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Index 1/2
Index 1/2......................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Explanation..................................................................................................................................................................................................3
T in 1nc...............................................................................................................................................................................................4
T in sovereign entities........................................................................................................................................................................5
Poverty SQ solving...................................................................................................................................................................................6
Poverty SQ solving...................................................................................................................................................................................7
Poverty Universal Plans Fail.....................................................................................................................................................................8
Native Econ Improving.............................................................................................................................................................................9
Native Econ improving...........................................................................................................................................................................10
Native Econ Link turn.............................................................................................................................................................................11
Native Econ Alt Cause............................................................................................................................................................................12
Hunger solving now................................................................................................................................................................................13
Alcoholism Solvency fails......................................................................................................................................................................14
Alcoholism Alt Cause.............................................................................................................................................................................15
Alcoholism No Mpx...............................................................................................................................................................................16
Violence Ans No IL................................................................................................................................................................................17
Violence Ans Alt Cause..........................................................................................................................................................................18
Violence Ans - Inevitable..........................................................................................................................................................................19
Violence A/g Women No IL...................................................................................................................................................................20
Violence A/g Women Alt Cause.............................................................................................................................................................21
Violence A/g Women No Solvency........................................................................................................................................................22
Sovereignty Ans Link Turn....................................................................................................................................................................23
Sovereignty Ans No Mpx.......................................................................................................................................................................24
Healthcare Inev.......................................................................................................................................................................................25
Renewables coming now........................................................................................................................................................................26
Renewables Expanding on IC now.........................................................................................................................................................27
Wind Energy Expanding on IC now.......................................................................................................................................................28
Military DA 1nc link...............................................................................................................................................................................29
Military DA Poverty Indians serving.................................................................................................................................................30
Military DA Employment Indians Serving........................................................................................................................................31
Military DA Indians Serve......................................................................................................................................................................32
Military DA Indians Serve......................................................................................................................................................................33
Military DA Mpx Turns the Case...........................................................................................................................................................34
Politics HC Unpopular............................................................................................................................................................................35
Politics HC Unpopular............................................................................................................................................................................36
Politics Helping Natives Popular............................................................................................................................................................37
Politics Helping Natives GOP supports...............................................................................................................................................38
Politics HC Popular.................................................................................................................................................................................39
Politics Indians Powerful........................................................................................................................................................................40
Nuke Waste DA 1nc...............................................................................................................................................................................41
Nuke Waste DA Poverty = Accept Waste..............................................................................................................................................42
Nuke Waste DA Poverty = Accept Waste..............................................................................................................................................43
Nuke Waste DA Storage key to Nuke Energy........................................................................................................................................44
Nuke Waste DA terror mpx....................................................................................................................................................................45
Nuke Waste DA Solves Warming..........................................................................................................................................................46
Nuke Waste DA Nuke Energy solves Demand......................................................................................................................................47
Nuke Waste DA Yucca solves................................................................................................................................................................48
Compacts CP 1nc....................................................................................................................................................................................49
Compacts CP Social Services Solvency.................................................................................................................................................50
Compacts CP States giving services now...............................................................................................................................................51
Compacts CP _ solvency efficient/comprehensive.................................................................................................................................52
Compacts CP solve sovereignty..............................................................................................................................................................53
Compacts CP Environment Solvency.....................................................................................................................................................54
Compacts CP Perm Ans..........................................................................................................................................................................55
PTC CP 1nc.............................................................................................................................................................................................56
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PTC CP Renewable Energy...............................................................................................................................................................57

PTC CP Econ & Federal Obligation.......................................................................................................................................................58
PTC CP Solves Poverty..........................................................................................................................................................................59
PTC CP - Economic Growth.................................................................................................................................................................60
PTC CP - Economic Growth.................................................................................................................................................................61
PTC CP solves sovereignty.....................................................................................................................................................................62
PTC CP modeled.....................................................................................................................................................................................63
PTC Politics Popular............................................................................................................................................................................64
Give the Land Back CP solves genocide................................................................................................................................................65
Gie the Land Back CP solves poverty....................................................................................................................................................66
Indian Country offensive.....................................................................................................................................................................67
Native American offensive..................................................................................................................................................................68
Reservation offensive..........................................................................................................................................................................69
Rhetoric/Discourse Comes First................................................................................................................................................................70
Tribal Names Better...................................................................................................................................................................................73
American Indian Better..........................................................................................................................................................................74
Native American better..........................................................................................................................................................................75
Aff poverty High.....................................................................................................................................................................................76
Aff Military DA No Link........................................................................................................................................................................77
Aff Politics Link N/U..............................................................................................................................................................................78
Aff Link N/U...........................................................................................................................................................................................79
Aff A2 Name Kritiks...........................................................................................................................................................................80
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Explanation
There is no one reading a natives aff at this camp so it did not make much sense to spend a bunch of time writing blocks and fixing
that out. Instead, this file should serve as a great starting point for constructing a negative against Natives affs that you will hear
during the year.
The First section is a T violation that Natives own their own land so the phrase in the United States excludes them. While they
are geographically WITHIN the united states they are not within the bound or limits of. Probably needs some more T work on
exactly how one could like to define in for the context of this violation.
Section 2 is really a bunch of case answers for anticipated advantages. The sovereignty stuff needs a good deal more work as do
the specific poverty advantages.
Disad links compose the next section. The Military DA links are phenomenal, the Politics links are pretty good both ways. The
Nuke Waste Disad is just a poverty means Natives accept deals to store our waste which is good b/c waste is vital to expanding
the nuclear power industry. Looking for impacts to nuke power should start with last years topic. In fact, I believe it was an ENDI
Camp aff so it shouldnt be too terribly difficult to find a few to do that.
The Counterplan section includes several specific ideas
Compacts CP this has the States negotiate a treaty with the tribes. It is different than the standard states cp b/c it treats them like
a sovereign nation which is a level of respect even greater than the plan.
The PTC CP takes an aff idea from last year. It extends the tax credit to natives to allow them to develop renewable on their land.
It solves all of the advantages teams would read. The disads would be off of social services bad. The only ones I can think of
are politics [the 1nc card is good] and spending since it wouldnt cost the US anything in deficit spending.
Give the Land Back is a proposal to literally give the land to native Americans. Pretty controversial but again solves all of the
case. You would have to argue that it is mutually exclusive with the aff. I think K teams will want to work some more on this
particular counterplan.
Section 5 is the dirty word section. Basically I am intrigued by how the plan text refers to native Americans there are
problems with almost any word or words that the aff chooses to use. I added a few rhetoric/language choice important cards to
the file. This would allow you to run a K of these arguments on the negative. I think ALL of them need a little bit more work on
what to use as an alternative to whatever the aff chooses to use.
Finally there are some aff cards I thought were okay and I kept in the file just for kicks since Im not printing this file out for
anyone.
Good luck going neg against natives affs this year.
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T in 1nc
A. Interpretation IN means within
Words and Phrases 59
(Volume 20A, p. 17)
The word in means inside of within the bounds or limits of, and under Railroad Law 26, N.J.S.A. 48:12-49, allowing a
railroad to cross any street or highway in any city at grade, with the consent of the municipal authorities, a boulevard may be so
crossed at grade with such consent at a point within the city, though the boulevard was built by the county authorities and extended
far beyond the city limits. Board of Chosen Freeholders of County of Hudson v. Central R. Co. of New Jersey, 59 A. 303, 307, 68
N.J.Eq. 500.
B. Violation Native Reservations are not bounded by the United States they are their own sovereign territories
CALIFORNIA WASTE BOARD 08
(Local Government Central Glossary of Terms http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/LGCentral/Glossary/)
Indian country: Territory controlled by Native American tribal governments is considered a sovereign nation. For the
purposes of disposal reporting, waste from Indian Country is considered imported waste and waste sent to Indian Country is considered exported waste. Counties and Board-permitted landfills
and transformation facilities that accept waste from Indian country are importing waste. California jurisdictions sending waste to Indian country are exporting waste. Please see Public
Resources Code section 44201
C. Topicality is a voting issue because its a rule AND

1. LIMITS allowing the aff to give services to non entities within the US explodes aff ground to every
country and region in the world.
2. GROUND in the United States refers to a specific group of people about which we read specific
disad links and case answers.
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T in sovereign entities
Indian reservations are their own independent territories
Sutton 76 Professor of Geography Cal State Fullerton
Imre sutton, Sovereign States and the Changing Definition of the Indian Reservation, : Geographical Review, Vol. 66, No. 3 (Jul., 1976), pp. 281-295,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/213886.pdf
On the other hand, reservations lie within but are not part of states and local civil divisions. However, few scholars would erroneously ascribe to this land unit characteristics of a state or
sovereign nation. What is contrasted is the difference between territory and its government; the reservation is part of the territory of a state but is most often independent of that
government.
Further beclouding the meaning of Indian reservation is the character of land administration. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) administers the
reservation mostly as a field service area, part of an elaborate bureaucracy within the Department of the Interior. Yet, by dint
of constitutional provisions and treaties, statutes, and executive orders, Indian reservations must be distinguished as other
than administrative units or field service areas. Although reservations are administered on behalf of the tribes, the tribes
possess autonomy over their lands, harking back to aboriginal status as independent nations and reinforced by treaties or
later legislation, such as the Indian Reorganization Act of I934.4
In the decades following the abrogation of the treaty-making practice (1871), the states have tended to defer to the federal government in tribal land matters, perhaps owing mostly to
the federal administrative role rather than to intrinsic state or local understanding or to acceptance of tribal "internal sovereignty." But the
administrative structure is a
facade that obscures the fundamental role of tribal government over its own territory. The fact that many administrators in the past have viewed the
persistence of treaty provisions as anachro- nistic, and have therefore assumed considerable bureaucratic authority over various
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Poverty SQ solving
The stimulus package helps Native Americans in poverty
Hooson, 2-7-09, commentator and contributor to informational threads
[Paul Hooson, Native American Community Will Benefit From Stimulus Bill Wizbang Blue, http://wizbangblue.com/2009/02/07/native-americancommunity-will-benefit-from-stimulus-bill.php]
Generally, speaking the Native American community has witnessed years and years of funding neglect from Washington and has
faced woeful underfunding of schools and education as well as health facilities. However, the current economic stimulus bill may
help to provide up to $3 billion in badly needed funds to improve a wide range of services for Native Americans. While this may
work out to an average expenditure of around $1,000 per Native American, these funds are badly needed to help this important
segment of the U.S. population get the education they need to find employment, improve the quality of their schools, and help to
reduce some serious health issues that face this community, including higher rates of heart problems and strokes than the general
population.
One big problem is that when you hear opponents of this economic stimulus bill attack wasteful spending or seek to prevent the bill from passing, vital financial aid and
improvement of the Native American communities in America is just one of the many important aspects of this bill . The fact of the matter
is that the Native American community has largely faced poorly funded schools and health services for too many years. And this important aid to the Native American community is an
important moral cause for the United States government which at one time caused this Native American community so much death and destruction, poverty and loss of land.
Today, many Americans live in conditions far more acceptable and comfortable than many Native Americans live. And it is an important obligation of the United States government to
fund Native American services at some level of equal parity with comparable city schools or health services since it is the federal government that manages the Bureau Of Indian Affairs
and not cities with local tax bases. With such a high poverty rate in some Native American communities, it is not possible for a local tax base high enough to fully fund many important
services such as funding local fire departments or police.
Part of what is so encouraging about the Obama presidency is that this president is very serious about improving the economic standing, educational opportunities and health care funding
for so much of the nation's poor. This is in sharp contrast to the Bush years where some minority populations of the U.S. actually lost much ground to poverty. And the added problems of
this serious recession have also placed an additional strain on the health and well being of many in the Native American community.
On my mother's side of my family, there are some of my relatives who come from a South American Indian background. And while these relatives do live well, not all persons of a North
or South American Indian background live quite so well. This
current portion of the economic stimulus bill carefully targets funding to at least
provide some needed aid to keep some North American Native services open and funded. When opponents of this economic
stimulus bill tell you that they oppose this bill, this is just part of the important services included in the bill that need continued
funding. The Bureau Of Indian Affairs needs continual vital funding to keep schools, hospitals and other services open. It is completely unacceptable for opponents of the economic
stimulus bill to attempt to obstruct the continued funding of vital Bureau Of Indian Affairs Services. Vital services need to remain open. Such vital expenditures are hardly "pork" as some
critics of this bill suggest. This is merely funding just basic services.
Casinos provide economic baseline for reservations

Kress, 2004, Writer for the Phoenix Business Journal
[Adam Kress, Casino cash slowly helping reduce reservations' poverty, Phoenix Business Journal
http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2004/12/13/story1.html?page=3 >]
Trips through the Salt River reservation and its casinos and time talking to those who live on the land, put in focus the extraordinary poverty in which many of the community's 7,500-plus
people live. Poverty
is a serious problem on reservations across the state and the country, but gaming slowly is beginning to improve the
poor conditions.
As the Salt River community's two casinos continue to thrive to the tune of about $280 million in revenue annually, profits have
been used to build an impressive new high school and to make other improvements on the reservation.
Those living on the Salt River reservation receive nearly $11,000 a year from shared casino profits, but some say while the money
helps, many don't use it effectively and continue to live in poverty.
Tribal leaders say casino profits greatly benefit the infrastructure of the reservation, but the tribe can't control what individuals do
with their share. The per capita gift to tribal members seems to both help and greatly complicate matters.
Another perplexing reality of the widespread poverty on tribal land is the amount of new jobs created by gaming. Estimates show
the casinos have added more than 9,000 jobs in the state. But officials say only 43 percent of the casino jobs are filled by Native Americans, who are given a
preference in hiring.
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Poverty SQ solving
Casinos are improving tribal life now
Kress, 2004, Writer for the Phoenix Business Journal
[Adam Kress, Casino cash slowly helping reduce reservations' poverty, Phoenix Business Journal
http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2004/12/13/story1.html?page=3>]
Moore is not a community member of the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, but has worked for it for five years. He sees the impact of the casinos as
positive and knows that, over time, they can continue to improve the overall quality of life on the reservation.
"The purpose of gaming revenues is to support our government services and programs," he said. "Tribes struggle with economic
development, and gaming has been the one thing that's worked. For our tribe as a whole, gaming has given us the opportunity to
address decades of neglect."
He cites the federal government as the main source of the neglect.
"Tribes have never been given the support they've needed from the federal government ," he said. "Only about 30 percent of our money
comes from the federal government, the other 70 percent comes from our enterprises."
Moore says schools, fire stations and road repairs are beneficial offshoots from gaming revenue, not to mention the extra income given directly to community members.
That extra income from the per capita sharing program came about only after tribal citizens decided they wanted a piece of the gaming
action, Moore said.
Federal law says that only after showing significant infrastructure improvements can gaming tribes give out per capita gifts. The tribal council didn't feel the improvement requirements
were met, but citizens forced the issue with a ballot proposition asking for 30 percent of casino revenue.
Once the measure passed a community vote, the federal government approved the per capita giving to the tribal members. That decision has had a profound financial effect on tribal
members, but it seems to have done little to improve average living conditions.
"There is still a high rate of substance abuse and gangs on the reservation, but the gaming money also improves the median
income," Moore said. "Some of the money gets thrown away, but there's also a lot of responsible community members. I have to give
them the benefit of the doubt."
Denise Evans has the opportunity almost every day to see the disparity between the poverty on much of the reservation and the wealth of the casino there. A Salt River community
member, Evans works in the gift shop at Casino Arizona and lives on the reservation.
She said the casinos have had a number of positive effects
doesn't see it as a complete solution to the reservation's ills either.
on tribal life, including improved housing, health care and education. But she
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Poverty Universal Plans Fail

Universal plans fail diversity means solving for economies will have to be individual
Capriccioso, 7-9-2009, Washington staff reporter at Indian Country Today
[Robert Capriccioso, A complex tale to be told Indian Country Today, http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=1615&Itemid=84&limit=1&limitstart=0]
Beyond Gaming
While the Ho-Chunk story is dazzling on many fronts, there
is no one sure-fire way to achieve successful tribal economic development.

I dont think there really is a one-size fits all type of model, says Begay. Given the diversity of Indian nations culturally,
socially, politically the routes to successes are going to be different and should be different .
The Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe provides just one of many examples of unique business ventures in Indian Country. In 1996 tribal leaders
dedicated a portion of the tribes gaming revenue to a small business development program. The program invests in businesses that are at least 60 percent
member-owned and within 50 miles of the reservation. As of 2000, 60 percent of the 30 businesses that had received assistance were still in operation.
Likewise, the Mississippi Band of Choctaw offers another example of a tribe focused on developing and sustaining unique tribal
enterprises. The tribe has managed through the years to create several thriving manufacturing businesses focused on diverse ventures, ranging from automobile development to
greeting card production. The tribe has even now opened a couple of factories in Mexico under the North American Free Trade Agreement.
Today, every Mississippi Choctaw citizen who wants to and can work has a job, rising incomes and standards of living, according to tribal officials.
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Native Econ Improving

Indian reservations economy is growing
there is good news, too. The story today of economic development in Indian Country is one of rapidly
growing economies among both gaming and non-gaming tribes, Joseph Kalt, a professor of international political economy at Harvard
University, writes in the new book The State of the Native Nations (Oxford University Press). Indian nations are taking hold of self-determination and
making the most of it.
Despite those harsh realities, however,
Native American casinos bring economic growth

Still, while casinos have by no means been a cure all to end poverty, make no mistake: They have led to amazing economic
growth and even prosperity in some instances.
The biggest tribal economic strides, without a doubt, have been in the area of gaming, says Cornish, who was formerly a
business educator at Sinte Gleska University.
The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska, for instance, opened its WinnaVegas Casino on tribal land near the town of Sloan, Iowa, in the spring of 1992. It was an immediate success, providing
jobs for more than 100 Winnebagos and generating huge profits for the tribe in its first year of operation.
The Winnebago used the profits for improvements on their reservation building a senior center and a 12-unit apartment building, funding educational reforms, a daycare center, a
podiatry service credited with preventing many diabetes-related amputations, a Winnebago language and cultural program and a tribal college.
High school test scores also rose in the Native student population and unemployment rates fell below the national average .
Then, in 1994, the state of Iowa authorized the expansion of gaming in the tribes primary markets.
Tribal leaders quickly realized that their remote gaming operation would be severely affected by new state casinos and voted to expand the tribes business operations. Ultimately, the
Winnebago Tribe formed Ho-Chunk, Inc. to diversify the tribes investments away from gaming.
Our goal was to develop an entrepreneurial company that was able to recognize and develop various economic opportunities and was capable of making quick business decisions to
capitalize on those opportunities, according to a history section on the Winnebago Web site.
The tribe initially financed Ho-Chunk with income from gaming operations. After a few years, it became a stand-alone operation and went on to start multiple reservation-based
companies. Today, Ho-Chunk employs more than 500 people in four major areas of operation, including construction, housing, government contracting, marketing/media and
retail/distribution.
Its just the brand of Indian economic development that pleases Cornish. Diversification in economic is extremely important, he
reflects, having spent years working with tribes and individuals on developing business plans. Trying to insulate tribes from
economic instabilities is crucial.
Native economies improving now beyond casinos

As the concept of self-determination has taken root across Indian Country, some tribes have created and supported vast tribal
enterprises that have nothing to do with casinos, such as the Quil Ceda shopping center of the Tulalip Tribes, or the high-volume
FireLake Discount Foods Center and First National Bank and Trust of the Citizen Potawatomi .
Non-gaming enterprises are proliferating rapidly in Indian Country, according to Kalts research. Some of these are large and
visible but development is also founded on businesses owned by private tribal citizens from Burger King franchises and
Hampton Inns to paving companies, construction firms, automobile repair shops, and cattle ranches.
Historically, the governmental sector (tribal and federal) has been the largest employer of most tribes, but today the business sector is growing increasingly large. In 1982, roughly
13,000 small businesses generated $500 million in on-reservation revenues, according to Kalt. Ten years later, the U.S.
Department of Commerce identified 102,000 Native owned businesses. By 2002, the figure had more than doubled, to 206,000.
Even at one of the poorest tribes in the nation the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a number of Native-owned businesses have
popped up and are now doing well, even without much direct support from the Oglala Sioux tribal government. In this case, a local
Indian chamber of commerce is collaborating to foster intra-chamber purchasing and pushing to develop better tribal economic
polices.
Cornish believes that all tribes should be looking to make economic developments beyond gaming. Tribal casinos usually have to share a large percentage of their revenues with states or
communities, he notes. Plus, theres a very active program to expand gaming beyond Indian Country.
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Native Econ improving

Casinos are boosting their economies
Toensing, 6-12-09, staff writer for Indian Country Today,
[Gale Courey Toensing, NIGC reports 2.3 percent increase in Indian gaming, Indian Country Today
http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/business/gaming/47930432.html]
WASHINGTON Although
the economic recession is having an impact in Indian country, Indian gaming took in $26.7 billion in 2008,
an increase of 2.3 percent over the prior year .
National Indian Gaming Commission Chairman Phil Hogen released the 2008 gaming revenues at the annual conference of the North American Gaming Regulators Association in
Washington June 3.
The increase in the Indian gaming industrys 2008 revenues represents growth of more than $500 million over 2007.
The commissions data represents gaming by more than 240 of the nations 562 Indian tribes, operating more than 400 casinos and
bingo halls in 28 states.
Over the past 10 years, Indian gaming has more than doubled from $9.8 billion to last years $26.7 billion . Although Indian gaming continues
to grow, its rate of growth has decreased over the past few years.
We know that the economic downturn has impacted casino and bingo hall patrons, and reports from many tribal gaming facilities reflect that. We are often told that while patrons appear
The modest growth reflected in these

numbers would seem to show that Indian gaming remains a strong and effective means of economic development for Indian
nations, Hogen said.
to be visiting tribal gaming facilities as often as in the past, they seem to spend less per visit than before the downturns onset.
Casinos improving economics for tribes Long term investments

Chan, 7-11-09, Associate Editor & writer of Online Casino Sphere
[Brian Chan, Tribal Casino Gambling Funds Native American Higher Education, Online Casino Sphere,
<http://www.onlinecasinosphere.com/about.php>]
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- A
major benefit for members of Native American tribes around the country from the casino gambling boom is
the funding of college scholarships. University educations, vocational training, and career counseling for thousands is paid in full by gaming revenue.
This blessing is one that will continue to reward tribal populations, as the educations result in an overall rising of Native American
economies. College graduates return and open Indian-owned and-operated businesses, allowing for creation of jobs in the present
and more opportunities in the future for tribal members.
Gambling revenues from tribal casinos last year equalled $26 billion,according to the National Indian Gaming Association. By investing that money in their youth,
tribes have assured themselves they will receive benefits for years to come.
While tribal reservations remain among the most poverty-stricken areas of the US, recent evidence is that gambling revenues have
contributed to a rise in economic lifestyles. A study by Harvard in 2005 showed Native Americans had seen a significant rise in
employment and incomes between 1990 and 2000.
Melissa Bembry is an Oneida tribal member, who used her scholarship to become a health care specialist. She told Newsblaze, "The opportunities they provide us are endless."
The opportunities the graduates provide for their peoples' futures are also endless.
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Native Econ Link turn

TURN federal funding creates dependence that hinders true development
Continuing to push for economic independence wont be easy in the years to come, but most everyone agrees it must be done
and done, some say, with even less financial support from the federal government.
The 1990s saw substantial improvement in many tribal citizens material welfare and fiscal health independent of federal
program spending, according to The State of the Native Nations. Maintaining and expanding this rate of growth is clearly critical to the long-term economic
health of Native America. Rates of unemployment and poverty remain unacceptably high and suggest much productive economic potential within.
Cornish takes the independence thought a step further, saying that some tribal leaders are currently much too dependent on federal
government payments. One day soon those payments could be gone, he says. Being a leader means planning for that
possibility.
Cornish says that part of the change that still has to occur is getting more tribes to focus on self-determination. Federal funding
should be like training wheels, he says. Youve got to get them off. Or else youre never going to be on your own .
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Native Econ Alt Cause

