
; fia KOikahf kpfTk; Mlk;gukha; mDgtpf;f
vz;Zgth;fs;. buhfd;thrpfSf;F tho;fi; ff;F xU mh;jj; k; Ntz;Lk;.
Nghuhl VjhtJ fhuzk; Ntz;Lk;. mila Ntz;ba ,yf;F
Ntz;Lk;. vjpYNk Mh;tk; fhl;lhj buhfd;thrpfs; kpfTk;
ftiyf;fplkhdth;fs;.

vg;NghJNk Xbf;nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gth;fs;. me;j Xl;lj;jpy; jdf;nfd

xU $l;lj;ijAk; nfhz;L nrYj;jf; $bath;fs;. jq;fsJ cah;ej ;
nfhs;ifapd; Nky; gw;W nfhz;L> mij mila Kaw;rp nra;gth;fs;.
mth;fs; Ngr;Rk; nray;fSk; midtiuAk; ftuj;jf;fit. VjhtJ
$l;lj;jpy; buhfd;thrpfs; Eioe;jhy;> clNd mijf; fz;Ltplyhk;.
mth;fs; $lNt mth;fsJ Rthurpakhdr; nray;fSk; Ngr;Rk;
$l;lj;jpdh; kj;jpapYk; Clhb mth;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;ijf; fhl;bf;
nfhLf;Fk;. mth;fsJ nkd;ikahd czh;Tg;G+h;tkhd nray;fs;
mth;fis njhpe;jth;fs; kj;jpapy; tpUk;gj;jf;fth;fsha; cah;jJ
; k;.
kpFe;j Mh;tKk; ek;gpf;ifAk; vg;NghJk; ntspf;fhl;Lk; tifapy;
ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fsJ Neh;ikAk; JLf;Fj;jdKk;
midtiuAk; mth;fsplk; ek;gpf;if nfhs;Sk;gbr; nra;Ak;.
vg;NghJNk mth;fs; Ngr;R cs;sj;jpypUe;J tUk; thh;ji
; jfsha;
,Uf;Fk;. mit cz;ikAk; fglkw;Wk; ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs;
Kw;Nghf;fhdth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.

mth;fs; ,aw;ifapy; Ml;lKk; NtfKk; nfhz;lth;fs;. vijAk;

mirf;fty;y kdpjh;fs;. jdf;F Ntz;baijg; ngw ve;jnthU
ntl;fKk; glhky; nray;gl ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; mjpfhuj;
jd;ikNa mth;fSf;F gy rkak; vjphpahfptpLk; tha;gG ; cz;L.
mth;fs; rpy Neuq;fspy; Mo;eJ
; rpe;jpf;fhky; Ngrp vjpuhspapd;
kdijg; Gz;gl itf;Fk; jd;ik cilath;fs;.
jq;fs; Kl;lhs;jdkhd nray;fs; kw;Wk; KbTfshy;
tUj;jg;gl;lhYk;> clNd mij tpl;L ntspNa tu Kaw;rp
nra;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ jtiw czh;eJ
; NkYk; mjpf
38
jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; clNd nray;glf; $bath;fs;. mth;fsJ
Gj;jprhypj;jdKk; gpbthjKk; mth;fs; ve;jj; Jiwf;Fr; nrd;whYk;>
mjpy; gpufhrpf;fr; nra;Ak;. mth;fs; rhjpf;fg; gpwe;jth;fs; vd;Nw
nrhy;yyhk;. vjph;ff; Ntz;ba rkaq;fspy;> tpjpia nehe;J nfhz;L
mikjpaha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;> vjph;ff
; j; Jzpthh;fs;.
mth;fs; Ntiy nra;tjpYk; mjpfhuk; nra;tjpYk; jpwik
tha;ej
; th;fs;. Nky; jl;by; ,Uf;f vd;d nra;a Ntz;LNkh mijr;
nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fSf;F kpf cah;ej ; nray;fisr;
nra;J rhjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w cWjpAk;; Mh;tKk; ,Ue;j NghJk;>
mth;fshy; mij mila kpfTk; Nghuhl Ntz;Lk;. kpf
cauj;jpw;F vspjpy; nry;y Kbahky; jtpg;ghh;fs;. buhfd;thrpfs;
ey;yNjh nfl;lNjh vijr; nra;jhYk;> mLj;jth; fz;zpypUe;J
jg;gNt KbahJ. mth;fs; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fs; vg;NghJNk
vy;yhUf;Fk; njhpAk; nra;jpahfptpLk;.

thjk; nra;tjpYk; mth;fs; ty;yth;fs;. mth;fis ntw;wp nfhs;tJ

kpfTk; fbdkhd fhhpak;. mth;fs; rthiy Neubaha; vjph;
nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fis vjphpahfNth Nfhgk; nfhs;sNth
nra;Jtpl;lhy;> mth;fs; tplhky; Juj;jf; $bath;fs;.
mth;fs; jq;fis vy;NyhUk; tpUk;Gthh;fs; vd;W jhdhfNt vz;zpf;
nfhz;L nray;gLthh;fs;. mth;fs; gpbthjkha; ,Ue;jhYk;
mw;gFzk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fsJ
czh;Tfis kiwj;Jf; nfhs;tJ fbdk;. mij kiwf;fTk; Kay
khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fsJ ufrpaq;fisNaf; fhf;fj;
jLkhWthh;fs;. mjdhy; ek;gpf;ifia neLehl;fSf;F jhf;Fg;gpbf;f
KbahJ.
nray;fisr; nra;J Kbg;gjpNyNa Fwpaha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. buhfd;
nray;ghl;bw;F ngah; Nghd rpd;dnkd;gjhy; mth;fs; mLj;jth;fis
Cf;Ftpf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; Ntfkha;r; nray;gl vz;zk;
nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy; mth;fSf;F mijr; nra;tjpy; Vw;gLk;
jtWfisf; ftdpf;f Neuk; fpilf;fhJ. mjdhy; buhfd;thrpfNs>
vg;NghJk; nray;fisr; nra;a jiyfPoha; tpOtij tpl;L> mij
Muha;eJ; nray;gLjy; eyk; gaf;Fk;.

mth;fs; jq;fisr; rf;jp tha;ej ; th;fsha;; fUJthh;fs;. gy

nray;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; jpwk;glr; nra;Ak; jd;ikAk;
mth;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. mfyf; fhy; itg;gth;fs;. nky;tjw;F
mjpfkhfNt fbj;Jr; rhg;gpLthh;fs;.
Jd;gg;gLk; Neuq;fspy;> mfe;ijapd; fhuzkha; mLj;jth;fsplk;
cjtp Nfl;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; mfe;ijAk; fh;tKk;
nfhz;l fhuzj;jhy; jdpNa nray;gLtJ Nghd;W Njhd;wpdhYk;>
mit Kf;fpaf; fhuzq;fshfh. mth;fs; kpFe;j Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;.
Nfhgk; te;jhy; vd;d elf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;yNt KbahJ.
39
buhfd;thrpfsplk; ,Uf;Fk; Ntz;lhj Fzk; jiyf;fdKk;>
JLf;Fj;jdkhd ehf;Fk; jhd;.

typik> RWRWg;G> Xbf;nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; jd;ik ngw;wth;fs;.

jq;fsplkpUe;J vij vjph;ghh;ff
; pwhh;fNsh mijNa mLj;jthplKk;
vjph;ghh;ghh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; nrhy;tijj; jhd; nra;ahky;
mLj;jth;fSf;F Nghjpg;gJk; elf;Fk;. mjpfj; jd;dk;gpf;if>
mLj;jth;fis Fiw nrhy;tJ> jhNd $l;lq;fSf;Fj; jiytd; vd;w
vz;zk;> mjpf RWRWg;ghd NghjpYk; kpf Ntfj;Jld; nray;gLk;
jd;ik Jd;gj;ij tutiof;f ty;yJ.
njhopy;
murpay;thjpfs;> kUj;Jth;fs;> mikr;rh;fs;> fiyQh;fsha; ,Uf;fj;
jFe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; rhpahdj; njhopiy Njh;T nra;Jtpl;lhy;>
mjpy; mth;fSf;F ntw;wp epr;rak;. mjw;Nf jq;fis mh;gg ; zpj;Jf;
nfhz;LtpLthh;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fis ntw;wp ngWtjpypUe;J
jLf;fNt KbahJ.
nry;thf;Fk; Fwpf;NfhSk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ,th;fs; jhq;fshf tpjpj;j
tpjpfspd;gb jq;fs; tho;fi; fia tho;gth;fs;. jdpahf tpl;lhy;>
ngUk;ghYk; mth;fs; ntw;wp ngWthh;fs;. mth;fs; Ra Cf;fk;
nfhz;L> Nghl;bfis vjph;nfhz;L> Jzpe;J fhhpaq;fisr; nra;a
ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; nra;Ak; fhhpaq;fis tpUk;gpr; nra;thh;fs;.
mij gpuk;khz;lkha;; nra;a tpUk;Ggth;fs;. ,e;j tpUg;gKk;
Mh;tKk; rpy rkak; mth;fis Nrhh;tilr; nra;J mjpUg;jpiaAk;
juf; $Lk;.
buhfd;thrpfs; kw;wth; gpd; Nghtijf; fhl;bYk;> top elj;jpr; nry;y
tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; GjpJ Gjpjha; gilf;Fk; gilj;jy;
njhopypy; <Lgl;lhy; ed;ik gaf;Fk;. fz;Lgpbg;ghsh;> Nkyhsh;>
fzpg;nghwp ty;Yeh;> tof;fwpQh;> nghwpahsh;> fl;bl epGzh;> tpahghhp>
jufh; Nghd;w Ntiyfs; ,th;fSf;F cfe;j NtiyfshFk;.
cwT

fhjypy; mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Njhy;tpiaj; jOTthh;fs;. mth;fs;

,jaq;fis cilf;f ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; ,stajpy; ngUk;ghYk;
kzk; nra;J nfhs;s tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. jdpaha; tho;tjpy;
kfpo;rr
; pAk; jpUg;jpAk; nfhs;gth;fs;.
buhfd;thrpfSf;F mstpw;F mjpfkhd ez;gh;fSk;> Nghw;Wgth;fSk;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk; nkd;ikahdth;fs;. mjdhy; gphpTfs;
mth;fisg; nghpJk; ghjpf;Fk;. mjdhNyNa jdp tho;fi; f tho
tpUk;Ggth;fs;.

40
mth;fs; ez;gh;fSf;Fk; cwtpdh;fSf;Fk; cz;ikahdth;fsha;
ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. Ntz;ba NghJ fhg;ghw;w Kd; epw;ghh;fs;.
mth;fs; jhd; cjtpf;F Kjy; Msha; epw;ghh;fs;. mbf;fb
mLj;jtUf;F cjtp nra;Ak; buhfd;thrpfs;> jq;fSf;nfd cjtp
Nfl;fj; jaq;Fthh;fs;. mth;fsJ jd;ikAk;> elj;ijAk; gyiu
mth;fSld; gof itj;jhYk;> mth;fs; mbg;gilapy; jdpik
tpUk;gpfs;. mjdhNyNa mth;fs; jdpj;J tplg;gl;lhy; fhhpaq;fisr;
nrt;tNdr; nra;J Kbg;ghh;fs;.
fhjiy tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jhYk; nfhLg;ghh;fNsnahopa> Rje;jpuj;ij
tpl;Lf; nfhLf;f tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. mth;fsJ JLf;Fj;jdkhd
Ngr;Rk; NfhgKk; mth;fs; cld; ,Ug;gth;fis tUj;jf; $baJ.
mjdhy; mth;fs; jplk; kpf;fth;fsha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs;
neUq;fpa ez;gh;fsplKk; cwtpdh;fsplKk; kl;LNk jq;fspd; Rf
Jf;fq;fis vLj;Jr; nrhy;yp md;igg; nghopaf; $bath;fs;.

cly; eyk;
fbd ciog;ig tpUk;Gk; ,th;fs; ngUk;ghYk; MNuhf;fpak;
kpf;fth;fs;. Jzpfukhd fhhpaq;fspy; mjpfk; <LgLtjhy; mth;fs;
kd mOj;jk; nfhz;L mbf;fb jiytypf;Fs;shFk; tha;gG ; cz;L.
mjdhy; kpfr; rhjhuz fhhpaq;fisr; nra;tJ mth;fSf;F eyk;
gaf;Fk;. Nahfhrdk;> elj;jy; Nghd;w gapw;rpfs; mth;fsJ
cliyAk; kdijAk; ed;Kiwapy; itf;f cjTk;.

mth;fs; kpfTk; czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fs;

kdf;fpsh;rr
; p nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;.

buhfd; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;

ghuj; uj;dh tpUJ ngw;w ghlfp vk;. v];. Rg;Gyl;Rkp> ghlfp vk;. vy;.
tre;jFkhhp> fhh; ge;ja tPuh; eNud; fhh;jj ; pNfad;> Njrgf;jh; jpUg;G+h;
Fkud;> njhopyjpgh; N[. Mh;. b. lhlh> Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth;
fpahdp n[ay; rpq;> cjtpf;fuk; ePlb ; a Gshud;]; iel;bq;Nfy;>
tPuhq;fid N[hd; Mg; Mh;f>; kNdhjj;Jt epGzh; rpf;kz;l; gpuhl;>
ebfh; fpD hPt]
; >; fhy;ge;jhl;l tPuh; Nuhdhy;Nlh

mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 3> 4> 5> 6> 15> 21> 34> 35> 36> 45.
xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;
fs : Fuq;F> vyp> ghk;G> Nrty;
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs;
fs : vUJ> ML> eha;
%yff;
%yff; Fzq;fs;
buhfd;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW
Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.
41
neUg;G buhfd;

(gpg;uthp 03>1916 - [dthp 22>1917

[dthp 31>1976 - gpg;uthp 17>1977)
Fzq;fs; ,uf;fk;> vjph; nfhs;Sjy;> Neh;ik Nghd;w
ew;Fzq;fs; cilath;fs;. czh;rr; pg; Nghuhl;lk; mjpfk;
nfhz;lth;fs;. mtruKk;> Mh;tKk; jtwhd KbTfis
vLf;fj; J}z;Lk;. mj;jifath;fspd; Ntfk; fl;Lg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
czh;Tfis fl;Lf;Fs; itf;f Kay Ntz;Lk;.
ku buhfd;

(gpg;uthp 16>1904 - gpg;uthp 03>1905

gpg;uthp 13>1964 - gpg;uthp 01>1965)

Fzq;fs; mfq;fhuk;> tpl;Lf; nfhLj;jy;> ntFspj;jdk;>

fglkw;w jd;ik cilath;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; vz;zq;fSf;F
kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;gth;fs;. mth;fs; fiy eak; rpwe;jJ.
mLj;jth;fsplk; ed;F gofpdhYk;> mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jthh;fs;.
mth;fs; gilg;G Kaw;rpfspy; ifj; Njh;ej
; th;fs;.

G+kp buhfd;
([dthp 23>1928 - gpg;uthp 09>1929
gpg;uthp 17> 1988 - gpg;uthp 05> 1989)
Fzq;fs; tPuk;> tpNtfk;> epiyahd jd;ik cilath;fs;.
cy;yhrpfs;. buhfd; epyj;jpy; Cd;wp ,Ug;gjhy;> mth;fs;
KbTfisr; rhpaha; vLg;ghh;fs;. rkNehf;F cilath;fs;.
jq;fsJ nray;fisf; fl;Lf;Fs; itj;jpUg;gth;fs;.
mLj;jth;fis Mjhpj;jhYk;> jd;id Nghw;w Ntz;Lk; vd;W
vz;Zthh;fs;. eilKiwr; nray;ghLfis ek;Ggth;fs;.

cNyhf buhfd;
(gpg;uthp 08>1940 - [dthp 26>1941
gpg;uthp 05>2000 - [dthp 23> 2001)
Fzq;fs; cz;ik> Ntfk;> tisahj jd;ik> jplk;> JzpT
nfhz;lth;fs;. cNyhfk;> buhfd; rpd;dj;jpd; gyj;ij NkYk;
gyg;gLj;jf; $baJ. mth;fs; nfhs;if gpbg;Gf; nfhz;lth;fs;.
jhd; ek;Gtij nray;gLj;jg; NghuhLthh;fs;. jd;Dila
fUj;Jfis vjph;gg ; th;fSld; ,Uf;f mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;.
jiyik jhq;Fk; Fzk; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fspd; gpd; elf;f
gyh; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
42
ePh; buhfd;
([dthp 27>1952 - gpg;uthp 13>1953
[dthp 23> 2012 - gpg;uthp 09>2013)
Fzq;fs; ePh>; buhfdpd; Mf;Nuh\j;ij rw;Nw kl;Lg;gLj;j
ty;yJ. mh;gg
; zpg;G Fzk; nfhz;lth;fs;. ek;gpf;iff;Fg;
ghj;jpukhdth;fs;. ek;gj; jFe;jth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd;
fzpg;Gfis rPh; J}f;fpg; ghhg;g
; th;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJNk
rhpahd KbTfis vLf;ff; $bath;fs; my;y. mth;fs;
KbTfs; Muhag;gl;l Kbtha; ,Ue;jhy;> kw;wth;fspd;
fUj;JfSk; mjpy; mlq;fp ,Ue;jhy;> KbT rhpahdjha;
,Uf;ff; $Lk;.
ePqf
; s; buhfd; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.
buhfd; tUlg; gyd;fs;s: buhfd; tUlk; re;Njhrj;ijAk;
mjph;\l
; j;ijAk; jUk;. mJ rf;jp tha;ej; > gyk; nghUe;jpa rpd;dk;.
mjdhy; ,aw;ifr; rPww ; k; mjpfk; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;> ey;yd gy
elf;Fk;. jpUkzk; nra;gth;fs;> Gjpa njhopiy Muk;gpg;gth;fs;
,e;j tUlj;jpy; nra;jhy;> ed;ik ngWthh;fs;.

43
 6 rhfrf;fhug; ghk;G
(1905 1917 1929 1941 1953 1965 1977 1989 2001 2013 2025 2037 2049)
Neuk; fhiy 9:00 Kjy; 11:00 tiu
chpa jpir njw;F> njd; fpof;F
chpa fhyq;fs; tre;j fhyk;> Nk khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk neUg;G
apd;-ahq;
ahq apd;
flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp>
Kay;> buhfd; Kjy; Ie;J ,lq;fspy; te;jd. buhfd; te;J Nrh;ej ;
gpd;> Fok;Gr; rj;jk; Nfl;L flTsh;fs; me;jg; gf;fk; ghh;jj ; dh;.
fiuia vl;Lk; Neuj;jpy; jpBnud Fjpiuapd; Fok;gpypUe;J ghk;G
ntsp te;jJ. ,ijf; fz;L gae;J gpd; thq;fpaJ Fjpiu. ghk;G
Mwhtjha; Nghl;bapy; te;jJ. flTsh;fs; mij tho;jj ; p tUlr;
rf;fuj;jpd; MwhtJ rpd;dkha; njhpT nra;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij.
fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; ghk;G
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 04>1905 - [dthp 24>1906

[dthp 23>1917 - gpg;uthp 10>1918
gpg;uthp 10>1929 - [dthp 29>1930
[dthp 27>1941 - gpg;uthp 14>1942
gpg;uthp 14>1953 - gpg;uthp 02>1954
gpg;uthp 02>1965 - [dthp 20>1966
gpg;uthp 18>1977 - gpg;uthp 06>1978
gpg;uthp 06>1989 - [dthp 26>1990
[dthp 24>2001 - gpg;uthp 01> 2002
gpg;uthp 10>2013 - [dthp 30> 2014
,dp ghk;Gthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN
; ghk;.

Mokhd Mw;iwg; Nghy;> ghk;Gthrpfs; NkNyhl;lkha; mikjpaha;;

njhpe;jhYk;> mth;fsJ vz;zq;fSk; czh;TfSk; kpfTk;
MokhdJ> Mh;gg; hl;lkw;wJ.
ghk;Gthrpfs; rhfrf;fhuh;fshfTk; trPfuk; kpf;fth;fshfTk;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; Mo;ej ; rpe;jidahsh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk;
G+lfkhdth;fs;. nkd;ikahdth;fs;. Gj;jfq;fis tpUk;gpg;
gbg;gth;fs;. vy;yhf; fiyfisAk; Nghw;Wthh;fs;. tho;fi
; fapd;
nky;ypa czh;TfisAk; urpf;f ty;yth;fs;. kw;w vy;yhiuAk;tplj;
jq;fs; Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; jtW nra;tJ
kpff; fbdk;. %lek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. re;Njfthjpfs;. kaf;ff;
44
$bath;fs;. je;jputhjpfs;. NgRk; Kd; kpfTk; Nahrpj;Nj
NgRthh;fs;.
mikjpahfTk; Mh;gg ; hl;lkpy;yhkYk; jhDz;L jd; NtiyAz;L vd;W
,Uf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. mLj;jth;fspd; ftdj;ijg; ngw
Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mh;gg ; hl;lkhd nray;fspy; <Lgl khl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy;
jq;fs; Ntiyiaf; ftdkha;r; nra;J rhjpf;f Ntz;baijr;
rhjpj;Jf; fhl;Lthh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; vijAk; vspjpy; fw;Wf;
nfhs;thh;fs;. xU Kiw jtW nra;tJ Ghpe;J tpl;lhy;> mijj;
jpUk;gTk; nra;a khl;lhh;fs;. rj;jpak; jtWjiy mth;fs; kd;dpf;f
khl;lhh;fs;.
Njhy;tpia ntWg;gth;fs;. gz tpraj;jpy; kpfTk; mjph;\l; rhypfs;.
mth;fs; gzj;ijr; Nrkpg;gth;fs;. rpf;fdkhfTk; ftdkhfTk; mijg;
ghJfhg;gh;.

kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd tpraq;fspy;> mLj;jth;fspd; vz;zq;fisAk;

MNyhridfisAk; ek;ghky;> jq;fsJ kdk; fhl;Lk; ghijapd; Nky;
mjpf ek;gpf;if itj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fs;. jhd;> jdJ vz;zk;>
jdJ nray; vd;W ,Ug;gth;fs; tho;fi ; fapy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis
vjph; Nehf;Fk; NghJk;> jq;fs; Mo;kdj;jpd; KbTfis Vw;W>
nray;gl;L> me;j gpur;rpidfisj; jPhf
; f
; top NjLthh;fs;.
ghk;Gthrpfs; kdj;jhy; Mo;rpe;ijAk;> ,aw;ifapy; nghwhik Fzk;
nfhz;lth;fshAk;> tpyf;fg;gl;lhy; mij Vw;f Kbahj jd;ikiaAk;
nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fisf; Nfhgk; nfhs;s itj;jhy;> mth;fs;
thh;ji
; jfshy; fj;jhky; mikjpaha; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. mth;fs;
tQ;rk; itj;Jf; ftpo;ff ; Neuk; ghh;jJ
; f; fhj;jpUf;f ty;yth;fs;.
,aw;ifahfNt vijAk; $h;eJ
; Nehf;Fthh;fs;. MdhYk;
re;Njfq;fisg; gfph;eJ
; nfhs;shky;> jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt itj;Jf;
nfhs;thh;fs;. mLj;jth; tpraq;fspy; jiyapLjiy tpUk;ghjth;fs;.
Ch; tk;G NgRtJ gpbf;fhj tprak;.
ghk;Gthrpfs; mofha; cilayq;fhuk; nra;J nfhs;thh;fs;.
ed;dlj;ij cilath;fs;. Kd; [hf;fpuijthrpfs;. mikjpahfNt
fhzg;gLthh;fs;. jq;fs; cz;ik czh;TfSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;J
elg;ghh;fs;.
mth;fSf;F eifr;Rit czh;T mjpfk; ,Uf;Fk;. f\;lkhdr;
#oypYk;> ,e;j czh;thy;> #oiy mD$ykhf;f ty;yth;fs;.
jq;fisf; f\;lj;jpw;F cl;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhYk;> mth;fs; jq;fs;
gspr;rpLk; vz;zq;fistpl;Lf; nfhLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. gyKs;s
J}z;fisg; Nghd;w mth;fspd; vz;zq;fs;> mth;fSf;F Fog;gf;
fhyj;jpYk;> gpur;rpidfs; epiwe;j Neuj;jpYk;> epjhdkha; ftdkha;
nray;gl itf;Fk;.

45
mth;fs; jq;fisg; gw;wpa mUikahd vz;zq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;.
tpiy kjpg;Gs;s nghUl;fis tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Nghypfis tpUk;ghky;
cz;ikahd ey;y nghUl;fis thq;fpf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gthh;fs;.
ghk;Gthrpfs; mjpfhuj;ijg; nghpJk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;.
ntw;wpahsh;fisj; jq;fisr; Rw;wp ,Uf;Fk;gb ghh;jJ
; g; nfhs;thh;fs;.
mth;fis mjph;\l ; Kk; GfOk; jhNd Njb tUk;.
Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> ed;dlj;ij> nghUs; Nky; gw;W vd;w Fzq;fs;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. KbTfs; vLf;f Ntz;ba Neuq;fspy; mth;fs;
fzf;fha; Nahrpj;Jr; nray;gLthh;fNsnahopa> jtwhd #oiy
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; KbTfis vLf;f khl;lhh;fs;.
jdf;F Ntz;Ltdtw;iw ngw> nra;a Ntz;baijr; nra;J>
mr;nraiy Kbf;f ty;yth;fs;.
tho;fi; fapy; ngw Ntz;ba midj;Jg; nghUl;fisAk; jq;fisr;
Rw;wp itj;Jf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; nghUshir nfhz;lth;fs; ,th;fs;.
mth;fsJ ,y;yq;fisf; fhZk; NghJ mJ njhpAk;. kpfTk;
Mlk;gukhdg; nghUs;fshy; tPli ; l myq;fhpj;J> mikjp Njl
tpUk;Gthh;fs;.
njhopy;

mth;fsJ gy tpjkhd jpwikfSk; ,ay;ghd jd;ikfSk;

mth;fis jiyik epiyf;F cah;jj ; ty;yit. ghk;Gthrpfis
ed;F Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kbahtpl;lhYk;> kf;fs; mth;fisf; fz;L
gpukpg;ghh;fs;. ghk;Gthrpfs; rpwe;j murpay;thjpfshfj; jpfo KbAk;.
mth;fs; vij Ntz;LkhdhYk; Nguk; Ngr ty;yth;fs;.

vd;d ele;jhYk;> ghk;Gthrpfs; jhq;fshfNt ve;jr; nraiyAk; nra;a

Kay;thh;fs;. mth;fSf;F kdpjh;fis vg;gbg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ed;F njhpAk;. mth;fs; nra;Ak; nray;fs; gyTk;
Kd;Ng jpl;lkplg; gl;litaha; ,Uf;Fk;. jq;fs; gjtpia filrp
tiu jf;f itj;Jf; nfhs;s Kay;thh;fs;.
mjpf Ntiy nra;a tpUk;ghky;> nra;aj; jFe;j kpjkhd Ntiy
gSit tpUk;Gk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.

mth;fSf;F gzk; xU ghlha; ,Uf;fhJ. KjyPLfisg; gw;wp

mth;fs; ftiyg;gl Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,Uf;fhJ. gzk;
Njitg;gLk; NghJ> jtwhky; fpilj;J tpLk;. gz tpraj;jpy;
mjph;\l
; k; ,Ue;j NghJk;> mth;fs; #jhl;lj;jpy; ehl;lk; itj;jy;
Mgj;ij tpistpf;Fk;. ngUj;j e\;lj;ijg; ghh;ff
; Ntz;b tUk;.

fbd ciog;ghspfsha; ,Ue;jhYk;> mbf;fb Ntiy khw;wk; nra;Ak;

jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. xNu khjphpahd Ntiy nra;tjhy;> Ntfkha;
Nrhh;T mile;J> mLj;j Ntiyiaj; Njl Muk;gpg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs;
gilg;ghspfshfTk; kpFe;j RWRWg;Gs;sth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
46
mth;fs; gpur;rpidfisj; jPhg
; g
; jpy; ty;yth;fs;. kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhdr;
#oypYk; thoj; njhpe;jth;fs;. tpQ;Qhdp> Xtpah;> ghid tpidQh;>
Mrhhp> Nrhjplh;> [hytpj;ijf;fhuh;> r%f Ma;thsh;> vOj;jhsh;>
jj;JtQhdp> Mrphpah; Nghd;w Ntiyapy; rpwe;j epiyia mila
KbAk;.
tpahghu tptfhuq;fspy;> ghk;Gthrpfs; jq;fs; rhjidfis
mLj;jth;fs; kjpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zthh;fs;. tpahghu
tpraq;fspy; vr;rhpf;if mjpfk; Njit.
cwT
ghk;Gthrpfs; cwTfis nrhe;jk; nfhz;lhlj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;.
mth;fs; jPtpuf; fhjyh;fshd NghJk; nghwhik kpf;ff; fhjyh;fs;.
jq;fs; Fwpf;Nfhis mila vt;tsT J}uk; nry;thh;fs; vd;W ahUk;
nrhy;y KbahJ. ,uf;fkw;wth;fs;. mth;fsJ %is fzpg;nghwp
Ntfj;jpy; rjpahNyhrid nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
ghk;Gthrpfs; jq;fs; Jizfis kpfTk; kjpg;Gf; nfhLj;J
nrhe;jkhf;fpf; nfhs;s vz;Zthh;fs;. mjpy; nghwhikAk;
nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fNs cwTfis ve;j mstpw;F itj;Jf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W KbT nra;gth;fs;. jd;Dila Jiziaj;
Njh;T nra;j gpd;dNu> mth;fsJ kWgf;fj;ijf; fhl;Lthh;fs;.
ghk;Gthrpfs; jq;fs; czh;Tfis mjpfkha; ntspf;fhl;bf; nfhs;s
khl;lhh;fs;. jq;fSf;Fs;shfNt itj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. vg;NghJk;
mth;fis Vkhw;w vz;zhjPhf ; s;. Vndd;why; mijj; jpUg;gpf;
nfhLf;fr; rkak; fpilf;Fk; tiu kwf;fTk; khl;lhh;fs;.
ez;gh;fSf;F fld; nfhLf;f nghpJk; jaq;Fthh;fs;. mtrpaj;jpw;F
mth;fs; fl;lhak; cjtj; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. f\;lg;gLgth;fisf;
fz;lhy; kdkpuq;fp jd;dhyhdijr; nra;thh;fs;.
ek;gpath;fSk; md;G nfhz;lth;fSk; Vkhw;Wk; NghJ Jf;fk; mjpfk;
nfhs;thh;fs;.
cly; eyk;;
mikjpahd tho;fi ; f tho tpUk;Gthh;fs;. rj;jj;ij tpUk;ghky;
mikjpia tpUk;Gk; kdk; cilath;fs;. kd mOj;jk; vspjpy;
ngWth;. mikjpahd tho;fi ; fg; Nghf;F ,y;iynad;why; tUe;jp
mOj;jk; nfhz;L jtpg;gh;. mg;gb mjpfkha; Ntiy nra;J
nray;gl;lhy;> mth;fs; tho;ehs; FiwAk; jd;ik Vw;glyhk;.

47
ghk;G tUlj;ija gpugyq;
gpugyq;fs;
,iraikg;ghsh; v. Mh;. u`khd;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp> Kd;dhs; jkpof
Kjy;th; vk;.[p.Mh;> ftpQh; ituKj;J> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; kfpy
[ath;jNd> mutpe;j b rpy;th> ebfh; \hUf; fhd;> nld;dp]; Ml;l
tPuh; tp[a; mkph;juh[;> Kd;dhs; mnkhpf;f mjpgh; [hd;. vg;. nfd;db>
Xtpah; gg;Nyh gpfhNrh> mnkhpf;f murpay;thjp bf; rPdp> mnkhpf;fg;
ghlfh; ghg; ilyd;
mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 1> 2> 4> 6> 13> 24> 42> 46
xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;
fs : Nrty;> vUJ
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs;
fs : gd;wp> Fuq;F
%yff; Fzq;fs;
ghk;Gthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW
Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.
neUg;G ghk;G

(gpg;uthp 10>1929 - [dthp 29>1930

gpg;uthp 06>1989 - [dthp 26>1990)
Fzq;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if> tise;J nfhLf;fhj jd;ik> gjtp
kw;Wk; gyk; fhuzkha; Cf;fk; ngWk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.
ntspg;gilahdth;fs;. vg;NghJk; jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;>
jq;fs; kdj;jpy; Njhd;WtijAk; khw;whwplk; nrhy;ypa tz;zk;
,Ug;gh;. midtUk; ,th;fspd; Ngr;irf; Nfl;L kfpo;th;.
mth;fs; jhq;fs; nrhy;tNj rpwe;jJ vd;W ek;g itf;Fk;
nrhy;td;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.
ku ghk;G

([dthp 23>1917 - gpg;uthp 10>1918

gpg;uthp 18>1977 - gpg;uthp 06>1978)

Fzq;fs; ,uf;f kdk;> cz;ik> ];jpuj; jd;ik> gFj;jwpT>

trPfuk; ,th;fspd; ,ay;ghd Fzq;fs;. cwtpdh;fsplKk;
ez;gh;fsplKk; rpwe;j gykhd cwT nfhz;L> mth;fSld;
,Ug;gijNa nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;. vt;tsT MjuT ,Ue;j NghJk;>
kw;wth;fspd; MNyhridfisf; Nfl;gJ kpfTk; mhpJ.

48
G+kp ghk;G
([dthp 27> 1941 - gpg;uthp 14>1942
[dthp 24> 2001 - gpg;uthp 01> 2002)
Fzq;fs; mikjp> jpUg;jp> Njhoik> Mo;ej ; mwpT
cilath;fs;. MNyhridg; ngwj; jFe;jth;fs;. fbd
ciog;ghy; tho;fi
; fapy; ey;y gyd;fis milth;. jq;fspd;
Muha;eJ
; czUk; mwptpd; Nky; mjpfk; ek;gpf;if itj;J
mijr; rhh;eJ; ,Ug;gh;. ek;gpf;iff;F cfe;jth;. ek;gj;
jFe;jth;.
cNyhf ghk;G
(gpg;uthp 14>1953 - gpg;uthp 02>1954
gpg;uthp 10> 2013 - [dthp 30> 2014)
Fzq;fs; vr;rhpf;if jd;ik> tplhKaw;rp> jpl;lkpLk; jd;ik>
RWRWg;G nfhz;lth;fs;. fw;gidf;Fk; vl;lhj mstpw;F>
Fwpf;Nfhs; Nehf;fpNa mth;fs; vz;zk; ,Uf;Fk;. jq;fSf;Ff;
fpilf;f Ntz;baij ve;jj; jil te;j NghJk; ngWk; Kaw;rp
,th;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. Njhy;tp vd;gJ ,th;fspd; mfuhjpapy;
fpilahJ. gzj;ijf; nfhz;L jq;fSf;nfd njhlh;eJ ;
vijNaDk; thq;fpa tz;zk; ,Ug;gh;.

ePh; ghk;G
(gpg;uthp 04>1905 - [dthp 24>1906
gpg;uthp 02>1965 - [dthp 20>1966)
Fzq;fs; gzj;jpd; kPJ gw;W> Mo;ej ; rpe;ij> nghWik
cilath;fs;. nry;thf;F> Cf;fk;> $hpa mwpT
,th;fspd; Fzj;ijf; Fwpj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gLk; thh;ji ; jfs;.
FOtpy; rpwe;j Kiwapy; gzp nra;th;. ftdpg;igAk;
ghuhl;ilAk; vjph;ghh;gg
; h;. kpf neUf;fkhdth;fsplk; kl;LNk
jq;fs; czh;Tfisg; gfph;eJ ; nfhs;th;.

ePqf
; s; ghk;G tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.
ghk;G tUlg; gyd;fs;s: ghk;G tUlk; khw;wq;fs; gytw;iwf; nfhz;L
tUk;. Kaw;rpfSk;> NahridfSk; mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk;.; mikjpaha;
gy Gjpa Gjpa tpraq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLk;. Mdhy; mikjpahd
tUlkha; ,Uf;fhJ. kpfTk; fbdkhdr; #oy;> Ntw;Wikfs;
jPhf
; f
; g;glhj fhuzq;fshy;> Nghh;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; mjpfkha; ,Uf;Fk;.
ghk;G tUlk; kpfTk; vjph;kiwahd rf;jpfis cUthf;Fk; tUlk;.

49
 7 Gj;jprhypf; Fjpiu
(1904 1918 1930 1942 1954 1966 1978 1990 2002 2014 2026 2038 2050)
Neuk; fhiy 11:00 Kjy; kjpak; 1:00 tiu
chpa jpir njw;F
chpa fhyq;fs; Nfhil fhyk;> [{d; khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk neUg;G
apd;-ahq;
ahq ahq;
fPof
; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Fjpiu
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.

[dthp 25>1906 - gpg;uthp 12>1907

gpg;uthp 11>1918 - [dthp 31>1919
[dthp 30>1930 - gpg;uthp 16>1931
gpg;uthp 15>1942 - gpg;uthp 04>1943
gpg;uthp 03>1954 - [dthp 23>1955
[dthp 21>1966 - gpg;uthp 08>1967
gpg;uthp 07>1978 - [dthp 27>1979
[dthp 27>1990 - gpg;uthp 14>1991
gpg;uthp 12> 2002 - [dthp 31>2003
[dthp 31>2014 - gpg;uthp 18>2015
,dp Fjpiuthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN
; ghk;.
Fjpiuthrpfs; rpwe;j Gj;jprhypfs;. Gjpa tpraq;fis clDf;Fld;
Ghpe;J nfhs;s ty;yth;fs;. cw;rhfk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;.
vy;NyhuhYk; tpUk;gg;gLgth;fs;. gpbthjf;fhuh;fs;. rkaq;fspy;
vhpr;rYl;bdhYk;> goFtjw;F cfe;jth;fs;.

cz;ik> Njhoik> jpwe;j kdk; Nghd;w Fzq;fisg; ngw;wth;fs;.

Rje;jpukha;> eLT epiyik nfhz;ltuha;> jpwikfs; gyTk;
nfhz;ltuha;> #oYf;F Vw;g jd;id nghUj;jpf; nfhs;gtuha;>
vg;NghJk; JWJWg;Gld; caph;gG
; ld; ,Ug;gth;fs;.
czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. kdpjh;fisAk; #oiyAk; rhpaha; vil
Nghl ty;yth;fs;. jq;fSf;Fg; gpbj;jij jd; topapNyNa nra;Ak;
Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;Ggth;fs;. Ntfkha; KbTfis vLf;ff;
$bath;fs;. kwjp> rkaq;fspy; gpur;rpidfisf; nfhLf;Fk;.
,Ue;jhYk; nra;tijr; nra;J Kbf;f Kay;th;. ek;gfkhdth;fs;.
nghwhik Fzkw;wth;fs;.
Neuj;ij tPzhf;Fgth;fs;. ml;ltizg;gb elf;f tpUg;ghjth;fs;.
ez;gh;fs; FOtpy; gyh; ,Ue;jhYk; jhd; nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyiaj;
jhd; tpUk;gpa topapy; nra;a vz;zk; nfhz;L nray;gLth;.
50
gyk;> Ntfk;> gof ,yFthd Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;. Kf;fpa
eguha; vz;zg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fpNyNa nray;gLth;.
re;Njhrkha; tho;fi ; f tho Ntz;Lk; vd;w Fwpf;Nfhs; nfhz;lth;fs;
vd;gjhy;> $l;lq;fspy; jq;fsJ eifr;Rit %yk; $bAs;sth;fis
re;Njhrg;gLj;Jth;.
gy Ntiyfis xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;af; $ba rf;jp gilj;jth;fs;.
Mdhy; njhlq;fpa gy Ntiyfis Kbf;f khl;lhh;fs;. Vndd;why;
mLj;j re;jh;gg
; j;ij vjph;ghh;jN
; j Ntiy nra;fpd;w fhuzj;jpdhy;>
,Uf;Fk; Ntiyfis mg;gbNa Nghl;L tpl;L> mLj;j Ntiyf;Fj;
jhtp tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fisg; gw;wpNa mjpfk; vz;zpf;
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; fhuzkha;> VjhtJ jhd; tpUk;gpagb
elf;ftpy;iynad;why;> mjw;fhff; Nfhgg;gl;L> gf;fj;jpy;
cs;sth;fisr; rhLthh;fs;.

mth;fs; NgRtjpy; Rfk; fhz;gth;fs;. mth;fs; cw;rhfk; kpff;

nfhz;L> khWjy;fis tuNtw;gth;fs;. rpy Neuq;fspy; mth;fs;
mjpff; Nfhgk;> mfe;ij> %h;ff; jdk; nfhz;lth;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
,d;W tho;. ehis ghh;jJ ; f; nfhs;syhk; vd;w nfhs;if
cilath;fs;. FjpiuthrpfSf;F mth;fsJ czh;Tfisf; fhl;l
tha;gG
; nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. nghWikaw;wth;fs;. Nfhgk; kpff;
nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; vr;rhpf;ifAld; nray;gl Kay Ntz;Lk;.
Jzpr;ry;kpf;fth;fs;. $h;ikahd mwpT nfhz;lth;fshjyhy; gz
tpraq;fis jpwk;glf; ifahsf; $bath;fs;. Rakha; vijAk;
nra;a ty;yth;fs;. cw;rhfg; Ngh;topfs;. clw;gapw;rpAk;
kdg;gapw;rpAk; tpUg;gkhdit. Ntfkha; Xlhlf; $bath;fs;.
Ntfkha; NgrpdhYk; espdkha; NgRth;. jhd; tpUk;gpa topapy; vJk;
elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Mirg;gLth;. mg;gb elf;ftpy;iynad;why;
MNtrg;gLth;. vij tplTk; jq;fs; Rje;jpuj;ij tpUk;Gth;.
ahiuAk; Nguhirf; fz;NzhL ghh;ff ; khl;lhh;fs;. vijAk;
cilik nfhz;lhl khl;lhh;fs;. kpfTk; mikjpaha; ,Ug;gh;.
cs;Szh;itr; rhh;ej ; pUg;gh;.
Fjpiuthrpfs; Gjpa Gjpa vz;zq;fs; nfhz;lth;fs;. fbdkhd
gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; Gjpa topapy; jPhT ; fhz;gh;. xU fUj;Jj;
Njhd;wpaJNk> mijr; nra;J Kbf;fj; Jbg;gh;. Ntiyia Kbf;Fk;
tiu Neuk; fhyk; ghh;ff; khl;lhh;fs;. Neukpd;ik fhuzkha; ve;j
KbitAk; tpiutpy; vLf;fj; Jbg;gh;. jtwhd Kbtha; ,Ue;jhYk;
rhp> Neuj;ij tPzbf;fhky; KbT vLj;jhy; rhp.
njhopy;
gy fhhpaq;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;Ak; jpwk; gilj;jth;fs;.
nray;fs; ele;J nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk; NghNj> mijj; jd; topNa nra;a
ty;yth;fs;. Neuk; fhyk; ghuhky; ciof;ff; $bath;fs;. mth;fs;
51
nghpJk; fisg;gilAk; NghJ kl;LNk Ntiyr; nra;tij
epWj;Jthh;fs;. mth;fSf;F md;whlk; nra;Ak; Ntiy ml;ltiz
vd;gnjy;yhk; gpbf;fhj xd;W. Neug;gb fhhpak; nra;a
tpUk;ghjth;fs;. vg;NghJk; jq;fis VNjhnthU nraypy; <LgLj;jpa
tz;zk; ,Ug;gh;.
gyUld; ,ize;J nra;Ak; Ntiyfis tpUk;gpr; nra;th;.
MizfSf;F mb gzptJ mth;fSf;F gpbf;fhj tprak;. jpdKk;
xNu khjphpahf nra;Ak; Ntiyfisf; fz;L XLth;. Gjpa Gjpa
tpraq;fis clDf;Fld; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; rhkh;jj ; pak; ,Ug;gjd;
fhuzkha;> mth;fs; vy;yh NtiyfisAk; jpwk;glr; nra;thh;fs;.
mth;fs; ey;y kf;fs; njhlh;ghsh;fs;. gjtp> mjpfhuk;; tpUg;gj;jf;f
tpraq;fs;.
ftpQh;> gazf;fl;Liuahsh;> vOj;jhsh;> murpay;thjp> Jzpfur;
nray;fs; nra;gth;> gj;jphpf;ifahsh;> nkhopngah;gg; hsh;> nkhop
fw;gpg;gth;> Rw;Wyh cjtpahsh;> E}yfh;> tpkhd Xl;Leh;>
tpw;gidahsh;> tpsk;gug;gzpahsh; gzpfs; cfe;jit.

cwT
midtiuAk; ftuj;jf;fth;fs;. mth;fs; Njhoik Fzk; mjpfk;
nfhz;lth;fshjyhy;> epiwa kdpjh;fs; $bapUf;Fk; $l;lq;fspy;
fye;J nfhs;s tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Nerpf;Fk; mNj Ntfj;jpy; ntWf;fTk;
nra;thh;fs;. Ntfkhf ez;gh;fshthh;fs;. mNj Ntfj;jpy; goFtjpy;
Mh;tkw;Wk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
rl;nld KbT vLf;ff;$bath;fs; vd;gjhy;> vijAk; Ntfj;Jld;
nra;th;. mjdhy; cld; ,Ug;gth;fSf;F mth;fSld; xj;Jg; NghtJ
rw;Nw rpukk;. xt;nthU Gjpa cwtpYk;> jd;Dila KO
xj;Jiog;igAk; juf; $bath;fs;. ,j;jifa jd;ik mth;fsJ
gpw;fhy tho;tpy; ];jpukhd> gykhd cwtpid Vw;gLj;jf; $baJ.
md;gpw;fhf vijAk; nfhLf;fj; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Fjpiuthrp
tPlb
; y; ,Ue;jhy;> tPlb
; y; ,Ug;gth;fs; midtuJ ftdKk;
mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk;gb ele;J nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk;
eLehafkha; ,Ue;J> vy;yhk; mth;fisr; Rw;wp elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
vz;Zk; ,ay;gpdh;. mjw;F ghprhf> cioj;J> vy;NyhUlDk; mijg;
gfph;eJ
; nfhs;th;.
cly; eyk;
eyk;
MNuhf;fpakhd cly; nfhz;lth;fs;. tho;fi
; fiar; rhp Nehf;fpy;
fhz;gjhy;> mth;fs; cly;epiy ed;whfNt ,Uf;Fk;. tpisahl;by;
Mh;tk; mjpfk; cs;sth;fs;. mth;fis ntl;l ntspapy; tpl;L
tpl;lhy;> kpFe;j cw;rhfj;Jld; nray;gLth;. fl;bg; Nghl;lhy; kl;LNk
NehAWth;. J}f;fkpd;ik Nehapdhy; jtpf;Fk; tha;gG ; k; cz;L.
52
Fjpiu tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;
kfhftp ghujpahh;> fh;ehlf ,irf;fiyQh;; ghyKusp fpU\;zh>
Kd;dhs; gpujkh; ,e;jpuh fhe;jp> Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp lhf;lh; rq;fh;
jahs; \h;kh> ftpQh; gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk;> vOj;jhsh;fs;
Mh;. Nf. ehuhazd;> rptrq;fhp> ebfh;fs;; fky`hrd;> mkpjhg; gr;rd;>
ebfh;fs; fpspz;l; ,];lT; l;> `hprd; Nghh;l>; ghlfp [Ndl; [hf;rd;>
Fj;Jr; rz;il tPuh; ikf; ilrd;> Kd;dhs; mnkhpf;f mjpgh; Nll;b
&];nty;l>; njhopyjpgh; thud; gngl;
mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 1> 3> 4> 8> 13> 14> 41> 43

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;

fs : eha;> Gyp> ML
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs;
fs : vyp> Fuq;F
%yff; Fzq;fs;

Fjpiuthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW

Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.
neUg;G Fjpiu

([dthp 25>1906 - gpg;uthp 12>1907

[dthp 21>1966 - gpg;uthp 08>1967)
Fzq;fs; cWjpahdth;fs;. Kuzhdth;fs;. kd cWjp %yk;
nray;gLth;fs;. kaf;Fgth;fs;. cs;Sf;Fs; vg;NghJk; jP
nfhOe;J tpl;L vhpe;J nfhz;L ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fs;
tho;fi; fapd; Kidapy; tho tpUk;Ggth;. khw;wq;fSf;F
vg;NghJk; jahuha; ,Ug;gh;. khw;wNk Rthurpak; vd;W
vz;Zgth;fs;. fUj;jpy; cWjpAilath;fs;. vq;FNk neUg;Gf;
Fjpiuthrpfs; fUj;Jf;fspd; vy;iyapy; epw;f khl;lhh;fs;.

ku Fjpiu

(gpg;uthp 03>1954 - [dthp 23>1955

[dthp 31>2014 - gpg;uthp 18>2015)
Fzq;fs; cjTjy;> ek;gfj; jd;ik Fzq;fs;. Kd;Ndw;wk;
ngw ngw Cf;fj;Jld; ciof;f ty;yth;fs;. cWjp> typik>
jpwkhd KbT mth;fspd; Kf;fpa jd;ikfs;. khw;whUld;
ed;F goFth;. mth;fsplk; neUq;fpa cwTfspYk; njhopy;
rhh;ej
; tpraq;fspYk; ntw;wp ngWk; jpwk; cz;L.
G+kp Fjpiu
53
 (gpg;uthp 11>1918 - [dthp 31>1919
gpg;uthp 07>1978 - [dthp 27>1979)

Fzq;fs; ek;gfj;jd;ik> tpNtfk;> epjhdk;> jPhf

; khd KbT
vLf;Fk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. vt;tsT fhykhdhYk;> jq;fs;
Fwpf;NfhSf;fhf Kaw;rp nra;J nfhz;Nl ,Ug;gh;. vy;yhg;
gf;fq;fspypUe;Jk; #oiy Muhae;J ed;Kbit vLg;gh;.
#oYf;F Vw;g jq;fis nghUj;jpf; nfhs;th;. mth;fs;
Ntbf;ifahdth;fSk; $l.
cNyhf Fjpiu

([dthp 30>1930 - gpg;uthp 16>1931

[dthp 27>1990 - gpg;uthp 14>1991)

Fzq;fs; ghrk;> mfe;ij> gpbthjk; nfhz;lth;fs;.

Nghl;bapdhy; Cf;fk; nfhz;L ciog;ghh;fs;. nrhd;d thf;if
rhjhuzkhf vLj;Jr; nray;gLth;. nghWg;igf; nfhLj;J
mth;fis vspjpy; mr;RWj;jyhk;. xU cwtpypUe;J kw;nwhU
cwT> xU NtiyapypUe;J kw;nwhU Ntiy vd;W ,Uf;f
tpUk;Gth;. mjdhy; Jizia tplTk; mth;fSf;F ez;gh;fs;
mjpfk; ,Ug;gh;.
ePh; Fjpiu
Fjpiu
(gpg;uthp 15>1942 - gpg;uthp 04>1943
gpg;uthp 12> 2002 - [dthp 31>2003)
Fzq;fs; Ra fUj;Jf;fspy; gw;Wilath;fs;. nrayhy; Cf;fk;
nfhs;gth;fs;. cy;yhrg; Ngh;topfs;. Kuzhdth;fs;.
#oYf;F jq;fis vspjpy; nghUj;jpf; nfhs;th;. Mdhy;
vspjpy; KbT vLf;f Kbahjth;fs;. XLfpw Xl;lj;jpy; nry;y
tpUk;Gth;. jpwkhd KbTfis vLf;f Kbahj fhuzj;jhy;
vg;NghJk; mLj;jth;fis Fog;gj;jpy; Mo;jj ; ty;yth;fs;. ,J
rw;Nw njhe;juthf ,Ue;j NghJk;> ePh; Fjpiuthrpfs; ,Uf;Fk;
NghJ kfpo;rr ; p juf;$baNj. mjdhy; cld; ,Ug;gth;fs;
mjw;Fg; gofp tpLth;.
ePqf
; s; Fjpiu tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.
Fjpiu tUlg; gyd;fs;
s: Fjpiu tUlk; Kd;Ndw;wk; jUk; tUlk;.
kfpo;rr
; pfukhdJ. Jzpr;ryhd fhhpaq;fs; nra;aj; jFe;j tUlk;.
jpUg;jpiaj; jUk; tUlk;. JzpTk;> ijhpaKk; mjpfkha;
nray;gLkhjyhy; tsh;rr
; p cau caur; nry;Yk;. ];jpukhd #oy;

54
,Ue;jNghJk;> kw;w tUlq;fspy; elg;gd Nghd;W mjpu itf;Fk;
rk;gtq;fs; epr;rak; elf;Fk;.

55
 8 gilghsp ML
(1907 1919 1931 1943 1955 1967 1979 1991 2003 2015 2027 2039 2051)
Neuk; kjpak; 1:00 Kjy; 3:00 tiu
chpa jpir njw;F> njd;Nkw;F
chpa fhyq;fs; Nfhil fhyk;> [_iy khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk neUg;G
apd;-ahq;
ahq apd;
flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp>
Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu Kjy; VO ,lq;fspy; te;jd. Fjpiu
te;J Nrh;ej ; gpd;> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty; %d;Wk; flTsh;fspd;
fz;fspy; njd;gl;ld. ,k;Kd;W tpyq;FfSk; xUtUf;F xUth;
cjtp nra;J nfhz;Nl fiuia te;J Nru Kad;wd. Nrty; xU
kug; gyifiaf; fz;Lgpbj;J> kw;w ,uz;L tpyq;FfisAk; mjpy;
Vwr; nra;J mioj;J te;jJ. topapy; ,Ue;j Gjh;fspy; gyif
khl;bf; nfhz;l Nghnjy;yhk; Fuq;Fk;> MLk; mij tpyf;fp top
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;J> ,Wjpapy; fiuia te;jile;jd. flTsh;fs;
mtw;iw tho;jj ; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd; vl;lhtJr; rpd;dkha; Ml;ilj;
njhpT nra;J Fuq;if xd;gjhtjhfTk;> Nrtiy gj;jhtjhfTk;
mwptpj;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij.
,e;jf; fij ML Vd; vl;lhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;
$wg;gLk; fij.
fPof
; z;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; ML
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 13>1907 - gpg;uthp 01>1908

gpg;uthp 01>1919 - gpg;uthp 19>1920
gpg;uthp 17>1931 - gpg;uthp 05>1932
gpg;uthp 05>1943 - [dthp 24>1944
[dthp 24>1955 - gpg;uthp 11>1956
gpg;uthp 09>1967 - [dthp 29>1968
[dthp 28>1979 - gpg;uthp 15>1980
gpg;uthp 15>1991 - gpg;uthp 03> 1992
gpg;uthp 01>2003 - [dthp 21> 2004
gpg;uthp 19>2015 - gpg;uthp 07> 2016

,dp MLthrpfspd;; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN

; ghk;.
rPd N[hjplj;jpy; ML tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fNs kpfr; rpwe;j
gilg;ghspfsha; fUjg;gLfpd;wdh;. mth;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fiy

56
eak; kpf;fth;fshfTk;> ,dpikahdth;fshfTk;> trPfukhdth;fshfTk;
,Ug;gh;.
gilg;G> Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> mikjp> rhh;ej
; pUj;jy; Mfpa Fzhk;rq;fs;
nfhz;lth;fs;. jdpikia tpUk;Ggth;fs;. kdj;jpd; Xl;lj;ij
Muha;eJ; nfhz;L ,Ug;gJ gpbj;j tprak;. $l;lj;jpdUld; ,Ug;gJ
gpbj;jhYk;> eLehafkha; ,Uf;f tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;. mth;fsJ
ftdpf;Fk; jpwd; mth;fis ey;y ghJfhtyh;fsha; ,Uf;fr; nra;Ak;.
mth;fs; mlf;fKk;> mikjpAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. mjpf Neuj;ij
jq;fs; vz;z Xl;lq;fis ftdpg;gjpNyNa nrytopg;gh;.
,aw;ifapy; $r;r Rghtk; cs;sth;fs;. mth;fs; ew;gz;Gfisg;
ngw;wpUe;jhYk;> tho;fi
; f eilKiwfis Vw;Wf; nfhs;shjth;fs;.
jtwhd Neuq;fspy; jtwhdtw;iwf; $wp khl;bf; nfhs;Sk; gz;G
gyhplj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,Ue;jhYk; mth;fsJ trPfuKk;> fglkw;w
jd;ikAk; mth;fSf;F Fiwtpy;yhj ez;gh;fisAk;>
njhz;lh;fisAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;Fk;.
mth;fs; ,aw;ifapNyNa #uh;fs;. nfl;ldtw;iw Cfpf;f
ty;yth;fs;. mth;fs; Ghpe;J nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAk;> kd;dpf;Fk;
FzKk;> ,sfpa kdKk; nfhz;lth;fs;.

ntspAUtpy; mth;fs; fw;gidapy; kjpg;gth;fsha; ,Ue;j NghjpYk;

cs;Sf;Fs; mth;fs; kpFe;j MtYs;s gj;jpuj; jd;ikaw;w kdk;
nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fSf;F md;whl tho;fi ; fNa fbdkhdjhfTk;
jLkhw;wkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
jq;fisr; Rw;wp mofpag; nghUl;fs; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gth;.
mth;fs; ed;Kiwapy; jq;fis myq;fhpj;Jf; nfhs;th;. rpy
rkaq;fspy; cUtj; Njhw;wj;jpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jTk; nra;th;.
jq;fSf;F rpwe;j Njhw;wj;ijj; ju> mjpfkha; nryT nra;J rpwe;j
cilfisg; ngw Kay;th;. tho;fi ; ff;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fisg;
ngw nryT nra;j NghJk;> mth;fs; nrythopfshfTk; gfl;lhfTk;
,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;.
mth;fs; vg;NghJk; ebg;G> iftpidf; fiyfs; Nghd;w gilg;G
Kaw;rpfspy; jq;fis <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;L kfpo;rr; p milth;. mofw;w
nghUl;fs; mth;fisg; nghpJk; ghjpf;Fk;. mth;fSf;F tPlb ; y;
Mlk;gukhd myq;fhuq;fs; Njitapy;iy. mth;fsJ fiy
eaj;ijf; fhl;Lk; nghUl;fs; ,Ue;jhNy NghJk;.
rPd N[hjplj;jpy; mth;fs; r%fr; Nrtfh;fsha; th;zpf;fg;gLfpwhh;fs;.
mth;fs; kpfTk; cz;ikahdth;fs;. ftiyf;fplkhd fijfis
mg;gbNa ek;Ggth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; nra;Ak; jtWfisg; Ghpe;J
nfhz;L kd;dpg;gjpy; rkh;jj
; h;fs;.

57
mth;fisg; gw;wp gpwh; tpkh;rdk; nra;tJ mth;fSf;Fg; gpbf;fhj
tprak;.
czh;TfSf;F mbikahfpg; Nghdth;fs;. mbf;fb vijNaDk;
Nahrpj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;> tUj;jg;gl;Lf; nfhz;Lk;> Jf;fpj;Jk; ,Ug;ghh;f
; s;.
MLthrpfis ahNuDk; xOq;Fg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mth;fsJ
jpwikiag; gad;gLj;j vLj;Jf; $wpr; nra;ar; nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;.
ahNuDk; mth;fis md;Gld; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; ghh;jJ ; f;
nfhs;sTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mth;fsplk; mbf;fbg; Ngrp> ek;gpf;if
ju Ntz;Lk;.
MLthrpfs; jq;fis thl;Lk; tpraq;fis Neubaha; nrhy;y
khl;lhh;fs;. ePqf
; s; nky;y nky;y mth;fsplkpUe;Jj; JUtpj; JUtp
Nfl;L mwpa Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh Kaw;rpAk; Njhw;why;> mth;fsplk;
Nfhgkha; Ngrpdhy; NghJk;. tpraq;fs; ntspte;J tpLk;. nrhy;y
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; mth;fs; kdjpy; gjpa Ntz;Lk;. gpd; vy;yh
ufrpaq;fisAk; nfhl;b tpLth;.
MLthrpfs; gy rkaq;fspy; ftiyAlNd ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fis
kw;wth;fs; cw;rhfg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhk; eyNk vd;W vLj;Jf;
$wp nray;gl itf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghuhl;Lf;fs; mth;fis kfpor;
nra;Ak;. Cf;Ftpj;jhy; mth;fs; neLe;njhiyT nry;y ty;yth;fs;.
MLthrpfSf;F ey;y vjph;fhyk; ,Uf;Fk;. mjph;\l; Kk; cz;L.
mth;fSf;F nrhj;J> capy; tpraq;fspy; ey;y gyd; fpilf;Fk;.
f\;lkhd #oypYk;> MLthrpfSf;Fj; Njitahdit vspjpy;
fpilj;JtpLk;. mth;fs; mr;RWj;jypd;wp jq;fs; fhhpaq;fisr; rhptur;
nra;af; $bath;fs;. mth;fsJ nghWikAk; rfpg;Gj; jd;ikAk;
rkaq;fspy; kw;wth;fis igj;jpakhfr; nra;Ak;. mth;fsJ
rkhjhdr; rhf;F jsur; nra;J tpLk;. mth;fis cilf;fNt
KbahJ.
MLthrpfs; mjpfr; nrythspfshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; gz
tptfhuq;fspy; mjpfk; <LgLjy; ey;yjy;y. mth;fs; Mlk;gukhfTk;
[hypahfTk; ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;. eilKiwf;F xj;Jg;Nghfhjth;fs;.
jpwkhd Kbit vLf;fhky; kjpy; Nky; G+idaha; epw;gh;.

MLthrpfSf;F ,aw;ifapd; kPJ mjpf ehl;lkpUf;Fk;. epynthsp>

Nuh[hf;fs;> ,dpa ,ir> nkOFth;jj ; p xsp mth;fis kaf;Fk;.
mth;fs; cyfj;ij mofpa fz;zhb nfhz;L ghh;ff ; tpUk;Gth;.
mth;fs; vg;NghJk; fbdkha; ciof;f Ntz;b ,Uf;fhJ. ey;y
tpraq;fs; jhdhfNt elf;Fk;. mth;fSf;F kpfTk; ntspr;rkhd
fhw;Nwhl;lkhd #oy; gpbf;Fk;. gilf;Fk; njhopypy; rpwe;J
tpsq;Fth;.
tPlb
; y; kl;LNk mth;fs; kpFe;j Rfj;ijg; ngWth;. mq;Nf mth;fs;
jq;fs; fiy eaj;ijf; fhl;l KbAk;. Xtpak;> rikay; fiy vd;W
58
gw;gyf; fiyfspy; <Lgl;L kfpo;th;. mth;fs; gLf;ifiag; nghpJk;
Nerpg;gh;. mq;Fjhd; Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhz;Nl> jq;fs; vz;zq;fis
Muhayhk; my;yth?

gazk; nra;Ak; NghJk;> kfpo;rr

; p juf; $ba epfo;rr
; pfSf;Fr; nry;Yk;
NghJk;> MLthrpfs; FOtha;r; nry;yNt tpUk;Gth;. mjpf kf;fs;
,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;Gth;.
njhopy;
njhopy;
$l;lj;Jld; Nrh;eJ
; Ntiy nra;a tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mjpfhuk;> gjtp
mth;fSf;F xU nghUl;Nl my;y. mth;fs; Neubahff; Nfl;Lf;
nfhz;lhy; kl;LNk jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;fr; rk;kjpg;ghh;fs;.
G+f;filahsh;> tPlL; myq;fhu epGzh;> Foe;ijf; fhg;ghsh;> Foe;ij
kUj;Jth;> ebfh;> xspg;gjpthsh;> rpif myq;fhuk; nra;gth;> Xtpah;>
,iraikg;ghsh;> fiy gapw;Wtpg;gth;> tuyhw;W Mrphpah; Nghd;w
gzpfSf;F cfe;jth;fs;.
jq;fSf;fhd Ntiy Neuq;fis mikj;Jf; nfhz;L nray;gLth;.
mth;fs; kpf mjpfkhd xOf;f Kiwfisf; filgpbf;f tpUk;g
khl;lhh;fs;. tpahghu tpraq;fspy; mth;fs; rw;Nw xOq;fpd;ik
cilath;fs;. mj;jid mf;fiw nrYj;j khl;lhh;fs;. fbdkhd
rkaq;fspy; Ntiyiar; rhpaha; nra;J Kbf;f Kbahky; jtpg;gh;.
mth;fsJ Nghf;fpy; tpl;lhy; nraiyr; nrt;tNd nra;J Kbg;gh;.

MLthrpfs; cah;ej ; Nehf;fk; nfhz;lth;fsha; ,y;yhj NghJk;>

mth;fsJ jpwikf;Nfw;w Ntiy fpilj;J tpl;lhy; mijr; nra;tjpy;
jPtpuKk; NguhtYk; nfhz;L nray;gLth;.
cwT
MLthrpfs; me;juq;fthrpfs;. mjdhy; mth;fis mwpe;J
nfhs;tJ> Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ kpfTk; fbdk;. mth;fshfNt vq;Nf>
vg;NghJ ahUld; jq;fsJ me;juq;f tpraq;fisg; gfph;eJ; nfhs;tJ
vd;gij KbT nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjdhy; ngUk;ghyhd
MLthrpfSf;F neUq;fpa ez;gh;fs; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. MdhYk;
mth;fs; Nerpg;gth;fSf;fhf kpff; fLikaha; ciog;ghh;fs;. mth;fs;
jhq;fs; tpUk;Ggth;fis ntWg;Gf;F cs;shf;f tpUk;ghjth;fs;.
MLthrpfs; FLk;gj;jpy; gw;Wilath;fs;. mth;fs; ahUila gpwe;j
ehisAk; kwf;f khl;lhh;fs;. ePqf
; Sk; mth;fSilaij kwf;fhky;
,Ug;gJ ey;yJ.

cly; eyk;
MLthrpfs; mikjpaha; ,Uf;Fk; fhuzj;jhy;> mth;fSf;F cly;
NfhshWfs; kpff; FiwNt. mth;fsJ ey;y ntspj;Njhw;wk;>
59
mth;fis vg;NghJk; MNuhf;fpakhdth;fshfNt fhl;Lk;. mth;fs;
kfpo;Tld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ MNuhf;fpak; kpf;fth;fs;. kfpo;rr
; papd;wp
,Uf;Fk; Neuq;fspy;> mJTk; md;Gnfhz;lth;fspdhy; Vw;gLk;
gpur;rpidfs; tUk;NghJ> Nrhh;Tw;W Neha;tha;gg
; Lthh;fs;.
f\;lq;fs; kpfTk; rq;flg;gLj;Jk;. vspjpy; czh;rr; ptag;glf;
$bath;fs;. rkaq;fspy; msTf;F mjpfkhfTk; nray;gLth;.
ML tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs;
Kd;dhs; FbauRj; jiyth; lhf;lh; mg;Jy; fyhk;> njhopyjpgh;fs;
gpy; Nfl;]>; tp[a; khy;ah> tlY}h; ts;syhh;> tpQ;Qhdp tpf;uk;
rhuhgha;> ghl;kpd;ld; Ml;lf;fhuh; gpufh\; gLNfhd;> ghlfp b. Nf.
gl;lk;khs;> ftpQh; thyp> ebif khJhp bf;rpj;> nld;dp]; Ml;lf;fhuh;
Nghhp]; ngf;fh;> tpkhdj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;j Mh;tpy; iul;> Xtpah;
ikf;fNyd;[Nyh> mnkhpf;f vOj;jhsh; khh;f; bitd;> ebfh; g&];
tpy;]>; vOj;jhsh; N[d; M];bd;
mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 3> 4> 5> 12> 34> 45> 54
xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;
fs : Kay;> gd;wp> Fjpiu
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs;
fs : vyp> vUJ
%yff; Fzq;fs;
MLthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg;
ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.
neUg;G ML

(gpg;uthp 13>1907 - gpg;uthp 01>1908

gpg;uthp 09>1967 - [dthp 29>1968)
Fzq;fs; njspT> Mf;Nuh\k;> cw;rhfk; nfhz;lth;fs;. kw;w
MLthrpfisg; Nghd;wy;yhJ mLj;jthpd; mDkjpia vjph;ghh;ff ;
khl;lhh;fs;. vg;NghJk; kw;wth;fspd; eLtpy; jq;fis
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;th;. mth;fs; r%f tpUk;gpfs;.
mjdhy; mth;fspd; FLk;gk;> ez;gh;fs; tl;lk; kpfTk;
gykhdjha; ,Uf;Fk;.

ku ML

([dthp 24>1955 - gpg;uthp 11>1956

gpg;uthp 19>2015 - gpg;uthp 07>2016)

60
 Fzq;fs; ek;gfj; jd;ik> gue;j kdk;> ek;gpf;ifahy; Cf;fk;>
czh;rr; p trg;gLk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. ez;gh;fSk;
cwtpdh;fSk; ,th;fSld; ,Uf;f nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;. mjdhy;
FOtpy; mth;fs; vg;NghJk; Rfkha; ,Ug;gh;. cjtp nra;tijg;
nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;. mth;fspd; me;j ,uf;f Fzk; gy
Neuq;fspy; kw;wth;fshy; rhjfkha; gad;gLj;jgLk;. ku
MLthrpfs; jq;fisg; ftdpj;Jj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;s rkak;
xJf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
G+kp ML
(gpg;uthp 01>1919 - gpg;uthp 19>1920
[dthp 28>1979 - gpg;uthp 15>1980)
Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;G> Ra mjpfhuk;> ey;yJ elf;Fk; vd;w
ek;gpf;if cilath;fs;. ];jpukhdth;fs;. epyj;jpy;
nfl;baha; fhy; gjpj;J epw;gh;. Rje;jpukhdth;fs;. cyf
mDgtk; kpf;fth;fs;. Mdhy; jd;dk;gpf;if rw;Nw FiwT.
mth;fSf;F tho;fi
; fapd; Kf;fpa tprak; FLk;gNk. tho;fi ; f
jUk; vijANk kfpo;rr ; pAld; Vw;gh;.
cNyhf
cNyhf ML
(gpg;uthp 17>1931 - gpg;uthp 05>1932
gpg;uthp 15>1991 - gpg;uthp 03> 1992)
Fzq;fs; s nghwhik> jw;fhg;Gj; jd;ik> ];jpuj; jd;ik
cilath;fs;. ntspj;Njhw;wj;jpy; cWjpaha; Njhd;wpdhYk;>
cs;sj;jhy; kpfTk; ,sfpath;fs;. ed;F Ghpe;J nfhz;l
neUq;fpa ez;gh;fs; ,ij epr;rak; MNkhjpg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs;
fyhr;rhuj;ij Nerpg;gth;fs;. vy;yhf; fiyfisAk; cah;tha;
kjpg;ghh;fs;.
ePh; ML
(gpg;uthp 05>1943 - [dthp 24>1944
gpg;uthp 01>2003 - [dthp 21> 2004)
Fzq;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if FiwT> trPfuk;> MNyhridfs;
toq;FtJ> Neuj;ij rkNahrpjkha; gad;gLj;Jk; jd;ik
cilath;fs;. ftiyaw;w cy;yhrpfs;. tho;fi
; f Nghfpw
Nghf;fpy; nry;y tpUk;Gth;. mjdhy;> mth;fs; ek; mUfpy;
,Ue;jhy;> kfpo;rr
; p jUk;. jhq;fs; epidj;jJ
elf;ftpy;iynad;why; kpfTk; Gyk;Gthh;fs;.
ePqf
; s; ML tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.
61
ML tUlg; gyd;fs; s: ML tUlk; mikjpAk; epjhdKk; nfhz;l
tUlkha; ,Uf;Fk;. xUtiu xUth; ed;F ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;th;.
fw;gidAk;> gilg;Gj; jpwDk; mjpfkha; ntspf;fhl;Lk;. kpjthjj;jpy;
xw;Wik vd;w nfhs;if gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

62
 9 rhJh;af; Fuq;F
(1908 1920 1932 1944 1956 1968 1980 1992 2004 2016 2028 2040 2052)
Neuk; khiy 3:00 Kjy; 5:00 tiu
chpa jpir Nkw;F> njd;Nkw;F
chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;>; Mf];l; khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk cNyhfk;
apd;-ahq;
ahq ahq;;
flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp>
Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML Kjypad Kjy; vl;L ,lq;fspy;
te;jd. ML> Nrty; ,uz;bd; cjtpAld; Fuq;Fk; fiuia
te;jile;jJ. flTsh;fs; mtw;iw tho;jj ; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd;
xd;gjhtJr; rpd;dkha; Fuq;ifj; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs; vd;gJ
fij.
,e;jf; fij Fuq;F Vd; xd;gjhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;
$wg;gLk; fij.
fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Fuq;F
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.
gpg;uthp 02>1908 - [dthp 21>1909
gpg;uthp 20>1920 - gpg;uthp 07>1921
gpg;uthp 06>1932 - [dthp 25>1933
[dthp 25>1944 - gpg;uthp 12>1945
gpg;uthp 12>1956 - [dthp 30>1957
[dthp 30>1968 - gpg;uthp 16>1969
gpg;uthp 16>1980 - gpg;uthp 04>1981
gpg;uthp 04>1992 - [dthp 22>1993
[dthp 22>2004 - gpg;uthp 08> 2005

,dp Fuq;Fthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN

; ghk;.

mofhdth;fs;. trPfukhdth;fs;. fw;gid tsk; kpf;fth;fs;.

Rl;bj;jdk;> Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tk; mjpfk;
cilath;fs;. tpisahl;Lj; jdj;Jld; vg;NghJk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
eifr;Rit czh;T nfhz;lth;fs;. RWRWg;ghdth;fs;. mwpTf;Fk;
Gj;jprhypj;jdj;jpw;Fk; Ngh; Nghdth;fs;. rthiyr; re;jpg;gjpy;
rkh;jj
; h;fs;. Njh;ej; uh[Pathjp. mwpQh;fs;. epidthw;wy; kpff;
nfhz;lth;fs;.
mwpTj; jhfKk;> Gjpadtw;iw njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; Mh;tKk; mjpfk;
nfhz;lth;fshjyhy;> tpraq;fis njhpe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJk;
63
fpufpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; NghJk; kpfTk; kfpo;rr
; p milthh;fs;.
fw;wjidj;ijAk; glq;fsha; jq;fsJ kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;
jpwk; ngw;wth;fs;. mth;fs; fz;l> Nfl;l> gbj;jwpe;j cz;ikfis
kpf el;gkhd tpraq;fisAk; Jy;ypakhf epidtpy; itj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; jpwk; gilj;jth;fs;. mth;fs; KOf;f KOf;f ,e;j
epidthw;wiyr; rhh;eN; j ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vndd;why; gyh;; epiyahd
Gj;jpaw;wth;fs;. kdk; vg;NghJk; miygha;eJ; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk;.
gpur;rpidfSf;Fs; GFe;J vspjpy; ntspNa tuj; njhpe;jth;fs;. Ra
gpur;rpidfisAk; gpwUf;F Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfisAk; vj;jid
nghpjha; ,Ue;j NghJk; rhpahd tifapy; jPhT ; fhz ty;yth;fs;.
kpfTk; fbdkhd gpur;rpidfis kpf vspa tifapy; GJ Kiwapy;
jPhf
; F
; k; rf;jpiag; ngw;wth;fs;. mjdhy; njhopy; rk;ge;jg;gl;lth;fs;
kj;jpapYk; ez;gh;fs; kj;jpapYk; ghuhl;Lk; kjpg;Gk; ngw ty;yth;fs;.
mth;fsJ rpwe;j fth;rr ; pfukhd Njhw;wj;jhYk;; ele;J nfhs;Sk;
tpjj;jhYk; rhJh;aj;jhYk; midtiuAk; jq;fs; gf;fk; <h;ff ;
ty;yth;fs;. mth;fsplk; kpfr; rpwg;ghd trPfhpf;ff;$ba jd;ikfs;
,Ug;gjhy;> kw;wth;fis <h;ff
; ty;yth;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfis kf;fs;
nkha;gg
; h;.;
jhq;fs; vz;zpaJ elf;ftpy;iynad;why; nghWikapd;wpj;
jtpg;ghh;fs;. Nfhgg;gLthh;fs;. Mdhy; te;j Nfhgk;> NtfkhfNt
jzpe;JtpLk;. ve;jf; fhhpaKk; mth;fSf;F mrhjhuzkha; ,Uf;fhJ.
mth;fs; vjpYk; rpwg;ghdth;fs;. jq;fs; Nky; gykhd KO
ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fs;. jq;fs; rhjidfis vz;zp kfpo;tjpy;
Fuq;Fthrpfis kpQ;r ahuhYk; KbahJ.

Fuq;Fthrpfs; gz tpraq;fspy; ke;jputhjpfs; vd;W $l nrhy;yyhk;.

mth;fs; epidj;jhy; ahiu Ntz;LkhdhYk; Vkhw;wf; $bath;fs;.
Vkhw;wj;ij Vkhw;wf; $bath;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfis Vkhw;w epidj;jhy;
khl;bf; nfhs;tijj; jtpu NtW top ,Uf;fhJ. Fuq;FthrpfSf;F
gzk; mj;jpatrpakhd xd;W. mijg; ngUk;ghYk; mth;fs;
jl;Lg;ghby;yhky; itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. ,y;iynad;why; mijg; ngWk;
fhhpaq;fspy; jPtpukha; <Lgl;bUg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; jhq;fs;
mjph;\l; rhypfs; vd;gij mwpe;jth;fs;.

Njitg;gLk; NghJ vijAk; khw;Wk; jpwk; jq;fsplk; ,Ug;gij

mwpe;jth;fs;.; Fuq;Fthrpfs; ve;j fhhpaj;jpYk; jq;fis Ko;fbj;Jf;
nfhz;L jpz;lhl khl;lhh;fs;. vjph;gG ; fSk; f\;lq;fSk; te;j NghJ>
me;jf; fhhpaj;jpypUe;J ntspNa tur; rkak; ghh;jJ ; > rhJh;akha;
ntspNa te;J tpLthh;fs;. Neuk; fhyk; ghh;jJ ; fhhpaq;fisr;
nra;tjpy; ty;yth;fs;. ve;j tpjj;jpYk; ey;y re;jh;gg ; j;ijf; fz;L
nfhs;sf; $bath;fs;. mth;fs; kw;nwhU re;jh;gg ; j;jpw;fhf fhj;jpUf;f
tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. jpl;lkpd;wp vijAk; nra;aj; Jzpa khl;lhh;fs;.
jpl;lkpLjypy; ty;yth;fs;.

64
,aw;ifapNyNa kfpo;Tld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gazk; nry;tijg; nghpJk;
tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mijAk; trjpAld; Kjy; tFg;gpy; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
nra;a vz;Zthh;fs;. jq;fs; tho;fi
; fapy; Rthurpakhd
tpraq;fis vjph; Nehf;fp fhj;jpUg;ghh;fs;.
Fuq;Fthrpfs; jhq;fs; tpUk;gpaij f\;lkpy;yhky; ngwj;jf;fth;fs;
vd;gjhy; jhq;fs; rhjpj;jtw;iw gw;wp mj;jidf; fz;L nfhs;s
khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; ntF tpiutpy; Mh;tj;ij ,of;ff; $bath;fs;.
mjdhy; nra;aj; njhlq;fpa fhhpaq;fis tpiutpy; Kbf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,y;iynad;why; ghjpapNyNa Mh;tkw;W tpl;Ltplf; $bath;fs;.
vJNk ];jpukhdjy;y vd;gij ed;F czh;ej ; th;fs;. mth;fs;
jq;fs; gzpia njhlh;eJ
; nrk;ikg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lgth;fs;. rpy rkak;
jq;fs; nraiyf; fz;L mre;J Nghff; $bath;fs;.
Fuq;FthrpfSf;F nra;jpfisj; njhpe;J nfhs;tJ tpUg;gkhd
nghOJNghf;F.
mryhdth;fs;. rhJhpakhdth;fs;. Fuq;Fthrpfs; vg;NghJk; Kd;
epw;gth;fs;. mth;fs; vz;zk; ey;yjha; ,Ue;j NghJk;> rpy
Neuq;fspy; mth;fs; nra;Ak; nray;fSk; Ngr;Rf;fSk; kw;wth;
kdijg; Gz;gLj;Jtjha; mikaf; $Lk;.

mwpTk;> Mw;wYk;> Mf;fG+h;tKk; gpwtpapNyNa cs;s NghJk;> gy

rkaq;fspy; me;jj; jd;ikfis ntspNa fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. mJ
ntspNa njhpAk; NghJ> kw;wth;fs; Fok;gp tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs;
jhd; vd;w mfe;ij kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. mJ mth;fSf;F gy
rkaq;fspy; ey;yijr; nra;af; $baJk; cz;L.

Fuq;Fthrpfs; fpuhk tho;fi; fia tpl efu tho;fi ; fiaNa mjpfk;

tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Neuj;ij tPzbf;f khl;lhh;fs;. Mdhy; mth;fs;
kdpjh;fisf; $h;eJ; ftdpg;gjpy; Neuk; fopg;gij nghOJNghf;fhff;
nfhs;s tpUk;Gthh;fs;.
njhopy;
fhhpak; nra;aj;Jzpe;J tpl;lhy;> fUkNk fz;zhd fbd
ciog;ghspaha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nghpa fhhpaq;fisr; rpwg;ghfr; nra;Ak;
jpwk; gilj;jth;fs;.
mth;fsplk; ,Uf;Fk; jpwikAk; Rakhd mryhd fhhpaq;fs; nra;Ak;
jd;ikAk; Fuq;Fthrpfis mjph;\l ; rhypfshf;Fk;. mth;fs; ve;jj;
njhopypy; <Lgl;lhYk; mjpy; gpufhrpg;ghh;fs;.

kpfTk; kfpo;rr
; pAld; xU KiwNaDk; Kad;W ghh;jJ ; tpl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W midj;Jf; fhhpaj;ijAk; nra;Jg; ghh;ff
; j; Jbg;ghh;fs;.

65
mth;fSf;F E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd Nahridfs; Njhd;wpa tz;zk;
,Uf;Fk;. mtw;wpy; gytw;iw nra;J fhl;Lk; jpwKk; ngw;wth;fs;.
ve;j Ntiyia vLj;Jr; nra;jhYk; mijj; jpwk;gl nra;a KbAk;.
khWk; #oYf;F Vw;g jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;sf; $bath;fs;.
Ntfkha; Ntiyiar; nra;thh;fs;. Mdhy; nra;Ak; Ntiyf;F
,uz;L klq;F $ypia vjph;gg ; hh;gg
; hh;fs;. mth;fs; tq;fp kw;Wk;
fzf;fply; Jiwapy; rpwg;ghh;fs;. gpur;rpidfSf;F jPhT ; fhz;gtuha;>
tpQ;Qhdpaha;> Ma;thsuha;> fz;Lgpbg;ghsuha; mth;fs; gpugykhtJ
kpfTk; vspJ. NkYk;> nghwpahsh;> gq;Fr; re;ij tpahghhp> jpiu
,af;Feh;> eif tpahghhp> tpw;gidahsh;> tpahghhp Mfpa
njhopy;fspy; rpwf;f mjpf tha;gG ; f;fs; cz;L.

cwT
mth;fs; ahiuAk; vspjpy; ek;g khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; kpfTk;
vr;rhpf;ifAld; jq;fs; $l;lhspfisj; Njh;en; jLj;J mth;fSld;
kl;LNk gof tpUk;Gthh;fs;.

ez;gh;fsplk; tpRthrKk; gf;jpAk; cila Fuq;Fthrpfs; vspjpy;

fhjy; tag;glj; jf;fth;fs;. Mdhy; kpf tpiutpNyNa jhq;fs;
tpUk;gpajpd; NkYs;s gw;iw Mh;tkpd;ikahy; tpl;Ltpl;L kw;nwhd;iw
ehl ty;yth;fs;. mNjg; Nghd;W jq;fs; Ntiyia ehl;lj;Jld;
Muk;gpj;j NghJk;> rpy fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpwF tpUk;ghky; tpl;Lr; nry;yf;
$bath;fs;.
mth;fs; mLj;jth;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis nrtp kLj;Jf; Nfl;f tpUk;g
khl;lhh;fs;. ,Ue;jNghJk; mth;fSld; ,Ue;jhy; mth;fis
Nfhgpj;Jf; nfhs;sNt KbahJ.
Fuq;Fthrpfs; fhjypy; rw;Nw vr;rhpf;ifAld; ,Ug;gJ ey;yJ.
vt;tsTjhd; ntspg;gilahd kdk; cilath;fshd NghJk;>
rkaj;jpy; jq;fsJ ey;y cwthf vz;z Kbahj NghJ> mth;fs;
Nky; Mh;tkw;W> gphpa rw;Wk; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;.
Fuq;Fthrpfs; cwT tpraq;fspy; tpiutpy; gzpaf; $bath;fs;
fpilahJ. vjpYk; tpiutpy; Mh;tk; ,of;ff; $bath;fs; vd;w
fhuzj;jhy;> cwTfs; gykhdjha; ,Uf;fhJ. vy;yhtw;iwAk; kPwp
ahNuDk; mjpfkhf ek;gp jd; Jizaha; Vw;Wf; nfhz;lhy;> me;j
cwit jq;fs; tho;ehs; KOf;f njhlu KOikaha; nray;gLthh;fs;.
cly; eyk;

czT tptfhuj;jpy; mtru fjpapy; cz;gijNa tpUk;Gth;.

mth;fsplj;jpy; Neuk; vLj;J KO czit cz;z mj;jid Mh;tk;
,Uf;fhJ. cz;gjpy; Neuj;ij tpuakhf;FtJ mth;fSf;Fg; gpbf;fhJ.

66
NehAw;w NghJ Xa;T vLg;gJ Neu tpuak; vd;W czh;ej; fhuzj;jhy;>
mth;fs; Neha;tha;g; gLtJ kpfTk; mG+h;tk;. RWRWg;ghd tho;fi
; f
KiwfSk;> nray;ghLfSk; mth;fis vg;NghJk; MNuhf;fpakha;
itj;Jf; nfhs;s cjTk;. mth;fs; Neha;tha;gLtJ ngUk;ghYk;
gjw;wk; fhuzkha; ,Uf;FNknahopa NtW nghpa fhuzq;fs;
,Uf;fhJ.
Fuq;F tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; ,e;jpaf; FbauRj; jiyth;fs; lhf;lh;
,uhN[e;jpug; gpurhj;> Nf. Mh;. ehuhazd;> eifr;Rit ebfh;
fiythzh;> ,e;jpag; gpujkh;fs; uh[Pt; fhe;jp> lhf;lh; kd;Nkhfd; rpq;>
,ir ty;Yeh; nrk;khq;Fb rPdpthr Iah;> tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l tPuh;
t.C.rp> gwit epGzh; ryPk; myp> fpNuf;f kd;dd; [_ypa]; rPrh;>
ebif vyprngj; ilyh;> gy;fiy mwpQh; ypahdhh;Nlh lh tpd;rp

mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 3> 4> 5> 7> 16> 23> 34> 45> 54.

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs; : buhfd;> vyp

xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs; : Gyp> ghk;G> gd;wp
%yff; Fzq;fs;
Fuq;Fthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW
Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.

neUg;G Fuq;F

(gpg;uthp 12>1956 - [dthp 30>1957)

Fzq;fs; MSik> caph;gG ; > Mf;fg;G+h;tk;> vjph;gG
; fshy; Cf;fk;
nfhz;L nray;gLjy; Mfpa Fzq;fisf; nfhz;lth;fs;.
Mw;wYk;>; ek;gpf;ifAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. Fwpf;Nfhis KbT
nra;tjpy; cs;s rhkh;jj ; pak; mij miltjpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
ve;jr; #oypYk; jhNd cah;ej ; tuha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
vz;zk; ,Ue;j NghJk; mtUld; goFtij kw;wth;fs;
tpUk;Gth;.
ku Fuq;F

([dthp 25>1944 - gpg;uthp 13>1945)

Fzq;fs; kw;wth;fsplk; Ngrpg; gofpj; njhlh;G nfhs;tjpy; if
Njh;ej
; th;fs;. mjdhy; gyUld; fye;J Ngrpf; nfhs;Sk;
jd;ik cilath;fs;. fbd ciog;ghspfs;. fhhpaq;fs; vg;gb
elf;fpd;wd vd;gijg; Ghpe;Jf; nfhs;tjpy; ty;yth;fs;.
vr;rhpf;ifAilath;fs;. tha; Ngr;R mjpfk; ,Uf;Fk;. Ghpe;J
nfhs;tjpy; rhJh;ak; ,Uf;Fk;. mikjpaw;wth;fs;.
67
G+kp Fuq;F

(gpg;uthp 02>1908 - [dthp 21>1909

[dthp 30> 1968 - gpg;uthp 16> 1969)
Fzq;fs; ew;FzKk;> KiwNahL nray;fisr; nra;Ak;
jd;ikAk; nfhz;lth;fs;. r%f Mh;tyh;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
tho;fi
; fia rhpahd tifapy; tho tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs;.
Ntiyf;Fk; cwTfSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;ghh;fs;. ek;gj;
jFe;jth;fs;. vy;yh NtiyapYk; jq;fs; E}W rjtPj
Kaw;rpia fhl;Lthh;fs;. gpwh; jq;fsplk; kjpg;GlDk;
khpahijAlDk; ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;g;ghh;fs;.
rw;Nw fLfLf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.

cNyhf Fuq;F
(gpg;uthp 20>1920 - gpg;uthp 07>1921
gpg;uthp 16>1980 - gpg;uthp 04> 1981)
Fzq;fs; jd;dk;gpf;if kpff; nfhz;l Fwpf;NfhSilath;fs;.
mjdhy; vg;NghJk; ntw;wp ngWk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;.
mth;fs; tpUk;gj;jf;fth;fshfTk;> md;ghdth;fshfTk;
vz;zg;gl;lhYk; mth;fs; jdpikia tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs;
jq;fs; njhopy; Kiw ez;gh;fsplKk;> v[khdh;fsplKk;
tpRthrk; cilath;fs;. md;G> Neh;jj
; p> cWjp Nghd;w
Fzq;fSf;F rhd;wha; tpsq;Fthh;fs;.
ePh; Fuq;F
(gpg;uthp 06>1932 - [dthp 25>1933
gpg;uthp 04>1992 - [dthp 22>1993)
Fzq;fs; Gj;jprhypj;jdk;> $b Ntiy nra;tjpy; tpUg;gk;>
gl;Lk; glhkYk; ele;J nfhs;tJ mj;jifath;fspd; Fzq;fs;.
mjpf czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; $Wtijf; Nfl;L
mbf;fb kdr; rq;flk; nfhs;Sk; jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. jq;fs;
czh;Tfis ntspf; fhl;l khl;lhh;fs;. mjdhy; mij
kiwf;f eifr;Rit czh;Tld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsplk;;
ngUk;ghYk; Fwpf;NfhspypUe;J kpf vspjpy; eOTk; jd;ik
,Ug;gjhy;> mth;fs; xNu Ntiyapy; ftdk; nrYj;jpdhy;>
epr;rak; ntw;wp fpl;Lk;.
ePqf
; s; Fuq;F tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.

68
Fuq;F tUlg; gyd;fs;s: vJthdhYk; vy;yhKk; epr;rak; elf;ff;$ba
tUlk;. gy mjprakhd fhhpaq;fs; elf;Fk; rhj;jpaf; $Wfs; mjpfk;
cila tUlk;. rhj;jpakpy;yhj tpraq;fSk; ele;J ntw;wp juf;$ba
tUlk;. vl;Lj; jpf;fpYk; ntw;wp ntw;wp vd;w Ngr;Nr ,Uf;Fk; vd;w
fhuzj;jhy;> ahh; vd;d nra;jhh;fs; vd;gNj njhpahky; NghFk;.
mjph;\l; tUlk;. ,e;j tUlj;jpy; ahUk; ,y;iy vd;w gjpiy
Vw;Wf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;.

69
 10 xspT kiwtw;w Nrty;
(1909 1921 1933 1945 1957 1969 1981 1993 2005 2017 2029 2041 2053)
Neuk; khiy 5:00 Kjy; 7:00 tiu
chpa jpir Nkw;F
chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;>; nrg;lk;gh;; khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk cNyhfk;;
apd;-ahq;
ahq apd;
flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp>
Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F Kjypad Kjy; xd;gJ
,lq;fspy; te;jd. ML> Fuq;F ,uz;bd; cjtpAld; NrtYk;;
fiuia te;jile;jJ. flTsh;fs; mtw;iw tho;jj
; p tUlr;
rf;fuj;jpd; gj;jhtJr; rpd;dkha; Nrtiyj; njhpT nra;J
mwptpj;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fij.
,e;jf; fij Nrty; Vd; gj;jhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;
$wg;gLk; fij.
fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; Nrty;
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.

[dthp 22>1909 - gpg;uthp 09>1910

gpg;uthp 08>1921 - [dthp 27>1922
[dthp 26>1933 - gpg;uthp 13>1934
gpg;uthp 13>1945 - gpg;uthp 01>1946
[dthp 31>1957 - gpg;uthp 17>1958
gpg;uthp 17>1969 - gpg;uthp 05>1970
gpg;uthp 05>1981 - [dthp 24>1982
[dthp 23>1993 - gpg;uthp 09>1994
gpg;uthp 09>2005 - [dthp 28> 2006

,dp Nrty;thrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN

; ghk;.
Nrty;thrpfs; gz;ghsh;fs;. rkNahrpj Gj;jpAs;sth;fs;.
midj;ijAk; ftdpf;Fk; jd;ik kpf;fth;fs;. gFj;jwpAk;
czh;Tilath;fs;. Neh; Nehf;Filath;fs;. fhhpaq;fisf; Fw;wkw
G+h;zkha; nra;gth;fs;. JWJWg;GlDk;> gakw;wth;fshfTk;>
Ngr;rhsh;fshfTk;> jk;gl;lk; mbj;Jf; nfhs;gtuhfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
fz;zpak;> ek;gpf;if Nghd;w Fzq;fisg; gpwtpf; Fzkha; nfhz;l
Nrty; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fs;> goFtjw;Ffe;jth;fshfTk;>
ngUk;ghYk; ey;y cil mzpgth;fshfTk;> rpwe;jth;fshfTk;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. ehzKk;> gzpTk; nfhz;l Nrty;thrpfs;> jq;fs;
70
Njhw;wj;jpd; Nky; mf;fiw nfhz;lth;fs;. ehfhpfkhd cilfis
mzpa tpUk;Gthh;fs;.
Nrty;thrpfis Fiwj;J kjpg;gplhjPhf
; s;. mth;fs; elg;gnjy;yhk;
ed;ikf;Nf vd;W vz;Zgth;fs;. gakwpahjth;fs;. cyfNk jtW
vd;W nrhd;dhYk;> jq;fs; topia khw;wpf; nfhs;s vz;z
khl;lhh;fs;. vz;zpa> ek;g Kbahj> fw;gid fhZk; jpl;lq;fisr;
nray;gLj;Jtjpy; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy;
mij elj;jpAk; fhl;b tpLthh;fs;. mth;fsJ gy jpwg;gl;l
tpNehjkhd topfSk; Kaw;rpfSk; mth;fis nghpjha; rhjpf;f
itf;Fk;.
$h;ej; mwpTk;> Muha;eJ
; zUk; gz;Gk; mth;fis Mo;ej
;
rpe;jidahsh;fsha; fhl;Lk;. mth;fs; Njhw;gJ kpf mhpJ.
Nrty;thrpfs; eilKiwahsh;fsha; ,Ue;j NghJk;> nghpa fdTfs;
fhz;gth;fsha; ,Ug;gh;. mth;fs; ,aw;ifapNtNa jPuk; kpf;fth;fs;.
jhq;fs; tpUk;gpaij vg;gbg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gij mwpe;jth;fs;.
nghpa ,yl;rpaj;ij milAk; ghijapy; jlq;fy; Vw;gl;lhy;> mij
vz;zp tUe;jKk; ftiyAk; nfhs;thh;fs;. MdhYk; mth;fs;
Njhy;tpapypUe;J ntF tpiutpy; kPzL ; tpLthh;fs;. mth;fs; ePzl ;
fhyk; mikjpaha; ,Ug;gJ kpf mhpJ. vg;NghJk; jq;fis VjhtJ
gzpfspy; <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;L nray;gl;l tz;zk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
,th;fs; ,U tifg;gLth;. xU tif tprdg;gLgth;fs;. kw;nwhU
tif ed;F gofj;jf;fth;fs;.
rPd N[hjplj;jpy; Nrty;thrpfs; rw;Nw tpNehjg; ghq;F
nfhz;lth;fsha; fUjg;gLfpwhh;fs;. fdTyfpy; mjpfk;
rQ;rhpg;ghh;fs;. tz;z tz;z cilfis mzpe;J gpwiuf; ftUk;
tifapy; tpsq;Fth;. jq;fisg; gw;wp fh;tk; ,Uf;Fk;. nra;Ak;
fhhpaq;fisr; rhpaha;> jpwk;gl> thpirg;gLj;jpr; nra;th;. vy;yh
fhhpaq;fspYk; EZf;fkhd tpraq;fSf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J
ftdk; nrYj;Jk; fz;fs; nfhz;bUg;ghh;fs;.
nrk;ikthjpfs;. kdpjj; jtWfSf;F ,lk; nfhLf;f khl;lhh;fs;. rpy
Neuq;fspy; mth;fNs jtW nra;fpwhh;fs; vd;W gpwh; vz;zpdhYk;>
mJ VjhtJ xU tifapy; rhpaha; ,Uf;Fk; tha;gG ; fs; mjpfk;.
f\;lkhd fhhpaq;fisr; rthyha; Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;. jq;fisg; gw;wp
nrk;ikaha; NgrTk; vOjTk; $bath;fs;.
thf;Fthjq;fisj; Jtf;fp itg;gijg; nghpJk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ve;jg;
nghUisg; gw;wp tpthjpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;whYk;> mth;fs; mjpy; Njh;ej
;
Qhdk; ngw;wth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsplk; rthy; tpl;lhy;>
ePskhd rz;ilf;Fj; jahuha; ,Uf;f Ntz;b ,Uf;Fk;. mth;fsJ
cly; cuk; gpukpf;fj; jf;fJ. jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fis vj;jid
tpiy nfhLj;Jk; nty;y itj;J tpLthh;fs;.

71
mth;fs; cUthf;fTk;> ,Uf;Fk; #oYf;F Vw;gj; jq;fis khw;wpf;
nfhs;sTk; tpUk;ghjth;fs;. Mdhy; ftdpj;J> tpUJfis toq;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;Zth;. tpthjj;jpw;Fk; rz;ilapLtjw;Fk;
Mtyha;f; fhj;jpUg;gh;. Kul;Lj;jdkhdth;fs;.
gz tpraq;fspy; kpfTk; rpwe;j tifapy; nray;gLthh;fs;.
tuTf;Fs; nryTfis itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Rafl;Lg;ghL
,th;fsplj;jpy; cz;L. fQ;rj;jdk; ,Uf;fhJ. mjpf jahs
FzKk;> gpwUf;F nfhLj;JjTk; FzKk; mth;fsplj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
jhq;fs; Nrfhpj;j nry;tj;ijr; rhpahd Kiwapy; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zpr; nray;gLthh;fs;. mijNa kw;wth;fSf;Fk;
vLj;Jr; nrhy;thh;fs;.

Nrty;thrpfis jd;dk;gpf;if> Mlk;guk;> Cf;fk; Mfpa Fzq;fSf;F

milahskha;r; nrhy;yyhk;. tpRthrKk;> ek;gfKk; kpf;f kdpjh;fs;.
xspT kiwtw;w fUj;Jf;fisj; njhptpg;gjpy; vg;NghJk; gpd;thq;f
khl;lhh;fs;. fPoj; ukhd Fzky;y mJ. cz;ikahdth;fs; vd;w
fhuzj;jhNyNa mj;jd;ikiaf; nfhz;lth;fs;. gpwhplKk; mijNa
vjph;ghh;ff
; Tk; nra;thh;fs;.
fhhpaj;ijr; nrt;tNd nra;J Kbg;gjpy; mf;fiwAk; jpwikAk;
nfhz;lth;fs;. rhjpf;ff; fpsk;gp tpl;lhy;> nra;J Kbf;f topapy;
rpf;Ftdtw;iwnay;yhk; jpUg;gpg; Nghlhky; tpl khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs;
RWRWg;ghd Mty;kpFe;j kdj;ij Mokha; MuhAk; jd;ik
nfhz;lth;fs;. mth;fs; xU NghJk; mirtw;W ,Uf;fNt
khl;lhh;fs;. Nrty;thrpfs; rpy tpraq;fSf;F Neuk; vLf;fNtr;
nra;Ak; vd;gijg; Ghpe;J nfhz;L nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j
cyfj;jpd; ,af;fq;fisj; jq;fs; fhy ml;ltizf;Fs; GFj;j
KbahJ vd;gij czu Ntz;Lk;. mth;fs; kpfTk; mw;Gjkhd
tpraq;fisAk; rhjpf;f ty;yth;fs;. Mdhy; mth;fs; kpfTk;
EZf;fkhd tpraq;fis vg;NghJk; Nfhl;iltpl;L tpLthh;fs;.
r%fj;jpd; Nky; mf;fiw cs;sth;fs;. goFjw;F ,dpikahdth;fs;.
$l;lj;jpy; ftdpf;fj;jf;f ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
vz;Zgth;fs;. mjdhy; jd;idg; gw;wpAk;> jhd; rhjpj;jtw;iwg;
gw;wpAk; ngUik NgRk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. mth;fspd; njhlh;ej ;
,e;jg; Nghf;F rpy Neuq;fspy; njhy;iyahff; $l mike;J tpLk;.
Nrty;thrpfs; jq;fs; Nky; vt;tsTf;nft;tsT fh;tkha;
,Uf;fpwhh;fNsh> mNjasT jq;fs; tPlb ; d; NkYk; FLk;gj;jhh; NkYk;
fh;tk; nfhz;lth;fs;.
nra;Ak; gzpfisr; nrt;tNdr; nra;thh;fs;. mjdhy; mth;fspd;
tPLfs; kpfTk; Rj;jkhfTk; Neh;jj
; pahfTk; fhzg;gLk;.
jhuhs kdg;ghd;ikaw;wth;fs;. ,ij ntspf;fhl;lhky; ,Uf;f
jq;fisj; jd;dk;gpf;ifAk; NghuhLk; jd;ikAk; cs;sth;fsha;f;
fhl;bf; nfhs;th;.
72
mth;fs; vy;Nyhh; ftdj;ijAk; jq;fs; gf;fk; <h;ff
; tpUk;Gthh;fs;.
kw;wth;fspd; czh;TfSf;F kjpg;Gf; nfhLg;gJ kpff; FiwT.
mjdhy; mth;fs; Gfohuk; #l;Ltijf; Nfl;f nghpJk; tpUk;Gth;.
njhopy;
Fwpf;NfhSilath;fs;. thdsT cau vz;Zthh;fs;. Njh;njLj;j
Jiwapd; Nky; jPtpukhd gw;W nfhz;L> Ntiyiar; nra;J> gy Gjpa
Aj;jpfisg; GFj;jp nty;th;. ,sikapNyNa tho;fi
; fia tho
Muk;gpj;J> jq;fs; ,s tajpNyNa ntw;wpg; gbapy; Nkd;NkYk;
nry;th;. Ra tpahghuj;jpy; rpwg;gh;.

Kf;fpakhd fhhpaq;fis mth;fisg; Nghy; rhptur; nra;a ahuhYk;

KbahJ. MizapLk; NghJ rhpahd Miziaf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Njitf;Nfw;g Ntiyia khw;wpr; nra;a cld;gl khl;lhh;fs;.
nra;aTk; tpUk;gkhl;lhh;fs;.
mth;fs; ve;jj; Jiwapy; ,Ue;jhYk; ntw;wp ngWk; jpwk;
gilj;jth;fs;. tpsk;guk;> Nfspf;if> cztfk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Ntiyfspy; rpwf;f tha;gG
; fs; cz;L.

gz tpraq;fspy; rpwe;jth;fs;. mth;fs; kdpjf; Fiwfis vd;Wk;

Vw;Wf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. mDkjpf;fTk; khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs;
kdk; mwptpay; hPjpapy; Ntiy nra;J eilKiwAld; xj;jf;
fhhpaq;fisr; nra;aj; Jbf;Fk;.
Nrty;thrpfs; Cf;fk; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. fbd ciog;ghspfs;.
,f;Fzq;fs; mth;fis ntw;wpfukhd epiyf;F cah;jj ; f; $bait.
mth;fs; ey;y ebfh;fshfTk;> eldf; fiyQh;fishfTk;> ,irf;
fiyQh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. gy; kUj;Jth;> MAl;fhg;ghsh;>
cjtpahsh;> E}yfh; Nghd;w njhopy;fspYk; <Lglyhk;. ,uhZtj;jpy;
Nrh;ej
; hy; kpfTk; rpwg;ghd gzpiar; nra;aj; jf;fth;fs;.
cwT
ez;gh;fSk; cwtpdh;fSk; VjhtJ rpf;fypy; khl;bf; nfhz;lhy;>
mth;fs; cjtp NfhUk; Kd;Ng rpf;fiyj; jPhf ; f
; Kad;W> ntw;wpAk;
ngWthh;fs;. me;jf; Fzk; rpf;fypy; khl;bath;fSf;F gpbf;fhj
NghJk;> jPhT; fhZk; rkaj;jpy; kfpo;th;. Neuk; gw;wp mjpfk;
vr;rhpf;if Fzk; cilath;fs;. mth;fSld; goFk; NghJ> Neuk;
fhyk; ghh;jJ ; > jpl;lkpl;Lr; nray;gl Ntz;Lk;. gpwUf;F cjTk;
jd;ikapy; ek;gfkhdthh;fs;.
Nrty;thrpfspd; xspTkiwtw;w cz;ikahd Fzk;> gy ,lq;fspy;
rhpg;glhJ. czh;Tg;G+h;tkhd kdpjh;fs; mth;fshy; nghpJk;
ghjpf;fg;gLth;. mjdhy; mth;fs; kpfTk; jplkhd kdk;
73
nfhz;lth;fSld; goFtJ ey;yJ. mth;fspd; jplkhd kdj;jpw;Fs;
kpfTk; md;ghd ,jak; ,Ug;gij mth;fshy; kl;LNk Ghpe;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.

rpy rkak; jq;fs; vz;zNk rhp vd;W mth;fs; elf;Fk; NghJ>

gpwUf;F gpbf;fhky; Nghfyhk;. Mdhy; gy rkaq;fspy; mth;fs;
vz;zk; rhpahdjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;.
Nrty;thrpfs; jq;fs; ez;gh;fisAk; jq;fs; md;gpw;Fg;
ghj;jpukhdth;fisAk; kfpo;Tld; itj;Jf; nfhs;s gytw;iwr;
nra;aj; JzptJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mjpy; ntw;wp ngwhtpl;lhy;>
kpfTk; tUj;jKWth;. mth;fsJ cz;ikahd md;Gk;> MjuTk;>
Neubf; fz;fhzpg;Gk; mth;fsplk; ez;gh;fSk; cwtpdh;fSk; mth;fs;
ghy; md;Gk; kjpg;Gk; khpahijAk; nfhs;s itf;Fk;.
Nrty;thrpfs; NeUf;F Neh; NgRk; jd;ik mth;fisr; rpwe;j
uh[Pathjpaha; fUj tplhJ. jq;fs; kdj;jpy; gl;lij gl;nld;W
vLj;Jf; $Wk; NghJ> gpwuJ czh;Tfis Nahrpf;fhky; nra;tJ gy
rkaq;fspy; gpur;rpidfspy; khl;b tpLk;. gpwiu Vd; tUj;jg;gl
itf;f Ntz;Lk;? Nrty;thrpfs; vg;NghJk; rhpahfNt nra;thh;fs;
vd;W kw;wth;fs; vz;z Ntz;Lk;. mg;gb vz;zpdhy; kdj;jhq;fy;fs;
tpyfp tpLk;.
kw;wth;fis kfpo;tpf;f tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs; Vw;ghL nra;Ak;
tpohf;fs; Nfspf;iffs; epr;rakha;; nghpajhfTk;> ePzl; ehl;fs;
epidtpy; epw;gitahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
cly; eyk;
Nrty;thrpfs; ngUk;ghYk; RWRWg;ghdth;fs;. mth;fs; jq;fis
vg;NghJk; ,af;fpa tz;zk; ,Ug;gjhy;> cly; eyk; ed;whfNt
,Uf;Fk;. VjhtJ Neha;tha;gl;lhYk;> Ntfkha; mjpypUe;J kPzL ;
tpLthh;fs;. vg;NghNjDk; mjpfkha; Neha;tha;gl;lhy;> mOj;jj;JlDk;
Nrhfj;JlDk; fhzg;gLthh;fs;.
Nrty; tUlj;ija gpugyq;
gpugyq;fs; njhopyjpgh;fs; KNf\; mk;ghdp> mrPk;
gpNuk;[p> Rdpy; kpl;ly;> jPu[;yhy; `puhee;j; mk;ghdp> jkpof
Kjy;th;fs; NguwpQh; mz;zh> gf;jtr;ryk;> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs;
kNfe;jpu rpq; Njhdp> rdj; n[a#h;ah> Atuh[; rpq;> rJuq;f
tpisahl;L tPuh; tp];tehjd; Mde;j>; khz;lhpd; rPdpth];> mikr;rh;
g. rpjk;guk;> Mq;fpyg; vOj;jhsh; ul;ahh;l; fpg;ypq;> ebfh; gPll ; h;
c];jpdht;> n[h;kdpapy; gpwe;J u\;ag; Nguurpahd fhj;jhpd; jp fpNul;
mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 1>5>6>12.15>16>24>51

xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;

fs : vUJ> ghk;G> buhfd;
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs;
fs : Kay;> eha;
74
%yff; Fzq;fs;
Nrty;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW
Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.
neUg;G Nrty;
Nrty;

([dthp 31>1957 - gpg;uthp 17>1958)

Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;ghspfs;. Rje;jpukhdth;fs;. rhpaha;r;
nra;gth;fs;. epjhdkw;wth;fs;. r%fj;jpd; Kd; jq;fsJ
gpk;gj;ij rhp nra;J nfhs;tjpNyNa ngUk;ghyhd Neuj;ijf;
fopg;gh;. mth;fs; r%f njhz;lh;fs;. jiyrpwe;j jiyth;fs;.
mjpf xspTkiwT mw;wth;fs;. ,e;j mth;fsJ Fzk;
gyiuAk; tUj;jf;FbaJ.
ku Nrty;

(gpg;uthp 13>1945 - gpg;uthp 01>1946

gpg;uthp 09>2005 - [dthp 28> 2006)
Fzq;fs; cz;ikahdth;fs;. rpe;jidthjpfs;.
mlf;fkhdth;fs;. Raeykw;wth;fs;. FOitr; rhh;eJ; ,Uf;f
tpUg;gk; nfhz;lth;fs; vd;gjhy;> ez;gh;fSk; njhpe;jth;fSk;
mjpfk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. vg;NghJNk kdpjh;fsplj;jpy; nfl;l
Fzq;fisj; jtph;jJ ; ey;y Fzq;fis kl;LNk fz;L
goFth;. tho;fi ; fapYk; ey;ydtw;iwNa Nehf;Fth;.
mth;fsplk; Fiw vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;Lnkd;why;> Muk;gpj;jf;
fhhpaj;ij Kbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ntfk; ,y;yhjJ kl;LNk.
,J ngUk;ghYk; jq;fs; rf;jpf;F vl;lhj gzpfis vLj;Jf;
nfhs;tjd; fhuzkha; ,Uf;Fk;.

G+kp Nrty;
([dthp 22>1909 - gpg;uthp 09>1910
gpg;uthp 17>1969 - gpg;uthp 05>1970)
Fzq;fs; mwpQh;fs;. gz;ghdth;fs;. xOq;fha;f; fhhpaq;fisr;
nra;gth;fs;. tpraq;fis Muha;eJ
; nray;gLgth;fs;. gy
fhhpaq;fis xNu Neuj;jpy; nra;af; $bath;fs;. ntw;wpahy;
Cf;fk; nfhz;L> nray;gLth;. cahpa fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;L>
kw;wth;fSk; mjd; top elf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vjph;ghh;gg ; hh;fs;.
me;j vjph;ghh;gG
; rpy rkaq;fspy; kw;wth;fis Jd;GWj;j
ty;yjha; mike;JtpLk; vd;gjhy; kpjkha; ele;J nfhs;tJ
eyk; gaf;Fk;.

75
cNyhf Nrty;
(gpg;uthp 08>1921 - [dthp 27>1922
gpg;uthp 05>1981 - [dthp 24>1982)
Fzq;fs; fbd ciog;ghsp. eilKiwthjp. mfk;ghtk;>
jw;ngUik kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;. me;jj; jw;ngUikiag;
nghpjha; ntspg;gLj;Jk; ez;gh;fis vg;NghJk; Njba tz;zk;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fsJ ez;gh;fSlDk; cwtpdh;fSlDk;
cs;s cwTfis J}ug;gLj;Jk;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; MuhAk;
jd;ik kpf;fth;fs;. fw;gid mjpfk;. re;jh;gq;fis
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;gth;fs;.
ePh; Nrty;

([dthp 26>1933 - gpg;uthp 13>1934

[dthp 23>1993 - gpg;uthp 09>1994)

Fzq;fs; jpwik kpf;fth;fs;. fy;tpahsh;fs;. eilKiwthrpfs;.

Gj;jp rhJh;aj;jhy; Cf;fk; nfhs;gth;fs;. cw;rhfkhdth;fs;.
Nrty;thrpfisr; rhe;jg;gLj;Jk; jd;ik ePUf;F cz;L.
mth;fs; $l;lj;jpy; Kf;fpaj;j];jh;fsha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;w czh;T mjpfk; ,y;yhjth;fs;. Ngr;Rj; jpwik
nrk;ikg;gLj;jg; gl;ljha; ,Uf;Fk;. vg;NghJk; RWRWg;G>
tpraq;fis $h;eJ
; ftdpf;Fk; jd;ikfs; Fwpg;gpl;l
fhhpaj;ijf; ftdkha;r; nra;tjpy; ey;y gyd; fpilf;Fk;.

ePqf
; s; Nrty; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.
Nrty; tUlg; gyd;fs; s: rf;jp kpFe;j tUlk;. thjk; tpjz;lhthjk;
epiwaNt ,Uf;Fk;. vr;rhpf;ifaha; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba tUlKk; $l.
ahUk; ahUilaf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nfl;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;.
mjdhy; ngUj;j Ntw;Wikfs; Vw;gl;L rz;ilr; rr;ruTfs;
mjpfkhFk;. ,Ue;jhYk; ahUk; ngUj;j f\;lq;fis mDgtpf;f
khl;lhh;fs;.

76
 11 Njhoik eha;
(1910 1922 1934 1946 1958 1970 1982 1994 2006 2018 2030 2042 2054)
Neuk; ,uT 7:00 Kjy; 9:00 tiu
chpa jpir Nkw;F> tlNkw;F
chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;> mf;Nlhgh;; khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk cNyhfk;
apd;-ahq;
ahq ahq;
flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp>
Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty; Kjypad Kjy;
gj;J ,lq;fspy; te;jd. eha; ePrr ; y; mbg;gjpy; rpwe;jJ vd;whYk;>
gjpndhd;whtjha; te;jJ. Vd; jhkjk; vd;W flTsh;fs; Nfl;ljw;F>
ePzl; Neuk; ePrr; y; mbj;j gpd;dh; rw;Nw Xa;T vLj;Jf; nfhz;L>
Fsph;ej
; ePhpy; Rfkha; xU Fspay; Nghl;L tpl;L tu Neuk; Mfptpl;lJ
vd;wjhk; eha;. flTsh;fs; tho;jj; p tUlr; rf;fuj;jpd;
gjpndhd;whtJr; rpd;dkha; ehiaj; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs;.
,e;jf; fij eha; Vd; gjpndhd;whtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;
$wg;gLk; fij.
fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; eha;
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.

gpg;uthp 10>1910 - [dthp 29>1911

[dthp 28>1922 - gpg;uthp 15>1923
gpg;uthp 14>1934 - gpg;uthp 03>1935
gpg;uthp 02>1946 - [dthp 21>1947
gpg;uthp 18>1958 - gpg;uthp 07>1959
gpg;uthp 06>1970 - [dthp 26>1971
[dthp 25>1982 - gpg;uthp 12>1983
gpg;uthp 10>1994 - [dthp 30>1995
[dthp 29>2006 - gpg;uthp 17>2007
,dp eha;thrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN
; ghk;.

Njhoik kpf;fth;fs;. cz;ikahdth;fs;. Neh;ikahdth;fs;.

Nehpilahd Nghf;Filath;fs;. tpRthrk;> ek;gfj; jd;ik> cz;ik
Nghd;w Fzq;fis eha;thrpfspd; Fzq;fsha;r; nrhy;yyhk;. mth;fs;
kdpjhgpkhdk; kpf;fth;fs;. cyf kf;fSld; f\;lg;glj; jahuha;
,Ug;ghh;fs;.

mth;fs; tpisahl;L jd;ik nfhz;lth;fs;. eifr;Rit czh;T

kpf;fth;fs;. mth;fs; tpiutpy; czh;rr
; p trg;glf; $bath;fs;.
77
Gj;jprhypfs;. rkd;ghLilath;fs;. fglkw;wth;fs;. je;jpurhypfsha;
,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. ngha; nrhy;tijj; jtwhf vz;Zgth;fs;.
czh;Tfspy; my;yhl;lk; nfhz;lth;fs;.

eha;thrpfs; jq;fisg; nghpath;fsha;f; fhl;bf; nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;.

gyh; $Lk; ,lq;fpspy; gy rkaq;fspy; ehzj;Jld; ele;J nfhs;th;.
mth;fs; gpwh; nrhy;tij ey;y ftdj;Jld; Nfl;gtuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
gpwtpapNyNa tPuh;fsha; ,Uf;Fk; eha;thrpfs; mUfpy; ,Ug;gth;fsplk;
Fiyg;gNjhL thh;ji ; jahy; fbf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. jq;fsJ
flikfis mth;fstpw;F nra;ahjth;fis tpkh;rpg;ghh;fs;.
vjph;kiwahf rpy eha;thrpfs; kpfTk; mikjpahfTk;
,Uf;ff;$bath;fs;.
,isa eha;thrpfs; jtWfisAk; ePjpaw;wr; nray;fisf; fz;L
nfhjpj;jhYk;> Kjph;ej
; eha;thrpfs; taJ Mf Mf ngUk;ghYk;
mtw;iwg; nghpJ gLj;jhky; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fhky; ,Ue;J
tpLthh;fs;. ,Ue;jhYk; r%fj;jpy; elf;Fk; jtwhd tpraq;fisr;
rhb> vjph;jJ; > ghJfhg;G mspf;Fk; mbg;gil Fzk; kl;Lk;
mth;fsplk; vg;NghJk; ,Uf;Fk;. mbkl;lj;jpy; ,Ug;gth;fSf;Fk;> ePjp
Nfl;L NghuhLgth;fSf;Fk; Jizahfg; Ngr eha;thrpfs; vd;Wk;
jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. Kd;dpd;W gzpahw;Wthh;fs;.
mth;fs; jq;fisAk;> jq;fs; md;gpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth;fisAk; kpfTk;
ghJf;fhg;Gld; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ePjpf;Fk;
Neh;ikf;Fk; jPtpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspf;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;ljhy;>
mth;fs; Jauj;jpy; cs;sth;fis xt;nthU KiwAk; fhg;ghw;wj;
jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; jj;J gpj;njd;W rpy rkaq;fspy;
cswpdhYk;> jtiw Neh; nra;Ak; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;.
mth;fs; Nky; kw;wth;fs; fhl;Lk; mf;fiw> rKjhaj;jpy; elj;jg;gLk;
tpohf;fs; mth;fisf; ftuhJ. $h;ikahd fz;fshy;> kdpjh;fisr;
rhpaha; vil Nghl;L mth;fsJ cj;Njrq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;
jpwikg; gilj;jth;fs;.
kdpj ,aw;ifiag; gw;wp njs;sj; njsptha; njhpe;J
itj;jpUg;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; Fzq;fis vil NghLtjpy; rkh;jj ; h;fs;.
eha;thrpfs; xUtiug; gFj;J mwpe;J nfhz;L tpl;lhy;> gpwF
mth;fsJ kdij khw;wNt KbahJ. mth;fs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; fUg;G
nts;isapy; ghh;jJ ; czh;thh;fs;. ePqf
; s; xU ez;gh;> ,y;yhtpl;lhy;
vjphp. ntl;L xd;W Jz;L ,uz;L vd;w kdg;ghd;ikapdh;.
rhpahd Neuj;jpy;> eha;thrpfs; ePzl ; Neuk; fbd ciog;igr; nra;aj;
jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F Xa;ntLf;fTk; cw;whh; cwtpdNuhL
md;G nfhz;lth;fNshL kfpo;rr ; pAld; mDgtpf;fTk; ed;whfNtj;
njhpAk;.

78
mth;fis tUj;jpdhy; gjpYf;F tQ;rk; jPhf
; f
; > jpwikAld;
mtkhdg;gLj;jhky; tpl khl;lhh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; nra;jij>
kwe;J> mNj Ntfj;jpy; kd;dpf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;.

ngUk;ghyhd eha;thrpfSf;F ey;y trjpahd tho;fi ; f jhdhfNt

mike;JtpLk;. vy;yh trjpfSk; tPLk; mikAk;. mth;fs;
vg;NghJk; jq;fs; nghUl;fisj; jw;fhj;Jf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mjw;F ngU
kjpg;Gk; nfhLg;gh;. tPLk; FLk;gKk; Kjyplk; ngWk;. eha;thrpfs;
mjpy; rpwe;jtw;iwg; ngWk; tiu Xa khl;lhh;fs;.
mth;fSf;F gzk;> nrhj;J> ntw;wp Mfpait ,uz;lhk; gl;rNk.
tpRthrk;> Neh;ik> ek;gpf;if nfhz;l ,th;fs; ey;y jplkhd
nfhs;ifAld; ,Ug;gh;. xj;Jg; NghFk; jd;ik> ,uf;fk;> tpRthrk;
Mfpa Fzq;fspd; cUtkha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. eha;thrpfs; mbf;fb
md;ghd thh;ji; jfisf; $wp> Njitahd cjtpfukhd
mwpTiufisf; $wp> NgRtijf; nrtpkLj;J> mtrpak; Vw;gLk; NghJ>
Njhs; nfhLj;JjTthh;fs;. rpy rkak; mLj;jth; tho;fi
; fapy;
mjpfkhf gq;Nfw;W> %f;if Eioj;Jf; nfhs;tJk; cz;L.
mLj;jth;fs; kfpo;rr ; paha; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W cWjpAld;
nray;gLthh;fs;.;
tPli
; l ed;F eph;tfpg;ghh;fs;. xOf;fhd tPL mth;fSf;F
Kf;fpakhdJ. Rj;jkhd tPL> Ntiyapy; cjtp Mfpait
mth;fisr; RWRWg;ghfTk;> nghWg;ghfTk; nray;glr; nra;Ak;.
gzj;ijr; rhkh;jj
; pakhfr; nryT nra;thh;fs;. tUq;fhyj;
Njitf;Fr; Nrkpf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;.
eha;thrpfs; rpy rkak; Nfhgf;fhuh;fshfTk;> FWfpa kdk;
nfhz;lth;fshfTk; gpbthjf;fhuh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. me;jr;
rkaj;jpy; mth;fs; gpur;rpidfisr; rhp nra;a jdpj;Jr; nray;gl
Kay;th;.
njhopy;
tpyq;Ffspy; kpfTk; gpugykhd eha; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jth;fis
vy;NyhUf;Fk; gpbf;Fk;. flikapypUe;J tpyf vz;z khl;lhh;fs;.
Ntiyfspy; jq;fs; gq;ifr; rhptur; nra;th;. fhuzq;fisr;
nrtpkLg;gh;. cjtpf;F miog;gth;fisj; jl;bf; fopf;f khl;lhh;fs;.
jq;fsJ gpur;rpidfis js;sp tpl;L> gpwUf;F cjt vd;Wk; jaq;f
khl;lhh;fs;. nghwhik Fzk; mw;wth;fs;. ahiuAk; Neubahf vjph;
nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; tptfhuj;jpy; jiyapLjiy tpUk;g
khl;lhh;fs;. cldb gjpy;fs; mth;fsplj;jpy; vg;NghJk; ,Uf;Fk;.

eha;thrpfs; nry;te;juhf Ntz;Lk; vd;w Mir mw;wth;fs;.

tho;fi
; f trjpfisg; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; vz;z khl;lhh;fs;.
mth;fsJ jpwikAk; cld; gpwe;j Fzq;fSk; mth;fisr; rKjhag;
gzpapy; rpwg;ghdth;fshf;Fk;. mth;fs; Mrphpah;> kUj;Jth;>
79
nrtpypaha; ,Uf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; rpwg;gha;r; nray;gLthh;fs;.
tpahghuj;jpy; rpwg;gth;fs;.
eha;thrpfs; jplkhd kdpjh;fs;. vg;NghJk; Gjpa tpraq;fspy; Njh;ej
;
Qhdk; ngw tpUk;Gth;. Muk;gpj;j Ntiyia Kbj;Jf; fhl;Lth;.
mjdhy; Muk;gpf;Fk; Kd;dNu> me;j Ntiyiag; gw;wp ed;F mwpe;j
gpd;dNu Muk;gpg;gh;.
mth;fsJ jplkhd kdk;> mth;fis mwpTiuahsh;fshfTk;>
kNdhjj;Jt kUj;Jth;fshfTk; rpwg;gha;r; nray;gl cjTk;.;
mth;fs; ve;jf; fbdkhd #oiyAk; vjph; nfhs;s ty;yth;fs;.
ek;fgkhdth;fs;. ,ufrpaq;fis fhg;ghw;wj; njhpe;jth;fs;. jpwik
tha;ej
; murpay; Fzq;fs; nfhz;ljhy;> jq;fs; tpUg;G ntWg;Gfis
kiwf;fj; njhpe;jth;fs;. murpay;thjpfshf ,Uf;fj; jFe;jth;fs;.
cld; gzp Ghpgth;fs; eha;thrpfis cjtpf;F vg;NghJk;
miof;fyhk;. Gjpjha; fw;gjw;Fk;> Ntiy gSitf; Fiwg;gjw;Fk;
mth;fis KOtJkha; ek;gyhk;. kjpg;G kpf;f Ntiyfhuh;fs;.
fhtyhsp> tpQ;Qhdp> mwpTiuahsh;> tPli
; l myq;fhpg;gth;>
tphpTiuahsh;> klhjpgjp> nrtpyp> cjtpahsh;> ePjpgjp> GNuhfpjh; Mfpa
njhopy;fspy; <Lglj; jFe;jth;fs;.

cwT
ey;y ez;gh;fsha; Mf;fpf; nfhs;sj; jf;fth;fs;. mth;fs;
kw;wth;fsplk; mbf;fb Cf;fKk;> ek;gpf;ifAk; jUk; thh;ji ; jfisf;
$wp vg;NghJk; Njitg;gLgth;fSf;F cjtp nra;af; fhj;jpUg;ghh;fs;.
mth;fs; Gfo; ngw;w kdpjh;fSf;F ey;y ez;gh;fsha;
NjhoilAilath;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. jd; md;gpw;Fg;
ghj;jpukhdth;fsplk; Nfhgg;gLk; gb ele;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba
re;jh;gj;jpYk; md;gpd; fhuzkha; epahak; fw;gpj;J ,dpjhfNt
elg;ghh;fs;. ez;gh;fis ngw ghLgLthh;fs;. el;gpw;F kjpg;Gf;
nfhLg;gh;.
eha;thrpfs; ez;gh;fs; tpraj;jpy; kpfTk; kpjthjpfs;. cq;fis
ez;guha; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Kd;G gy tpj re;jpg;GfSk; Ngr;R
thh;ji
; jfSk; nra;j gpd;dNu nky;y el;ig tsh;jJ ; f; nfhs;th;.
cq;fis mwpe;J nfhz;L ez;guha; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ltpl;lhy;> ePqf ; s;
mth;fsJ cs;sj;jpy; ePqf
; h ,lj;ijg; ngw;W tpLtPhf
; s;.
cq;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; NghJ epr;rak; te;J epw;ghh;fs;. cjtp
nra;thh;fs;.
jq;fsJ tho;fi ; fia gpuj;jpNafkhdjha; Mf;fpf; nfhs;s tpUk;Gth;.
mth;fsJ FLk;g tpraq;fspy; %f;if Eioj;jhy;> ,ufrpakha;
nray; gl Muk;gpj;J tpLthh;fs;. mth;fsJ ek;gpf;iff;Fg;
ghj;jpukhdth;fsha; Mfptpl;lhy;> kdk; jpwe;J fhl;lj; jaq;f
khl;lhh;fs;.
80
eha;thrpfs; ek;gfkhdth;fsha; ,Ue;j NghJk;> mth;fs; kw;wth;fis
ek;GtJ kpff; fbdk;. xUtiu jd; ez;guha; Vw;f> gy fhyk;
gpbf;Fk;. ek;gpf;if nfhs;shj tiu mth;fs; goFk; NghJ rw;Nw
fbdkhdth;fsha;j; Njhd;Wk;.
fhjy; vd;W te;jhYk;> fbdkhd Neuk; jhd;. ftiy> gj;jpukw;w
jd;ik> tpah$yk; mth;fisf; fz;L gae;Njhlr; nra;Ak;.
eha;thrpfs; czh;Tg; G+h;tkhdth;fs;. Fiw fhz;gth;fs;.
cly; eyk;
eha;thrpfs; Xa;T vLf;ff; fw;Wf; nfhs;sTk; tpNtfj;Jld; elf;fTk;
fw;gJ ey;yJ.
eha;thrpfs; MNuhf;fpakhdth;fs;. cly; epiy rhpapy;yhjij
mth;fs; Nrhfj;Jld;> tUj;jKld; ,Ug;gijf; nfhz;Nl fzpj;J
tplyhk;. Nehia vjph;jJ
; g; Nghuhb kPzL
; tu eha;thrpfs; Kay;th;.

eha; tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; r%f Nrtfp md;id njurh> ,e;jpaf;

FbauRj; jiyth;fs; gpujpgh ghby;> Mh;. ntq;fl;uhkd;> Nehgy; ghpR
ngw;w ,e;jpa ngsjpftpayhsh; Rg;ukzpak; re;jpuNrfh;> Nrhdpah
fhe;jp> ,q;fpyhe;Jg; gpujkh; tpd;]l ; d; rh;rr
; py;> mnkhpf;f mjpgh; gpy;
fpspd;ld;> ghlfp nkNlhdh> tpQ;Qhdp ngQ;rkpd; gpuhq;fpspd;>
mnkhpf;fj; njhopyjpgh; Nlhdhy;l; [hd; buk;g>; ,e;jpaj; njhopyjpgh;
ehuhaz%h;jj ; p> fphpf;nfl; tPuh;fs; fgpy; Njt;> khh;td; rhk;rd;
mj;jgl;L

mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 1> 4> 5> 9> 10> 14> 19> 28> 30> 41> 45> 54
xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;
fs : Fjpiu> Gyp> Kay;.
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs;
fs : buhfd;> ML> vUJ> Nrty;

%yff; Fzq;fs;
eha;thrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW Fzq;fisg;
ngWtjha; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.
neUg;G eha;

(gpg;uthp 02>1946 - [dthp 21>1947

[dthp 29> 2006 - gpg;uthp 17>2007)
Fzq;fs; Mf;Nuhrkhdth;fs;. kaf;ff; $bath;fs;. kd
typikahy; Cf;fk; ngWgth;fs;. cz;ikahdj; jiyth;fs;.
kw;wth;fs; mth;fSld; ,Ug;gjpy; kfpo;rr
; pia mDgtpg;ghh;fs;.
81
 trPfukhd> jd;dk;gpf;ifapd; cUtkha; ,Ug;gth;fs;. Xbf;
nfhz;Nl ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;.
ku eha;

(gpg;uthp 14>1934 - gpg;uthp 03>1935

gpg;uthp 10>1994 - [dthp 30>1995)
Fzq;fs; jhuhs kdk; nfhz;lth;fs;. jplKk;> ghrKk;
kpf;fth;fs;. ,th;fs; jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsh;gjd; fhuzkha;>
$l;lj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpg;ijNa tpUk;Gthh;fs;. Muk;gj;jpy;
mikjpaha;f; fhzg;gl;l NghJk;> fhyg; Nghf;fpy; kpfr;; rpwe;j
ez;gh;fsha; MFk; jd;ik cilath;fs;. tise;J
nfhLf;fTk; #o;epiyf;Nfw;g jq;fis khw;wpf; nfhs;sTk;
md;ghd tpRthrpfshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
G+kp eha;
(gpg;uthp 18>1958 - gpg;uthp 07>1959)

Fzq;fs; eilKiwthjpfs;. vr;rhpf;ifAld; nray; gLthh;fs;.

Gjpuhdth;fs;. Kd; [hf;fpuijthrpfs;. ek;gfk;> rhUk; jd;ik
Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; jiyrpwe;j jiyth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
mth;fsJ Neh;ik> cz;ikapd; ghy; nfhz;l nfhs;if
midtUf;Fk; MjuT mspf;Fk; Fzj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. jq;fspd;
Nky; mjpf ek;gpf;if nfhz;lth;fsha; ,Ug;gNjhL> gpwiuAk;
jd;dk;gpf;ifNahL nray;gl Cf;Ftpg;ghh;fs;.
cNyhf eha;
(gpg;uthp 10>1910 - [dthp 29>1911
gpg;uthp 06>1970 - [dthp 26>1971)
Fzq;fs; jhuhs kdg;ghd;ik> ePjp> jplk;> fUiz
cilath;fs;. gzpapYk;> cwTfspYk; G+uz gq;F tfpg;ghh;fs;.
jq;fs; NkYk; gpwh; NkYk; vjph;ghh;gG
; fs; kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;.
ePh; eha;
([dthp 28>1922 - gpg;uthp 15>1923
[dthp 25>1982 - gpg;uthp 12>1983)
Fzq;fs; jj;Jtthjpfs;. cs;Szh;T kpff; nfhz;lth;fs;.
Rje;jpukha; ,Uf;f> nray;gl vz;z khl;lhh;fs;. ,th;fs;
$l;lj;jhUld; NrUk; NghJ mjpfj; jd;dk;gpf;if nfhz;L
nray;gLthh;fs;. $l;lj;jpd; jiytuha; ,Ug;gij tplTk;
mq;fk; tfpg;gijNa mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. mth;fs;
82
 tpRthrk;> ghrk;> tise;J nfhLf;Fk; jd;ik cilath;fs;.
Nfspf;if Ngh;topaha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mDgtpf;f mDgtpf;f
Cf;fk; kpff; nfhz;L ciog;ghh;fs;.

ePqf
; s; eha; tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.
eha; tUlg; gyd;fs; : eha; tUlk; jq;fisj; jhq;fNs kjpg;gpl
itf;Fk; tUlkha; mikAk;. njhe;juTfs;> Nghuhl;lq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
eha; vg;NghJk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Uf;Fk; Fzk; nfhz;ljhy;>
,e;j tUlj;jpy; Neh;ikNa Kf;fpa tpjpaha; mikAk;.
fw;gidf;nfl;lhj tpraq;fSk; eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gLk;. gy
vjph;ghuhj khw;wq;fs; tUk;. fz;zpak;> jhuhs kdg;ghd;ikfSf;F
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jug;gl;L> midtuhYk; Mjhpf;fg;gLk;.

83
 12 MuhAk; gd;wp
(1911 1923 1935 1947 1959 1971 1983 1995 2007 2019 2031 2043 2055)
Neuk; khiy 9:00 Kjy; 11:00 tiu
chpa jpir tlf;F> tlNkw;F
chpa fhyq;fs; ,iyAjph; fhyk;> etk;gh; khjk;
epiyahd %yfk;
%yfk ePh;
apd;-ahq;
ahq apd;
flTsh;fs; itj;j Mw;iwf; flf;Fk; Nghl;bapy; vyp> vUJ> Gyp>
Kay;> buhfd;> ghk;G> Fjpiu> ML> Fuq;F> Nrty;> eha; Kjypad
Kjy; gjpndhU ,lq;fspy; te;jd. eha; fiuiar; Nrh;ej ; Jk;>
Nghl;bia Kbf;f vz;zpa NghJ gd;wp %r;rpiuf;f tUtijf;
flTsh;fs; ghh;j;jdh;. gd;wp topapy; vd;d nra;jJ vd;W Nfl;l
NghJ> Nghl;bapd; NghJ grpapd; fhuzkha; czT cz;ljhYk;>
cz;l fisg;G ePqf ; rpwpJ J}q;fp vOe;j te;j fhuzj;jhYk; jhkjk;
Vw;gl;ljha; $wpajhk;. gpd;dh; flTsh;fs; gd;wpia tho;jj ; p tUlr;
rf;fuj;jpd; gd;dpuz;lhtJr; rpd;dkha;j; njhpT nra;J mwptpj;jhh;fs;.
,e;jf; fij gd;wp Vd; gd;dpuz;lhtjha; te;jJ vd;gijf; Fwpj;Jf;
$wg;gLk; fij.
fPo; fz;l NjjpfSf;Fs; gpwe;jpUe;jhy; mth;fs; midtUk; gd;wp
tUlj;ijr; Nrh;ej
; th;fs; Mthh;fs;.

[dthp 30>1911 - gpg;uthp 17>1912

gpg;uthp 16>1923 - gpg;uthp 04>1924
gpg;uthp 04>1935 - [dthp 23>1936
[dthp 22>1947 - gpg;uthp 09>1948
gpg;uthp 08>1959 - [dthp 27>1960
[dthp 27>1971 - gpg;uthp 14>1972
gpg;uthp 13>1983 - gpg;uthp 01>1984
[dthp 31>1995 - gpg;uthp 18>1996
gpg;uthp 18>2007 - gpg;uthp 06>2008
,dp gd;wpthrpfspd; Fzhjpraq;fisg; gw;wp ghh;gN
; ghk;.
nrk;ikthjpfs;. Gj;jprhypfs;. tPuh;fs;. nghWikrhypfs;. ey;y
Mrhdha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. mjph;\l ; rhypfs;. Nfhgf;fhuh;fs;. mwpitj;
Njb miythh;fs;. gbg;gij Nerpg;ghh;fs;. mwpTj; jhfk;
kpf;fth;fs;. mjpfkha; Ngr khl;lhh;fs;. re;jh;gk; tha;fF ; k; NghJ>
gpbj;j tpraq;fisg; gw;wp> xj;j tpUg;gk; cs;sth;fSld;
kzpf;fzf;fpy; thjplTk; NgrTk; jaq;f khl;lhh;fs;.

84
mwpthh;ej
; Mh;tk;> Neh;ik> nghWik Mfpa Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;lth;fs; gd;wpthrpfs;. tpRthrj;jpy; ek;gpf;if itf;fyhk;.
tho;ehs; ez;gh;fsha;f; nfhs;sj; jf;fth;fs;.

goq;fhyj;jpa murh;fs; Nghd;W gd;wpthrpfs; tPuj;jpw;Fk;> cs;sj;

J}a;ikf;Fk; ngah; Nghdth;fs;. gpwUf;F cjTtjw;fhf jq;fisNa
gyp nfhLf;fTk; jahuha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
mth;fs; jpifg;G+l;Lgth;fsha; ,Uf;f khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fis
ek;GtJ kpfTk; vspJ. mikjpahd czh;Tfis ntspf;fhl;Lth;.
ek;gfkhd gof;f tof;fq;fis nfhz;lth;fs;. jplkhd khh;ff ; j;ij
Nkw;nfhs;s tukspf;fg;gl;lth;fs;. kpFe;j nghWikAld; fhhpaj;ij
Kbf;Fk; tiu Ntiyia epjhdkha;r; nra;a mth;fshy; KbAk;.
kpfTk; mikjpahdth;fs;. mikjpia vd;Wk; ehLgth;fs;. mijg;
ngwj; Njitahdtw;iw vg;NghJk; nra;j nfhz;Nl ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
mth;fsJ me;jf; Fzj;jpdhy; kw;wth;fs; mth;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;L> vspjhf rpf;fy;fspy; khl;b tpl Kay;thh;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs;
jq;fisg; Nghd;Nw vy;NyhiuAk; tpRthrpfshfTk;>
ghJfhtyh;fshfTk; vz;Zthh;fs; vd;gjhy; rpf;fy;fspy; rpf;fpf;
nfhs;tJ rhjhuzkha; elf;Fk;. mth;fspd; kpFe;j mikjpAk;>
fglkw;w jd;ik kl;LNk> mth;fsJ Fiwaha;f; $lf; nfhs;syhk;.
Neh;ikAk; ek;gfKk; Fzq;fsha;f; nfhz;ljhy;> Vkhw;w
epidg;gth;fspd; #Jfisg; Ghpe;J nfhs;tJ mth;fSf;Ff; fbdkhd
fhhpakha; ,Uf;Fk;.
ed;ikNa elf;Fk; vd;W jplkha; ek;Ggth;fs;. rz;ilfis
tpUk;ghjth;fs;. mth;fsJ Nfhgk; Ntfkha;j; jzpe;J tpLk;.
mwpTiufis Vw;f tpUk;g khl;lhh;fs;. rkak; fpilf;Fk;
Nghnjy;yhk;> jq;fsJ ew;Fzq;fisg; gpwh; mwpAkhW ele;J
nfhs;thh;fs;. gpwUf;F cjTtijNa jq;fs; tho;fi
; fapd;
Fwpf;Nfhshff; nfhz;lth;fs;. vt;tsT f\;lkhd #o;epiy Vw;gl;l
NghJk;> vLj;jf; fhhpaj;ij> Kaw;rpia tpl;Lr; nry;y tpUk;g
khl;lhh;fs;. vy;yhk; ed;ikf;Nf vd;W KbT nra;J nfhz;L
Nkd;NkYk; Kaw;rpiaj; njhluj; Jzpthh;fs;.
gd;wpthrpfs; goFtjw;F Vw;w> ek;gfkhd> jPtpuf; nfhs;if
cilath;fs;. cl;gif nfhs;s khl;lhh;fs;. tpthjq;fis
ntWg;gth;fs;. Kidfisr; Nrh;ff ; Kay;thh;fs;. tho;fi ; fapy;
Mokhd ePzl ; el;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;fs;. gd;wpthrpfs;
vy;yh tpjkhd r%ff; $l;lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W kfpo;rr
; pAld;
mDgtpg;ghh;fs;. $l;lq;fis vjph; Nehf;fpf; fhj;jpUg;ghh;fs;.
gd;wpthrpfs; vg;NghJk; jq;fs; nray;fspd; Nky; ftdk; nrYj;JtJ
eyk;. mDgtpf;Fk; Nghf;fpd; fhuzkha;> kw;w Ntiyfisr;
nra;ahky; tpl mjpf tha;gG ; fs; Vw;gLk;.

85
fofj;jpy; cWg;gpdh;fsha; ,Ug;gh;. epjp Nrh;gg
; jpy; Njh;ej
; th;fs;.
mth;fs; r%fg; gzpr; nra;tjpYk; jUkk; nra;tjpYk; jdp topiaf;
filgpbg;ghh;fs;. gpur;rpidfisf; fhJ nfhLj;Jf; Nfl;gh;.
gpur;rpidfspy; GFe;J jPhT; fhz Ntz;Lnkd;why; ve;j mr;rKk;
ftiyAkpd;wp Eiothh;fs;. gue;j kdk; gilj;jth;fs;.
gd;wpthrpfs; xU KbTf;F te;J tpl;lhy;> mjd; gpwF mth;fis
epWj;j KbahJ. me;j KbTf;F tUk; Kd;dh; ey;yJ nfl;lJ
midj;ijANk Muha;tJ mth;fsJ ,uj;jj;jpy; Cwpa gz;G.
gpur;rpidfisj; jtph;ff; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. rpy rkaq;fspy; ntFtha;
Ma;eJ ; ghh;jJ
; re;jh;gq;fisj; jtw tpLk; tha;gG ; fSk; cz;L.
Mdhy; mjw;Ff; ftiyg;gl khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fs; vg;NghJk;
mw;Gjq;fis ek;Gthh;fs;. mth;fsJ tho;fi ; fapy; mw;Gjq;fs;
elg;gJk; cz;L. tpjp mth;fSf;F ed;ikNa tpistpf;Fk;.
Nfl;fhkNyNa mth;fSf;F kw;wth;fs; Njitg;gLk; NghJ cjtp
nra;a Kd; tUthh;fs;.
jd;dyk; fUjhjth;fs;. kw;wth;fs; mij ed;F gad;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;thh;fs;. vy;NyhiuAk; ek;Gthh;fs;. Nfl;gjidj;ijAk;
ek;Gthh;fs;. gpwUf;F cjtp nra;J ,d;GWth;. vspjpy; Vkhwf;
$bath;fsha; ,Ue;jhYk;> mth;fs; cz;ikapy; Gj;jprhypfs;.
jq;fisf; fhj;Jf; nfhs;s mwpe;jth;fs;. mth;fis kd tUe;jr;
nra;jhy;> me;j typia fhyj;jpw;Fk; kwf;f khl;lhh;fs;.
md;ghdth;fsplk; ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;y tUe;Jthh;fs;.

mth;fSf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw mth;fspd; tho;fi

; fg; ghij
mikj;Jf; nfhLj;J tpLk;. rPdh;fs; gd;wpthrpfis Vuhskha;
vy;yhKk; fpilf;Fk; uhrp cs;sth;fsha;f; fUJfpwhh;fs;.
gz tpraq;fspy; gd;wpthrpfs; Nrkpj;J itg;gij tplTk; nryT
nra;tjpy; kfpo;rr
; p fhz;gh;. mth;fs; ngah; ngw;w gpugykhd
nghUl;fis thq;fpg; gad;gLj;jNt vz;Zth;. fQ;rj;jdk; fhl;LtJ
kpff; FiwNt.
ed;dlj;ijAk;> ,uridAk; cs;sth;fs;. gpur;rpidfisr; rPff
; puk;
jhz;lf; $bath;fs;. gpwh; KOtJkha; jtW nra;fpwhh;fs; vd;W
njhpe;j NghJk;> mth;fs; fUj;Jf;fisAk; ftdpj;Jf; Nfl;ghh;fs;.
vg;NghJk; kfpo;rr
; pAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. ve;jr; #o;epiyapYk;> gpd;dpd;W
gzpahw;Wthh;fs;. mthplk; Nfl;Lg; ghh;ff; Ntz;Lk;” vd;w xUth;
nrhd;dhy;> ez;gh; “mtiu vspjpy; rk;kjpf;f itj;J tplyhk;” vd;W
nrhy;Yk; tifapy; gpwh; mth;fis Vw;Wf; nfhs;th;.
njhopy;

ve;jj; Jiwapy; ,Ue;jhYk;> ek;gfk; kpf;fj; Jizaha; mth;fisf;

nfhs;syhk;. mth;fs; r%f eyg; gzpahsuhfTk;>

86
murpay;thjpahfTk;> Nfspf;if epfo;rr
; p elj;JgtuhfTk;
gpufhrpg;ghh;fs;.
jq;fsplkpUf;Fk; mghpkpjkhd rf;jpia vg;NghJk; Ntiyapy; <LgLj;j
Kad;w tz;zk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. topfisj; Njbg; ghh;jj; tz;zk;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. mth;fs; fbd ciog;ghspfs;. vy;yhtw;iwAk; ,of;f
Neh;ej
; hYk;> Nrhh;eJ
; Nghfhky;> mjpypUe;J kPzL
; Gjpa tho;fi
; fiaj;
njhlq;Fk; rf;jp ngw;wth;fs;.
ey;y tUkhdk; ngWk; topia mth;fs; mwpe;jpUg;ghh;fs;.
Ntiyapy; cjtp nra;tij tpUk;Gth;. mth;fis nghpJk; ek;gyhk;.
mth;fsJ gilf;Fk; Mw;wiy ntspf;fhl;Lk; re;jh;gq;fis
ed;Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp ,d;GWth;. tpraq;fis MAk; mwpT
mjpfk;. Nkyjpfhhpfs; mijg; nghpJk; ghuhl;Lk; epiyapy;
,Ug;ghh;fs;. nghWg;Gfis Vw;gjw;F mQ;r khl;lhh;fs;. mth;fSf;F
nghOJNghf;fhsh;> cztf epGzh;> kUj;Jth;> tpyq;F kUj;Jth;>
tPli
; l myq;fhpg;gth; Nghd;w njhopy;fs; cfe;jit. tpUe;Njhk;gy;
mth;fs; $lg; gpwe;j gz;G. mjdhy; mjw;Nfw;w Ntiyfspy; ey;y
vjph;fhyk; ,Uf;Fk;.
cwT
vg;NghJk; gpwUf;F cjTtijNa Fwpf;Nfhsha;f; nfhz;ljhy;> ve;j
tifapNyDk; cjt Kay;thh;fs;. Mdhy; jq;fSf;fhf gpwhplk;
cjtp Nfl;gJ mhpJ. ,J mth;fisj; jsur; nra;jhYk;> mijg;
gw;wp rpwpJk; ftiyg;gl khl;lhh;fs;. ,e;j ghuhl;lj;jf;f Fzk;> gy
rkaq;fspy; gpwuhy; vspjpy; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;. mjd;
fhuzkha; cwtpdh;fs; ez;gh;fs; mth;fisr; Rw;wp vg;NghJk;
,Ug;ghh;fs;.;
gd;wpthrpfs; tho;fi ; fia ,d;gkha;f; fopg;gh;. mjw;Ff; fhuzk;
mth;fs; gpwUld; ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ,d;GWtJk;> kw;wth;fs; urpf;fj;
jf;f tifapy; nghOJNghf itg;gJk; jhd;. gpwUf;F cjtp
nra;tjpy; mjpf ,d;gk; ngWtjd; fhuzkha;> Mj;khh;jj ; kha;
cjtpfisr; nra;th;. rkaj;jpy; mjpfkha;f; $lr; nra;thh;fs;.
Neh;ikaha; kw;wth;fsplk; ele;J nfhz;L> mijNa gpwhplkpUe;Jk;
vjph; ghh;gg
; hh;fs;.
fhjy; tptfhuq;fspy; vr;rhpf;ifaha; ,y;yhtpl;lhy;> gd;wpthrpfs;
rpf;fypy; khl;bf; nfhs;Sk; tha;gG
; fs; Vw;glyhk;.
Mjhpg;gJ> nfhLjTtJ Nghd;w Fzq;fs; fhuzkha; gd;wpthrpfis
Njhoik nfhs;tJ rpwe;jJ. md;ghdth;fs;. ntspNa nry;tij
tplTk; tPlb
; y; ,Ug;gijNa mjpfk; tpUk;Gthh;fs;. ,Ug;gijf;
nfhz;L ,d;GWth;. tPL> FLk;gk; ,uz;by; ,d;gk; fhz;gh;. rhpahd

87
$l;lhspfisg; ngw;W tpl;lhy;> ePzl
; neLq;fhyk; me;j cwT
njhlUk;.
cly; eyk;
,d;gj;ijNa vd;Wk; Njbf; nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> mstpw;F mjpfkhfNt
mDgtpg;ghh;fs;. mjpf czT> Fbg; gof;fk;> Gif gpbj;jy;
cly;eyf; Fiwit Vw;gLj;Jk;. RWRWg;gha; ,y;yhj gd;wpthrpfs;>
mth;fsJ elj;ijapd; fhuzkha; mjpf vil NghLk; tha;gG
; mjpfk;.
goFtjw;F tpUg;gk; nfhz;l fhuzj;jhy;> jdpikapy; ftiy
nfhs;th;. ey;y MNuhf;fpahkhd tho;fi
; f Kiw mth;fSf;F ey;y
gyidj; jUk;.

gd;wp tUlj;ija gpugyq;fs; fzpj Nkij rPdpthr ,uhkhD[k;>

ghlfh;fs; gp.Rrpyh> b. vk;. nrse;juuh[d;> jkpof Kjy;th; [hdfp
uhkre;jpud;> njhopyjpgh; mdpy; mk;ghdp> ebfh; m[Pj>; taypd;
tpj;thd; Fd;df;Fb itj;jpaehjd;> fphpf;nfl; tPuh; fpU\;zk;khr;rhhp
=fhe;j>; vOj;jhsh;fs; R[hjh ,uq;fuh[d;> vh;nd];l; n`k;kpq;Nt>
ebfh; Mh;dhy;l; Rthh;nrdpfh;> ,af;Feh; My;gpul; `pl;rf; hf;> mnkhpf;f
njhiyfhl;rp epfo;rr; p mikg;ghsh; Nltpl; nyl;lh;Nkd;;
mjph;\l
; vz;fs; 1> 3> 4> 5> 8>16> 18> 34> 41> 48
xj;Jg; NghFk; tpyq;Ffs;
fs : Kay;> ML
xj;Jg; Nghfhj tpyq;Ffs;
fs : ghk;G> Fuq;F> gd;wp
%yff; Fzq;fs;
gd;wpthrpfs; Ie;J %yfq;fSld; NrUk; NghJ ntt;NtW
Fzq;fisg; ngWtjha;r; rPd N[hjplk; ek;GfpwJ.
neUg;G gd;wp

([dthp 22>1947 - gpg;uthp 09>1948

gpg;uthp 18>2007 - gpg;uthp 06>2008)
Fzq;fs; Mokhdth;fs;. gpbthjf;fhuh;fs;. md;gpdhy;
Cf;fk; nfhz;L ciog;gh;. czh;Tg;G+h;tkhdth;fs;. rpyh;
nghWg;gw;wth;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. nra;Ak; nray;fs;
midj;jpYk;> [_tiy njhpAk;. ve;jr; nraiyAk; gakpd;wpr;
nra;aj; Jzpthh;fs;. VjhtJ gzpapy; KOikaha; jq;fis
<LgLj;jpf; nfhs;thh;fs;. mth;fs; ey;y jiyth;fshfTk;>
v[khdh;fshfTk; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Ntiy> fhjy;> Fwpf;Nfhs;
vJthdhYk; gakpd;wp KOr; rf;jpiaAk; gad;gLj;jpr;
nray;gLth;.

88
ku gd;wp

(gpg;uthp 04>1935 - [dthp 23>1936

[dthp 31>1995 - gpg;uthp 18>1996)

Fzq;fs; ,sfpa kdk; gilj;jth;fs;. kpFe;j cjtp

nra;gth;fs;. jpl;lkpl;Lr; nray;gLthh;fs;. Fwpf;Nfhspdhy;
Cf;fk; ngWth;. JWJWg;ghdth;fs;. kw;wth;fSld; ,ize;J
gzp nra;a top ghh;jJ ; f; nfhz;L ,Ug;ghh;fs;. Njitapy;iy
vd;W nrhd;d NghJk;> gpwUf;F cjtp nra;thh;fs;. gue;j
kdk;> cWjp ,th;fspd; gpwtpf; Fzq;fs;. rpyh;
Vkhw;Wf;fhuh;fsha; ,Ug;ghh;fs;.
G+kp gd;wp
(gpg;uthp 08>1959 - [dthp 27>1960)

Fzq;fs; mikjpahdth;fs;. RWRWg;ghdth;fs;.

rkd;ghLilath;fs;. tpUe;Njhk;gy; gz;G cilath;fs;.
vg;NghJk; kfpo;rr ; pAld; ,Ug;ghh;fs;. tPL> FLk;gk; mth;fis
jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jk; tpraq;fs;. jpl;lkpy;yhky; ve;j xU
NtiyiaAk; njhlq;f khl;lhh;fs;. jiytuha; ,Ug;gij
tplTk; top elj;jg;gLk; kdpjuhfNt ,Uf;f tpUk;Gth;.
cNyhfg; gd;wp

([dthp 30>1911 - gpg;uthp 17>1912

[dthp 27>1971 - gpg;uthp 14>1972)

Fzq;fs; mjpfhuj;ijf; fhl;Lgth;fs;. nghWikAilath;fs;.

ngUkpjk; nfhs;gth;fs;. ntspg;gilahdth;fs;.
cw;rhfkhdth;fs;. kpFe;j jplfhj;jpukhd cUtk; nfhz;lth;fs;.
mth;fsJ tho;fi ; fapd; vy;yh epfo;TfspYk; mth;fsJ
gyj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. fbdkhd ciog;ghspfs;.
jhq;fs; ngw;w midj;ijAk; tpUk;Gth;. mjpfkha; NgRk;
jd;ik cilath;fs;. vy;NyhiuAk; xNuabaha; ek;gp
tpLthh;fs;.

ePh; gd;wp
(gpg;uthp 16>1923 - gpg;uthp 04>1924
gpg;uthp 13>1983 - gpg;uthp 01>1984)
Fzq;fs; trPfhpg;gth;fs;. Mo;ej
; mwpTilath;fs;.
ek;gpf;ifapdhy; Cf;fk; ngWth;. ve;jj; jtWk; $w Kbahj
mstpw;F ek;gfkhdth;fs;. gpwh; mth;fis vspjpy; kaf;fp
tpLthh;fs;. Mdhy; ,th;fs; jq;fSf;F Ntz;baijg; ngw
89
 gpwiu kaf;fTk; nra;thh;fs;. mth;fs; kpFe;j rKjha
Nehf;Filath;fs;. Neuj;ij tPzhf;fhky; mDgtpf;f
vz;Zthh;fs;.

ePqf
; s; gd;wp tUlj;jpy; gpwe;jpUe;jhy;> Nkw;nrhd;d Fzq;fisf;
nfhz;bUg;ghP f
; s; vd;W rPdh;fs; fzpf;fpd;wdh;.
gd;wp tUlg; gyd;fs;
s : fUiz epiwe;j tUlk;. ey;yit elf;Fk;.
Vuhskha; vy;yhNk fpilf;Fk; tUlk;. njhopy; rpwf;Fk;.
tho;fi; fia KOikaha; thoyhk;. vjph;ghuhj tpraq;fs; elg;gJ
kpff; FiwthfNt ,Uf;Fk;. nry;tr; nropg;G kpf;f tUlk;. gz
tptfhuq;fspy; vr;rhpf;if Njit. kpFe;j tPuKk;> xw;WikAk;
gd;wpf;fhd Fwpfs; vd;gjhy; xw;Wik Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;Fk;
tUlkha; ,Uf;Fk;.
KbT :
,e;jj; njhliu gbj;J te;j thrfh;fs; midtUf;Fk; vd; kdkhh;ej ;
ed;wpfs;. ,jpy; tUq;fhyj;ijg; gw;wp mjpfk; $wg;glhtpl;lhYk;> rPd
N[hjplj;jpd; xU mq;fkhd me;j tpyq;Ff; Fwp gw;wpa nra;jpfs;
gpwhplk; goFk; NghJ mth;fspd; Fzeyd;fis czu cjTk;.
ey;ydtw;iw Vw;W my;ydtw;iw tpLj;J tho;fi ; fapy; ntw;wp ngw
vd; cskhh;ej ; tho;jJ
; f;fs;.

90