 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
١١٣
  W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

??? ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
    ١١٣  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K



-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
‫ א‬.٤
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٥


 ٪١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z١
 WThe Current‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
WDirect CurrentEDCF‫א‬‫א‬J ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F



 ‫א‬E١F
 WAlternating CurrentEACF‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢F
 


 ‫א‬E١F

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 WConductors‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WSemi conductors‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Silicon‫א‬Germanuim‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WInsulators‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬Z٣
 Potential Difference‫א‬
‫א‬EUF ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EVF‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Intensity Current‫א‬
EIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EAF ‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 Current Density‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEA/mm2 F‫א‬EIsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Is = I / S
 ‫א‬EA/mm2F‫א‬ZIs
 Emm2F‫א‬ZS
 EAF‫א‬ZI
 Quantity of ElectricityW‫א‬
 EA.sF‫א‬EQF‫א‬‫א‬
Q=IXT
 ‫א‬EA . SF L‫א‬ZQ
 ESF ‫א‬ZT
 EAF‫א‬ZI
 ResistanceW‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ERF‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EΩF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -
E‫א‬F‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬Z٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

EF ‫א‬ U

 ‫א‬ I

 ‫א‬‫א‬ R

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DC ‫א‬‫א‬ P

EF M E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ w
 E‫א‬F‫א‬ v

EF E‫א‬F‫א‬  A

 E‫א‬F‫א‬ Ω

EF G ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AC

 OHM,S LOWZ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 EA F‫א‬‫א‬ZI
0.6A

0.4
 EVF‫א‬‫א‬ZU
 EΩF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZR
 
0.2
I ‫اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‬

2 4 6V
0 U ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺪ‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 
 R=U/I
I=U/RU=IxR

 E١F
 ‫؟‬12V‫א‬3 Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
U = 12 V R = 3Ω W‫א‬
 I = U / R = 12 / 3 = 4 A
 E٢F
4A 12V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫ ؟‬‫א‬
 U = 12 V I = 4 A W‫א‬
 R = I X U = 12 / 4 = 3 Ω

 Electrical Powerlow‫א‬‫א‬Z٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EWattF‫א‬EPF
 EA F‫א‬‫א‬ZI
 EVF‫א‬‫א‬ZU
 EWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZP


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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 P=IxU
I=P/UU=P/I
E١F
‫؟‬0.025 A220 V ‫א‬‫א‬
I = 0.025 A U = 220 V W‫א‬
 P=I X U = 0.025 X 220 = 55 W
E٢F
70 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬12 V‫א‬W
P = 70 W U = 12 V  :‫א‬
 I = P / U = 70 / 12 = 5.83 A
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 WEResistors in SeriesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E٤F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


R1
 V R2
-

R3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  -
‫א‬
 It = I1 = I2 = I3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ut = U1 + U2 + U3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Rt =R1 + R2 + R3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ -

W
R1 = 60 Ω , R2 = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬220 V50 Ω
U = 220V R1 = 60 Ω R2 = 50 Ω W‫א‬
R = R1 + R2 = 60 + 50 = 110 Ω
I = U/R = 220 / 110 = 2A


 WEResistors in ParallelF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

O O 
+

R1
R2 R3
V 
-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ -
‫א‬
 Ut = U1 = U2 = U3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
It = I1 + I2 + I3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 W
 110 Ω‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫؟‬220 V‫א‬‫א‬
U = 220V R1 = 100 Ω R2 = 110 Ω W‫א‬
1/R = 1/R1 +1/R2 = 1/110 + 1/110 = 2/110 = 55 Ω
 I = U/R = 220 / 55 = 4A




- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z١


‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧،٦F‫א‬



 E٧F‫א‬ E٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨F
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Fuses‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬

 Relay‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬


  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬

 EMagnetsF‫א‬Z٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬










 ‫א‬E١١F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ignition CoilE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
20000V
 12V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 E١٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ -٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z٤

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬ E

 K، E
Germanuim‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Silicon‫א‬
 W
 ECarbon ResistorF‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 EDiodesF‫א‬ -٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+ -
Anode Kathode  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ECapacitorsF‫א‬ -٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ETransistorF‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 PNP‫א‬‫א‬Z٢NPN‫א‬‫ א‬.١
Collector C
C Collector
N