Alt Cause cultural based decisions impeded economic development
Upon learning the profits of the few tribes that have enjoyed considerable economic success in the gaming arena, some people, unfamiliar with tribal sovereignty, self-determination and
other cultural and political issues involving American Indians, might wonder why all tribes havent jumped collectively onto the casino bandwagon.
Beyond the obvious problems that would arise from market competition and saturation, tribal officials interviewed throughout the
country say that an immense complicating factor is the unique political and social status of American Indians as a racial group in
the U.S.
Tribes not only have inherent rights under the U.S. Constitution, treaties, Supreme Court decisions, Presidential executive orders, and acts of Congress, their members also often have
another set of decisions to consider based on their unique cultural beliefs and customs.
Winnebago leaders, for example, say that the role of culture has long factored into their contemporary economic decision-making .
As early as 1989 efforts were made to identify ways to create jobs and provide money for the tribe, according to the tribes Web site. A driving force behind these efforts was
Reuben Snake (Kikawa Unga), a Winnebago political and spiritual leader. Reuben encouraged the tribe to find new ways to
provide jobs and to make profitable business entities, while also respecting the ways of the past and tribal tradition and culture.
All in all, its a business framework that would probably make Donald Trump squirm.
Economic
development for American Indians is really very different than for other ethnic minority groups, says Begay, who is of
Navajo descent. We hold different things sacred and we also sometimes hold similar things sacred. (For many years prior to the
2000s, many members of the Navajo Nation resisted casino development on the basis of cultural objections.)
The strategy thats selected by various tribes would need to consider what the cultural implications are for going one route over
another, says Begay.
Simply put, Native Americans appear to have different goals than the average American. According to a study conducted by Harvard University, the most commonly self-reported goals of
Native nations in the arena of economic development are not wealth and capitalistic riches. Instead, tribes often pursue economic
development in order to have the freedom to control their own political, cultural and social destinies, and to have the ability to
sustain communities where their citizens can and want to live.
But decisions arent always so crystal clear. Cornish notes that it can sometimes be very difficult for tribes to contemplate the role
of culture in the context of their economic decision-making. Theres nothing in Indian Country that isnt controversial, he says.
Especially in economic development.
For instance, some tribes that have uranium resources under their reservations have been very reluctant to mine it in reverence to
the Earth, although there is a feeling among some tribal members that the federal government might get involved, if Indians dont act soon.
Lack of qualified leadership hinders Native American economic development

leadership
becomes a key ingredient in creating successful and sustained economic development, according to several researchers.
But good leadership doesnt come easy. Many tribal leaders have lacked educational opportunities, have never held a job, or have
only held work until the grant runs out jobs, according to Kalt.
Once a tribe has dipped its collective toes into the economic development waters whether via a casino, tribal business, and/or support for Native entrepreneurs
Of those that have substantial work experience, much of this has typically been in government rather than business, he says. With more control of tribal government comes increased
responsibility and accountability. While leaders are seeing the consequences of their decisions and actions and learning from these experiences, more effort and opportunity must be
directed to the capacity of tribal leadership.
Recent economic growth in Indian Country is fragile, particularly so because it is founded on powers of self-determination that are under constant attack from certain state and federal
quarters and because maintenance of such powers is not under the unilateral control of Native nations, according to a section of The State of the Native Nations. It is not coincidence that
economic development has taken root where and when long-standing federal project and grant approaches to development have been replaced by tribes assertions of self-rule in the
economic arena.
Begay says that pressure is increasingly felt on the shoulders of Indian governments to put in place the institutional infrastructures needed to channel human and financial resources into
productive activities, so that the community is working to add to the economic pie, rather than squabbling over how to divide the pie.
There
is a need to develop good political institutions to allow for economic development to take off, says Begay. Many tribes
currently have governing structures that do not mesh very well with the contemporary needs and challenges of Indian nations.
Cornish suggests that more tribal leaders should be making partnerships with outside contractors to fill certain tribal business positions, at least in the short term. Putting less than
fully qualified tribal people in managerial roles isnt a good idea, he says. Tribes have to determine that if theyre going to be
successful, they have to hire the best talent. Then, they can get a return on their investment by having tribal members job-shadow
and learn the ropes.
More than one researcher interviewed for this story said that tribal politics should be kept separate from day-to-day government decision-making and management in bureaucratic and
business affairs. Comparative
research involving multiple tribal leadership styles has found that successful economic development is
most likely to occur when tribes effectively assert their sovereignty and back up such assertions with capable and culturally
appropriate institutions of self-government.
Where these tribal government-oriented attributes are absent, tribal assets such as an educated citizenry, natural resources, and the
like are more often squandered, failing to deliver sustainable economic performance or lasting improvements in community
welfare, according to Kalts research.
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Hunger solving now

Programs already exist to combat hunger
USDA 08
[USDA, Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations, United States Department of Agriculture, < http://www.fns.usda.gov/fdd/programs/fdpir/pfsfdpir.pdf>]
1. What is the FDPIR? FDPIR provides
commodity foods to low income households living on Indian reservations , and to American Indian
households participate in the FDPIR as an alternative to the Food Stamp
Program ,because they do not have easy access to food stamp offices or authorized food stores. The program is administered at the Federal
level by the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS),an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. FDPIR is administered locally by either Indian Tribal Organizations (ITOs) or an
households residing in approved areas near reservations or in Oklahoma. Many
agency of a State government. Currently, there are approximately 271 tribes receiving benefits under FDPIR through 99 ITOs and 5State agencies. USDA purchases and ships
These administering agencies store and distribute the foods,

determine applicant eligibility, and provide nutrition education to recipients. USDA provides the administering agencies with funds for program
commodities to the ITOs and State agencies. Commodities are selected from a list of available foods.
administrative costs. FDPIR is authorized under Section 4(b) of the Food Stamp Act of 1977, and Section 4(a) of the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of1973. FDPIR is
authorized through 2012.Federal regulations governing the program can be found at 7 CFR Parts 250, 253 and 254.
13
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Alcoholism Solvency fails

Plan cant solve- solutions to alcoholism must come entirely from Natives themselves
Gale 91
(Nancy Gale, Fighting Alcohol and Substance Abuse among American Indian and Alaskan Native Youth, ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education
and Small Schools Charleston WV, pg online @ http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9221/indian.htm)

In addition, optimism that success is possible characterizes these efforts. Native
American tribes and communities are becoming increasingly confident

that their members can reject abuse, and, more importantly, will continue to reject it in the future.
It is also becoming widely recognized that, in its struggle against abuse, a tribal community's most valuable resource is its own people. Allies in this cause include parents and families,
school personnel, social service providers, and physical and mental health care providers. In addition, court, law enforcement and tribal government personnel can provide valuable
assistance.
Tribal traditions and spiritual values are also being recognized as providing an additional vital resource. These traditions and values must be articulated
and renewed. People of the community, it is being said, must take part in all aspects of the effort against alcohol and substance
abuse. They need to feel involved and must believe that they have designed and own the effort .
STEPS TOWARD SOLUTIONS
To be successful, local groups should draw support from the community. Participants should work with the problem of substance
abuse in their community as they see it. A Native community might follow these steps to design an effective program:
* Get people together and ask community members to define how alcohol and substance abuse specifically affect their youngsters.
* Encourage community members to talk about substance abuse.
* Ask questions to see what is currently being done to combat the problem and identify what still needs to be done.
* Work through a community committee, develop a plan, and decide who can help where. Look for ways to coordinate existing and new activities.
* Divide planning and implementation responsibilities among community members. Recruit volunteers and use existing resource personnel.
* Find the gaps and seek training for local people where necessary.
* When necessary, identify and use outside resources but provide means for assuring community control and responsibility for how these resources are coordinated with local activities.
* Keep track of what takes place, including progress. Measure small steps.
The Salish and Kootenai Tribes in northwestern Montana have included these steps in their Blue Bay Healing Center (Native American Development Corporation, 1990b).
SAMPLE APPROACHES
Many tribal and community workers believe that
Native youth will make better choices about their lives if youngsters know more about--and
take a more active part in--their tribal heritage . In this view, Native youth achieve the positive self-esteem that comes with belonging to something larger than
themselves.
No Solvency- Spirituality essential for lifting Native Americans from alcoholism

Stone, Martinez and Chen 09 American Sociological Association
(Tosalie Torres Stone, Debbie Martinez, Xiaojin Chen, The Role of Spirituality on Alcohol Cessation among Native Americans, 05-25-09, All Academic
Research, pg online @ http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/1/9/4/5/p19459_index.html)
American Indians with a low orientation toward traditional culture were more than 4.4 times as likely to be heavy drinkers compared
research has found that
achievement and maintenance of sobriety was facilitated by spirituality and community ties such as closer relationships with
friends and relatives (Lowery, 1998; Neill, 2000; Carroll, 1991; Miller, 1998; Westermeyer and Neider, 1984; Moss et al., 1985; Hazel and Mohatt, 2001) Interestingly, a similar
to more culturallyoriented adults (Herman-Stahl et. al., 2003). Alcohol Cessation and Spirituality: The Connection to Culture for Native Americans Past
process of identity diffusion followed by identity reinterpretation (facilitated by self disclosure) is noted in Alcohol Anonymous members as well (Hazel and Mohatt, 2001; Carroll, 1991).
However, as Hazel and Mohatt (2001) has pointed out, little research on alcohol cessation has been positioned within an American Indian cultural spiritual understanding,rather most
research has constructed spirituality in the Judeo-Christian sense. Hazel and Mohatt define sobriety as a process of opening to what the Yupik refer to as Ellam-iinga- the eye of
awareness or eye of God. When
an individual becomes addicted to alcohol or another substance, their spiritual relationship and
connectedness 6 to the world around them is closed. Therefore, sobriety is seen as a way in which to re-connect with ones self and ones surroundings, rekindling
their spiritual side in the process. The research has suggested that those who experienced a cessation in alcohol use also experienced an
awakening in their spiritual life. A study on participants in Alcoholics Anonymous found that the extent of practice of Step 11 (prayer and meditation, spending
time with nature) was positively correlated with both purpose of life and length of sobriety (Carroll, 1991). Interestingly, the majority of participants (74%) in a
recent study indicated that their reason for alcohol cessation was a single event (Hazel and Mohatt, 2001). However, only 11% of this group mentioned that the event was of a spiritual
nature rather than an aversive nature (46%). Nevertheless, spirituality seems to be most important in the
for cessation. 44% percent of respondents found support in spirituality, with 43% mentioning Native cultural-based spirituality.
recovery process, rather than as an initial reason
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HLM Lab
Alcoholism Alt Cause

Plan cant solve- cultural values determine Native American Alcoholism
Flores 85 Physchiatric Consultant Group of Atlanta
(Phillip John Flores, Alcoholism Treatment and the Relationship of Native American Cultural Values, 11/01/85, Substance Use & Misuse, pg online @
http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/264640_731430965_786575817.pdf)
Native American alcoholics, Native American nonalcoholics, Anglo alcoholics, and Anglo staff were compared on demographics and the Rokeach Value Survey. The subjects were from
an inpatient alcohol treatment program of a rural community mental health center located 1 mile from the boundary of a large southwestern Indian reservation. Results from this study
Evidence is also presented which suggests that

Native Americans' values are measurable and significantly different from Anglo values . While the relationship between values and
recovery was difficult to discern, it is suggested that the disparity in values between the two cultures is one reason why so few Native
American alcoholics remained in treatment. INTRODUCTION Those cultures which have poorly defined norms of appropriate drinking
usually have abnormally high alcoholism rates (Cahalan et al., 1969; Madsen, 1974). Consequently, it is well recognized that the cultural values
play an important part in the way individuals drink (Bacon, 1974; Hanson, 1973). How- *Address correspondence to the author at the Psychiatric Consultants Group
provide evidence which supports the poorer prognostic rates of alcoholism recovery for Native American alcoholics.
of Atlanta, One Exchange Place, 2300 Peachford Road, Suite 1220, Atlanta, Georgia 30338. 1707 Copyright 0 1986 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. 0020-773X/85/2011-1707$3.50/0
these same cultural values

play an equally important part in determining the effectiveness of alcoholism treatment (Pattison, 1973; Beige1 et al., 1974). Pattison (1 973) suggests
that a comprehensive alcoholism treatment program requires a careful development of treatment facilities and methods which match
the perceptions, styles, and needs of subpopulations of alcoholics. He further states that if this match is not made the treatment program
will be relatively unsuccessful, and if a good match is made the probability of success is increased . Shore and Von Fumetti (1972) state that the
Downloaded By: [Emory University] At: 19:30 9 July 2009 1708 FLORES ever, until recently there has been a paucity of research recognizing that
Pattison report underscores the necessity of matching the philosophy and methods of a treatment facility with the specific needs of an Indian community. While there is substantial opinion
supporting the need for the Indianization of Indian alcohol programs (Price, 1975; Shore and Von Fumetti, 1972), little effort has been made to accurately describe this process or to
articulate treatment strategies which have been developed exclusively for Native American alcoholics. This is an important endeavor because addictive behavior and difficulties in
interpersonal relations leave traces in an individuals value system (Szasz, 1966). If therapy is to be successful, it may surely be manifested as changes or rearrangements of value
priorities. Rokeach (1 975) presents convincing evidences that values do exist, can be easily assessed, are tantamount in influencing a persons ai titudes and behavior. and can be easily
changed by effective psychotherapy. While there is a scarcity of empirical data available regarding Indian values and the relation of these values to alcoholism treatment, evidence
presented by Beutler (1979, 1978, 1981) and Bergin (1980) supports Franks (1962, 1978, 1967) thesis that the persuasive components of psychotherapy are crucial to successful
treatment. It would follow that the
identification of values related to this persuasive process is important if treatment effectiveness is to be

enhanced. Franks thesis takes on added ramifications when considering recommendations that alcoholism treatment should not be applied without
considering the values of the person being treated.
Native American alcoholism is cultural

Non- 12 Step 08 Alcohol Treatment Organization
(Native Americans: Alcohol Abuse and Treatment, d, 12/30/08, pg online @ http://www.non12step.com/blog/alcohol-treatment/native-americans-alcoholabuse-and-treatment/)
Consider for a moment one factor: that alcohol
use is largely a matter learned behaviors based on community or cultural expectations. Most of us adopt alcohol
use, and abuse, patterns from our family, our community, and society at large. Who introduced alcohol to Native Americans? Prospectors, whalers, soldiers,
and others whose immoderate alcohol use is now reflected in many of todays Native American patterns , patterns handed down from one
generation to the next.
Of course these learned patterns could be changed if they werent serving a purpose. Unhappily they do. In many cases being drunk is a readily accepted excuse to diverge from cultural
norms - an excuse to act out aggressively rather than adhering to a passive conformity, for example. Community members hesitate to criticize someone for getting drunk and acting out
this week when they may be the one wanting to get drunk and do the same next week.
Drinking is also a way of achieving some temporary respite from crowded living arrangements that dont allow for any privacy. My neighbor on the upper Yukon was one of eight people
occupying a cabin roughly fifteen by twenty feet - a cabin without electricity, running water, or any distractions. Who could blame him for disappearing into an alcohol induced stupor
from time to time?
after
generation has seen a steady decline in leadership, stability, and ability. In some cases nearly all of the women have left, preferring the
easier life available to them with non-Native husbands, college education, or city jobs. Who can blame them for leaving, or for the hopeless young men left behind
Alcohol also helps blot out the depression and frustration that comes from a seemingly hopeless future. In many communities the most capable people have left. Generation
from drowning their loneliness?
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Alcoholism No Mpx
Alcoholism is overrated- just like any chronic illness
Disability Resource Directory 09
(Alcoholism- Is it curable or controllable?, pg online @ http://www.disability-resource.com/medical-health/alcoholism/alcoholism-is-it-curable-orcontrollable-.php)
Alcoholism is a progressive and potentially fatal disease. Alcoholism itself is not curable but it is possible
alcohol is to abstain from all forms of alcoholic beverages and medications that contain alcohol such as cough medicines.
to recover completely.
Recovering from
Alcoholism is considered a chronic illness. As with any chronic illness, it affects entire families. As a result, the recovery process also affects the entire family
and network of friends of the alcoholic. The good news is that these people can serve as a good support network to enable the alcoholic to
abstain from drinking alcohol. The same way a family would support a chronically ill person is how the alcoholic should be treated because
alcoholism is chronic.
there is hope for the alcoholic. That is

where recovery comes in - the abstinence from all alcohol on the part of the addicted person . This is where the control part of the disease comes
Anyone who is an alcoholic will be an alcoholic for the rest of his or her life. Even though there is no cure for alcoholism,
into play. It is important to be able to control the desire to have alcohol and to choose not to drink it. Unfortunately, the sheer nature of being an alcoholic is defined by the lack of an
ability to control ones drinking. In order to enter the recovery phase and thus control the disease itself, the alcoholic must come to the place where he or she is able and willing to take
control and stop reaching for alcohol. Research has shown that the alcoholic cannot willfully control his or her drinking and therefore should be abstinent. The alcoholic has to accept
responsibility for their addiction and recovery.
There are some programs that highlight the issue of control of alcoholism and they do not mandate abstinence from alcohol. Rationing and moderation programs such as these allow the
person to have alcohol but with every drink, the person becomes less able to decide that the next drink is a bad idea. Most alcoholics are unable to limit their drinking and absolutely must
abstain from alcohol all together to be successful. This is still considered being in control of the disease. In fact, once the alcoholic has exhibited control over the disease by abstinence,
rationing or moderation the person is said to be in remission.
The American Psychiatric Association considers remission to be where the physical and mental aspects of alcoholism are no longer evident regardless of whether or not the person is still
drinking. Most others use the term remission only after the alcoholic has completely stopped the consumption of alcohol.
Alcoholism, regardless of whether the alcoholic totally abstains from alcohol or just drinks in moderation, is a controllable disease .
However, alcoholism is not considered curable because the alcoholic can relapse back into the acute phase of the disease many times with just one drink or one episode of over drinking.
Even when the alcoholic is in remission, he is still considered an alcoholic and will be an alcoholic for the rest of his life. Regardless of the amount of years since active alcohol
consumption, the person remains an alcoholic.
As with any chronic illness, the possibility is always at the forefront for the person to relapse into
acute, active alcoholism.
16
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HLM Lab
Violence Ans No IL
Non-Natives cause most violence on Reservations
Hart and Lowther 08 directors of National Congress of American Indians
[Rebecca Hart & Alexander Lowther. Honoring Sovereignty: Aiding Tribal Efforts to Protect Native American Women from Domestic Violence,
California Law Review, Inc. lexis]
Statistics regarding violence in Indian Country n13 paint a troubling picture. Native Americans experience violence more than twice as often as any other ethnic group. n14 According to
the Bureau of Justice Statistics, "on average, American Indians experience[] an estimated 1 violent crime for every 10 residents age 12 or older." n15 One hundred and twenty-four of
every one thousand Native Americans experience violent crime, a rate two and half times greater than the national average. n16 Some researchers estimate that as many as one-third of all
Native Americans have endured physical abuse. n17 Native American women are not immune to this problem. Native American women living in Indian Country experience violent
crimes 50% more often than do young African American males n18 - a group frequently cited as facing the highest incidence violent victimization. n19 In fact, 39% of Native American
Over
85% of perpetrators in rape and sexual assault against Native American women are described by their victims as being non-Indian.
Complicating the problem, nearly 70% of all violent victimizations committed against Native Americans in Indian Country are
committed by non-Indian attackers.This is critical: tribes lack the legal mechanisms to hold non-Indians accountable for violent
crimes against tribal members. Because the perpetrators of domestic violence are often non-Indian, the lack of prosecution results
in impunity. The enforcement gap and the response of law enforcement to domestic violence will be explored in detail in Part III.
These statistics emphasize the fact that non-Indian perpetrators of violent crimes are responsible for introducing a large percentage of
violence into tribal communities. Yet, Native American women face a special threat to their bodily integrity perpetrated by their partners. Incidents of domestic
violence comprise a disproportionately large percentage of the overall violence faced by Native Americans . The following section seeks to
women report being the victims of domestic violence. n20 Native American women are three times as likely to be raped or sexually assaulted as women of [*189] any other race.
illuminate the crisis of domestic violence against Native American women using statistics available through the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
17
Natives Neg
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HLM Lab
Violence Ans Alt Cause

Alt cause historical victimization makes violence inevitable
Halldin 08 Graduate of University of ND School of Law, Writer for North Dakota Law Review
[Amber Haldin, Restoring the Victim and the Community: A Look at the Tribal Response to Sexual Violence Committed by Non-Indians in Indian Country
though Non-Criminal Approaches. North Dakota Law Review. lexis]
The history of sexual violence against Native Americans began with the colonization of the tribes by early settlers. n14 Because of the
matrilineal nature of Native American cultures, the settlers successfully furthered the goals of colonization and conquest when Native American women were assaulted. n15 Moreover, the
effects of colonization and the devastating violence from colonization are present in modern day; Native American women continue to suffer
from the highest rates of sexual assault and rape of any other race. n16
A. Colonization and Conquest
The victimization inflicted upon

tribes from colonization and conquest has had a major impact on Native American people, considering the high rate of sexual
assault against women. n17 Christopher Columbus's arrival marked "the destruction of indigenous cultures, but also the beginning of rape of Native American women by
In discussing tribal sexual violence, it is important to understand the underlying feelings of Native people from the time of colonization.
European men." n18
Colonizers viewed Indians as inherently impure and polluted with sexual sin, and thus inherently "rapable" because rape of the
impure was not of conseqence. n19 In the mid 1800s, Native people were referred to as [*4] the "dirtiest lot" of people in the world, were considered "filthy rags," and were
said to be "swarming with vermin." n20 Additionally, colonizers believed that Indian people were not entitled to bodily integrity, considering the "history of mutilation of Indian bodies."
n21 Colonizers
did not view the acts of raping Native American women as criminal because Native Americans were devalued as
people. n22
As a counselor for Native Americans who have experienced sexual violence, Andrea Smith was not surprised to find that "Indians who have survived sexual abuse would often say that
they no longer wish to be Indian." n23 The consequences of colonization and the bodily destruction that Native American survivors of sexual abuse have endured have caused Native
people to "internalize self-hatred, because body image is integrally related to self-esteem." n24 The experiences of Native American sexual assault victims "echo 500 years of sexual
colonization in which Native peoples' bodies have been deemed inherently impure." n25
Additionally, sexual violence was used as a "tool for racism" for colonizers against Native Americans. n26 In order for colonizers to be successful in their conquest of Native people, they
believed that violence against women was key. n27 Andrea Smith puts forth the proposition that "colonizers viewed the subjugation of women of the Native nations as critical to the
success of the economic, cultural, and political colonization." n28 Conquering Native American women was central to the colonizers' [*5] success because of the important roles that
Native women played in tribal communities. n29
B. A Matrilineal Society
The Cheyenne have a saying: "A nation is not conquered until the hearts of the women are on the ground." n30 Colonizers must have understood that axiom because they assaulted the
very foundation and bedrock of the Native culture. n31 Before colonization, Native
American women were at the forefront of their society and were often
revered as the leaders of their tribe. n32 Men and women lived in balance; their separate roles received equal weight of importance
within the tribe. n33 This view of balance differed greatly from European views on the lives of women, which caused the
conquering of the sect of Native people to fit the dual purposes of conquering Native Americans and ending a women-dominated
society. n34
18
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HLM Lab
Violence Ans - Inevitable

Violence in Indian Country inevitable sovereignty disputes insure it
Hart & Lowther 08 Fellow, National Congress of American Indians, J.D. UC, Berkeley
(Rebecca A. Hart and M. Alexander Lowther, Honoring Sovereignty: Aiding Tribal Efforts to Protect Native American Women from Domestic Violence,
lexis nexis)
Native American women who are the victims of domestic violence find themselves ensnared in a complicated web of overlapping
tribal, state, and federal jurisdiction. The formation of the distinct legal relationship Native nations n60 share with federal and state governments has
deep historical roots in the colonial experience. This history is crucial to understanding why relations between the United States and tribes developed in the manner
which eventually produced a modern, tangled jurisdictional web and a legal relationship distinct from any other group in the United States. Because contemporary realities
of domestic violence in Indian Country have their origins in the colonial experience, any workable solutions aimed at stemming
the violence in Indian Country requires a firm grasp on federal, state, and tribal jurisdiction in Indian Country.
[*195] The historical relationship between Native nations and the federal government illustrates the legal context in which Native Americans currently find themselves and helps
establish the background against which Native American women suffering from domestic abuse struggle today. Dominant ethnocentric perceptions of sovereignty continue to shape the
legal and, by extension, jurisdictional realities in Indian Country. n61 Specifically, we examine the ramifications of diminished tribal sovereignty on tribal attempts to address domestic
violence within Indian Country. United States' courts, the Congress, the Executive, and even the public conceive of sovereignty in Western terms, often deeming tribal sovereignty
unworthy of acknowledgement by United States courts. Complete
tribal sovereignty has not been recognized by the United States, greatly
impacting not only the relationship between federal and tribal authorities, but tribal relationships with their own citizens and state
governments. In this Part, we provide a brief history of the concept of sovereignty during colonization, examine the trilogy of early U.S. Supreme Court cases which are the
foundation for federal Indian law, and explain the web of federal, state, and tribal jurisdiction over those who commit crimes in Indian Country.
19
Natives Neg
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HLM Lab
Violence A/g Women No IL

Non-Indians largest contributor of sex crimes statistics show
Halldin 08 Graduate of University of ND School of Law, Writer for North Dakota Law Review
[Amber Haldin, Restoring the Victim and the Community: A Look at the Tribal Response to Sexual Violence Committed by Non-Indians in Indian Country
though Non-Criminal Approaches. North Dakota Law Review. lexis]
The most startling statistic is the fact that over
seventy percent of sexual assault assailants are white, denoting that most rapes are intra-racial .
1999, the Department of Justice Bureau of Justice statistics found that nine out of ten Native American victims of sexual
violence had white or black assailants. n44 This fact is particularly concerning given the jurisdictional problems that tribes face in prosecuting non-Indians.
n43 In
Domestic violence is not caused by Indians- 70% of domestic crimes committed by non- Indians
lexis nexis)
Statistics regarding violence in Indian Country n13 paint a troubling picture. Native Americans experience violence more than twice as often as any other ethnic group. n14 According to
the Bureau of Justice Statistics, "on average, American Indians experience[] an estimated 1 violent crime for every 10 residents age 12 or older." n15 One hundred and twenty-four of
every one thousand Native Americans experience violent crime, a rate two and half times greater than the national average. n16 Some researchers estimate that as many as one-third of all
Native Americans have endured physical abuse. n17 Native American women are not immune to this problem. Native American women living in Indian Country experience violent
crimes 50% more often than do young African American males n18 - a group frequently cited as facing the highest incidence violent victimization. n19 In fact, 39% of Native American
women report being the victims of domestic violence. n20 Native American women are three times as likely to be raped or sexually assaulted as women of [*189] any other race. n21
Over 85% of perpetrators in rape and sexual assault against Native American women are described by their victims as being non-Indian. n22 Complicating the problem, nearly
70%
of all violent victimizations committed against Native Americans in Indian Country are committed by non-Indian attackers. n23
This is critical: tribes lack the legal mechanisms to hold non-Indians accountable for violent crimes against tribal members .
Because the perpetrators of domestic violence are often non-Indian, the lack of prosecution results in impunity. The enforcement gap and
the response of law enforcement to domestic violence will be explored in detail in Part III.
These statistics emphasize the fact that non-Indian perpetrators of violent crimes are responsible for introducing a large percentage
of violence into tribal communities. Yet, Native American women face a special threat to their bodily integrity perpetrated by their partners. Incidents of domestic violence
comprise a disproportionately large percentage of the overall violence faced by Native Americans. The following section seeks to illuminate the crisis of domestic violence against Native
American women using statistics available through the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
20
Natives Neg
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EMORY
HLM Lab
Violence A/g Women Alt Cause

Alternate Causality Alcoholism is the root cause of violence
Artichoker & Gullickson 03 Directors at Sacred Circle National Resource Center to End Violence against Native
Women & South Dakota Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault
[Karen Artichoker and Verlaine Gullickson, Raising Public Awareness on Domestic Violence, National Resource Center on Domestic Violence.
http://new.vawnet.org/Assoc_Files_VAWnet/NRCDV_Cangleska.pdf]
A bilingual Cangleska staff member with connections to the tribal spiritual community personally invited a group of elder women and men to attend a meeting. The purpose of the meeting
was to ask for their input and guidance in developing public education messages that might be effective in stopping domestic violence in tribal communities. Severe weather made meeting
in-person impossible for all but one of those invited. (Staff subsequently interviewed, by phone, two additional medicine men who were invited but unable to attend.)
The medicine man who was able to come to the meeting, via four-wheel drive, was in his midforties. He spoke for an hour and agreed to be videotaped. The messages he suggested
included, Do you think Crazy Horse was a woman beater? He also suggested that staff consider a poster about violence against Indian women using a popular poster slogan: Drinking
doesnt make you more Indian it just makes you drunk. The
other two more elderly spiritual leaders supported the work to stop violence. They
believed they were speaking publicly against physically harming others but felt the issue of alcohol was primary. All three men
related stories of woman battering in the community that, in their minds, clearly illustrated cause and effect. They believed that
alcohol use caused violence and that they were meeting their responsibilities because they consistently spoke out against alcohol
use.
When given other information about the relationship between alcohol and violence, the medicine man who came to the meeting was able to admit that he probably needed further
education on the subject. (It should be noted that he is married to the director of an alcohol treatment program and that he assisted his wife at the program, providing spiritual counseling
and running sweat lodges for the clientele.)
Alt cause alcohol & colonialism have made violence inevitable

Artichoker & Gullickson 03 Directors at Sacred Circle National Resource Center to End Violence against Native
Women & South Dakota Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault
[Karen Artichoker and Verlaine Gullickson, Raising Public Awareness on Domestic Violence, National Resource Center on Domestic Violence.
http://new.vawnet.org/Assoc_Files_VAWnet/NRCDV_Cangleska.pdf]
One of the women suggested creating a memorial to women who had died or been hurt by domestic violence. She herself had been raped by three men and left in a field to die. The
physical injuries from this assault still linger. She said that women needed to know that someone will listen to them and help them. A memorial would be a visible and constant reminder.
If such a memorial were established, the elder woman offered to serve as an advisor on the spiritual care of the memorial.
While all
of the women believed that alcohol plays a part in violence against women, they also believe the issue originated with colonization (learned bad
The women cited stories illustrating their
grandparents relationships of respect and equality and expressed their belief that violence is not traditional among Lakota people .
Both the elder men and women advised continual prayer. They adamantly believe that the solution to the problem of violence
against women will be found in regaining spiritual balance and remembering culture and traditional values. Men need to
understand the sacredness and power of the woman and their responsibilities in caring for her and the children . These elders felt that women
habits when they went out into the world because of military service). They also see violence as an issue of male privilege.
have forgotten their sacredness and need to re-examine their responsibilities and refocus on their rights.
21
Natives Neg
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HLM Lab
Violence A/g Women No Solvency

Domestic violence will continue to be a problem until they have the proper facilities
lexis nexis)
Bureau of Justice Statistics data on jails in Indian Country from 1998 to 2004 indicates that tribes lack the necessary facilities and
programs to keep survivors safe. n175 In 2004, a Bureau of Justice Statistics survey reported that sixty-eight jails existed in Indian
Country. n176 Forty-eight jails were operated by tribes, twenty were operated by the BIA, and one was privately operated. n177 Thus, less than 8% of tribes operate correctional
facilities of any kind, n178 however "the 10 largest jails held 44% of inmates in Indian country." n179 Ninety-one percent of jails in Indian Country are considered small jails, capable of
housing less than fifty prisoners. n180 The jails are not only small but [*213] inadequately staffed; in 1998 Indian Country jails had a ratio of 2.5 inmates per correctional facility staff.
n181 In comparison, the ratio in small U.S. jails (defined as below fifty inmate capacity) was 2.0 inmates per correctional facility staff. n182 In 2004 thirteen facilities were under court
orders or consent decrees mandating certain health standards and maximum capacity rates n183 because they had failed to maintain constitutionally acceptable conditions, up from eleven
in 1998. n184 Reported
problems included nearly universal understaffing, inadequate or nonexistent equipment for special needs
populations, and insufficient resources for drug and alcohol treatment programs . n185
The functional capabilities of the facilities put Native American women at risk because perpetrators cannot be incarcerated and
rehabilitated. Only nine facilities could be used to house inmates being held less than seventy-two hours . n186 The remaining facilities were
built to house inmates convicted of misdemeanor crimes, excepting ten facilities equipped to hold convicted felons. n187 Only two-thirds of the facilities operated mental health, drug and
alcohol counseling programs. n188 Additionally, twenty-three facilities offered education programs and nine facilities offered employment rehabilitation programs. n189 "Twenty-two
facilities offered domestic violence counseling - 9 on-site, 10 off-site and 3 both on and off facility grounds. Two facilities provided sex offender treatment to confined inmates, both off
facility grounds." n190 The 2002 report gathered statistics on the types of crimes committed by inmates housed in Indian Country facilities. The survey found that 39% of the inmates
were held for violent crimes and 18% of the total inmate population was incarcerated for domestic violence. n191 These
statistics highlight the profound lack of

correctional facilities within Indian Country to house and rehabilitate offenders who commit domestic violence. Without a
functioning correctional system perpetrators will not receive the services they need to end domestic violence .
Understanding the shortcomings of correctional facilities in Indian Country is necessary for evaluating tribal capacity not only for policing, but also for safely and efficiently housing
If tribal jails do not have the capacity to

hold offenders, the victim's safety often cannot be guaranteed. Housing individuals arrested by tribal police or those convicted in tribal courts in offsite noncriminals. Adequate tribal jails directly impact the safety of Native American women victimized by domestic violence. [*214]
tribal facilities may lessen the financial and human resource burdens faced by many tribes. n192
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Sovereignty Ans Link Turn

Social Services undermine independent kill self-determination
POLICY ALMANAC 00
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration for Native American Programs, August,
http://www.policyalmanac.org/culture/archive/native_americans_02.shtml
Promoting the Goal of Social and Economic Self-Sufficiency for Native Americans
The Administration for Native Americans (ANA) promotes the goal of social and economic self-sufficiency of American Indians , Alaska Natives,
Native Hawaiians, and other Native American Pacific Islanders, including Native Samoans . Self-sufficiency is that level of development at which a Native
American community can control and internally generate resources to provide for the needs of its members and meet its own
economic and social goals. Social and economic underdevelopment is the paramount obstacle to the self-sufficiency of Native
American communities and families.
ANA is the only Federal agency serving all Native Americans, including over 550 federally recognized Tribes, 60 Tribes that are state recognized or seeking federal recognition, Indian
organizations, all Indian and Alaska Native organizations, Native Hawaiian communities, and and Native populations throughout the Pacific basin. ANA's fiscal year 2000 budget was
$35.4 million. ANA provides grants, training, and technical assistance to eligible Tribes and Native American organizations representing 2.2 million individuals.
Major Goals
Major goals are to: 1) assist Tribal and village governments, Native American institutions, and local leadership to exercise control
and decisionmaking over their resources; 2) foster the development of stable, diversified local economies and economic activities
which will provide jobs, promote economic well-being, and reduce dependency on public funds and social services ; and 3)
support local access to, control of, and coordination of services and programs which safeguard the health and well-being of people and are essential to a
thriving and self-sufficient community.
Welfare destroys tribal sovereignty- increase dependence

King 03 editor of The Native Voice newspaper
(Frank J. King III, Welfare a cancer on Native sovereignty, http://caicw.org/FrankKing.html)
When I was young, my dad, John King Jr., used to say to me, "Too
much dependence on welfare destroys our tribal sovereignty." I never really understood
people have adapted individually to welfare by learning how to navigate the state and
federal policies so as to stay on welfare continually. Since the time of my father's generation, welfare has changed and reformed to push people
into the job market; but the problem on the reservations is the lack of jobs.
But why is there a lack of jobs? Because the economy of the tribe hasn't evolved since the reservations were created. It is the tribes' responsibility to create and
develop a modern economy for the people, but what has consistently happened is that many tribes have developed an economy
around the individual or individuals who are utilizing the land on the reservations. The land base of the tribe holds the key to building an economically
what he was talking about until later on in life. Many
stable environment within its borders, but this has become an impossibility due to the trust responsibility that the Department of Interior has taken on over the individual landowners. The
issues surrounding the Cobell vs. Norton case is evidence of the fact that millions if not billions have been made on our lands - but what happened to the money? Who, in the end, has
benefited from the leases and resources -- grazing, not to mention the oil, gas, timber, etc. - on our tribal nations? It certainly hasn't been our people, our relatives or our children.It is
interesting that the "establishment" is quick to use the recent phenomenon of Indian gaming as an example of how tribal economic development is benefiting the few and not the majority
of tribal members. They choose to overlook the obvious truth of how non-Indians have reaped the majority of financial benefits from natural resources on Indian lands for generations.The
Cobell vs. Norton case is proof that an economy can be built off the land and its resources by a tribal nation because it shows us the volume of riches that can be made off our lands. We
are currently reaching toward gaming to bring us out of this hole of poverty, and for some tribes it has worked well, but for the geographically isolated tribes, this simply isn't the case.
These tribes should look at supplementing their gaming income with monies made off the natural resources of their lands. Tribes
need to take total control of all aspects

of natural resource leases, including but not limited to: oil, gas, coal, timber, water, wildlife, farming and ranching. There are cash
resources on our reservation lands that have been used to the benefit of others since the creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
and the advent of reservations. Our tribes need to look at making an economic recovery plan out of these natural-resource monies that have been consistently taken off the
reservations by the Department of the Interior.If this court case over our Individual Indian Monies seeks to remedy the issues surrounding the lack of responsibility of the Interior
Department, then it should also have a solution of turning over the responsibility of those monies and leases to our tribes.Right now we are in a horrible state of financial affairs across this
Native nation. We have the resources to pull ourselves out of this continuous tribal recession, but we fail to see what has always been right in front of our eyes - our land.We need to create
tribal laws to govern the use of our lands and create a corporate language that everyone falls under if they want to use our natural resources for any purposes, thus eliminating the rules that
have been enacted by a third-party government that have been consistently failing Native America. Cobell vs. Norton is a good example of this failure and is a good excuse for our tribes
to take back the responsibility of what has always been rightfully ours: The right to manage the natural resources of our lands and the right to govern this management ourselves. Our
tribes have been too dependent on inadequate federal government representation; a department of the federal government cannot
fairly represent the interests of the tribes. We need to do this ourselves, or have the power and resources to create an independent third party to represent us in
Washington, D.C.In my opinion, it is unconstitutional for the current elected federal officials to represent any tribal government. It isn't fair for one sovereign to represent another when
their state doesn't have jurisdiction on tribal lands in the first place .Poverty
is perpetuated when a community becomes dependent on welfare. If the

people know that they don't really need to work for their individual sovereignty because it's easier to apply for welfare, then they
won't have a desire to improve beyond the amount of money that they can get in the welfare check every month. This dependency
destroys the individual by destroying self-esteem. A dependent person, like a dependent nation, is never truly free.The handout-dependent
mentality is unfortunately passed on from generation to generation, which only creates a future leadership that is used to being
spoon-fed. In this way, tribal societies unknowingly reinforce the illusion that only the federal government knows what is best for our Native people, which isn't really
sovereignty at all but legislative welfare. Welfare should be addressed as a problem by all tribal governments not endorsed as a way of life.
,
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Sovereignty Ans No Mpx

Tribal sovereignty has been violated multiple times Dawes Act
Anderson and Parker 6/1/09 director of the Property and Environment Research Center (PERC) and a senior
fellow at the rightwing Hoover Institution, PERC
(Terry L. Anderson and Dominic P. Parker, Entrepreneurship and Capital on American Indian Reservations:
A Case for Rule of Law, http://www.law.northwestern.edu/searlecenter/papers/Anderson_Parker_Entrepreneurship.pdf)
Tribal sovereignty, however, has been attenuated by U.S. congressional actions that have reshaped both property rights to land and the
legal and political institutional environment on reservations. One of the most blatant examples of congressional influence on reservation property
rights was the Dawes Act of 1887. Under this act, congress allowed reservation lands to be allotted to individual Indians, but
required that they be held in trust by the federal government until the allottees were deemed competent . Because the Allotment Act result
in a significant amount of land being transferred to non- Indians, Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) in 1934. Under it, lands that had not been privatized were locked
into trust status, some held by individual Indians to whom they had been allotted but not released from trusteeship, and some by the tribes. Studies of how trusteeship affects land use
suggest that this extra layer of bureaucracy may help keep land in Indian ownership but reduces productivity. In contrast to fee-simple lands, trust lands are subject to Bureau of Indian
Affairs (BIA) regulations that can raise the costs of land-based resource production. The
BIA grants or denies permission to change land use, make capital

improvements, or to lease lands. Trust lands cannot be sold nor can they typically be used as collateral for loans. In addition, the individual trust lands have often been
inherited several times over leaving multiple landowners who must collectively agree on land-use decisions. Under these conditions, 7 it is costly for Indian owners to combine lands
into optimal sized ranches under single ownershipespecially since the original allotments were generally too small for profitable ranching in Western states. Thus, Indian operators are
more likely than whites to lease lands, but this regime discourages investment in ranching capital and it exposes tenants to discretionary changes in BIA policy. As Carlson (1981, 174)
concludes, no student of property-rights literature or, indeed, economic theory will be surprised that the complicated and heavily supervised property rights that emerged from allotment
led to inefficiencies, corruption, and losses for both Indians and society. In short, trusteeship significantly raises the costs of contracting for the use of natural resources. Regarding the
rule of law on reservations, tribal courts have a reputation of judicial partiality which undermines contracting and entrepreneurship. Getches, Wilkinson, and Williams (1998, 528) note
that there is a widespread feeling held by many non-Indians that tribal judges are biased against them. There are also complaints of incompetence, and even corruption in some tribal
courts. The case of Kennerly v. District Court of Montana (400 U.S. 423 [1971]) exemplifies this problem as it relates to non-Indian plaintiffs in tribal courts. Therein, the U.S. Supreme
Court ruled that the courts of Montana could not intervene to enforce payment of a debt owed by a Blackfeet tribal member to a non-Indian store owner on the reservation. The doctrine
applied in Kennerly followed precedent from earlier decisions regarding tribal sovereignty arguing that, absent governing acts of Congress (e.g., P.L. 280), states cannot infringe on the
right of tribes and their members to make and adjudicate their own laws. Reflecting on this precedent in the related case of Security State Bank v. Pierre (162 Mont. 298 [1973]), Montana
Supreme Court Justice John C. Harrison observed:
A result of the Kennerly decision was to dry 8 up credit sources throughout the state to responsible Indian citizens . . . .1 Individual tribal members have trouble making credible
commitments in light of cases such as Kennerly. Even if a tribal member is aware of this problem, U.S. courts have ruled that he or she cannot individually choose an alternative
jurisdiction. Moreover, even if individual tribal members could credibly contract out adjudication on a case-by-case basis, it would be costly for each member to go through this process
prior to engaging in each contract.
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Healthcare Inev
Native Healthcare inevitable congress & obama pushing for it
Jalonick 6-16-09 Staff Writer @ Associated Press
[Mary Claire Jalonich, AP INTERVIEW: Sebelius to boost Indian health care. Associated Press.
http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g8wDvbaUZH8r_DTIK4a_3NOPyBpgD98RSMT00]
WASHINGTON (AP) Health
and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius says she will launch a new multiyear effort to improve
health care for American Indians, which she calls a "historic failure ." Sebelius told The Associated Press Tuesday she will challenge Congress to
make the back-burner issue a priority. Part of that strategy would be to recruit more providers for reservations and to focus more on preventive care, which is often
neglected in Indian health clinics as dollars run out.
"(We need to) begin to lay the groundwork with Congress right now to say here's where we need to be," she said. "I think often the tribal issues just fade away."
She said her department is also increasing the size of the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, which dispatches doctors to reservations as part of its mission.
The U.S.
has an obligation, based on a 1787 agreement between tribes and the government, to provide American Indians with free
health care on reservations. But the troubled Indian Health Service only has about half of the money it needs, leaving poor tribes in remote areas with severely underfunded
facilities and substandard care. Wealthier tribes are often able to supplement the federal budget with their own dollars.
"Some of the Indian health facilities are in great shape, some are really in terrible shape," Sebelius said.
President Barack Obama
campaigned on Indian reservations during his Democratic primary last year and promised better health care there. His budget for 2010
includes an increase of $454 million, or about 13 percent , and the stimulus bill he signed earlier this year provided for construction
and improvements to clinics.
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Renewables coming now

Clean energy revolution coming
Rhee,3-5-09, Deputy national political editor for The Boston Globe
[Foon Rhee, Kerry: Clean energy revolution coming, Boston Globe,
<http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2009/03/kerry_clean_ene.html>]
Senator John F. Kerry, who has added global warming atop the Foreign Relations Committee's to-do list, told industry officials and others today that a clean
energy revolution is coming -- and they need to get on board.
"We are in the midst of a fundamental shift in our national and governmental priorities that could one day be rememberedalongside the presidencies
of Roosevelt, Johnson, and Reaganas truly transformational," Kerry said at a forum sponsored by Hitachi and featuring panels organized by the American Association for the
Advancement of Science and the Brookings Institution.
Kerry noted that the economic stimulus package includes $80 billion for alternative energy. He also pointed out that President Obama, in his
address to a joint session of Congress last week and in his proposed budget, called for capping carbon emissions and creating a market for the sale of pollution credits.
"Cap-and-trade is no longer an academic question," Kerry
board to make it a reality, and you need to start preparing to take advantage of it."
said, according to prepared remarks. "The President and leadership in both houses of Congress are on
"If passed,
this will constitute the most significant realignment of our energy system in US history ," the Massachusetts lawmaker added. "For
the first time ever, America will put a price on carbon that will light a fire under our green entrepreneurs, drive development of
new clean technologies, re-energize our economy, and tackle global climate change all at the same time. This should not be frightening.
Far from it: the change and the challenge may both be tremendous, but so are the possibilities. I truly believe that the next four or five Googles are in the energy sector, staring us in the
face."
Government concentration on renewable- the revolution is now

Kerry 3-5-09, U.S. senator, climate change activist
[Senator John F. Kerry, Kerry: Clean energy revolution coming, Boston Globe
<http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2009/03/kerry_clean_ene.html>]
Well, folks, we finally have some. In fact Id say today Americas leadershipin the White House and in Congressis more willing and more able than ever before to take action.
Just look at the last month: On February
17th, the President signed a bill that invests $80 billion in solar and wind generation, plug-in hybrid
and electric cars, clean coal, and smart gridas well as billions of dollars for basic science to support energy innovation. Lets be
clear about what this means: we are talking about Americas largest single investment in clean energy ever.
Impressive as that is, were just getting started: We are in the midst of a fundamental shift in our national and governmental
priorities that could one day be remembered alongside the presidencies of Roosevelt, Johnson, and Reaganas truly transformational.
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Renewables Expanding on IC now

Renewables increasing now in Indian country
Triplepundit.com 5/21/09
(Green Jobs & Investment in Indian Country, http://www.triplepundit.com/pages/green-investments-jobs-in-indian-country.php)
A groundswell of "green" investment and activity has been building on Native American Indian tribal lands around the country. Recent
action at the tribal, state and federal levels, as well as in local communities and the private sector, bodes well for the future of these marginalized
populations and lands. It also dovetails nicely with what we've come to associate and identify with in traditional American Indian culture and beliefs.
Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar on April 25 announced that the Department's Indian Affairs office will offer federally guaranteed loans for businesses owned by American Indians
under the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a small part of some $3 billion the Department expects to invest among federally recognized Native American Indian tribal
communities through President Obama's economic recovery plan.
Renewable energy and sustainable lifestyle practices have already sparked a good amount of interest and activity among Native
American Indian tribes. Case in point is an eco-tourism project on the Ramona Indian Reservation near Anza in southern California where the Ramona Band of Cahuilla Mission
Native Americans' resort is being built.
Never Mind the Ramones, It's the Ramonas
The Ramona Band eco-resort is being built in the Anza Valley on the Ramona Indian Reservation in Riverside County near San Diego. It's meant to offer a peaceful retreat for the public
and corporate visitors, along with an educational experience to do with Native American culture, habitat, natural remedies and care of the environment through the use of renewable
energy and sustainable green lifestyle practices, according to the Ramona Band.
Funding is being provided by the Ramona Band, the Department of Energy, the Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies.
Using a range of renewable energy resources and technology provided by Catalyx, Inc, the resort is designed to be completely off-grid and energy self-sufficient. Moreover, mirroring
natural ecosystems, it is designed so that much of its own waste--food waste, biogas and sewage--is recycled.
"We want to create a truly natural retreat which mirrors our ancestral heritage of living in harmony with Mother Earth," John Gomez, Cultural Director for the Ramona Band, stated in a
media release.
"When finished, this resort will not be a burden on the environment. All energy will be renewable and all waste and wastewater will be recycled. This resort will be a model for other
tribes to generate revenues for themselves in a more appealing manner that is true to their heritage."
Such activity is bound to increase once the ARRA renewable energy project loan guarantee applications start coming in and the
first loan guarantees are issued. The Obama administration and federal government's tribal lands investment program also entails providing recognized tribes with $500
million in funds for new school and housing construction, road and bridge improvements and workforce development projects.
by utilizing green design and renewable energy

technology for new and existing homes and schools, correcting health and safety deficiencies in tribal detention facilities, training
tribal youth and unskilled workers for lifetime employment, and expanding economic opportunity through loans to Indian
businesses," Salazar stated after a meeting with leaders from five federally recognized tribes at the United Tribes Technical College in Bismark, North Dakota.
"We can bridge the gap between making short-term repairs to creating lasting improvements in tribal communities
Wind Power expanding on reservations now
Energy expanding on native land now Sioux tribe proves

DASCHLE 06 former Senator from S.Dakota, Legal Advisor, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress
[Tom Daschle, February, Clean renewable energy bonds, http://www.rlnn.com/ArtFeb06/CleanRenewableEnergyBonds.html)
A little-noticed section of Americas new national energy policy could bring new jobs and opportunities to Indian Country and help reduce Americas dependence on foreign oil but
tribes need to act quickly if they want to take advantage of this opportunity.The Energy Policy Act of 2005, signed by President Bush last August, contains a powerful new economic
development tool Clean Renewable Energy Bonds to provide tribal governments with interest-free financing for renewable energy projects, such as wind facilities, closed and open
Many tribes are already in the alternative energy

business. The Rosebud Sioux Tribe in South Dakota, for instance, is using the one great natural resource that was never taken from
them the wind to create energy and jobs for its members. The tribe operates a giant wind turbine that generates enough electricity to power
hundreds of homes. The new Energy Policy Act authorizes $800 million in Clean Renewable Energy Bonds CREB Bonds -- to help tribal and local
governments and electric cooperatives develop their own alternative energy projects .
loop biomass, geothermal, solar, landfill gas, trash combustion facilities, small irrigation power, and hydropower.
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Wind Energy Expanding on IC now

Wind Power expanding on reservations now
Johnson 5/6/09 Department of Linguistics @UC Berkeley
Keith Johnson, No Reservations: Indian Country Sets Sights on Wind Power (and Gravel), Wall Street Journal,
http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2009/05/06/no-reservations-indian-country-sets-sights-on-wind-power-and-gravel/)
The U.S. Department of the Interior has honed in on 77 of the 276 Indian reservations that have the most wind-power potential,
and has been surveying the land and introducing wind developers to tribal councils. So far, only the Campo reservation in California
has wind turbines operating.
Interior Secretary Ken Salazar touted wind-powers potential on reservations in March, saying Indian country offers some of the premier wind energy sites in
the United States.
They had a lot of people knocking on their door, said Stephen Manydeeds, division chief of the Interiors division Indian Affairs unit that consults tribes on energy and mineral
development. Tribes in the path of the proposed TransCanada transmission line, which runs from Montana to Las Vegas, are getting the most interest right now, he said.
Several tribes including the Cherokee in Oklahoma and the Crow and Blackfoot reservations in Montana are nearing
lease agreements with wind developers that

want to build turbines on the reservation land. The Blackfoot tribe alone could provide 3 to 4 gigawatts of wind powerthats
about one-sixth of all the wind power installed in the U.S. right now.
Renewable-energy development offers more guarantees than other development options, such as casinos, which employ a lot of people but which are
seldom profitable. Tribes have tried to lure wind developers with deep pockets and a good track record; many tribes are leery of
speculators that want to lease tribal land and flip it to other developers , Mr. Manydeeds said.
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Military DA 1nc link

Poverty causes Native Americans to join the military AND they represent a high percentage
Gregorius, 07 producer for BBC new
[Arlene Gregorius, Native Americans in the US military BBC news, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/7142182.stm]
In the United States,
Native Americans are the ethnic group with the highest proportion of people joining the military. They make up
only about one percent of the population, but 1.6% of the armed forces. They are also more likely to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder.
Life on the reservations is blighted by very high levels of unemployment, alcohol abuse, domestic and other violence, etc. The
military offers a way out, a chance to pay for education, and a job.
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Military DA Poverty Indians serving

Poverty causes Native Americans to join the military AND they represent a high percentage
Gregorius, 07 producer for BBC new
[Arlene Gregorius, Native Americans in the US military BBC news, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/7142182.stm]
In the United States,
Native Americans are the ethnic group with the highest proportion of people joining the military. They make up
only about one percent of the population, but 1.6% of the armed forces. They are also more likely to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder.
Life on the reservations is blighted by very high levels of unemployment, alcohol abuse, domestic and other violence, etc. The
military offers a way out, a chance to pay for education, and a job.
Native Americans join the military to escape poverty

Miller, 07 Correspondent of the Christian Science Monitor
[Jennifer Miller, Native Americans enlist for turf and tribe Christian Science Monitor, http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0820/p20s01-usmi.html?page=1]
native
Americans tend to join the service at higher per capita rates than almost any other minority group.
According to the Pentagon, they represent less than 1 percent of the population, but makeup about 1.6 percent of the armed forces.
In some tribal communities, 1 out of every 200 adults have served in the military. Currently, nearly 20,000 native American and
Alaskan native people are in uniform.
They feel an unusual obligation to protect the tribal communities they belong to and, more specifically, the land they've inhabited for generations. The result is that
One reason for the high participation rates, to be sure, are the career and economic benefits. "The military is seen as an
opportunity," says Mark St. Pierre, an historian who has lived on the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota for 35 years. His book, "Of Uncommon Birth: Dakota sons in Vietnam,"
follows native Americans who fought in Southeast Asia. He estimates that nearly 50 percent of males on the reservation have served in the military.
"People on this reservation realize they will get VA benefits," he says, "that they might go to college ."
The same is true of the Navajo reservation, which sprawls across 27,000 square miles of northern Arizona and extends into Utah and New Mexico. Some 43 percent of the
reservation's 180,000 residents live below the poverty line. Unemployment stands at 42 percent. Nearly 32 percent of homes lack
full plumbing. Nez grew up in a cramped trailer. As the oldest of four children, he never had a bed, but slept on the floor or couch.
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Military DA Employment Indians Serving

Native Americans join the military for employment
Lynn & Farnell, 03 prof of anthropology @ U of Illinois & Lynn is a graduate of the University of Illinois
[Erica Lynn and Brenda Farnell, The Causes of the Propensity of American IndiansTowards Serving in the United States Military
http://www.ews.uiuc.edu/~elynn/Natives_in_Armed_Forces.pdf]
Native Americans also joined the United States armed forces to secure economic gains. Reservations suffer from poor education
systems, largely run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, which perpetuates the poverty found on reservations. Native Americans have the
highest dropout rates of any ethnic group (Deliso 2001). In 2003, only approximately half the students were proficient in language arts, reading, and math; also, only 103,000
Native Americans attempted any form of higher education in 1990 (Bureau of Indian Affairs 2003). Natives in the cities typically
attended similar schools. According to Mr. Paul Apodaca:
Schools in those areas [with heavy concentrations of Native Americans and other minorities] were not the best in the world, and certainly did not offer classes that would prepare one for
college. We were in what is now called "The vocational track", in other words people of our class were destined to spend the rest of our lives serving the rest of humanity by taking in jobs
like mechanics, truck drivers, grocery clerks, waiters, bus drivers, et cetera (Apodaca 2003). The
poor education system in turn restricts Native people to

unskilled jobs. The number of jobs available to Native Americans is further restricted by the quality of land reservations are on:
typically reservation land is arid or semiarid which in not conducive to farming. Some tribes have turned to casinos to survive. This industry creates some jobs for Native Americans but
the economies of these reservations still are poor. According to Lance Morgan, a Ho-Chunk and CEO of Ho-Chunk Inc, The average gaming tribe is not focused on the future. Most
tribes are using gaming dollars to create make-work type jobs, pay out per capita payments, dabble in economic diversification and pump up old social programs designed in another era
(Morgan 2003). This means that essential governmental functions such as an adequate education system and police force are being short changed in favor of creating as many low skilled
jobs for the tribe as possible. Reservations too remote to have casinos fare even worse.
Several remote Indian reservations have unemployment rates in
excess of 70% (Gll-Ahanhanzo 1994).

Native Americans off reservations are nearly as poor as those on reservations. They typically were assigned a low-income job during termination and struggle to make ends meet.
Relocation frequently involved nothing more than a trade of rural for urban Lynn 3 poverty. Many relocated Indians soon made their way back to the reservations (Thomas 1993: 427).
An investigation of the discrimination in the United States by the United Nation found that Native Americans suffer from a 46% unemployment rate. This is in contrast to African
Americans who suffer merely a 15.9% unemployment rate and America as a whole which has an unemployment rate of 5.6% (Gll-Ahanhanzo 1994). Like
all impoverished
peoples, the military offers Native Americans a means to escape poverty. It provides room, board, cash, training, and job
experience which can improve their economic wellbeing. Tom Holm, a half Creek half Cherokee Native, speaks of the options Native Americans face: if you
didnt go into the military, you could either do migrant farm labor or youd go into the city to go find a job (Kraker 2003). For
many, the military was the most appealing way to earn a living. While enlisted, Native Americans learned how to get along with people of different races, a skill
needed in order to do well in mainstream society. World War II, on the whole, benefited the Indians through increased contact with Whites (Encyclopedia Americana). The training
itself helped natives who wished to join mainstream American society by exposing them to mainstream values . Frank Henry, a Choctaw
Indian, describes how the discipline and leadership skills he learned in the army helped him later in life when he landed a job running a hospital (William). Programs such as the
ROTC allow Native Americans to get an education while training for the military. According to the journal American Indian Report, for many
[Native Americans] the military is the only way to finance an education (Kraker 2003). Paul Apodaca attests that he went off
[into the military] to get an education, the opportunity for me to obtain that education otherwise, was not available, had I stayed
back there in Denver (Apodaca 2003). The military also provided a means to secure non-skilled jobs. The job experience the army offers
is invaluable to the many unemployed Native Americans seeking employment since employers favor applicants who hold stable
jobs over those who are unemployed. For the thousands of unemployed Native Americans, the army is the only employer who is
willing to risk hiring them. The armed forces offer substantial financial incentives to enlistees, so many Native Americans enlisted
to better their economic situations.
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Military DA Indians Serve

A large percentage of natives served in the military-both past and present
McSWAIN 08 Director, Indian Health Service
[Robert G. McSwain, Celebrating Tribal Nations: Americas Great Partners National American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month,
http://www.ihs.gov/PublicInfo/PublicAffairs/Director/2008_Statements/FINALHeritage2008.pdf]
Our country's freedom has been won and defended by American Indian and Alaska Native veterans. American
Indians and Alaska Natives have participated with

distinction in every war this country has waged . The honor guard here today is composed of just such distinguished Indian veterans. It is well recognized that
American Indians and Alaska Natives have consistently had a higher per capita rate of military service than any other ethnic group.
Indian soldiers served as auxiliary troops in the Civil War and were active in the American West in the late 1800s and early 1900s ,
accompanying Gen. John J. Pershing's expedition to Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa in 1916. American Indians were also recruited by Teddy Roosevelt's
Rough Riders and saw action in Cuba in the Spanish-American War in 1898. More than 12,000 American Indians served in the
United States military in World War I. And in World War II, more than 44,000 American Indians and Alaska Natives, out of a
total population of less than 350,000, served with honor. The now famous Indian code talkers took part in every assault the U.S. Marines
conducted in the Pacific from 1942 to 1945, transmitting messages in their native language -- a code that the Japanese never broke. American Indian and Alaska Native
men and women on the home front also served their country with pride. More than 40,000 Indian people left their reservations to work in ordnance depots, factories, and other war
industries. Indian
troops also fought during the Korean conflict,and approximately 42,000 American Indians and Alaska Natives,
more than 90 percent of them volunteers, fought in Vietnam. In the 1980s and 1990s, they saw duty in Grenada, Panama, Somalia, and the Persian Gulf. And
it continues today, as American Indian and Alaska Native soldiers serve in Afghanistan and Iraq and other locations, joining in the
fight against global terrorism. Americas political system also owes a debt to early American Indian and Alaska Native influence .
The Great Peace Law, which made it possible for the confederation of five Iroquois nations to function in harmony for several centuries, was used by colonists as a model for the United
States constitution . . . and a model for democracy. This is the true story of American Indian and Alaska Native people; one that bears little resemblance to what we read about in most
history books and what we see in most museums.
Native Americans part of U.S military for over 200 years

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY -- NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER, 06
[Native Americans and the U.S. Military Department of the Navy http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq61-1.htm]
American Indians have participated with distinction in United States military actions for more than 200 years. Their courage,
determination, and fighting spirit were recognized by American military leaders as early as the 18th century .
I think they [Indians] can be made of excellent use, as scouts and light troops. --Gen. George Washington, 1778
Many tribes were involved in the War of 1812, and Indians fought for both sides as auxiliary troops in the Civil War. Scouting the
enemy was recognized as a particular skill of the Native American soldier. In 1866, the U.S. Army established its Indian Scouts to
exploit this aptitude. The Scouts were active in the American West in the late 1800s and early 1900s, accompanying Gen. John J. Pershing's expedition to Mexico in pursuit of
Pancho Villa in 1916. They were deactivated in 1947 when their last member retired from the Army in ceremonies at Ft. Huachuca, Arizona. Native Americans from Indian Territory were
also recruited by Teddy Roosevelt's
Rough Riders and saw action in Cuba in the Spanish-American War in 1898. As the military entered
the 20th century, American Indians had already made a substantial contribution through military service and were on the brink of
playing an even larger role.
Contributions In Combat
It is estimated that more than 12,000 American Indians served in the United States military in World War I. Approximately 600 Oklahoma
Indians, mostly Chotaw and Cherokee, were assigned to the 142nd Infantry of the 36th Texas-Oklahoma National Guard Division. The 142nd saw action in France and its soldiers were
widely recognized for their contributions in battle. Four men from this unit were awarded the Croix de Guerre, while others received the Church War Cross for gallantry.
The outbreak of World War II brought American Indians warriors back to the battlefield in defense of their homeland. Although
now eligible for the draft by virtue of the Snyder Act, which gave citizenship to American Indians in 1924, conscription alone does
not account for the disproportionate number of Indians who joined the armed services. More than 44,000 American Indians, out of
a total Native American population of less than 350,000, served with distinction between 1941 and 1945 in both European and
Pacific theaters of war. Native American men and women on the home front also showed an intense desire to serve their country, and were an integral part of the war effort.
More than 40,000 Indian people left their reservations to work in ordnance depots, factories, and other war industries. American Indians also invested more than $50 million in war bonds,
and contributed generously to the Red Cross and the Army and Navy Relief societies.
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Military DA Indians Serve

Natives represent a huge percentage of the military past proves
Lynn and Farnell, 03 Farnell is a professor of anthropology at the University of Illinois and Lynn is a graduate of
the University of Illinois
Despite centuries of oppression by the United States government, many Native Americans serve in the United States military. In
the 1830s White settlers aggressively forced American Indians from their homes and drove them west of the Mississippi.
Remarkably, not long after enduring the Trail of Tears, the Cherokees sided with Georgia in the Civil War. In all, roughly twenty
thousand American Indians fought for the Union or the Confederacy. As a result of the Civil War, the economy of Indian Territory was
destroyed, and many Indian families were homeless (Hirschfelder 2000: 62). Shortly after the Civil War, congress passed the Dawes Severalty Act. This act was a direct affront on the
Indians communal ways of life since it divided up reservations into privately owned parcels of land. Moreover, the Indians who became owners of their tribal lands were often forced by
poverty to sell out to Whites. Between 1890 and 1900, Indian-owned lands shrank from one-hundred-four-million acres to seventy-eight-million acres (Davidson 2001: 586). During this
time period, the government sponsored boarding schools for Native American children to learn White methods of farming and to speak English like White people, to wear the same
clothes, eat the same food, go to the same churches, salute the US flag, and patriotically celebrate the Fourth of July (Hirschfelder 2000: 142). Many children found these schools to be
brutal and were resentful of being sent there to learn their oppressors ways. Given the sad litany of cultural and economic oppression we might expect these children to dislike the United
in World War Iabout twelve thousand

(Hirschfelder 2000: 152). During World War II, twenty-five-thousand American Indians served. This represented more than ten
percent of the Native American population, or one-third of all able-bodied Indian men from eighteen to fifty (Williams). This is in
contrast to less than eight percent of the general population enlisting in the military during World War II (US Census Bureau, Spartacus
States government. Nevertheless, years later many of these children volunteered to fight for the United States government
Educational).
After World War II, the US government began a policy of termination. Termination was federal legislation that enticed Indians to move to the cities with financial incentives. Due to
mistreatment of their affairs many Native Americans in the termination program remained in poverty. Despite
the ongoing mistreatment of their affairs by the

United States government, over ten-thousand Native Americans served in Korea and over forty-two-thousand Native Americans
served in Vietnam. With the US government mistreating Native Americans, one must askas an anonymous Nazi once didhow could American Indians think of bearing arms
for their exploiters? (Jaimes 1992: 354) Looking more closely we find that American Indians joined the United States armed forces for political, economic, and cultural reasons.
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HLM Lab
Military DA Mpx Turns the Case

Native Americans use the military for economic benefits
Many native
Americans find reservation life helps them adjust to the rigors of the military. David Nez, Donovan's uncle, enlisted in the Army in 1974
David Nez says he enlisted for the economic benefits
but that his upbringing made military service a "natural choice. "
at the age of 19. He served six years of active duty, and later fought in the Gulf War with the Army Reserve.
"Growing up, we'd ride horses bareback just like that." Nez is standing outside a cluster of trailer homes and points to a group of young men riding our direction. The yard is dusty and
I was already in physical shape. I

already knew hunger and thirst. When I got to basic training and faced all that hardship, I was already up to it."
stretches into a vast landscape of desert brush. "I could run for a long ways," he says. "I could climb rocks and trees, jump from heights.
It's evident that patriotism runs deep here on the Navajo reservation. Many houses fly American flags, and the national anthem is sung at most community events. But native Americans
often interpret these symbols differently from the rest of society.
"Our patriotism is first to the family and the clan," says Ed Piestewa, a Hopi, during a veterans-appreciation ceremony on the Navajo reservation. As we speak, a color guard marches out
into the searing sun. They're wearing military attire along with feathered head dresses and traditional jewelry. Moments later, the color guard sings The Star-Spangled Banner in Navajo.
Mr. Piestewa's niece, Lori
Ann Piestewa, was the first female soldier to die fighting in Iraq. Her convoy was hit by a bomb in 2003 in
was a single mom with two small children and, according to her
uncle, hoped military benefits would help support her family. Her decision to serve carried cultural significance as well.
Nasiriyah. (Pfc. Piestewa's best friend Jessica Lynch was injured in the same attack). She
"She was fulfilling a traditional right of passage," says Piestewa. Then he adds, "Natives were enlisting before we were recognized as US citizens. They enlist to protect the family."
Similarly, when Mary Cohoe looks at the flag, she doesn't think about Congress, the president, or democratic ideals. To her, Old Glory is a symbol of the US military and the physical
sacrifices she and her people have made for their land. Ms. Cohoe served in Vietnam with the Red Cross. The US Army issued her a military ID while she was in the country, and she still
considers herself a Vietnam veteran. "It's our dirt," she says. "That's where we came from. The flag is the loyalty that we have, as Navajo, to Mother Earth."
As Ms. Cohoe and other veterans explain, the
military is one way for native Americans to gain power in a country that they believe continues to
ignore and mistreat them. "We are using the system to protect our culture to survive," she says.
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Politics HC Unpopular
Native American health care funding causes congressional controversy
Leach 97 American University Law Review
(James D. Leach, Native Americans and the Vaccine Act: Excluding those that we found here, American University, August 1997, pg online @
http://www.wcl.american.edu/journal/lawrev/46/leachtxt.html)
The congressional goal of vaccination of Native American children necessarily implies the willingness to compensate severely injured Native American children in the same manner that
other children are compensated.
Daniel has no
guarantee of continued health care benefits because he is Native American. The Indian Health Service is perennially
underfunded.36 Future funding is subject to shifting political winds and hard economic realities as the federal government
continues to downsize.37 The Indian Health Service's decision to discontinue any health care program is committed to its discretion and is not subject to judicial
review.38Native Americans have little political clout as they attempt to preserve the federal benefits that they received in the past. 39
Even at historical funding levels, the health services provided to Native Americans are grossly inadequate. 40 The federal government admits
that Native Americans suffer from "outdated, inefficient, and undermanned [health care] facilities," insufficient medical services, and lack of
access to health services.
41
Any health services that may be provided are an inadequate alternative to Vaccine Act benefits.
Native Health Care is unpopular in congress votes prove

McMullin 08 Communications director of the National Congress of American Indians
(Andrew McMullin, NCAI issues Report Card on Congressional Bills affecting Native Americans, National Congress of American Indians, pg online @
http://www.reznetnews.org/blogs/tribalog/ncai-issues-report-card-congressional-bills-affecting-native-americans-22290)
The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is disappointed that Congress
failed to vote on the Reauthorization of the Indian Health Care

Improvement Act (IHCIA) of 2007 (S. 1200) before ending its session, continuing to put the lives of Native people at risk.
However, NCAI is encouraged that Congress did pass some substantial Indian-specific bills that will affect Native children and families, provide adequate housing and extend tax
incentives for businesses on reservations.
"Several
members of Congress promised Indian Country that the IHCIA would be passed in the 110th session ," said NCAI President Joe A.
it did not, and sadly Indian people will continue to suffer from astounding health disparities . But we can claim victory
on other Indian-specific bills that have been moved through Congress , including passage of the long-awaited Foster Care fix, extension of desperately needed
Garcia. "Sadly
Indian Country tax incentives, reauthorization of Indian housing services and long-awaited recognition of Native American military Code Talkers."
Native American Health Care Unpopular in Congress

Ozunza 08 Learning Resources Center, Palo Alto College
(George Ozunza Jr, Native Americans, Palo Alto College, pg online @ http://www.accd.edu/pac/lrc/nativeam.htm)
"Today, Congress refuses to honor its trust responsibilities which entail billions of dollars owed to the tribes and individual Native Americans...
"Many tribes have massive land and associated resources, but since the 19th century, the U.S. government has mismanaged these resources. Tribes have filed lawsuits to obtain proper
accounting or money for losses suffered from fund mis-management...
"In 1986, David Henry, then an accountant for the BIA, blew the whistle on fraudulent accounting practices within the Bureau [and was fired]... Yet the mainstream media, watchdog
organizations, even governmental agencies and lawyers ignored the story...
"An independent accounting firm hired by Interior found at least $2.4 billion unaccounted for by trust records... Interior has made repeated attempts to calculate the trust debt as though it
reached back only a handful of years, but Judge Royce Lamberth ruled that insufficient. Just as banks are responsible for every penny since an account is opened, so Interior is
obliged to do historical accounting. Yet, Congress just approved legislation that puts that accounting on hold and delays justice to people trying to retrieve their own money..."
("Cultural Extermination Then, Extermination of Fiscal Responsibility Now." FCNL Indian Report, Winter 2004, 1).
"Due to grossly insufficient provision of funds from Congress, health care services are--by default--rationed in Indian Country...
Although Indian health care is a federal responsibility, denial of care continues despite treaty obligations and severe
need... Our government spends twice as much on health care for federal prisoners as for Native Americans" ("An Inequity That
Must End." FCNL Indian Report, Winter 2004, 4).
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Politics HC Unpopular
Native American Health Care is unpopular
Jalonick 6-14-09 The Associated Press
(Mary Clare Jalonick, Native American Families Feel Health Care Crunch, pg online @ http://www.ems1.com/ems-products/billingadministration/articles/502975-Native-American-families-feel-health-care-crunch/)
On some reservations, the oft-quoted refrain is "don't
get sick after June," when the federal dollars run out. It's a sick joke, and a sad one, because it's
sometimes true, especially on the poorest reservations where residents cannot afford health insurance. Officials say they have about half of what they need to
operate, and patients know they must be dying or about to lose a limb to get serious care .
Wealthier tribes can supplement the federal health service budget with their own money. But poorer tribes, often those on the most remote reservations, far away from city hospitals, are
stuck with grossly substandard care. The agency itself describes a "rationed health care system."
The sad fact is an old fact, too.
The U.S. has an obligation, based on a 1787 agreement between tribes and the government, to provide American Indians with free health care on
reservations. But that promise has not been kept. About one-third more is spent per capita on health care for felons in federal prison, according to 2005 data from the
health service.
But tightening
budgets and the relatively small size of the American Indian population have worked against them.
"It is heartbreaking to imagine that our leaders in Washington do not care, so I must believe that they do not know," Joe Garcia, president of the
In Washington, a few lawmakers have tried to bring attention to the broken system as Congress attempts to improve health care for millions of other Americans.
National Congress of American Indians, said in his annual state of Indian nations' address in February
.
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Politics Helping Natives Popular

Native Americans issues popular and democrats support them
Brown 08 Staff writer at Politico
(Cardiff Budoff Brown, Dems woo Native American vote, Politico, 5/29/08, pg online @ http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0508/10676_Page2.html)
Sen. Barack Obama has done it in city after city, privately and quietly. Before or after his appearances in front of crowds of thousands, he retreats to a holding room with a dozen or more
Native American tribal leaders.
The rarely publicized meetings are one piece of what Indian Country leaders describe as an unprecedented effort this year by the presidential field to pay heed to this small and historically
overlooked voting bloc. In the past two weeks alone, Obama, Sen. Hillary Rodham Clinton and her husband, former President Bill Clinton, campaigned
on Indian
reservations across South Dakota and Montana as Sen. John McCain met with tribal leaders in New Mexico.
Making up less than 2 percent of the U.S. population and concentrated mostly outside key primary states in past election years,
Native Americans are seeing an uptick in
prominence because of political and geographic realities.

The prolonged primary season has pushed the contest into states with larger Native communities states that typically voted too late to attract much attention from presidential
the Native vote is more highly sought after than ever since it
has proven to be mobilized and instrumental in recent statewide races.
candidates. With the emergence of the Mountain West as the newest general election battleground,
This has never, ever happened before, said Jacqueline Johnson, executive director of the National Congress of American Indians, which is neutral in the race. In 2004, we thought it
was a landmark when we got a majority of the candidates to make a statement to Indian Country and come to our conference.
Native Americans traditionally and overwhelmingly vote Democratic , but leaders said they expect some in their community to at least consider McCain
because of his history working on their issues as a past chairman of the Senate Indian Affairs Committee.
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Politics Helping Natives GOP supports

Native American services popular with GOP
Taliman 00 Indian country Today
(Valerie Taliman, Politics and Indian Country in 2000, 10/11/2000, Indian Country Today, pg online @
http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28196544.html)
Apesanahkwat, chairman of the Menominee Nation of Wisconsin and a lifelong Republican, said he opposes Democratic initiatives that have
perpetuated Indian people's dependence on the government. "It goes against who we are as Native people. Traditionally, we
were always self-sufficient. The Republican philosophy that government should not be involved in subsidizing people's
lifestyles is similar to our traditional decentralized forms of governance."
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Politics HC Popular
Native Health Care is politically popular this answers your underfunded arguments
Willard 01 Professor in the Departments of Anthropology and Comparative American Cultures at Washington State U
(William Willard, A Political History of the Indian Health Service, The Association of American Indian Research, pg online @
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/wicazo_sa_review/v016/16.1willard02.html)
Few bright spots exist in the history of encounters between the federal government and American Indians . One exception, the authors of this
article believe, is the campaign of the Indian Health Service to improve Indian health. They also believe that the campaign has raised the levels of Indian
health to about the same level as the general U.S. population, with the caveat that mortality and morbidity of Indians remains very different from other
American populations.
What makes the story remarkable is that the advances occurred in spite of underfunding and scant support from the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare (now Health and Human Services), where the Indian Health Service (IHS) is
administratively lodged. These improvements came about because of vision, stubbornness, and political know-how by
Indian Health Service directors and support from powerful allies in Congress and the White House and a few tribal
leaders.
The authors focus on the first five IHS directors, beginning in 1955, when the Indian Health Service was transferred from the Bureau of Indian Affairs to the Public Health Service, and
ending in 1994. Each of these directors had a different set of strengths and pulled IHS in the directions of those strengths. The authors present these strengths as building on each other in
positive ways.
The major political support for the changes the directors sought [End Page 164] to make came from some surprising sources: President Richard Nixon, Senator Henry Jackson of
Washington State, and Senators Barry Goldwater and Paul Fannin of Arizona.
These powerful politicians had the personal clout to push the changes
through Congress without serious opposition.
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Politics Indians Powerful

Native Americans key to political agenda
Taliman 00 Indian country Today
(Valerie Taliman, Politics and Indian Country in 2000, 10/11/2000, Indian Country Today, pg online @
http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/archive/28196544.html)
Some affluent
tribes have joined the ranks of big donors to the major parties, others have pushed to register more voters and
launched campaigns to get them to the polls.
Unquestionably, the next leader of the world;s only superpower will exert tremendous control over the lives of Native Americans,
and to some extent, other Indigenous peoples worldwide. The new president will decide how much federal funding to appropriate
for tribal programs, how much White House access will be afforded to Indian nations, and whether there will be support or subversion of tribal sovereignty.
Native Americans have massive political influence

Sunnucks 04 The Business Journal
(Mike Sunnucks, Gaming allows tribes to flex political muscle, Phoenix Business Journal, 12/17/04, pg online @
http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/stories/2004/12/20/story2.html)
The next president could appoint as many as three Supreme Court justices, who will decide important cases regarding tribal land
and water rights, religious and cultural protections, challenges to Indian gaming and a wide array of other issues. The appointment of more conservative judges could
seriously undermine protections for Indian country and erode significant gains made over the last century.
Flush with new cash from increased gaming in the state and aware
they are a key voting block, Indian tribes are starting to flex their political
muscles at the state Capitol, in Washington and at the ballot box.
Arizona tribes are hiring more lobbyists and contributing large sums to favored candidates to protect their gaming interests and to bring
more state and federal resources to the reservations.
"They are very strong politically and have the best people working for them," said Jaime Molera, a lobbyist and one of the state's top Republicans.
Native American tribes in Arizona are increasingly viewed as key players in the state along with business groups, Hispanics and Mormons. The Salt River PimaMaricopa Indian Community, for example, was one of the top sponsors of the October presidential debate in Tempe.
State registries show that tribes such as Salt River, Navajo Nation and Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation have top lobbyists in their employ at the Arizona Legislature. The 20-year gaming
pact approved by voters in 2002 expanded tribal casinos in the state and showed the political muscles of the tribes.
"I think that tribes are becoming more politically active in all areas of the political proces s -- not just in Arizona but all over the country, " said
Sheila Morago, executive director of the Arizona Indian Gaming Association. "I believe the political capital we have is our voting force. As we have shown, we can make our voices heard
in elections in the districts where we reside."
Tribal advocates and those familiar with gaming in Arizona do not expect a push either from the state or tribes to change the current Indian casino structure. Such efforts have occurred in
California and other states when cash-strapped state lawmakers looked for a bigger slice of gaming revenue.
The Legislature cannot undo voters approval of the 2002 compact. That plan also allows for gaming to be opened up to racetracks and other facilities if the tribes look to expand their
casinos, said Mark Brnovich, director of the Goldwater Institute think tank.
"It is unlikely that any proposed change to the current state of gambling in Arizona will be successfully without the agreement of the tribal
governments," said Brnovich.
Native Americans have rapidly increasing political clout

Capozza 00 Native issues writer for New California Media
(Koren Capozza, Native Americans New Clout Catches Some Off Guard, 08-18-00, pg online @ http://www.pacificnews.org/jinn/stories/6.16/000818native.html)
At this
year's Democratic convention one top-tier donor caught politicians off guard -- Native Americans.
Flush with gaming dollars, the once impoverished minority group has pumped millions into DNC coffers and attracted an all-star
lineup of powerful political personalities to intimate gatherings with Native American delegates and tribal representatives . But the
featured speakers weren't always at ease with the newest group to join the ranks of upper-echelon donors. By the end of the convention some Native American participants were learning
that money
is the quickest way to an attentive ear from Washington but acceptance into the very white world of national politics is a separate battle.
Indians were a political a force to be reckoned with -- nearly 100 Native American
delegates attended the convention. Sometimes rivaling the lineup at the Staples Center, the Native American Caucus rented a reception room in the upscale Westin
The DNC was the first national convention where American
Bonaventure hotel where it featured high-profile speakers throughout the week. Mirroring other corporate donors, the Native American "lounge" was stocked with promotional bottled
water sponsored by the Morongo band of Mission Indians and chocolate "sovereignty bars" also emblazoned with the tribe's logo.
Native American clout was on display when it kicked off the first day of the convention with a keynote address from Energy Secretary Bill Richardson. On Aug. 16,
Secretary of Health and Human Services Donna Shalala and Secretary of Agriculture Dan Glickman spoke to the crowd. The coup-d'etat came on the second day of the convention when
the caucus was able to draw vice presidential candidate Joseph Leiberman to address the Native American audience.
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HLM Lab
Nuke Waste DA 1nc

A. Impoverished Native Americans willing to accept nuclear waste
Washington Post 05
(Storage Plan approved for Nuclear Waste, 09/10/05, pg online @ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/09/09/AR2005090901935.html)
The decision by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to
grant a license for the facility cemented a pact made nearly a decade ago between strange bedfellows:
that wanted to get tons of radioactive waste off their hands and an obscure Native American tribe that was
willing to offer its land in exchange for a still-undisclosed sum of money.
utility behemoths
While public waste storage plans such as Yucca Mountain have been plagued by political maneuvering and not-in-my-back yard fights in Congress, Private Fuel Storage, the company that will
build the new facility, successfully argued that its
agreement was between a private corporation and a sovereign tribe and therefore not
subject to the same degree of public review. Environmental groups and the state of Utah have tried repeatedly to intervene but have failed.
"Are you better off having a single site that can be looked after or 72 individual sites, some of which may be on the banks of a great lake or a river or upstream of a major city?" asked Jay
Silberg, a Washington lawyer for Private Fuel Storage.
The terms of the company's arrangement with the Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians have not been disclosed. Silberg said that was proprietary business information.
"If I were storing canisters of rock for someone else, you would not necessarily have the right to get that information," he said. Storing nuclear waste is no different except when it comes to
safety issues, he added, and those have involved lengthy public deliberations and thousands of pages of documents.
Silberg said the
site eventually could hold as much as 40,000 tons of spent fuel, the radioactive byproduct of nuclear power plants. The
waste would sit in powerfully built casks on concrete pads, similar to the way it currently is stored at many of the nation's 103 plants. The earliest the
site could become operational would be 2007, Silberg said.
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Nuke Waste DA Poverty = Accept Waste

Native Americans choose nuclear waste over poverty
Biggers 09 American Book Award- winning author
(Jeff Biggers, Green Jobs: Boon for native America, 01/08/09, pg online @ http://www.grist.org/article/Spring-wind-rising-from-Sand-Creek/0
Native communities have been targeted in all proposals for long-term nuclear waste storage .
When considering energy and climate change policy, it is important that the White House and federal agencies consider the history of energy and mineral exploitation and tribes, and the
potential to create a dramatic change with innovative policies. Too often
tribes are presented with a false choice: either develop polluting

energy resources or remain in dire poverty.
Recognizing that unemployment and poverty rates on Indian reservations are twice the national average and that a large part of reservation
housing is energy inefficient and lacks adequate weatherization, the Native groups called for federal support to own and operate a new crop
of renewable electricity generating infrastructure providing the dual benefits of low carbon power and green economic
development where it is needed most.
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HLM Lab
Nuke Waste DA Poverty = Accept Waste

Native American poor accept nuclear waste
Kamps 05 Nuclear Information and Resource Service
(Kevin Kamps, Radioactive Racism: The History of Targeting Native American Communities with High-Level Atomic Waste Dumps, 04/19/05, pg online @
http://www.citizen.org/documents/radioactiveracism.pdf)
According to the 1990 U.S. Census (the very time period when the U.S. nuclear establishment intensified and accelerated its targeting of Native American communities with highlevel radioactive waste dumps, as shown below), over 31% of Native Americans living on reservations had incomes below the federal poverty line.3
After centuries of oppression and domination, stripped of their lands, resources, and traditional governments, these communities lack political power, and
desperately need economic development. The tribal sovereignty of Native Americans, which makes their lands exempt from state law and many
environmental regulations, only increases their attractiveness as targets for facilities unwanted elsewhere . Native Americans have
already disproportionately borne the brunt of the impacts from the nuclear fuel chain over the past 60 years .4 In the case of
radioactive waste storage and disposal, the nuclear power establishment in industry and government is simply taking advantage of these vulnerable communities, attempting
to hide from environmental regulation and widespread public opposition behind the shield of tribal sovereignty.
Poor Native American tribes accept grants for nuclear waste storage
Gross 01 Professor @ Boston University School of Law
(John Karl Gross, Nuclear Native America: Nuclear Waste and Liability on the Skull Valley Goshute Reservation, Boston University, pg online @
http://www.bu.edu/law/central/jd/organizations/journals/scitech/volume71/gross.pdf)
The Goshutes initial interest
in hosting a spent fuel shortage facility arose from the tribes dealings with the federal government . In 1991, the
grants of $100,000 were made available to
those interested in studying the feasibility of maintaining a MRS site on their land. Twenty applications, including one from the Skull Valley
Negotiator began contacting state and tribal governments seeking a volunteer to host a federal MRS facility. Initial
Goshutes, were received for the feasibility grans. The Goshutes used this money to study nuclear waste projects in Europe and Japan. After continuing negotiations and
additional grants, the Goshutes and three other Tribes remained in contact with the Negotiator. However, in 1994, Congress allowed authorization for the Negotitator to expre.
Negotiations between the tribes and the federal government terminated soon after.
Concerened that the federal government would be unable to dispose of their spent fuel before they exceeded their on-site storage capacity, a number of nuclear utilities
formed a consortium to seek out alternative means of storage. The consortium, Private
Fuel Storage (PFS), approached the Goshutes shortly after the tribes
interested in constructing a privately-owned and opertated facility, similar to the
unrealized MRS facilities, to store the spent fuel produced by the consortiums members. The proposed facility would be located on reservation
land leased to the consortium by the tribe.
negotiations with the federal government ended. PFS was
Poor Native American Tribes keen on accepting nuclear waste

Johnson 05 The New York Times
(Kirk Johnson, A Tribe, Nimble and Determined, Moves ahead with Nuclear Storage Plan, 02/28/05, pg online @ http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9802E2DB153DF93BA15751C0A9639C8B63&pagewanted=all)
The Goshute Indians are not mighty in number, financial capital or political clout. With only about 120 members, their tribe has mostly been a footnote
in the long saga of American Indian history in the West.
Their reservation, just slightly bigger than Manhattan, is mostly empty -- a windswept land of sage and scrub 50 miles west of Salt Lake City.
But over the last eight years the Goshutes (formally the Skull Valley Band of Goshutes) have outlasted, outwitted and outplayed powerful forces arrayed against them,
as they have sought to build what would be the nation's biggest bunker for the storage of highly radioactive waste.
Some tribal members say such a facility would give them an economic boost in an area of the state where Indians have had few
environmentally friendly options.
This is no simple David and Goliath tale, however much the Goshutes may seem to be the little tribe that could. Tribal leaders
admit that they have big backers for their plan and that the utility industry consortium that wants to build the $3
billion plant, called Private Fuel Storage, has bankrolled the legal fight.
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Nuke Waste DA Storage key to Nuke Energy

Nuclear waste is the greatest obstruction towards developing nuclear power
Lindsay 02 Environmentalist for CSA
(Heather E. Lindsay, Nuclear energy issues, National Council for Science and the Environment, March 2002, pg online @
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/ern/02mar/overview.php?SID=f4kjflo0r6s9b693d2jcphd8v4)
But perhaps the
greatest problem associated with nuclear power is waste disposal, as described in the Congressional Service Research (CRS) Report, Civilian
Nuclear Waste Disposal (January 11, 2002). Nuclear energy production creates radioactive waste that cannot be recycled or disposed of by conventional means. Some of the
forms of radioactive waste include spent nuclear fuel rods, the most dangerous type of waste; low-level waste, including general radiation-contaminated material; and uranium
mill tailings. We do not yet possess the technology to dispose of this waste properly, so it is piling up at nuclear facilities all over the country.
One option for nuclear waste disposal is storage in a long-term facility, where radioactive materials could decay undisturbed. Most isotopes decay to safe levels
within decades; the most persistent would require 10,000 years to become harmless. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 6 required the Department of Energy (DOE) to
poor program management

and delays in funding, authorization, and storage facility construction caused the DOE to miss this deadline. As a result, a
number of power plants are suing the DOE for the costs they will incur by continuing to store spent nuclear fuel rods and
other radioactive waste.
begin collecting nuclear waste from commercial power plants and transferring it to a long-term storage facility by 1998; however,
Current storage techniques that are being used by power plants include cooling the wastes underwater for several years, vitrifying them (sealing them in glass), and storing them in concrete
bunkers aboveground.
Nuclear waste storage is critical to developing nuclear power

Hiruo 08 Senior editor @ Platts Nuclear Fuel
(Elaine Hiruo, Industry search for interim storage finds two potential volunteer sites, Platts Nuclear Fuel Washington, 08/11/08, lexis)
It's time, while nuclear power is on the verge of a resurgence, to look at the idea of national interim storage, Leroy said August 7 during an interview. It's more
evident now "that nuclear power is an answer and not a problem," he said, adding that then also makes long-term storage a solution.
DOE sent a repository license application to NRC in June, showing progress in the repository program, he said. But he added that questions still surround that program, such when a repository
planned for Yucca Mountain, Nevada will open and what its disposal capacity will be.
"The need for an interim storage solution is the next national problem just over the horizon," Leroy said. The "temporary solution" of "onsite
storage will continue to be under stress and will not be a solution if this national waste dialogue continues for many more years," he said.
DOE waste program director Ward Sproat has repeatedly downplayed interim storage, saying it's not a solution. Sproat told a House subcommittee last month last month that such a facility
wouldn't be available until around the time a repository at Yucca Mountain begins operating. He later told officials at a nuclear energy conference that political support for
interim storage can be fleeting and that authorities who agree to such a facility "won't be there" by the time the project is completed (NF, 28 July, 13).
Last week, however, Leroy stressed, "It's the perfect time to redesign and re-propose a negotiator ." Such an official would have the power and prestige to head a
national search but would also be "sufficiently independent" to work with communities and states to meet their needs, he said.
Paul Gunter, director of reactor oversight at the antinuclear group Beyond Nuclear, late last month criticized the industry search, saying that " absent
a demonstrated and
approved long-term storage plan for nuclear waste, any new dump is a permanent site."
Nuclear waste storage is a key component of the Nuclear power industry

Thinkquest 98
(Nuclear Waste Storage, 1998, pg online @ http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/nuclear_waste_storage/nuclear_waste_storage.html)
The major problem of nuclear waste is what to do with it. In fact, one of the biggest (and perhaps the single biggest) expenses of the nuclear
power industry could eventually be the storage of nuclear waste. Currently there are several ways in which nuclear waste is stored. Most of these methods are
temporary. In most cases a viable long-term solution for waste storage has yet to be found. This is because the time period for storage is so incredibly long, on the order of thousands of
years.There are many ideas about what to do with nuclear waste. The low-level (not extremely radioactive) waste can often be buried near the surface of the earth. It is not very dangerous
There are still plans

for its disposal, however. Some of these include burying the waste under the ocean floor, storing it underground, and shooting it into space. The most promising option so far is
burying the waste in the ground. This is called "deep geological disposal". Because a spent fuel rod contains material that takes thousands of years to
become stable (and non-radioactive), it must be contained for a very long time. If it is not contained, it could come in contact with
human population centers and wildlife, posing a great danger to them. Therefore, the waste must be sealed up tightly. Also, if the waste is being stored underground, it must be
and usually will have lost most of its radioactivity in a couple hundred years. The high-level waste, comprised mostly of spent fuel rods, is harder to get rid of.
stored in an area where there is little groundwater flowing through. If ground water does flow through a waste storage site, it could erode the containment canisters and carry waste away
into the environment.
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Nuke Waste DA terror mpx

Nuclear waste storage in Native American lands only way to withstand terrorist attacks- current facilities dont
solve
Valverde 05-08-09 Alliance for Nuclear Accountability
(Janice Valverde, Congress Asked to Eliminate Subsides for Nuclear Power, Fund more Cleanup work, 05/08/09, pg online @
http://www.ananuclear.org/Issues/BudgetBattles/tabid/71/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/226/Default.aspx)
Site selection for centralized interim storagean alternative to indefinite storage of spent nuclear fuel onsite at power plants likely
would target Native American reservations and other low-income communities, Kamps said. Plus, it would create a radioactive waste shell
game as waste is moved on roads, rails, and waterways
to sites around the country, he said.
Research and development on commercial fuel recycling and developing interim storage facilities at volunteer sites are key components of
the Nuclear Energy
Institutes integrated used fuel management strategy, which was outlined in January 2009 and posted on the institutes website. The institute has been discussing its strategy at public forums
since. Kamps said a better use of federal funds is for hardened on-site storage at reactor sites. Current storage
facilities, both spent fuel rods stored in cooling pools and dry cask storage, are not designed to withstand terrorist attacks, he said.
Suitable Nuclear waste storage location key to national security

Tsikata 08 Reporter at Medill News Service, Washington
(Fui Tsikata, Permanent storage remains unresolved in new push for nuclear energy, 11/18/08, pg online @
http://news.medill.northwestern.edu/chicago/news.aspx?id=106021)
Applications for new nuclear reactors keep rolling into the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), but everyone
seems to be ignoring the crucial question: where
will used nuclear rods be stored permanently?

As nuclear companies continue to store nuclear waste on-site, environmentalists warn that without
a permanent storage location, building more nuclear plants
could be dangerous to the countrys security.

The popularity of nuclear energy has undergone a resurgence of sorts as political and business leaders insist on a more energy-independent U.S. There are 16 new applications for a potential of
25 new nuclear reactors awaiting approval by the NRC. Chicago-based Exelon Corp., the nations largest nuclear energy producer, has a pending application for two new
units in Texas, which would bring its total of nuclear reactors to 19.
While nuclear
energy is potent, it faces many questions, the most important being safety and storage of nuclear waste.
Obama said he was for nuclear energy but would like
to see the long-term storage issue addressed.
Nuclear energy advocates and foes alike are now jockeying to have a say in President-elect Obamas energy plan.
Yucca mountain, 80 miles from Las Vegas, Nev., was identified years ago as a potential storage area for spent nuclear rods and other nuclear waste. Now, a decade after the repository was to
open, it has been weighed down by controversy. Fear of volcanic activity in Yucca, lawsuits and other challenges considerably slowed down its development. Presently, the
NRC has a three- to four-year time frame to complete geological analysis and assess the feasibility of Yucca mountain.
Everyone but some environmentalists agree that there is a need to find a site that will hold nuclear waste permanently, but finding that site has proven
challenging.
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Nuke Waste DA Solves Warming

Nuclear Energy key to counter Global Warming but waste issue needs to be resolved
Ganapol 98 Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona
(Barry Ganapol, Nuclear Energy key weapon in battling Global Warming, 11/23/98, pg online @ http://www.junkscience.com/nov98/ganapol.html)
Now is the time to drop
the taboo against nuclear energy and accept the idea that nuclear-generated electricity will be essential in the
battle against global warming.
Unlike power plants that burn coal, oil and natural gas, nuclear stations generate large amounts of electricity without loading the atmosphere with carbon dioxide, the primary greenhouse gas.
Sure, solar and wind will also help, and there's always room for major improvements in energy efficiency , but since 1973, nuclear power
has reduced carbon dioxide emissions by more than 2 billion tons. More than any other electricity source. Rather than an
option, nuclear energy is almost certainly going to be a necessity.
As the French have shown, nuclear plants using the basic American reactor design can be built quickly and designed to run efficiently and safely. In addition, the French are using technology
for safe storage of used nuclear fuel.
Since the early 1980s, the French have combined radioactive waste with molten glass and placed the mixture in stainless steel cylinders, storing the cylinders in an underground building at a
government installation until a permanent deep repository becomes available .
But in this country, the White House and Congress cannot agree on an
the waste issue is more in the political rather than the scientific arena.
Constructive steps should be taken now. The Department of Energy needs to complete its scientific assessment of a proposed waste repository at Yucca Mountain in Nevada. That effort
will require full funding by Congress, using the money that consumers of nuclear-generated electricity have, in good faith, paid since 1982 to the Federal Nuclear
interim storage facility for used nuclear fuel. Indeed ,
Waste Fund.
Extending the original 40-year operating licenses of nuclear plants must be made a top priority. Licenses of more than a third of the nation's 105 nuclear plants are scheduled to expire in the
not-too-distant future.
Unless the Nuclear Regulatory Commission renews these licenses, utilities in many parts of the country will be forced to replace nuclear energy with additional fossil fuel generation, primarily
coal. Switching to fossil fuels would cause more air pollution and even higher levels of greenhouse emissions and would hasten the onset of global climate change.
We also need a more rational approach to environmental regulation. Although our system for air cleanup has been remarkably successful and is emulated by many
other countries, the way it is currently implemented could be improved significantly.
Instead of granting tradable credits worth tens of millions of dollars exclusively to coal-fired plants that comply with air quality regulations, the Environmental Protection Agency should adopt
a fairer system that awards equal benefits to emission-free energy sources such as renewables and nuclear power.
The need for equity takes on greater urgency with the shift to a competitive, restructured electricity industry. The Energy Information Administration, the data-gathering branch of the Energy
Department, warns that as many as 24 of the nation's nuclear plants may close prematurely, reducing U.S. nuclear capacity significantly. At the same time demands on coal
plants would rise dramatically with a commensurate increase in pollution.
Closing down nuclear plants turns every part of the country into a non-attainment area under the 1990 Clean Air Act.
With nuclear energy, we have a source of electricity for new energy-efficient technologies that can be an important player in averting
climate disruption. Let's take care not to allow ideology to interfere with the practical means for dealing with this potentially devastating environmental problem.
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Nuke Waste DA Nuke Energy solves Demand

Nuclear energy key to sustain total energy demands
Sather & Krueger 09 Global Managing Director of Accenture's Utilities Plant & Asset Management practice and Senior Manager, Utilities practice
(Dan Sather & Ryan Sather, Demystifying the Challenges facing the U.S nuclear revival, Accenture, pg online @ http://www.nextgenpe.com/article/Issue3/Asset-Management/Demystifying-the-key-challenges-facing-the-US-nuclear-revival/)
As a result, the nuclear
operators promoted information and resource sharing across companies aimed at improving safety and
performance, and the outcomes are staggering the industry currently operates at a 90+% capacity factor and has cut the cost of production in half since the 1980s. Remarkably ,
nuclear operators have been able to achieve high performance while continually setting new safety records. Until recently few outside of the
industry noticed.
The American nuclear revival is now a popular topic in the media, as reports over the past year have focused on the rising costs and risks of satisfying the countrys future energy
demands. The
combination of sustained high oil prices, public concern over fossil fuel emissions and the threat posed by depending on fuel
led to the desire for renewable energy sources. The challenge facing many forms of renewable
energy such as wind, solar or geothermal power is that these sources cannot practically scale to meet the nations growing needs, which
brings nuclear energy to the forefront as a sustainable energy source for our future.
sources from politically unstable countries has
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Nuke Waste DA Yucca solves

Yucca Mountain optimal for nuclear waste storage- health and environmental concerns are exaggerated
Little 03 Reporter on Energy for New York magazine
(Amanda Little, The feds are backing Nuclear Power- in the name of the environment, 04/03/03, pg online @ http://www.grist.org/article/fallingout/)
After uranium is burned, the rods are kept in pools of water at the plant for five to 10 years until they're cool enough to be sealed in concrete and steel containers and stowed
underground. (Many plants keep their waste in holding pools for decades without transferring them to containers -- a cheaper but far more
hazardous storage option.) However, the containers themselves won't last for more than several hundred years, which is why Yucca Mountain,
Nev., has been proposed as a geologically isolated long-term sarcophagus for nuclear waste. Since 1982, over $50 billion has been
poured into researching the geological suitability of Yucca Mountain for such purposes. Environmentalists argue that the choice of Yucca Mountain has been based more on
political convenience than environmental suitability, and that too little time has been spent evaluating the possible radioactive contamination of the aquifer beneath the site.
Environmentalists are also concerned about the transportation of spent uranium to Yucca Mountain . The Department of Energy has admitted that any
human standing within two yards of storage tanks for an hour will be exposed to radiation levels equivalent to a chest x-ray, which can be dangerous for pregnant women.
these concerns
are exaggerated. "This volume of waste is absolutely manageable, " says Thelma Wiggins of the Nuclear Energy Institute. "All told, over
the last 40 years, the waste fills an area no bigger than a football field that goes five yards deep ."
"What if you're stuck in traffic next to one of these trucks carrying nuclear waste?" asks U.S. PIRG's Aurilio. The nuclear energy industry argues that
Yucca Mountain site ideal- necessary to counter nuclear waste problem

Online News Hour 02
(Bush approves Yucca Nuclear waste Site, PBS, 02/15/02, pg online @ http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/february02/nuclear_2-15.html)
Although Nevada representatives have vowed to put up a good fight, the measure is expected to pass in both houses.
In a letter to the president delivered Thursday night, Energy Secretary Spencer Abraham said 12
years and $6.8 billion worth of study shows the Yucca

Mountain site is a "scientifically sound and suitable" place to bury 77,000 tons of highly radioactive nuclear waste.
"I could not and would not recommend the Yucca Mountain site without having first determined that [it will ] ... protect the health and
safety of the public," Abraham said.
Abraham first announced his recommendation last month to give Nevada 30 days of advanced warning, as required by law.
many lawmakers joined the nuclear

industry in hailing the decision as a major step towards solving a long-standing problem .
House Speaker Dennis Hastert (R-Ill.), whose state has the largest number of nuclear reactors, praised the decision, saying it "will finally enable us to take a necessary
step forward" on addressing the waste problem.
On Friday, President Bush's chief of staff, Andrew Card, notified key members of Congress of the president's approval. However
Yucca Mountain ensures safe storage which is key to nuclear energy industry
Sather & Krueger 09 Global Managing Director of Accenture's Utilities Plant & Asset Management practice and Senior Manager, Utilities practice
(Dan Sather & Ryan Sather, Demystifying the Challenges facing the U.S nuclear revival, Accenture, pg online @ http://www.nextgenpe.com/article/Issue3/Asset-Management/Demystifying-the-key-challenges-facing-the-US-nuclear-revival/)
In years past, the
media and public has focused on the how to safely dispose of the spent fuel and the Yucca Mountain storage facility
enters the discussion. While this is a controversial topic, the debate is more political than scientific. The fact remains that waste has been safely secured on plant
sites for decades and new methods and technologies are continually being developed to make storage safer . Other countries have solved the
dilemma and the United States government has put forth options to overcome this challenge . Overall, the benefits are clear nuclear power
provides the best source of low-cost, low-emissions energy to the world. While public opinion is beginning to soften toward nuclear power, new nuclear is
far from a done deal.
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Compacts CP 1nc
Federal / National programs fail - State-Tribal tensions must be resolved
Gibb 99 Acting Director of Economic Development, Puyallup Tribe
(Dennis Gibb, Intergovernmental Compacts in Native American Law: Models for Expanded Usage, Harvard Law Review, February 1999, EBSCOhost)
Native Americans and state governments have witnessed tension and divisiveness mar their interactions since the Nations founding.
Fortunately, recognition that states remain the bodies with which tribes must interact on a day- to day- basis has encouraged the
development of intergovernmental agreements . In particular, compactsworking agreements between tribes and states that resolve
jurisdiction have become a device of necessity for tribes and regional governments. Both groups have recognized the benefits of
negotiated agreements for effective delivery of social services, economic development, and resource protection.
Several factors have contributed to this trend. First, judicial solutions to conflicts between tribes and states have proven untenable . The expense,
duration, and complexity of litigation have forced lingering issues to be resolved with practical solutions. The Supreme Court has become more hostile to Native American interests in its
the larger number of Native

American tribes, each with unique geographic, economic, and structural concerns, has prevented uniform national rules from
reliably addressing local needs. In an era of federal budget cuts and devolution of federal power to the statesin which Congress has been increasingly willing to delegate to
tribes regulatory and implementation functions previously accorded only to states the need for tribal- state cooperation in allocating scarce financial
resources has increased. Third, a growing movement among native Americans to preserve their heritage, exercise self-governance
and define the legitimate functions of their sovereign governmental entities has exacerbated these factors ..
resolution of issues of tribal self determination, highlighting the dearth of secure footholds in judicial doctrine for Native American law. Second,
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Compacts CP Social Services Solvency

Compacts are used for Social Services & Economic agreements
In the area of tribal governance and finance, compacts have allowed states and tribes to make great progess in intergovernmental
relations. For example, in the historically contentious area of taxation, compacts can serve both tribes and states by granting each a
proportionate share of the revenues from a streamlined collection system . Likewise, numerous states and tribes have responded to the
common need for effective law enforcement by developing cross-deputization, training, and prisoner detention agreements. Such agreements coordinate
arrest and detention practices between tribal and nontribal communities, and provide for enforcement of environmental laws on
reservations. Agreements also exist for a variety of social services, including health, welfare, burial sites, and education . Compacts such
as that between the Apache and the Globe, Arizona, school district have been instrumental in establishing a greater number of public schools on reservations. Finally, perhaps the most
widely publicized source of compacting in recent years has been that of tribal gaming under IGRA. Although many critics protest that IGRA encroaches upon state and tribal sovereignty,
a significant number of tribes and states have successfully signed compacts governing gaming on reservations that greatly benefit
both parties.
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Compacts CP States giving services now

States give social services to tribes now Joint Committee proves
Pottawatomie Nation 07
[Prairie Band Pottawatomie Nation. 2007. Joint Committee on State-Tribal Relations http://www.pbpindiantribe.com/joint-committee-on-state-tribalrelations.aspx]
The joint committee has concluded that there are a number of areas in which state-tribal relations have been productive and
beneficial to both the state and the tribes. The joint committee is of the opinion that these mutually beneficial areas can be the basis of future positive relationships.
Examples of these positive relationships have included:
* The coordinated efforts of the Department of Social and Rehabilitation Services and the four tribes in the areas of child support
enforcement, Medicaid, and Healthwave, child welfare agreements, Indian Health Service participation in Medicaid, and managed
care contracts, Indian Child Welfare Act and the Adoption and Safe Families Act, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Services, Child
Protective Services, and Welfare-to-Work Program information;
* The riparian buffer initiative undertaken by Kansas State University on the Potawatomi Reservation to control erosion of streambanks, implement conservation practices, and protect
reservation resources;
* The Tribal Law and Government Center program at the University of Kansas Law School which has the two goals of preparing a new generation of advocates, particularly American
Indians and other indigenous peoples, for careers representing Indian nations and peoples, and establishing a forum for the research and study of tribal legal and governance issues;
* The Tribal Management Program at Haskell Indian Nations University which is an attempt to improve management skills of student interns who also enroll in courses at the
University of Kansas.
The joint committee is also aware that there are some areas where state-tribal relations could be improved. The joint committee believes that more open communication and cooperation
between the state and the tribes is the key to improving these relationships. The members believe that the joint committee will be a useful forum to allow for improved communication and
cooperation.
The joint committee is part of a national effort to improve state-tribal relations. State
legislatures can be a powerful forum in which to deal with statetribal relations, because they have primary responsibility to develop state policies governing resource allocation and give authority
and direction to agencies to carry out programs and provide services. Government to Government: Understanding State and Tribal Governments, National
Conference of State Legislatures and National Congress of American Indians June 2000, p. ix.
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Compacts CP _ solvency efficient/comprehensive

Negotiated compacts solve better than normal implementation- more comprehensive and efficient
Perhaps the
greatest benefit of compacting is that such negotiated agreements can resolve disputes that would otherwise be mired in
costly, protracted, and occasionally inconclusive litigation. Court decisions are fact- specific and are more often focused on minute points of law, and
therefore leave much room for further litigation. Conversely, negotiated compacts offer greater flexibility to accommodate local needs
and changed circumstances over time, reduce the likely hood of future disputes, and answer regulatory questions created by ambiguities in
jurisdictional authority, such as jurisdiction over non-tribal members living on reservations. Parties can include continuing management provisions allowing the sovereigns to continue to
meet over time to discuss contingencies, and not be bound by excessively rigid provisions. Compacts
can accommodate those situations that would be best

handled by allowing unforeseen circumstances that would be addressed not in advance, but rather, when they arise. Negotiated compacts are
also more comprehensive than litigation. In addition to enabling both sides to hold enforcement power, rather than only one as in litigation, compacts allow
compromises that are almost impossible to achieve through litigation . Negotiated compacts avoid ongoing lawsuits and jurisdictional
uncertainty that often hinder economic development.
Negotiated compacts are more effective than ordinary contractsensures solvency

A compact is a negotiated agreement between two sovereign entities that resolves questions of overlapping jurisdictional
responsibility, such as law enforcement, or resolves certain substantive matter, such as water rights. Many tribes and states choose to use compacts
because they are regarded as the most binding legal arrangement possible. Compacts differ from ordinary contracts because they
may be more enforceable, and because contracts, unlike compacts, do not normally resolve issues of legal entitlement or
jurisdiction between sovereign entities, but merely provide closure for a specific problem . Compacts are more closely related to treaties in that
they set political policies for tribes and states, and therefore have inherent value even beyond their stated goals.
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Compacts CP solve sovereignty

Tribal State compacts solve for Native American Sovereignty- cooperation key
Sutaria 06 University of San Francisco School of Law
(Shivani Sutaria, Employment Discrimination in Indian- Owned Casinos: Strategies to Providing Rights and Remedies to Tribal Casino Employees,
Journal of Law and Social Challenges, Fall 2006, lexis)
All employees deserve to work in environments that are free from employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, and disability. If
employment discrimination does occur in a workplace, employees are entitled to report the incidents without fear of retaliation, maneuver through a fair and just grievance
process, and receive remedies if appropriate. Ideally, employers would guarantee their employees such rights and remedies. Employers' internal mechanisms, however, can be
inadequate to protect workers. The case is no different with tribal casinos; even though tribal enterprises [*163] offer internal discrimination protections to their employees
and are vigorously working to reprimand any discriminators, they cannot fully solve their employment discrimination problems internally. The difference is, though, that nontribal employers must comply with Title VII and when they don't, employees may bring suit against their employers. As this paper explained, Indian tribes and their
enterprises are exempt from Title VII for the very important reason of tribal sovereignty.
Tribal sovereignty must be honored with a sacred reverence; it is an inherent standing of self-government that predates our own
government. None of the three non-tribal strategies that deal with employment discrimination described in this paper completely undermine tribal sovereignty. However,
they all do encroach on Indian tribes' right to self-governance, but to varying degrees. The least intrusive strategy of the three, and the one I advocate for, is
state-enforced protection as provided for in the tribal-state compacts. The enforcement provisions of the tribal-state compact
emphasize a collaborative relationship between the tribe, the Tribal Gaming Agency and the State. For example, in the La Posta Band of Mission
Indians compact described above, the State explicitly recognizes the government-to-government relationship between themselves
and the tribe, and therefore stresses voluntary resolution if a dispute arises. Overall, this strategy emphasizes Indian tribes'
right to self-governance and when the State infringes on that right, it does so in a collaborative manner, and continuously
stresses non-legal dispute resolution mechanisms.
For this process to work as a means of protecting tribal casino employees from employment discrimination, States must be committed to ensuring tribal casino
employees are protected from employment discrimination. One way this commitment can be demonstrated is by designating an employee of
California's State Gaming Agency to oversee tribes' compliance with the compacts' employee-related provisions, including the anti-discrimination provision as well as the
other workplace health and safety-related provisions. This state employee can serve as the point person to whom tribal casino employees can report their concerns as well as
be the one to assist tribes with the investigation.
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Compacts CP Environment Solvency

Tribal- State Compacts key to environmental protection
Although compacts have emerged only recently as a means of demarcating the respective powers of states and tribes, intergovernmental agreements are now used to avoid or solve
In the area of environmental and property compacts,

tribes and states have made especially great strides in resolving land rights and zoning areas that are particularly important in light of
both the gravity of the potential problems and the failure of judicial decisions to establish clear allocations of power in a fertile ground for state-tribe
compacting, particularly because of the cross-jurisdictional nature of migratory patterns and habitat degradation. Indeed, conservation agreements have proven very
useful for states and tribes, whether such agreements seek to preserve habitats, fishing harvests, or cultural and religious sites, or to
protect supplies of oil, gas, and timber on reservation lands. Similarly, compacts can avoid protected legal battle in the area of water
rights by eliminating legal uncertainty and minimizing the costs of delineating states and tribes respective rights.
disputes in two primary subject areas: environmental and property concerns, and tribal governance and finance.
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Compacts CP Perm Ans

Increases in federal funding mean no state funding exists its federal law
A.C.F. 97 Administration for Children and Families @ U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services
[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Policy Announcement June 2, 1997.
http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ofa/dts/policy_announcements/pa-97-2.htm]
Once an Indian tribe, or a consortium of Indian tribes residing in a State, has an approved Tribal Family Assistance plan for which a Federal
Family Assistance Grant is payable, the State's Family Assistance Grant will be reduced . The State's MOE level will also be reduced
proportionately pursuant to section 409(a)(7)(B)(iii) of the Act.
The State is no longer obligated to expend State funds on behalf of eligible families served by an approved Tribal Family
Assistance plan. In effect, there is a fiscal gain to the State each time an Indian tribe or consortium of Indian tribes in the State submits and
receives approval for a Tribal Family Assistance plan. However, for the Indian tribe, or consortium of Indian tribes, the Tribal Family Assistance Grant is the only
means to provide welfare-related services to families residing in its service area.
Perm cant solve- additional federal authority is unnecessary and undermines tribal sovereignty
Johnson 06 USA Today Staff
(Kevin Johnson, Feds: Ruling hurts oversight of Indian casinos, USA Today, 11/30/06, lexis)
Indian officials, however, call the court's ruling a victory for tribal sovereignty and an acknowledgement that tribes and states provide
adequate oversight. Ernest Stevens Jr. of the National Indian Gaming Association says tribes have 259 agreements with authorities in 22 states to regulate Indian
casinos.
The NIGC "does not need duplicative federal rule-making authority over matters already addressed by tribal law and the tribalstate compact process," says Stevens, whose group represents 184 Indian nations involved in tribal gaming.
The Arizona tribe that challenged the NIGC's authority, the Colorado River Indian Tribes, says the NIGC never had the power to regulate casinos.
"The federal court's decision was an important and necessary victory for tribal sovereignty," says Jason Rose, spokesman for the tribe.
State regulators defended their oversight of Indian casinos. Arizona's Department of Gaming, which helps 21 tribes oversee gaming operations that produced $1.7 billion in revenue in fiscal
2006, said the court decision would not affect casino regulation in Arizona.
"We modeled our regulatory process on the ... National Indian Gaming Commission," says Seena Simon, spokeswoman for the Arizona agency.
Simon says the agency has agreed to contribute $300,000 in each of the next five years to pay for a full-time federal prosecutor in the local U.S. attorney's office dedicated to Indian gaming
matters and to train tribal gaming authorities. "This is an agency with teeth," Simon says.
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PTC CP 1nc
CP The United States federal government should alter the tax code to insure that Native American tribes are
eligible for the Renewable Production Tax Credit.
Extending the PTC to tribes would incentivize growth, reduce dependence, and boost sovereignty
Shahinian, 08, JD - University of Michigan, and M. S. in Environment and Natural Resources
[Mark Shahinian, The Tax Man Cometh Not: How the Non-Transferability of Tax Credits Harms Indian Tribes American Indian Law Review, JSTOR]
There are three clear rationales for this change in the tax code. First, the change will give tribes the same incentives as the rest of
the business community as tribal economies develop. Second, the change will reduce tribal dependence on federal grants, as larger
pools of investment capital become available to tribes. Third, the change will increase tribal sovereignty, as dependence is reduced .
Making tax credits tradable by tribes and thereby aligning the financial incentives of tribes with the rest oft he U.S. business
community promotes the federal goal of guiding economic activity, whether in the wind power industry or in other industries with substantial tax credits.
Extending PTC to tribes is politically popular where the plan isnt congress supports a decrease in dependence
Increasing tribal revenues from wind energy production or any other economic activity that prospers off-reservation in a tax-credit
environment and could benefit tribes if tax credits are made tradable is a good way to meet federal goals of reducing tribal
dependence. The reduction of tribal dependence has been a congressional goal since the nineteenth century. Even during the passage of the Allotment
Acts in the late nineteenth century, the twisted logic of the time said that forcing tribal members into farming would push the Indians toward "real and permanent progress." This goal
of reduced tribal dependence was first codified in the economic development context nearly 100 years ago in the Buy Indian Act
of 1908. The Act directs the Department of Interior to give preference to Indians as far as is practicable in hiring and procurement. The Buy Indian Act has been expanded over the
years. In 1974, it was made to apply to all federal contracts. Congress has been willing to extend the same type of support evinced by the Buy Indian
Act to tribal energy programs. For example, in 2001, the full House of Representatives passed the Hayworth amendment to the
proposed energy bill adding "energy products and energy by-products" to the categories of materials covered under the Buy Indian
Act. That bill, House Bill 4, died in conference committee in 2002. However, the ideas from the Hayworth amendment are incorporated into the Energy
Policy Act of 2005 the Act provides for federal purchases of power generated by Indian tribes. Even outside the energy development or economic development contexts, the
Federal Government has made clear through the years that it would like to see the tribes less dependent on direct grants of federal
dollars. The Reagan administration advocated reduced tribal dependence in an important policy statement issued in 1983 . "It is
important to the concept of self-government that tribes reduce their dependence on federal funds by providing a greater percentage of the cost of their self-government," the administration
wrote. Any
measures that give the tribes a leg up in the economic development game reduce their economic dependency on the
federal government. Wind power development could play a role in this economic development, but only if tribes have access to the
PTC. Wind power development would provide the "greater percentage of the cost of [tribal] self government" that the Reagan administration sought and it would push the
tribes toward "real and permanent progress".
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PTC CP Renewable Energy

PTC expands renewable energy
Congress is bent on fostering renewable energy production in the United States. Congress is also bent on fostering tribal energy
development. If Congress made the PTC tradable, tribes would face the same tax incentives as the rest of the business community,
renewable energy development on tribal lands would increase , and Congress would take a step forward in achieving its goals of tribal and renewable energy
development. Tax credits are economic incentives the government provides to promote certain activities. With these incentives, the
government is trying to encourage economic activity (such as charitable giving or pollution-free energy production) that the
government considers socially beneficial. The government has an interest in promoting those activities targeted for promotion to the fullest extent possible, including in
Indian Country. The PTC is a tax credit Congress created to foster the production of renewable energy. The PTC is a broad incentive it has aided renewable energy developments from California to Maine. An examination of the record of congressional debates surrounding the renewal of the
PTC in 2005 makes clear Congress was interested in both reducing dependence on foreign fossil fuel and stimulating the growth of
domestic renewable energy businesses. To this end, Congress decided to enact a tax incentive (the PTC) that will cost taxpayers over $300 million a year over the next
decade.
Allowing tribes to benefit from the production tax credit would spur Renewable Development
Geiselman 4-13-09 Government affairs editor for Waste News
[Bruce Geiselman, Sen. wants to develop projects on Indian land, Lexis Law]
Tim Johnson, D-S.D., plans to introduce legislation that would encourage development of wind and solar energy projects on American Indian owned land.
Existing federal tax law includes production tax credits that encourage renewable energy producers to launch new projects by
decreasing their costs associated with producing renewable energy , which can be more expensive than electricity produced from fossil fuels. The tax
credits dont benefit American Indian tribes that have land available for clean energy projects because the tribes dont have federal
tax liabilities, Johnson said.
Our tribal lands hold enormous potential for the production of commercial scale wind and solar energy, but development to date
has been limited, he said.
Johnsons legislation would encourage joint partnerships between private investors and tribes by allowing tribes to transfer their
otherwise unused and forfeited share of the production tax credit to their joint partners in renewable energy projects . The tribes would
share in the profits from the projects.
The current tax structure puts tribes at competitive disadvantage, Johnson said. They cant use the tax credit and can only compete economically with
those projects on private lands if they are wholly owned by a private investor. Rather than losing ownership rights and selling them off, this bill allows
tribes to transfer the tax credit to their private partners and still benefit from the economic development that occurs .
giving Natives a tax credit would spur renewable development

Capriccioso 1-2-09 Washington staff reporter at Indian Country Today
[Rob Capriccioso, Groups press for tribe-friendly renewable energy policies, < http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/business/36998559.html>]
The statement says that federal government subsidies for the nuclear, coal, gas and oil industry should be rapidly phased out with a proportional ramp up of subsidies for renewable
technologies and locally administered conservation and efficiency improvement.
Under current federal law, tribes are not directly entitled to credits provided to non-Native developers for renewable energy
production. This has created a system where outside companies sometimes think twice about teaming with tribes on
renewable energy projects, since, if they do so, the federal government does not allow for a full tax credit.
Projects involving technologies like wind power could stand on their own if none of the energy sectors got [federal] subsidies or incentives, but there are already billions of dollars built
into coal, gas and coal subsidies, said Bob Gough, a leader with Intertribal COUP.
To compete against them, renewable energy technologies require subsidies as well. You cant artificially keep the price of energy down, and then expect new kinds of technology to bear
all the costs.
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PTC CP Econ & Federal Obligation

PTC would boost tribal economic development Plus it fulfills the federal obligation to Natives
The argument for a tradable tax credit is, at root, an argument for equity. Legal scholarship has a history of arguments for a federal
tax treatment of tribes that allows tribal economies to develop. The moral basis of arguments for an equitable, even favorable tax treatment of tribes tends to rest
on the federal trust responsibility toward tribes established early in U.S. history and articulated by Chief Justice Marshall in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia. Writing of the Tribal Tax Status
Act of 1982, legal scholar Robert Williams said "To
satisfy the 'moral obligations of the highest responsibility and trust' incumbent upon the
United States in its dealings with Indian nations, federal Indian Country development policy must address itself to the structural
barriers currently preventing tribal economic and social self-sufficiency." Lack of tribal access to tax credits is one of today's
structural barriers. Addressing those barriers will help alleviate the federal concern for tribal economic development expressed by the
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "On Pine Ridge, Lower Brule and Rosebud reservations," a bank publication found, " roughly half of Indian families are poor."26
By aligning the tax incentives tribal businesses face with those faced by the rest of the business community, the federal
government will meet its goals of energy development, reduced tribal dependency and increased tribal sovereignty . That alignment of
incentives can be made a reality by making wind energy tax credits tradable. More broadly, allowing tribes to utilize all tax credits now available only to taxpaying entities will better align the interests of tribal business and U.S. policy, and also will better provide for tribal economic
development.
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PTC CP Solves Poverty

Alternative Energy can solve Native poverty
Energy Justice-Native Americans, 2009, Compiled by Honor the Earth, Intertribal Council On Utility Policy,
International Indian Treaty Council, Indigenous Environmental Network
[Energy Justice-Native Americans, 2009, Energy Justice in Native America, policy paper,
<http://www.ienearth.org/docs/EJ_in_NA_Policy_Paper_locked.pdf>]
NATIVE AMERICA: IN NEED OF GREEN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Ironically,
whiles some Native Nations and their reservation communities

have borne the brunt of destructive energy development that has reaped massive profits for some, they are the poorest in the
country, with high unemployment rates and inadequate housing.
The unemployment rate on Indian reservations is more than twice the national rate.
The median age in Indian Country is about 18 years, with a young and rapidly growing population in need of both jobs and housing.
The poverty rate for Native Americans is 26%; more than twice the national average.
More than 11% of Indian homes do not have complete plumbing. About 14% of reservation households are without electricity, 10 times the national rate.
In rural Alaska where Alaska Natives predominately reside, 33% of the homes lack modern water and sanitation facilities.
Energy distribution systems on rural reservations are extremely vulnerable to extended power outages during winter storms threatening the lives of reservation residents.
Reservation communities are at a statistically greater risk from extreme weather related mortality nationwide, especially from cold, heat and drought associated with a rapidly changing
climate.
Reservations are waiting on more than 200,000 needed new houses.
About 1/3 of reservation homes are trailers, generally with completely inadequate weatherization.
Inefficient homes are a financial liability, leaving owners vulnerable to energy price volatility.
Fuel assistance programs provide millions of dollars of assistance to tribal communities. While necessary in the short term, they do nothing to address the cycle of fuel poverty due to
leaky inefficient homes, and the need for a localized fuel economy.
Internationally, the present levels of deforestation and climate-related disasters are creating huge populations of environmental refugees. It is anticipated that within 20 years, we will be
spending some 20% of world GDP on climate change related mitigation and disasters.
Unemployment rates, poverty and the need for efficiency improvements and renewable energy provide an ideal opportunity on
tribal reservations and Alaska Native villages for maximizing the impact of a green jobs initiative. Local jobs weatherizing buildings, constructing, installing
and maintaining renewable energy technology could be created. This has huge financial implications for rural economies, and for the overall US
economy. The Obama Administrations economic stimulus plans that incorporates a green economy and green jobs
portfolio must include provisions for access of these resources by our Native Nations, our tribal education and training
institutions and Native organizations and communities.
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PTC CP - Economic Growth

PTC helps the economy-solves for lack of capital investment
Taylor and their colleagues at the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development.99 The main points of the research stress tribal governance, the importance of tribal
sovereignty, tribal corporate governance and the need to think broadly about economic development in order for tribal enterprises to succeed. Cornell and Kalt, in particular, stress a
nation-building approach: A
nation-building approach to development doesn't say, "let's start a business." Instead, it says, "let's build an
environment that encourages investors to invest, that helps businesses last, and that allows investments to flourish and pay off ." A
nation-building approach requires new ways of thinking about and pursuing economic development. Telling the planning office to go get some businesses going doesn't begin to crack the
problem. The solutions lie elsewhere: in the design and construction of nations that work. New ideas in
tax credits and other tax incentives for tribes can be a part
of this nation-building approach, by laying the fiscal framework for tribal business to prosper . But tax credits will only be a part of the solution
moving toward tribal economic development will require much broader effort than tax credits alone, and Congress should be cautioned against thinking that solving the PTC
transferability problem will prove a magic bullet for tribes
Tradable tax credits are a targeted, practical policy instrument. They have been used by the states, they are revenue neutral, and
they enjoy broad political support from politicians, policymakers, and tribal groups . Tradable tax credits carry out the clearly articulated congressional
goals of providing incentives to certain economic activities, reducing tribal dependency through resource development, and increasing tribal sovereignty. Indian Country suffers
from a $50 billion shortfall in capital investment.
The federal government has a number of tools at its disposal which it can use to address the problem a tradable tax credit is lying
at the top of the tool box and should be made a permanent fixture of U.S. energy and Indian law.
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PTC CP - Economic Growth

Alternative energy production on Tribal lands help U.S. and tribal economies
GREEN ECONOMIES IN NATIVE COMMUNITIES: MASSIVE POTENTIAL, MAXIMUM IMPACT Providing
clean renewable energy development and reversing the

should be top priority in administration energy decisions. Tribes must be provided federal support
to own and operate a new crop of renewable electricity generating infrastructure providing the dual benefits of low carbon power
and green economic development where it is needed most. Tribes should be targeted with efficiency programs to reduce consumption of fossil fuels for heating
trend from exploitation toward energy justice
and cooling and creating local jobs weatherizing and retrofitting buildings, helping reduce the tremendous amount of money that exits communities to import energy.
Tribal
lands have an estimated 535 Billion kWh/year of wind power generation potential.
lands have an estimated 17,000 Billion kWh/year of solar electricity generation potential , about 4.5 times total US annual generation.
Investing in renewa ble energy creates more jobs per dollar invested than fossil fuel energy.
Tribal
Efficiency creates 21.5 jobs for every $1 million invested.

The costs of fuel for wind and solar power can be projected into the future, providing a unique opportunity for stabilizing an energy intensive economy.
Efforts should be made to invest locally first- from training green jobs workers locally to using local building materials to
producing energy locally, closing the financial loop will help revitalize Native Americas strangled economies , making them less vulnerable
to volatile external costs and maximizing the positive impact of the new green revolution. A green jobs economy and a new, forward thinking energy and climate policy will
transform tribal and other rural economies, and provide the basis for an economic recovery in the United States. In order to make this
possible, we encourage the Obama Administration to provide incentives and assistance to actualize renewable energy development
by tribes and Native organizations.
Increase the capacity of tribes and tribal colleges education institutions to train the next generation of green job workers and
continue to boost the capacity of technical training programs. Included in these programs should be training to use natural local materials with lower embedded
energy costs and greater passive survivability in the face of climate extremes.
Create financial support for efficiency in federal fuel assistance programs, and for the installation of solar heating panels and other innovations which deflect rising fuel costs, and provide
for local employment, especially in rural areas.
Ensure
the Production Tax Credit for renewable projects is renewed for at least 10 years and made applicable to tribes to
encourage tribal ownership, as currently it penalizes tribal ownership of projects.
Provide a renewable production refund for tribal projects that cant utilize tax credits. A refund at face value of the tax credit (valued at 2.1 cents) would be more economic to the federal
government than the applied tax credit (valued at 3.5 cents).
Provide special financial matching grants to capitalize renewable energy potential in tribal communities.
Create a renewable energy specific Investment Tax Credit for tribes to attract the decreasing number of investors that have tax credits.
Resolve
timeline issues with Clean Renewable Energy Bonds (CREB); history shows that predicting the timeline for any kind of major
energy development can be difficult, a reasonable amount of flexibility ought to be built into the program to ensure that project
delays dont result in payback starting before a project is completed.
Renewable energy boosts Native Americans economy

OVERVIEW When
considering energy production, resource extraction, housing and energy efficiency it is essential that the
administration take into account the disproportionate impacts of climate change and energy development on American Indian
reservation and Alaska Native villages, and the potential for catalyzing green reservation economies . We ask that the administration consult
with Honor the Earth, Intertribal Council On Utility Policy and the Indigenous Environmental Network, representing a network of 250 grassroots tribal organizations and tribes, to ensure
A just nation-to-nation
relationship means breaking the cycle of asking Native America to choose between economic development and preservation of
its cultures and lands; renewable energy and efficiency improvements provide opportunity to do both simultaneously. A
green, carbon-reduced energy policy has major national and international human rights, environmental and financial consequences,
and we believe that this administration can provide groundbreaking leadership on this policy. The reality is that the most efficient,
green economy will need the vast wind and solar resources that lie on Native American lands. This provides the foundation of not only a
green low carbon economy but also catalyzes development of tremendous human and economic potential in the poorest
community in the United States- Native America.
input from impacted communities is fully taken into account, and to ensure Native American participation in the green economy of the future.
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PTC CP solves sovereignty

Expanding Renewable Energy bolsters Native self-determination economic autonomy
DASCHLE 06 former Senator from S.Dakota, Legal Advisor, Senior Fellow at the Center for American Progress
[Tom Daschle, February, Clean renewable energy bonds, http://www.rlnn.com/ArtFeb06/CleanRenewableEnergyBonds.html)
A little-noticed section of Americas new national energy policy could bring new jobs and opportunities to Indian Country and help reduce Americas dependence on foreign oil but
tribes need to act quickly if they want to take advantage of this opportunity.The Energy Policy Act of 2005, signed by President Bush last August, contains a powerful new economic
development tool Clean Renewable Energy Bonds to provide tribal governments with interest-free financing for renewable energy projects, such as wind facilities, closed and open
Many tribes are already in the alternative energy

business. The Rosebud Sioux Tribe in South Dakota, for instance, is using the one great natural resource that was never taken from
them the wind to create energy and jobs for its members. The tribe operates a giant wind turbine that generates enough electricity to power
hundreds of homes. The new Energy Policy Act authorizes $800 million in Clean Renewable Energy Bonds CREB Bonds -- to help tribal
and local governments and electric cooperatives develop their own alternat ive energy projects.
Clean energy bonds can help move America toward energy self-sufficiency and strengthen Indian self-determination at the
same time. Renewable energy projects can help tribes address their pressing economic needs in ways that support, not undermine,
traditional tribal values. Instead of exhausting the Earths oil supplies, the federal and tribal governments can work together to develop new, sustainable sources of energy.
loop biomass, geothermal, solar, landfill gas, trash combustion facilities, small irrigation power, and hydropower.
Paired with other industrial parks, retail stores and other economic development initiatives, these new energy bonds can help tribes create new jobs and can also help create new sources of
revenue for tribal governments.But there is an important catch. The cut-off date for tribal governments to submit their proposals for Clean Renewable Energy Bonds is coming up fast:
April 26.The proposals must describe in detail the renewable energy project and the tribes planned sources of both public and private funding. The proposals must also include
certification by an independent, licensed engineer that the project satisfies the IRSs requirements; as well as a plan to obtain all necessary regulatory approvals, and a schedule for when
the bonds will be issued and repaid.The April 26 deadline was set by the IRS. It was not in the Energy Policy Act itself nor did Congress require it, and it was not announced by the IRS
until December 12. Such a quick turnaround would be difficult for most organizations. For tribal governments with little experience in bonding technicalities or alternative energy
development, the April 26 deadline may be especially hard to meet. One can see how some might question how serious the Administration is about energy independence or economic
development in Indian Country. Those questions deserve serious answers. For now, however, the top priority for tribal governments interested in taking advantage of this powerful new
economic development tool must be meeting the April 26 deadline for proposals.
Developing new sources of clean, renewable energy can boost Americas energy self-sufficiency and strengthen Indian selfdetermination. Its the right thing to do.
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PTC CP modeled
U.S. green action modeled
A GREEN ECONOMY IS KEY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF JUST RELATIONS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS AND CAN PLACE THE US IN AN EXCELLENT LIGHT
INTERNATIONALLY. Now
is the time to act to ensure that the next Presidential legacy is one that provides for the nations power needs
while empowering this continents First Nations with sustainable economic development . Tribally owned and operated renewable energy, along with
green jobs that help reduce dependence on fossil fuels are central to a sustainable and affordable low-carbon energy future. Energy decisions made by this
administration will have significant domestic and international implications for many generations to come . The most recent climate research
indicates that it will be necessary to eliminate anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions completely as soon as practical to stabilize the climate. Over 80% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions
are associated with fossil fuel use and it is technically and economically feasible to phase out fossil-fuel-related CO2 emissions from the U.S. economy by mid-century. The US should
adopt this as a goal. Taking
bold steps toward creating a clean sustainable energy future will enable the United States to both achieve
energy independence and reestablish our countrys position as a respected international leader.
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PTC Politics Popular

Congress supports the idea of PTC
Congress has acted on its goals of increasing renewable energy production by enacting the PTC. Congress has also acted on its goals of increasing tribal energy resource production by
enacting parts of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Congress
would like tribal corporations to work toward resource development in the same
manner as non-reservation businesses. The 2005 Energy Policy Act articulates Congress' intent to foster energy development on
tribal lands. The Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, in its report on the bill, wrote "There are abundant energy resources available for
production on Indian lands. Development of those resources must be encouraged. "82 Making the PTC tradable would merge those two goals .
Congress should and, the record indicates, does - want Indian tribes to face the same set of incentives as non-Indian business
entities. Both logic and congressional action indicate that the government would want all economic activity within the boundaries
of the United States to face the same incentive system, in order to broadly encourage the activities targeted by tax credits . Congress
has articulated its goals of energy security and clean energy production. Tribes, given the proper incentives, and a tradable PTC,
can help the U.S. meet those goals.
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Give the Land Back CP solves genocide

Withholding land from Natives risks genocide
Churchill 83 professor of ethnic studies @ University of Colorado, Boulder
[Ward Churchill, Marxism and Native Americans. South End Press, 1983. pgs 5-6]
Unfortunately, the matter seems a bit less obvious to many of my opposition-minded colleagues. There are, of course, a number of arguments to be made, but one of the more basic relates
to the issue of land base. There
can be no question that the entirety of the continental United States has been expropriated from its original,
indigenous inhabitants, with incalculably harmful consequences accruing to them in the process. From a moral perspective, it
should be equally clear that no humane solution to the overall issues confronting any American radical can reasonably be said to
exist, should it exclude mechanisms through which to safeguard the residual land base and cultural identities of these people.
This presents a bit of a dilemma in that the land currently occupied by Indian tribal groups contains something on the order of two-thirds of all readily extractable U.S energy resource
deposits, as well as quite substantial inventories of other critical raw materials. Such resources are as necessary to a left-oriented industrialized society as they are to one with a right-wing
philosophy. Unless the left acknowledges this, there is potentially no difference between the left and the right in their impact on Native Americans. On the face of it, matters will be
essentially the same: the Indians will be divested of control over their last remaining resources by all factions of the Euro-American political spectrum ,
unless the left can

articulate a coherent formulation of priorities and values allowing for (at the very least) maintenance of the Indian/white status quo
in terms of land base. This is not an unimportant consideration, given the direct linkage of indigenous cultures to various
geographical areas and conditions. The alternative to a satisfactory solution in this instance is genocide.
Violation of treaty agreements is largely looked at as a human rights violation

Churchill 02 professor of ethnic studies @ University of Colorado, Boulder
[Ward Churchill, The Struggle for the Land. South End Press, 2002. pgs 2-3]
The second important aspect of the map is the legal basis for protecting the environment and the inhabitants it points up. The native
struggle in North America today can

only be properly understood as a pursuit of the recovery of land rights which are guaranteed through treaties. What Indians askwhat we really expect- from those who claim to be our friends and allies is respect and support for these treaties rights.
What does this mean? Well, it starts with advocating the Indians regain use of and jurisdiction over what the treaties define as being our lands. It means direct support to Indian efforts to
This, in turn, means that those indigenous

governments which traditionally help regulatory and enforcement power within Indian Country-not the more modern and
otherwise non-traditional tribal councils imposed upon Indians by the federal government under the Indian Reorganization Act
of 1932- should have the right to resume their activities now. By extension, this would that much land which is currently taxed, regulated, strip mined,
recover these lands, but not governmental attempts to compensate us with money for lands we never agreed to sell.
militarized, drowned by hydroelectrical generation or over irrigation, and nuked by the U.S. and Canadian governments would no longer be under their control or jurisdiction any longer.
Surely, this is prospect which all progressive and socially conscious people can embrace.
What is perhaps most important about Indian treaty rights is the power of the documents to clarify matters which would otherwise be consigned by nation state apologists to the realm of
the violation of the treaty rights of many

given people represents a plain transgression against the rights of all people, everywhere. This can be a potent weapon in the
organization of struggles for justice and sanity in every corner of the globe. And it should be appreciated as such by those who
champion causes ranging from protection of the environmental to universal human rights.
Native North America is struggling to break free of the colonialist, militarist nation-state domination in which it is now engulfed . It
opinion and interpretation. The treaties lay things out clearly, and they are instruments of international law. In this sense,
is fighting to secede from the U.S and Canada. But, because of the broader implications of this, we refer to the results we seek not as secession, but as success. This is true, not just
for Indians, but for all living things and the earth itself. Wont you help us succeed into a full-scale emergence of our Natural World?
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Gie the Land Back CP solves poverty

Government authority over tribes is what has lead to the massive amounts of poverty
Churchill 05 professor of American Indian studies @ the University of Colorado at Boulder
[Ward Churchill member of the leadership council of the American Indian Movement of Colorado, national spokesperson for the Leonard Peltier Defense
Committee. Since Predator Came, 2005. pgs. 36-37]
Bobs notion of
internal colonialism, applies as it was to the specific context of American Indians in the late twentieth century, has yielded a powerful analytical
utility of those of us seeking to decipher the peculiarly convoluted relationships of the federal government to North Americas
native peoples, and how this relationship has caused Indians in the land of the free- despite our nominal retention of land and resources sufficient to make us
the wealthiest single racial/ethnic population aggregate on the continent- to experience literal Third World levels of impoverishment . By the mid-1970s, the idea
of Indians as colonies had taken firm hold among a number of scholars exploring questions of Indian rights. Even elements within the government itself to some extent admitted the
validity of premise, with the U.S. Civil Rights commission publishing a major study of conditions among the Navajos entitled The Navajo Nation: An American Colony. A whole new
understanding of the native North American context was beginning.
Federal leadership over reservations causes all acts of violence, poverty

Churchill 05 professor of American Indian studies @ the University of Colorado at Boulder
[Ward Churchill member of the leadership council of the American Indian Movement of Colorado, national spokesperson for the Leonard Peltier Defense
Committee. Since Predator Came, 2005. pgs. 36-37]
For grassroot Indian people, the broader human costs of ongoing U.S. domination are abundantly clear. The 1.6 million American
Indians within the United States remain, nominally at least, the largest per capita land owners in North America. Given the extent
of the resources within their land base, Indians should by logical extension comprise the wealthiest ethnic group on North
American society. Instead, according to the federal governments own statistics, they are the poorest , demonstrating far and away the lowest
annual and lifetime incomes, the highest rate of unemployment, lowest rate of pay and when, the lowest level of educational attainment of any North America population aggregate.
Correspondingly, they suffer, by decisive margins, the greatest incidence of malnutrition and diabetes, death by exposure, tuberculosis, infant mortality, plague, and similar maladies.
These conditions in combination with the general disempowerment which spawns them breed an unremitting sense of rage,
frustration, and despair which is reflected in the spiraling rates of domestic and other forms of intragroup violence, alcoholism and
resulting death by accident or fetal alcohol syndrome. Consequently, the average life expectancy of a reservation-based Native American male in 1980 was a mere
44.6 years, that of his female counterpart less than three years longer. Such a statistical portrait is obviously more indicative of a Third World environment than that expected of people
living one of the worlds most advanced industrial states.
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Indian Country offensive

The term Indian Country is incorrect
Starr, 07, author for Zmagazine,
[Scott Starr, Indian Country- Beyond the Green Zone In Iraq Zmagazine, http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/14649]
I have also heard or read accounts

of the area outside the "Green Zone" referred to as the Red Zone -- or sometimes "Indian Country".
During the first Gulf War, Brigadier General Richard Neal, briefing reporters in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, stated that the U.S. military wanted to be certain of speedy
victory once they committed land forces to "Indian Country." The following day, in a narrowly publicized statement of protest, the
National Congress of American Indians pointed out that 15,000 Native Americans were serving as combat troops in the Gulf. Since
General Neal's comment, however, the term "Indian Country" has become military slang that is often used by troops and leaders on the
ground in Iraq and Afghanistan. It was also used in the Viet Nam war. I have heard it occasionally used in T.V. news interviews and documentaries with and
Most people have heard the "safe" area in Baghdad where Americans and their allies have created forts referred to as the "Green Zone".
about military personnel.

You see, beyond the "Green Zone" one encounters a "terrorist"-infested territory- a wilderness as dangerous to the "justice bearing liberators" as the lands inhabited by by "Redskins" with
the resistance they offered during the Indian wars- wars that opposed the conquest, the theft, rape, murder and cultural genocide and treaty breaking mendacity of the allegedly Christian
colonizers.
This linguistic use of the term "Indian Country" speaks volumes about the intellectual ignorance and dishonesty of many in the
United States' self image of the soul of America. It reveals an often willful ignorance of the perception of the rest of the world. It
bespeaks of arrogance, hubris, and self imposed paternalism, exceptionalism and imperialis m.
Indian Country is racist refers to hostile territory

DeMain, 03, author CEO of Indian Country Communications and Editor of News From Indian Country
[Paul DeMain, Indian community demands apology from insulting remarks made about enemy territory by Brig. General Richard Neal Blue Corn Comics,
http://www.bluecorncomics.com/indctry.htm]
Indian groups around the United States angrily demanded an apology for the Marine general's reference .
Indians have fought and are fighting for the United States and "by God you still get this kind of...from the leaders," said Wayne Ducheneaux, president of the National Congress of
American Indians which represents 500 Indian tribes and organizations in the United States.
Ducheneaux, a member of the Cheyenne River Sioux tribe in South Dakota, said the National Congress of American Indians was
seeking an apology from military leaders for the "ignorant and insensitive" comment.
Lt. Col. John Tull, a spokesman for the US military Central Command in Saudi Arabia, said "Indian Country" is a term that was used in Viet Nam to mean
hostile territory. "I am not exactly sure where it originated. If you think in common sense terms, where might it have come from? From the days of the Wild West and something
like that," Tull said.
Another Bureau spokesman, Captain Scott also said he remembered the comment quite clearly because it was a term he had heard in the Viet Nam War as well.
Tull and Scott both said Neal was unavailable for comment.
Indian Country has no official definition in military manuals, said Pentagon spokeswoman Michelle Rabayda in Washington, D.C.
But some people believe otherwise.
"If you think of West Point Academy and the training that military commanders would have to undertake, you have to ask, what was the original reason for the establishment of the
Academy in the first place," said Steve Dodge, a member of the Oneida Tribe.
"It
was for the fighting of Indian wars. I doubt if he stumbled and that's the reason why Neal could say "Indian Country" without
batting an eyelash...it's an institutionalized term, hostile territory Indian country, they both mean the same thing in military
terms," said Dodge.
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Native American offensive

Native American is wrongthey prefer tribal names
Berry, 07 a Cherokee writer and producer of the website All Things Cherokee
[Christina Berry, American Indian versus Native American http://www.infoplease.com/spot/aihmterms.html]
The recommended method is

to refer to a person by their tribe, if that information is known. The reason is that the Native peoples of North America are
incredibly diverse. It would be like referring both a Romanian and an Irishman as European. . . . [W]henever possible an Indian
would prefer to be called a Cherokee or a Lakota or whichever tribe they belong to. This shows respect because not only are you
sensitive to the fact that the terms Indian, American Indian, and Native American are an over simplification of a diverse ethnicity,
but you also show that you listened when they told what tribe they belonged to.
In the end, the term you choose to use (as an Indian or non-Indian) is your own personal choice. Very few Indians that I know care either way.
When you don't know the specific tribe simply use the term which you are most comfortable using. The worst that can happen is that someone might correct you and open the door for a
thoughtful debate on the subject of political correctness and its impact on ethnic identity. What matters in the long run is not which term is used but the intention with which it is used.
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Reservation offensive
The word reservation implies white ownership
LaLonde, 97, author of Stories, Humor, and Survival in Jim Northrup's Walking the Rez Road
[Chris LaLonde, Stories, Humor, and Survival in Jim Northrup's Walking the Rez Road http://oncampus.richmond.edu/faculty/ASAIL/SAIL2/92.html]
The reality of Native life on the Rez road makes survival difficult, of course, and Northrup does not shy away from presenting an honest picture of the reservation. For instance, the
narrator of "brown and white peek" responds to the question "What's
it like living on the rez?" by pointing out that "The word reservation is a
misnomer / reserved for who? / The white man owns 80 percent of my rez . . ." (104). The Anishinaabe are nearly as jobless as
they are landless: there is "70 percent unemployment on the rez / go down the road a few miles, it's 5 percent " (104). Anishinaabe writer,
educator, and activist Winona LaDuke uses statistics from a study done at the White Earth reservation to show the importance of a "land-based economy and way of life" in the face of
seemingly staggering economic hardship. "While unemployment was listed by the Department of Labor at approximately 75 percent, most people were 'employed' in a land-based
economy" (xiii-xiv) that features such traditional activities as sugarbushing and the harvesting of fowl, small and large game, fish, and wild rice. Using White Earth as her example,
LaDuke concludes that "in many Native communities the traditional land-based economy, and in fact this way of life, remains a centerpiece of the community" (xiv).
The word reservation implies prisons

Karen De Looze, 03, PhD in Cultures and Development Studies
[Karen De Looze, How Long Did it Take YOU to Learn your Language? Issues for the Northern Cheyenne Today http://74.125.113.132/search?
q=cache:Iml2EcRD2AJ:soc.kuleuven.be/antropologie/ethnographica/2003/Delooze.pdf+%22the+word+reservation
%22+native+ideology&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us&client=firefox-a]
Especially adolescents who completed their high school education have to face the choice once: staying on the reservation or leaving? Limited employment opportunities on the
a lot of people talk about

the reservation in negative terms, on the reservation as well as off the reservation, making the personal struggle over staying or
leaving even more difficult (Boys and Girls Club employee, P.C.). Indeed , the word reservation is often put on a par with prison,13 freedom
being valued by many youngsters. Other factors are intermarriage, the attractiveness of the many opportunities for amusement in the city, etc
reservation are an important factor in a decision to leave. It is hard to support a family here, on the res, I was told more than once. Apart from this,
The term reservation is ambiguous

Gould, 03, a judge for the United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
[Judge Ronald M. Gould, COEUR D'ALENE TRIBE OF IDAHO, Nez Perce Tribe; Shoshone-Bannock Tribes, Plaintiffs-Appellees,
http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/384/384.F3d.674.02-36020.02-35998.02-35965.html]
Although the term "reservation" is commonly used when referring to Indian reservations, the word has a broader reach and is
ambiguous in this context. As the district court noted, reservations include "military bases, national parks and monuments, wildlife
refuges, and federal property." Hammond, 224 F.Supp.2d at 1269. The Supreme Court similarly observed in United States v. Celestine, 215 U.S. 278, 285, 30 S.Ct. 93, 54
L.Ed. 195 (1909), that "[t]he word [reservation] is used in the land law to describe any body of land, large or small, which Congress has reserved from sale for any purpose." 24 The intent
of Congress in authorizing taxes on fuel delivered to United States "reservations, in a statutory section that does not refer at all to Indians, Indian tribes, or Indian reservations," cannot be
said to mean that states have been unmistakably authorized to impose taxes on deliveries to tribal gas stations within Indian reservations. There is no unmistakably clear congressional
authorization for such a tax. See Chickasaw Nation, 515 U.S. at 459, 115 S.Ct. 2214; Blackfeet, 471 U.S. at 765, 105 S.Ct. 2399.
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Rhetoric/Discourse Comes First

questions of policy cant even be attempted without first examining the rhetoric of the policy it proves our
framework should come first. It isnt that we create an artificial world where we ignore their aff its just that
ours is more important and we have evidence to support it.
DOTY 96 Assistant professor of Political Science at Arizona State University
[Roxanne Lynn, Imperial Encounters, p. 170-171]
North-South relations have been constituted as a structure of deferral. The center of the structure (alternatively white man, modern man, the united States, the West, real states), has never
been absolutely present outside a system of differences. It has itself been constituted as trace-the simulacrum of a presence that dislocates itself, displaces itself, refers itself (ibid.).
Because the center is not a fixed locus but a function in which an infinite number of sign substitutions come into play, the domain and play of signification is extended indefinitely
(Derrida 1978: z8o). This both opens up and limits possibilities, generates alternative sites of meanings and political resistances that give rise to practices of reinscription that seek to
reaffirm identities and relationships. The inherently incomplete and open nature of discourse makes this reaffirmation an ongoing and never finally completed project. In this study I have
sought, through an engagement with various discourses in which claims to truth have been staked, to challenge the validity of the structures of meaning and to make visible their
complicity with practices of power and domination. By examining the ways in which structures of meaning have been associated with imperial practices, I have suggested that the
construction of meaning and the construction of social, political, and economic power are inextricably linked. This suggests an
ethical dimension to making meaning and an ethical imperative that is incumbent upon those who toil in the construction of struc tures of meaning. This is especially urgent in North-South relations today: one does not have to search very far to find a continuing complicity with
colonial representations that ranges from a politics of silence and neglect to constructions of terrorism, Islamic fundamentalism, international drug trafficking, and Southern
immigration to the North as new threats to global stability and peace. The political stakes raised by this analysis revolve around the question of being
able to "get beyond" the representations or speak outside of the discourses that historically have constructed the North and the South. I do not
believe that there are any pure alternatives by which we can escape the infinity of traces to which Gramsci refers. Nor do I wish to suggest that
we are always hopelessly imprisoned in a dominant and all-pervasive discourse. Before this question can be answered-indeed.
before we can even proceed to attempt an answerattention must be given to the politics of representation . The price that
international relations scholarship pays for its inattention to the issue of representation is perpetuation of the dominant modes of making
meaning and deferral of its responsibility and complicity in dominant representations.
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Framework questions should come before policymaking questions because they determine the effectiveness,
acceptance, and possibility of a policy. Failure to prioritize the framing is to ignore reality. Truth is a question of
framing not of facts.
THE FRAMEWORKS INSTITUTE 03 FrameWorks research has been presented at the White House Conference on Teenagers, MacArthur
Foundation Research Network on Successful Pathways Through Middle Childhood, Grantmakers for Children, Youth and Families Learning Circle on Constituency
Building, National Academy of Science Board on Children, Youth and Families, Surgeon General's Conference on Children and Oral Health, the first joint meeting of
the Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors and American Association of Public Health Dentistry, the Ford Foundation, W. T. Grant Foundation, and
numerous other forums. Current projects focus on such issues as gender equity and school reform, leadership development, global warming, neighborhood
transformation, global interdependence, positive youth development, children's oral health, and children's issues.
[The FrameWorks Perspective: Strategic Frame Analysis, Introduction, http://www.frameworksinstitute.org/strategicanalysis/perspective.shtml]
For the past five years, a
rare collaboration between communications scholars and practitioners has begun to evolve a new approach to
explaining social issues to the public. Strategic frame analysis is an approach to communications research and practice that pays attention to the public's deeply held worldviews
and widely held assumptions. This approach was developed at the FrameWorks Institute by a multi-disciplinary team of people capable of studying those assumptions and testing them to
determine their impact on social policies. Recognizing
that there is more than one way to tell a story, strategic frame analysis taps into decades
of research on how people think and communicate. The result is an empirically-driven communications process that makes
academic research understandable, interesting, and usable to help people solve social problems. This interdisciplinary work is made possible by the fact that the
concept of framing is found in the literatures of numerous academic disciplines across the social, behavioral and cognitive
sciences. Put simply, framing refers to the construct of a communication its language, visuals and messengers and the way it
signals to the listener or observer how to interpret and classify new information. By framing, we mean how messages are encoded
with meaning so that they can be efficiently interpreted in relationship to existing beliefs or ideas . Frames trigger meaning. The
questions we ask, in applying the concept of frames to the arena of social policy, are as follows: How does the public think about a particular social or political issue? What is the public
discourse on the issue? And how is this discourse influenced by the way media frames that issue? How do these public and private frames affect public choices? How can an issue be
This approach is strategic in that it not only

deconstructs the dominant frames of reference that drive reasoning on public issues, but it also identifies those alternative frames
most likely to stimulate public reconsideration and enumerates their elements (reframing). We use the term reframe to mean changing "the context of the
reframed to evoke a different way of thinking, one that illuminates a broader range of alternative policy choices?
message exchange" so that different interpretations and probable outcomes become visible to the public (Dearing & Rogers, 1994: 98). Strategic frame analysis offers policy advocates a
way to work systematically through the challenges that are likely to confront the introduction of new legislation or social policies, to anticipate attitudinal barriers to support, and to
develop research-based strategies to overcome public misunderstanding. What Is Communications and Why Does It Matter? The domain of communications has not changed markedly
since 1948 when Harold Lasswell formulated his famous equation: who says what to whom through what channel with what effect? But what
many social policy

practitioners have overlooked in their quests to formulate effective strategies for social change is that communications merits
their attention because it is an inextricable part of the agenda-setting function in this country . Communications plays a vital
role in determining which issues the public prioritizes for policy resolution, which issues will move from the private realm to the public,
which issues will become pressure points for policymakers, and which issues will win or lose in the competition for scarce
resources. No organization can approach such tasks as issue advocacy, constituency-building, or promoting best practices without taking into account the critical role that mass media
has to play in shaping the way Americans think about social issues. As William Gamson and his colleagues at the Media Research and Action Project like to say, media is "an arena of
One source of our confusion over communications comes in not recognizing that
each new push for public understanding and acceptance happens against a backdrop of long-term media coverage, of perceptions formed over
time, of scripts we have learned since childhood to help us make sense of our world , and folk beliefs we use to interpret new information. As we go about
making sense of our world, mass media serves an important function as the mediator of meaning telling us what to think about (agenda-setting) and how to
think about it (media effects) by organizing the information in such a way (framing) that it comes to us fully conflated with
directives (cues) about who is responsible for the social problem in the first place and who gets to fix it (responsibility). It is often the case that
contest in its own right, and part of a larger strategy of social change."
nonprofit organizations want communications to be easy. Ironically, they want soundbite answers to the same social problems whose complexity they understand all too well. While policy
research and formulation are given their due as tough, demanding areas of an organization's workplan, communications is seen as "soft." While program development and practice are seen
as requiring expertise and the thoughtful consideration of best practices, communications is an "anyone can do it if you have to" task. It is time to retire this thinking. Doing
communications strategically requires the same investment of intellect and study that these other areas of nonprofit practice have been accorded. A Simple Explanation of Frame Analysis
In his seminal book Public Opinion (1921:16), Walter Lippmann
was perhaps the first to connect mass communications to public attitudes and policy
preferences by recognizing that the "the way in which the world is imagined determines at any particular moment what men will do."
The modern extension of Lippmann's observation is based on the concept of "frames." People use mental shortcuts to make sense of the
world. Since most people are looking to process incoming information quickly and efficiently, they rely upon cues within that new
information to signal to them how to connect it with their stored images of the world. The "pictures in our heads," as Lippmann called
them, might better be thought of as vividly labeled storage boxes - filled with pictures, images, and stories from our past encounters
with the world and labeled youth, marriage, poverty, fairness, etc. The incoming information provides cues about which is the right container for that idea or
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Put another way, how an issue is framed is a trigger to
these shared and durable cultural models that help us make sense of our world. When a frame ignites a cultural model, o r calls it into
play in the interpretation, the whole model is operative . This allows people to reason about an issue, to make inferences, to fill in the
blanks for missing information by referring to the robustness of the model, not the sketchy frame . As Lippmann observed, "We
define first, and then see." The cognitive cultural models that are sparked by the frame allow us to forget certain information and
to invent other details, because the frame is now in effect. For example, if people believe that kids are in trouble, they will be
drawn to facts in a news story that reinforce this notion, and will disregard those that deny it. If the facts don't fit the frame, it's the facts
that are rejected, not the frame. Or, as one analyst of knowledge processing puts it, "understanding means finding a story you already know and
saying, 'Oh yeah, that one'" (Schank, 1998, 71). The function of the frame is to drive us toward the correct identification of an old story:
experience. And the efficient thinker makes the connection, a process called "indexing," and moves on.
"Finding some familiar element causes us to activate the story that is labeled by that familiar element, and we understand the new story as if it were an exemplar of that old element"
(Schank, 1998, 59). What's in a frame? At the FrameWorks Institute, we've developed a short list of elements typically found in news segments that often signal meaning: - metaphors messengers - visuals - messages - stories -numbers - context Together, these elements help people connect the new information to the "structure of expectation" in their heads. If the
messenger in a TV news story is a teacher, for example, the viewer is likely to assume that this is about education or about a problem that should be solved by schools. If the visuals show
people sitting around doing little, the viewer may decide this is about laziness, regardless of what the narrator is saying about unemployment statistics among rural peasants in a certain
country. As we apply these findings from the cognitive, behavioral, and social sciences to the arena of social issues children, poverty, the environment, human rights, etc. we see the
importance of the way responsibility is implicitly communicated as part of these framing elements. As Charlotte Ryan has pointed out, "Every frame defines the issue, explains who is
responsible, and suggests potential solutions. All of these are conveyed by images, stereotypes, or anecdotes." (Ryan 1991:59) Most people rely on news reports to learn about public
issues. The evening news frames issues using these same elements listed above in order to tell a story. Shanto Iyengar has described news frames as being of two types: episodic and
thematic. Episodic news frames, which comprise by far the predominant frame on television newscasts, focus on discrete events that involve individuals located at specific places and at
specific times (e.g., nightly crime reports). By contrast, thematic frames place public issues in a broader context by focusing on general conditions or outcomes (e.g., reports on poverty
trends in the U.S.). Researchers have shown that the type of news frame used has a profound effect on the way in which individuals attribute responsibility. Iyengar concludes that
"episodic framing tends to elicit individualistic rather than societal attributions of responsibility while thematic framing has the opposite effect." (Iyengar, 1991). But there are many
traditions of journalism that affect the way we process news reports, that signal to us not only what issues we should think about, but also how we should think about them. The metaphors
chosen to describe the issue drive public reaction and reasoning. For example, the "horse race" metaphor applied to political elections has been shown to reduce attention to specific issues
in favor of character, strategy and poll results. The two-sides rule, in which opposite messengers are chosen to satisfy journalistic balance, has been shown to create the notion that politics
are divisive and disingenuous. The choice of public officials as spokespersons on foreign policy issues signals to the public that ordinary people should leave the discussion to experts.
The work of the FrameWorks Institute is to translate the relevant literature on each element of the frame, helping stakeholder groups understand what ordinary Americans are likely to take
away when a social problem is described in a certain way. And, while our recommendations are aimed first and foremost to the medium of news, the communications research we review
and explain is also pertinent to public discourse in general - presentations to civic groups, written communiques from annual reports to direct mail, and public statements of all kinds. In
It is happening every day, all day

long, as we seek to process the news that is presented to us. While those frames may not be intentional, they are no less effective in
telling us how to think about the great issues of our day. The effective advocate must incorporate this way of thinking and seeing
into his or her communications with constituencies, policymakers, and media. It is to this end that we have attempted to itemize the elements of a frame, to
sum, we do not need to be subjected to a freeze frame of "rats" to be unduly influenced by the presentation of subliminal information.
explain the options advocates have in framing their issues for the public, and to apply these principles to a wide array of research conducted on specific social issues. In this sense, the
FrameWorks research is an unusual marriage of theory and practice, translating the work of scholars and demonstrating its practical application to the questions that policy advocates must
ask and answer.
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Tribal Names Better

Preferred to be called by their tribal name
Hirschfelder, 1995, Nonfiction Writer
[Arlene Hirschfelder, Native Heritage, GoogleBooks ]
And finally, a point
about terminology: There is probably no book about Indian people published in the last few years that has not at
some point in its making debated what term to use when referring to the first peoples who lived in what is now called North
America. This anthology is no different. Although the term "Native American" is now popular with some Indians and non-Indians, readers are mistaken in believing that
it is the correct term to use. Tim Giago, publisher of the Rapid City, South Dakota-based indian country today, and important Indian advocacy newspaper, states his paper's
position in his December 4, 1991. "Notes from Indian Country" editorial: "We use 'American Indian,' 'Indian,' of 'Native American,' but we
prefer to use the individual tribal affiliation when possible." Indeed, following this editorial, Indian Country Today received many phone calls and letters pointing
out that anyone born in the Americas can refer to themselves as Native American. The term "Native American" is used most commonly in the United States, expecially in bookstores and
by publishers. But
keep in mind that both collective terms, Native American and American Indian, beg the issue. They each refer to
hundreds of different cultures who prefer to be called by their tribal names over the centuries, spellings of the names of Native American nations have
varied considerably and still do. The Blackfeed in the United States prefer this spelling to Blackfoot, more popular in Canada.
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American Indian Better

American Indian preferred
Means 1996, famous Native Indian rights advocate
[Russell Means, I AM AN AMERICAN INDIAN, NOT A NATIVE AMERICAN!, <http://www.peaknet.net/~aardvark/means.html>]
I abhor the term Native American. It is a generic government term used to describe all the indigenous prisoners of the United States.
These are the American Samoans, the Micronesians, the Aleutes, the original Hawaiians and the erroneously termed Eskimos, who are actually Upiks and Inupiats. And, of course, the
American Indian.
I prefer the term American Indian because I know its origins. The word Indian is an English bastardization of two Spanish words,
En Dio, which correctly translated means in with God. As an added distinction the American Indian is the only ethnic group in the
United States with the American before our ethnicity.
At an international conference of Indians from the Americas held in Geneva, Switzerland at the United Nations in 1977 we unanimously decided
we would go under the term American Indian. We were enslaved as American Indians, we were colonized as American Indians
and we will gain our freedom as American Indians and then we will call ourselves any damn thing we choose.
Finally, I will not allow a government, any government, to define who I am. Besides anyone born in the Western hemisphere is a Native American.
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Native American better

Native American leaves less confusion- and a clean conscious
Berry, July 14, 2009, owner of all things Cherokee & tribal citizen
[Christina Berry, What's in a Name? Indians and Political Correctness , All things Cherokee,
<http://www.allthingscherokee.com/articles_culture_events_070101.html> ]
So what is it? Indian? American Indian? Native American? First Americans? First People? We all hear different terms but no one can seem
to agree on what to call us. In this article I will explore some of the reasons behind these variations on Indian identity.
I recall that during my freshman year of college at the University of Kentucky in the mid-90s the administration enacted a language code. This code was to be used by the students as a
way to communicate in and out of the classroom. The code was intended to help instill sensitivity in the student body and encourage them to refer to ethnic and social groups in a
politically correct manner. I wrote a paper about this language code for one of my classes and I think the term "thought police" was used. I was never a big fan of political correctness.
While the intention is good (giving people a neutral, non-hostile, set of words and phrases to use when referring to groups of people) I think it instead creates confusion and frustration
which in turn increases hostility.
How many times have you heard someone say "Indian" and then correct themselves in a hostile tone, "Oh right, now they want us to call them Native Americans." Would it surprise you
to know that most of the Indians that I know do not like the term Native American? So who comes up with these terms and why?
As the story goes, when Christopher Columbus landed on an island in the Caribbean he thought he was in India. So naturally he
referred to the Natives he met as Indians. Unfortunately for those Natives he was not in India. However, the name Indian has since
stuck. Many people considered this problematic and wanted an alternative. After all, Columbus labeled the Natives as Indians based on an incorrect
assumption. Also, the term can create confusion because it may be difficult in conversation to differentiate between the Indians of
America and the Indians of India. The term American Indian became popular because it helped with this confusion. However, to some
this was still not an ideal term. It continued to use "Indian" which had been a somewhat derogatory term throughout US history. In the late 20th
century, as political correctness came to the forefront, many of these long standing ethnic terms were abandoned for new neutral terms or phrases which would clean the slate. By using
new terms Americans hoped to move away from our history of racial tensions and develop a more harmonious society where our new labels could clearly define who we were and also not
open old wounds with old terms. Thus, "Native American" was born.
There is, however, a very obvious problem with this term. Any person born in "America" is a native American. Rush Limbaugh and other staunch conservatives were quick to point this
out. Though the intentions were good, the term Native American seemed to cause more problems than it fixed. It created in mainstream Americans a fear that they would look insensitive
if they accidently used the wrong term and it made many Americans resentful of Indians for being too sensitive.
Ironically, Indians, or American Indians (whichever you prefer), did not seem interested in changing their name. AIM, the American Indian Movement, did not begin calling itself NAM.
The American Indian College Fund did not change its name. Many Indians continue to call themselves Indian or American Indian regardless of what the rest of America and the world
calls them. Why?
The reasons are diverse and personal, but there are two popular reasons. The first reason is habit. Many Indians have been Indians
all their lives. The Native people of this continent have been called Indian throughout all of post-Columbian history. Why change now? The second reason is far more political.
While the new politically correct terms were intended to help ethnic groups by giving them a name that did not carry the emotional
baggage of American history, it also enabled America to ease its conscience. The term Native American is so recent that it does
not have all the negative history attached. Native Americans did not suffer through countless trails of tears, disease, wars, and cultural annihilation -- Indians did. The
Native people today are Native Americans not Indians, therefore we do not need to feel guilty for the horrors of the past. Many Indians feel that this is what the term Native American
essentially does -- it white-washes history. It cleans the slate.
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Aff poverty High

Indian reservations losing income incredibly poor
U.S. Census data tells a much more complete story. Incomes on reservations after adjusting for inflation actually declined during
the decade of the 1980s when newspapers like The Detroit Free Press started to pay widespread attention to gaming growth (for a
time in the later 80s through the 90s, the papers most substantial coverage of Indian issues were largely relegated to a casino
section).
Average Indian household incomes grew over the 1990s and huge national publications, like TIME, jumped on that information but by the end of the decade the
average on-reservation Indian citizen still had per capita income of less than $8,000, compared to more than $21,500 for the
average U.S. resident. On-reservation Native American residents remained, on average, the economically poorest identifiable
group in America.
The latest Census numbers, from 2000, reported that 39 percent of on-reservation American Indians were living below the poverty linehigher than any other group and four times the
rate for the average American. Unemployment
among gaming tribes stood at 21 percent in 2000 and at 23 percent for non-gaming tribes.
The unemployment rate for the U.S. population as a whole was recorded at 6 percent .
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Aff Military DA No Link

No link-Native Americans join the military for cultural reasons
Yet the cultural
motivations for military service run deep among native Americans , too and set them apart from many other minority groups. A sense
of tribal duty is often a primary motivator.
"In a tribal society, social status and approval are important," says Mr. St. Pierre. "If a man's not a veteran, he's going to be less. It's
ingrained in the culture."
He and others talk about the "warrior culture" that is so pervasive among native Americans . But this ethos isn't about blind violence. St. Pierre notes that native
American tribes have a history of "turf wars" those fought over land, hunting rights, trade routes, and water access. "For the most part," he says, "American Indians did not fight wars of
annihilation."
Nez says the mentality of fighting is "in our blood. It's natural to fight for the cause you believe in." But when he speaks about
manliness and strength, he also lists sacrifice and unselfishness as fundamental warrior traits .
ALT CAUSE culture determines

Lynn & Farnell, 03 prof of anthropology @ U of Illinois & Lynn is a graduate of the University of Illinois
Many Native Americans are also in the United States Military for cultural reasons. Several Native cultures share the same high
ideals and values as the founders of the US government. In fact, the Constitution of the United States borrows heavily from the
Iroquois Constitution (Law Library of Congress 2003). During World War II, for example, American Indians joined the US army because they
were sympathetic to the plight of the Jews because mass genocide is an evil thing according to their culture . As Frank Henry, a Choctow
Indian, put it: Indian people fought for this country and we had a good reasonbecause this is our country (Williams). Native Americans such as
Frank Henry know thatdisagree with the government or notthe fate of their tribe is linked to the fate of the United States as a whole. Thus, they
fight in the United States military to preserve their own culture and way of life. Serving in the military also perpetuates the aspects of Native culture
dealing with warfare. Several Native tribes, such as the Crows, practiced counting coup, which means doing four types of brave acts, to prove
that a man was of high standing. Crow Indian Joseph Medicine Crow, for example, was given the chance to count coup during World War II with an act that would have
been illegal had he not been fighting in war (Nabokov 1991: 338). Upon his return home, his kin took his counting coup very seriously and declared him a chief. Several tribes
traditionally honor warriors at their powwows. Where they once honored veterans of their own forces, they now honor Native veterans of the United States military (Hirschfelder 2000:
155). By
allowing their definition of a warrior to include members of the US military, American Indians were able to preserve their
traditions honoring warriors. As a consequence, more Native young men volunteered for the US military so as to achieve honors
recognized by their tribes. Thus, many Native Americans joined the military for cultural reasons. As I have shown, American Indians had good reasons for joining the US
military: they hoped it would gain their people clout in politics; they used it to improve their economic situation; and they used it to perpetuate their culture. Native Americans dont fight
in the United States Army to support a government that has taken their land and tried to wipe out their culture; they fight because it is beneficial to them to do so.
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Aff Politics Link N/U

the link is non-unique obama pushing for greater federal role in Indian country
Toensing 6-18-09 Staff Writer @ Indian Country Today
[Gale Courey Toensing, Elated and excited Teehee named Obamas senior advisor on Indian affairs. Indian Country Today.
http://www.indiancountrytoday.com/politics/48250207.html]
Along with the announcement of Teehees appointment, Obama also said the White House would hold a Tribal Nations Conference in the fall the fulfillment of another promise he made
on the campaign trail.
President
Obama is committed to strengthening and building on the nation-to-nation relationship between the United States and
tribal nations, Teehee said. The fall conference will give tribal leaders an opportunity to assist the president in developing an
agenda for Indian country.
A member of the Cherokee Nation, she has a sturdy resume of experience as an advocate for Indian country during her student years and in her work in Washington.
She received a Bachelor of Arts in political science from Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Okla., and a Juris Doctor from the University of Iowa College of Law. While in
law school, Teehee was honored with the Bureau of National Affairs Award and served in leadership positions in the National Native American Law Student Association and the Iowa
Native American Law Student Association.
Teehee worked for the Democratic National Committee as deputy director of Native American Outreach for the committees first Indian desk. She also has held various positions with the
Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, including law clerk in the Division of Law and Justice. She served as director of Native American outreach for the Presidential Inaugural Committee for
President Clintons second inauguration.
Since January 1998, Teehee has been senior adviser to Congressman Dale Kildee, D-Mich., co-chair of the House of Representatives Native American Caucus.
President Obama has made an excellent choice in Kim Teehee. I have worked with Kim for over a decade, and I have always found her to be a thoughtful, dedicated and passionate
advocate for our Native American population, Kildee said. The
president has made it clear that he is committed to strengthening the relationship

between the United States and tribal nations and I am confident that Kim will be instrumental in achieving that goal . I congratulate Kim
on this exciting opportunity and I commend the president on his choice.
National Indian Gaming Association Chairman Ernie Stevens Jr. also had high praise for her.
Kimberly is the right choice. She
has her feet fully planted in Indian country and knows the critical domestic issues our Indian people face
today. I am confident she will represent the best interests of all of Indian country in the White House.
The Link is non-unique Obama focusing on Indian Country now

Toensing 6-18-09 Staff Writer @ Indian Country Today
[Gale Courey Toensing, Elated and excited Teehee named Obamas senior advisor on Indian affairs. Indian Country Today.
Teehees appointment comes at a time when the Obama
administration is launching a new initiative to improve law enforcement efforts in Indian
country.
Associate Attorney General Tom Perrelli announced the plan in his address to the more than 500 attendees at the NCAI conference and in a press release on the Justice Department Web
site.
Later this year, Attorney General Eric Holder will convene a Tribal Nations Listening Conference to confer with tribal leaders on
how to address the chronic problems of public safety in Indian country and other important issues affecting tribal communities ,
Perrelli said.
A series of regional summits to seek tribal representatives input in setting the agenda will be held before the conference.
Among the issues to be discussed are law enforcement policy and personnel; communications and consultation; grants and
technical assistance; detention facilities; federal prosecution in Indian country; tribal court development; domestic violence; drug
courts and substance abuse; federal litigation involving tribes; and civil rights . No locations or dates have been announced.
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HLM Lab
Aff Link N/U

Government giving money to Indian Country now
Capriccioso 6-26-09 Staff Writer @ Indian Country Today
[Rob Capriccioso, More stimulus funds designated toward Indian housing, Indian Country Today.
WASHINGTON, D.C. - U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development Secretary Shaun Donovan recently announced another
$252 million in Recovery Act funds to improve housing and spur economic development in Indian country.
The grants are intended to promote greater energy efficiency, mold remediation and energy conservation retrofit investments, agency officials said.
Following a recent tour of tribal homes in Montana, Donovan said the stimulus
funds will help Indian communities create jobs while improving the
quality of their housing, building communities and promoting energy efficiency.
If were serious about reinvesting in programs to improve housing conditions for all Americans, we must make a serious
investment for our first Americans, Donovan said after a meeting with tribal leaders.
The Recovery Act offers grants that will significantly improve housing conditions and reduce overcrowding and other substandard conditions that many Native Americans endure.
HUD previously allocated $255 million in stimulus funding to nearly 600 eligible tribes and tribal housing entities. That funding is already being used, agency officials said.
The total stimulus investment for housing and community development in Indian country is nearly $510 million, which includes the formula and competitive awards and funding for
administrative activities.
The U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services has announced that IHS will release $500 million allocated for improvements
in Indian health as part of the stimulus act.
These Recovery Act funds will provide critical assistance to American Indian and Alaska Native communities, said newly-appointed IHS Director Yvette Roubideaux, a member of the
Rosebud Sioux Tribe. These funds
will help improve health care, create jobs and make our Native communities stronger .
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HLM Lab
Aff A2 Name Kritiks

No consensus on what to call the native peoples
Koerner, 2004, contributing editor at Wired and a columnist for Gizmodo
[Brendan I. Koerner, American Indian vs. Native American, Slate, <http://www.peaknet.net/~aardvark/means.html>]
In a White House ceremony Thursday morning, President Bush marked the opening of the Smithsonian's National Museum of the
American Indian. Why does the new museum's name employ the term "American Indian," rather than "Native American"?
Though there's a dry bureaucratic reason for the name choice, neither term is universally considered more appropriate than the other. The name was actually chosen by
Congress, which passed legislation to create the museum back in 1989. That bill specifically referred to the institution as the
National Museum of the American Indian, so current officials had zero input on the name. Congress chose "American Indian" simply because
that's what both the Census and the Bureau of Indian Affairs have used for years.
Despite the wave of political correctness in the 1990s, during which "Native American" was often trumpeted as a more sensitive
phrase, American Indians remain split on which term is preferable. A 1995 Department of Labor survey found that close to 50
percent of American Indians were perfectly happy with that label, while 37 percent preferred to be known as Native Americans .
Those who prefer the former often do so because "Native American" sounds like a phrase concocted by government regulatorsnote, for example, that one of the community's most
radical civil rights groups is the American Indian Movement. Those who prefer Native American, on the other hand, often think that "Indian" conjures up too many vicious stereotypes
from Western serials.
80

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PTC CP Renewable Energy...............................................................................................................................................................57

C. Topicality is a voting issue because its a rule AND

Casinos provide economic baseline for reservations

Poverty Universal Plans Fail

is no one sure-fire way to achieve successful tribal economic development.

Native Econ Improving

Native American casinos bring economic growth

Native economies improving now beyond casinos

Native Econ improving

The modest growth reflected in these

Casinos improving economics for tribes Long term investments

Native Econ Link turn

Native Econ Alt Cause

Lack of qualified leadership hinders Native American economic development

Hunger solving now

These administering agencies store and distribute the foods,

Alcoholism Solvency fails

and Small Schools Charleston WV, pg online @ http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9221/indian.htm)

American tribes and communities are becoming increasingly confident

No Solvency- Spirituality essential for lifting Native Americans from alcoholism

recovery process, rather than as an initial reason

Alcoholism Alt Cause

Evidence is also presented which suggests that

these same cultural values

identification of values related to this persuasive process is important if treatment effectiveness is to be

Native American alcoholism is cultural

from drowning their loneliness?

there is hope for the alcoholic. That is

acute, active alcoholism.

Violence Ans Alt Cause

The victimization inflicted upon

European men." n18

Violence Ans - Inevitable

Violence A/g Women No IL

Violence A/g Women Alt Cause

Alt cause alcohol & colonialism have made violence inevitable

Violence A/g Women No Solvency

statistics highlight the profound lack of

If tribal jails do not have the capacity to

Sovereignty Ans Link Turn

Welfare destroys tribal sovereignty- increase dependence

need to take total control of all aspects

is perpetuated when a community becomes dependent on welfare. If the

Sovereignty Ans No Mpx

BIA grants or denies permission to change land use, make capital

Renewables coming now

Government concentration on renewable- the revolution is now

Renewables Expanding on IC now

by utilizing green design and renewable energy

Wind Power expanding on reservations now

Energy expanding on native land now Sioux tribe proves

Many tribes are already in the alternative energy

Wind Energy Expanding on IC now

lease agreements with wind developers that

Military DA 1nc link

Military DA Poverty Indians serving

Native Americans join the military to escape poverty

Military DA Employment Indians Serving

poor education system in turn restricts Native people to

Several remote Indian reservations have unemployment rates in

excess of 70% (Gll-Ahanhanzo 1994).

Military DA Indians Serve

Indians and Alaska Natives have participated with