Ex/FP/2/XIII/78/2012

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE FINAL EXAMINATION, 2012

( 2nd Semester )
PHYSICS (HONOURS)
PAPER : H-13
Time : Two Hours Full Marks - 50
Use Separate Answer-Script for each Group
(25 marks for each Group)
Group - A
Answer any Five questions
1. Why alpha particle instead of proton or deutron is emitted
from some heavy muclei for attaining stability? 5
2. Write down the equation for

emission process and

draw the energy spectrum for both electron and neutrino in
the same plot. Is it possible to have line spectrum for
neutrino? 3+2
3. Compare the volume of two nuclei having mass numbers
27 and 36.
Approximately how much energy will be required to separate
z protons and ( ) A Z neutrons from the nucleus
A
Z
X .
[ Turn over
- 2 -
Constant binding energy per nucleon for most of the nuclei
suggests which feature of nuclear force? 1A+1A+2
4. Describe how neutron mass was determined by Chadwick?
Why sometimes neutron diffraction is preferred over x-ray
diffraction? 3+2
5. What are the main constituents of primary Cosmic Rays and
secondary Cosmic Rays at sea level? What do you mean by
latitude effect of cosmic Rays? Explain it. 2+1+2
6. Slow (thermal) neutrons can induce fission in
235
U but fast
neutrons are required for producing fission in
238
U - why?
Estimate the energy released in fission of
238
U if average
increase in binding energy per nucleon is approximately 0.85
MeV. 4+1
7. Cyclotron is not suitable for accelerating electrons - explain.
Show that in a Betatron
orbit
B
B
2

where
orbit
B

is the average magnetic field over the electron

loop. 2+3
- 7 -
d) Explain why the electrical conductivity of the transition
metals are essentially determined by the 4s electrons.
1+1+1A+1A
14. a) Explain and sketch the variation of Fermi level for an
impurity semiconductor in the high temperature region.
b) Explain the formation of space charge region for a
metal and n-type semiconductor contact. Assume,
s m
< . 2+3
15. a) Explain why diamagnetic property is inherent to all
class of materials.
b) What is Larmor precession of angular momentum?
c) Using Hund's rule calculate the Lande 'g' factor for
the ground state of Cr
2+
ion. 1A+1A+2
b) For a 3D crystalline solid, why according to the Debye
model, the number of transverse vibrational modes of
the lattice is greater than the number of longitudinal
modes? 4+1
13. a) What is the significance of the inflection point in the E-
k diagram?
b) Prove that for a free electron the effective mass,
m*=m.
c) According to the 2D tight binding approximation, the
Fermi surface of a square lattice is as given by the
following diagram. What kind of material (metal or
insulator or semiconductor) does this diagram
correspond to? also justify your answer.
- 6 - - 3 -
8. Suggest a method for detecting : 2A+2A
i) an alpha particle
ii) a gamma photon
iii) a neutron
Briefly explain the working principle of a
photomultiplier tube.
Group - B
Answer any Five questions
9. a) Assuming identical atoms of radius 'r', occupying the
lattice points, calculate the packing fractions of the
following two 2D lattices. Which of the following
lattices represent a more close packed structure?
b) Explain with a diagram why the crystal planes in an
hcp lattice cannot be sufficiently described by the 3
Miller indices, hkl. Also discuss how the issue is
resolved with the introduction of the Miller-Bravais
indices, hkil. 3+2
[ Turn over
- 4 -
10. The interaction energy of two atoms in the field of each other
and separated by a distance 'r' is given by
7
a b
E(r)
r
r
+
where, a and b are constants. Show that :
a) the equilibrium distance of separation is given by :
1
6
0
7b
r
a
_

,
b) in equilibrium, the attractive and repulsive energies are
related by : U
attrac
= 7U
rep
c) the force of attraction (F
attrac
) = the force of repulsion
(F
rep
) . 1+2+2
11. For a linear diatomic lattice having two dissimilar atoms in the
unit cell, the k dispersion relation is of the form :
1
2 2 2
2 1 1 1 1 4sin ka
K K
M m M m Mm
1
_ _
+ t +
1
, ,
1
]
,
where, K, k and a are the inter-atomic force constant, the
wave vector and the lattice spacing, respectively and M m > .
a) Assuming M= m, discuss how the translational
periodicity of the lattice will be affected?
- 5 -
b) Use the symmetry of the lattice to show that for M =
m, the above dispersion relation reduces to the
dispersion relation of a linear monoatomic lattice given
by :
4K ka
sin
M 2

, where, a is monoatomic lattice

spacing. 1+4
12. a) Consider a 2D square crystal of length L, whose,
density of states is given by ( )
2
2
L
g
c

, where, c is
the sound velocity. Show that according to the Debye
approximation in the low temperature limit
( )
D
i.e.T = :
i) the total internal energy
( ) ( )
D
0
E g d

is
proportional to T
3
.
ii) the heat capacity of this crystal is proportional
to T
2
.
Given that :
2
x 2
n 1
0
x 1
dx 1.202
e 1 n

[ Turn over