P
Base B
B
N
Base P

N
P

E E
Emitter
Emitter

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 45A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 ‫؟‬10 mm2‫א‬
 2.5 AL٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬،40 Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬L٣
 ‫؟‬220V ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬R2 = 5 Ω ،R1 = 15 Ω L٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬24V ‫א‬
  U2 ،U1 ‫א‬

 1.5 K Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 100A‫א‬


- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E،،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 3 Ω ‫א‬24V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 0.12A E10AE8AE‫א‬
 ‫א‬K٢
 ‫א‬E‫א‬E‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 EEE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٥
 EEE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K٨
 E‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
 EEE‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
 ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬E‫א‬
- ٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Is= I / S = 45 / 10 = 4.5 A/ mm2 L١
Q=IXT = 2.5 X 20 = 55 A.H 
L٢

I= U/R= 220 / 40 = 5.5 AL٣

R = R1 + R2 = 15 + 5 = 20 ΩL٤
 I = U/R = 24 / 20 = 1.2 A
U1= R1 X I = 15 X 1.2 = 18 V
U2 = R2 X I = 5 X 1.2 = 6 V
 Ut = 18 + 6 = 24 v


R=1.5 K Ω = 1500 Ω . U= 100V L٥
I=UXR = 100 / 1500 = 0.06666 A
 P=I X U = 0.06666 X 100 =6.666 W







- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 8A .١

 ‫א‬ .٢

 ‫א‬‫ א‬.٣

  .٤

  .٥

 ‫א‬‫ א‬.٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٧

  .٨

  .٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠


- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  



E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬












- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤


 ٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬Z١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬EKKKKK،‫א‬،‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
       K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬EH2OF‫א‬EH2SO4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1.28‫א‬‫א‬٪64‫א‬‫א‬٪36
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PBO2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ١٢ ‫א‬     ٦   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬
E J F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬EHF‫א‬‫א‬E J F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E ‫א‬ F  ‫א‬  
  
 ‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬Z٣
‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ On Charge‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،On Discharge‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 JUMP STARTING‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z٤
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬Z٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 pbo2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kpb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬o2‫א‬ K١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  so4 ‫א‬  K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬PBSO4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬PBSO4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o2‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬2( H2O )‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ،
K1.150
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، 2( H2O )‫א‬‫א‬ PBSO4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 KW‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o2‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PBO2‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SO4‫ א‬K٣
  ‫א‬    2( H2SO4 ) ‫א‬   2( H2 )    ‫א‬
K1.3001.280
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
PBSO4‫א‬ PBO2‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
PBSO4‫א‬  PB  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2( H2O ) 2( H2SO4 )‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬


- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
E١٢–٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬E–F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
E‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
EJ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
E1.82J 1.28F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠‫א‬١٢


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
( 1.28 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤٠‫א‬١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
٤٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٤‫א‬
٤٠‫א‬١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢K
‫א‬٨٠‫א‬
 ١٢‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 EH2OF‫א‬‫א‬EH2SO4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K٪64‫א‬‫א‬٪36‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

















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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬ .٤


 ٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٣W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٢٠W١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣،٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 E٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬Z٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬ K٦
 ‫א‬ K٧




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬Z٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬E٢٠W١F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬


- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬Z٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬ J ٤
- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬ J ٦
‫א‬ J ٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  a

 







 E‫א‬F‫א‬E٨F‫א‬
 ‫א‬Z٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬E٨F‫א‬
  ‫א‬



- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  E٩F
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬ J ٣
E‫א‬F‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬ J ٥
- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ J ٦
‫ א‬J ٧
‫א‬ J ٨

 ‫א‬E١
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E٢
،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E٤
،‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬E٦
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫ א‬J ٢

  ‫ א‬J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬



 ‫א‬E١٢،١١F‫א‬

E١٢،١١F
F
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

E١٢F‫א‬
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
E‫א‬F‫ א‬J ٦
‫א‬ J ٧
‫ א‬J ٨
 E‫א‬F ‫א‬ J ٩
‫א‬‫א‬30 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 –١–‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
EJ F

E‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢

E‫א‬J ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣

E–F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 E٢٠W١J ٥W١F

 WW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤


- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 –٢–‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






- ٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 J ١–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

 ٢٠W١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 –٢–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 ‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫ א‬K٢

 ‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬












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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬ K٤

 ٪٧٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 WE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
Stator‫א‬ -٦
Rotor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٧
‫א‬ -٨
‫א‬ -٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WStator‫א‬ .١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢F‫א‬

 


 
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬E٣F‫א‬

 WRotorE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫ א‬.٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬



 


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 ‫א‬ .٣
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦F‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬E٦F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 WCharging Indicator Light ‫א‬ .٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE‫א‬F‫ א‬.٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧FK‫א‬‫א‬




 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 W Rectifier ‫א‬‫ א‬.٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  




 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬
 
 Regulators ‫ א‬.٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 E١٢،١١F‫א‬


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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
EF،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EFE١٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬L 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L 

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EDF F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ED+F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬KEDF F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ED+F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDFF‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ED-F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬‫א‬

 DF , D- , B , D+ ‫א‬
 B, 1 , 2 ‫א‬
A B , IG , L , F , N , E ‫א‬


- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬


- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<퉉ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ .١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
KEF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬ .٥
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF .٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 ‫א‬L
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
‫א‬‫• א‬
 J ‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٧٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬‫א‬K



 ‫א‬E٣F





- ٧١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ K١
 K٢
  K٣
  K٤
 K٥
 K٦
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬
- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦،٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 

 ‫א‬E٦F‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩٠J ٦٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٧F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧F‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K١
  K٢
 K٣
 K٤
‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 K٦
‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ K٨
‫א‬ K٩
 K١٠
‫א‬ K١١
‫ א‬K١٢
 K١٣
 K١٤
‫א‬ K١٥
 K١٦
 K١٧
 K١٨
 K١٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٠
  K٢١
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣F‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٥F‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬E٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬
E١٩،١٨F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٩،١٨F
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٥F‫א‬
E٢٠F‫א‬E١٢FE٥FE ١٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E١٩،١٨F‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬
E١٩،١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬







- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٩F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩F‫א‬

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬L
‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 E‫א‬F‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WE١٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J ١
‫א‬ J ٢
‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬ J ٤
 J ٥
 J ٦
 J ٧
E‫א‬F‫א‬ J ٨
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
 J ١٠
 J ١١
‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٣
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤F‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٥F‫א‬‫א‬







 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥F‫א‬






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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
E١٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬  E١٦F‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬L
،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE١٨F‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨F‫א‬
 ‫א‬L 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩F‫א‬
 ‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F

- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

E٢٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١F‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٢٢F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E٢٣F


- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٤F‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤F‫א‬

- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

 

 ‫א‬ 

IGNITION SWITCH  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

NEGATIVE  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

POSITIVE  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

TERMINAL  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

RESISTER    

FISES  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

MAXIMUM    ‫א‬‫א‬

MINIMUM    ‫א‬‫א‬

CAPACITOR    

CHARGE    

RELAY    

SHORT CIRCUIT  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

STERTOR  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

ALTERNATOR  ‫א‬  

HORN    

BATTERY    ‫א‬

WIRE    

LAMB    

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬K .١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K .٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ .٣
 KK

4. Henke-Konopasek/Duffy . Auto Electricity and Electronics

Technology : South Holland , Illinois, The good hart-willcox
company, Inc. 1990

5. Norm Chapman . Principles of Electricity & Electronics for

Automotive Technician : Delmar Thomson Learning 2000

6. James Duffy. Modern Automotive Mechanics : South Holland ,

Illinois, The good hart-willcox company, Inc. 1990

7. V.A.W.Hillier . Fundamentals of Automotive Electronics.

8. 2nd Edition : Stanley Thornes ( Publishers )

9. 2nd Edition : Stanley Thornes ( Publishers )

10. Bosch. Technical Instruction : Storage Batterie

11. Toyota . Fundamentals of servicing step 1

12. Training Manual VOL. 2

13. Bosch. Technical Instruction : Graphical symbols and circuit
Diagrams for Automotive Electric

14. Bosch. Technical Instruction : Storage Batteries

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  ‫א‬  ١١٣  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٦J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٥J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J  E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٣J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J  E‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٩J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٣J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٦J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS