Book BTA-N (1) .PMD (NEW)

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif
wkdufwkdif;atmifwyfrSL;}uD;
&Jabmfwkdufatmif
trS w f w &
pmpk
uAsmpk
ESif;qDvGifjyifpmay
1
wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif
wkdufwkdif;atmifwyfrSL;}uD;
&Jabmfwkdufatmif
&Ja bmf (r)cif
ESif;qDvGifjyifpmayu xkwfa0onf
2014 ck/ rwfv
2
vGrf;ol@yef;acG
(ESpaf wGvawG tcsed f=umanmif;vkd@ &moDtaygif;awG b,fvakd jymif;ygap
usqHk;wJh &Jabmf taygif;awG toufaoG;awG vSLcJhoav a=omf
rarhEikd af y wrf;wumae ajzrajy vGrf;ol@yef;acG vSr;f vifhumyJae ) 2
(Armjynf ESpf&Snv
f &Snf c|wcf sKH usatmif ppftpkd;& zdEySd fcJhoav
b,f b 0 b,f c gwG i f ra=u wa,muf e J @ w a,muf [ m
toufudt
k yfum E$&J ygwhJ awmfvSeaf &;vrf;c&D;ay:rSmav usq;Hk olawG
rSef;ar#mfvd@k ae yef;acG qufvSrf;ae )2
(awmfvSefa&;vrf;c&D;uawmh r+yD;qH;k ao;wJh 'Dcsed fcgrmS av
wkd@&JabmfawG rSef;ar#mfcJhwJh atmifyef;ukdvnf; vSrf;umaeqJay
vGrf;&pfw&Jh Jabmftaygi;f awG opPm"dmef +rJcdik =f urav) 2
('Dae@ 'Dcsdefcgrav e,fcsJ@orm;eJ@ kyfao;kyfrsm;ukdawmh
vufpm;awmfacsygrav pdwrf mef wif;ae qxuf+zKd ;a0 wku
d zf @kd ta&;awG
t"dmefjyKrav aoG;pnf;um &Jabmftaygif;awG owWd+zdK;a0
pcef;wav#mufrmS av &efoltaygi;f acsre_ f;ypfr,fav ) 2
3
&Ja bmfwkdufa tmift m; *k% fj yKpmwrf;

&Jabmfwkd@
&Jabmftm;vH;k u cspcf ifav;pm;wJh &Jabmfwu
dk af tmif[m a&&Snf
tqkyaf &m*ga=umifh 2001 ZGefv 19 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGeo
f mG ;cJhyg+yD?
}uHhckdifwJh ygwD&yfwnfcsu&f +Sd yD; vkyef nf;vky[
f efrSm aysmah ysmif;wJh
&Jabmfwkdufatmif uG,fvGefoGm;jcif;[m ygwDeJ@ awmfvSefa&;twGuf
}uD;rm;wJh qHk;_H;r_w&yfjzpfygw,f?
ol[m ukd, fu sdK;rzufw Jh &moufyef awmfv Sefa&;orm;w
a,mufjzpfw,f? pum;enf;enf;ajym+yD; tvkyrf sm;rsm;vkyfwJh pdwfxm;
ESrd cfh s+yD; }uHch idk Zf o
JG wWd&w
Sd Jh ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygw&D @J om;aumif; &wemwOD;
jzpfw,f?
ygwDwGi;f rSm tvkyform; v,form;uvmwJh au'grsm;eJ@ +rdK@ae
ynmwwftv$mrSvmwJh au'grsm;t=um; aoG;pnf; nD!Gwrf u
_ kd tav;
tjrwfxm;&mrSm pHjyKavmufwJh acgif;aqmifaumifwa,muf jzpfw,f?
ol@woufwm[m ygwDawmfvSefa&;eJ@ vlrsdK;pHk Armjynfjynfol
awGtwGuf us&mwm0efukd r+iD;rjiL xrf;aqmif+yD; tvkyt
f au|;jyKcJhwJh
woufwm jzpfw,f?
4
ol[m zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;rSm yJcl;anmifukdif;wkdufyGJwGif

&Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|H yg0ifwkdufckdufcJhw,f?
jynfol@'Drdu
k a&pD awmfvSefa&;umvrSm 1948 ckEpS fwGif jynfol@
vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf wyf&if; (5) 'k&if;rSL;tjzpf xrf;aqmif+yD;
yJcl;ckdif a0g+rdK@e,f ygwDaumfrwD0ifwOD;vnf; jzpfcJhw,f?
1949 ckESpfwiG f jynfo@l vw
G fajrmufa&;wyfrawmf 'kwyfr[mrSL;/
aemuf wyfr[mrSL;jzpfvm+yD; yJcl;ckdifygwDaumfrwD0ifwOD;vnf; jzpfcJh
w,f?
1950 ckESpw
f Gif jynfo@l wyfrawmfukd zGJ@pnf;wJhtcgrmS wyfr[m
rSL;/ aemufwyfr}uD; (3) &J@ 'kwyfrrSL;tjzpf wm0ef,lchw
J ,f?
onfhaemuf wkwfjynfrmhufpfveD if0g' ygwDausmif;wGif avhvm
cJhw,f?
1962 ckEpS fwGif Armjynfo@kd jyef0ifEkdifa&;udpPtwGuf AD,uferfok@d
oGm;a&muf+yD; aqG;aEG;cJhw,f? vmtdkrSwqifh Armjynf tajccHpcef;okd@
jyefvnfa&muf&SdcJhw,f?
1965-66 ckESpf umvwGif ygwDA[kd wkdufwdik ;f atmifwyf&@J wyf
rSL;}uD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhw,f?
ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o zGJ@pnf;+yD;aemufwGif Armjynfta&S@ajrmuf
a'ookd@ a&muf&v
Sd m+yD; ta&S@ajrmufa'o 'kwyfrSL;}uD;tjzpf xrf;aqmif
cJhw,f?
1975 ckESpf ygwAD [kdaumfrwDukd jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;wJhtcgrSm ol[m
A[kdaumfrwD0ifwOD; jzpfvm+yD; txl;vkyfief;ukd wm0ef,lcJhw,f?
1980 ckESpf Armjynftv,fydik ;f AsLkdukd zG@J pnf;wJt
h cgrSm ol[m
AsLkd&J@wyfrSL;}uD; jzpfvmcJhw,f?
cufcJyifyef;wJh tajctaeatmufrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif&if;
1983 ckESpfwGif Armjynftv,fykdif; &vvza'owGif OD;aESmufaoG;
a=umydwo
f nfh a&m*g&&S+d yD; aq;uko&ef wkwjf ynfod@k jyefvnf a&muf&Sd
cJhygw,f?
5
}uHhckdifwhJ ygwDpw
d f"mmwf&d+S yD; aemufq;Hk tcsdeftxd awmfveS fa&;
pdwf"mwfxufoefvSwJh &Jabmfwkdufatmif[m &Jabmftm;vHk;twGuf
avhvmtwk,lp&m pHerlemw&yftjzpf xm0pOf wnf&Sdaeygvdrfhr,f?
ol@udk od&=dS uwJh &JabmfawG rdwaf qGawG vlrsKd ;pHjk ynfoal wGuvnf; xm0pOf
wrf;w owd&ae=uygvdrfhr,f? a&&Snftaumiftxnf azmf=u&r,fh
r+yD;qHk;ao;wJh orkdif;ay;vkyfief;wm0efu kd usef&pfw Jh &Jabmfrsm;u
tm;aumif;csufawGukd avhvmtwk,l+yD; qwufxrf;ykd; tm;opfcGef
opfjzifh qufvuftaumiftxnf azmf=uygvdrfhr,f?
&Jabmf}uD;wm0efausyg+yD? at;csrf;pGm tem;,lygawmh?
&Jabmfwkdufatmif&J@ wkdufwikd f;atmifpdwf"mwf t"Ge@f &Snfygap?
&Ja bmf[ Grfa [mf psmyetcrf; tem;wGi f

ta&S@ajrmufykdif;ppfa'o ygwDaumfrwD
'ktwGif;a&;rSL;
ppfa 'o 'kwyfrSL;}uD; &Jabmfwkdufa tmif
ajym=um;wJh rdef@cGef;
&Jabmfwkd@
'Duae@ ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygw&D @J au'gaumif;/ ta&S@ajrmufykdif;
ppfa'o ppfOD;pD;Xme 'kXmerSL; usqk;H oGm;wJh &Jabmf[Graf [mftm; 0rf;enf;
a=uuGw
J Jh txdrf;trSwfudk u|efawmfwkd@wawG tvGef0rf;enf;a=uuGJpGm
jzifh jyKvkyaf ejcif; jzpfw,f?
&Jabmf[Graf [mf[m ygwDA[kdeJ@ ppfa'oygwDaumfrwD&J@ ta&;
}uD; wm0efay;csuft& igw@kd 6835 wyfzGJ@ukd acgi;f aqmif+yD; vm;[la'o
rkdi;f ykvkw
H 0kdufudk csDwuf+yD; tajccHa'oopf wkd;csJ@wnfaqmufa&; *k%f
ajymifwJh cufcJ}uD;av;wJh vkyfief;wm0ef xrf;aqmifaepOf 1976 ckESpf
{+yDv 12 &ufae@/ eHeuf 5 em&D 45 rdepfrSm aemifcrf;teD;w0dkuf ae&m
wGif &efoleJ@ awG@qHkwJhtcgrSm ukd,fwdik fOD;pD; nef=um;+yD; wkdufyGJqif&if;
*k%fa&mifajymifajrmufpGmjzifh usqHk;oGm;w,f? usqHk;oGm;csdefrSm ol[m
touf 41 ESpfom &Sdygao;w,f? usqHk;oGm;wJh owif;=um;&wJhtcg
ppfa'o&Sd uGefjrLepfygw0D iftm;vH;k / wyfrLS ;wyfom;tm;vH;k u igw@kd ygwD&J@
au'gaumif;wa,muf qHk;_H;oGm;wma=umifh tvGefyif pdwfxdckduf+yD;
0rf;enf; a=uuGJae=uygw,f?
7
&Jabmf[rG fa[mf uG,v

f Gew
f m[m igw@kd ygwDeJ@ wyfrawmftwGu/f
Armjynf jynfo@l vGwaf jrmufa&; ta&;awmfyHk twGuf tvGef}uD;rm;wJh
qHk;_H;epfemr_jzpfygw,f?
&Jabmf[Grfa[mfukd 0rf;enf;woaepOftcgrSm u|efawmfwkd@[m
ol@&@J ygwDtay: awmfvSefa&;eJ@ jynforl sm;&J@ ta&;awmfykt
H ay: twkdif;
rod opPm&Sdru
_ kd avhvm=u&r,f? ol@vdyk J ygweD @J awmfvSeaf &;u u|eaf wmf
wk@d ukd vkdtyfvkd@ awmif;qdkvm&if b,ftcsdef b,ftajctaerSmjzpfjzpf
bmtcsuftvufawmif;qkdcsufrSr&SdbJ awmfvSefa&;&J@ tusdK;ukd waoG
rwdr;f OD;xdyfyefxm;+yD; tvkdtyfq;Hk ae&mukd oGm;&r,f? a&S@wef; tusqk;H /
tqif;&Jtyifyef;qHk;ae&modk@ oGm;+yD; jynfolrsm;twGuf wkdufyGJ0ifum
Armjynf wjynfvHk; vHk;0 vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf uGefjrLepf0g'ta&;
awmfyHktwGuf &moufyef qH;k cef;wkid f wkdufyGJqifoGm;=u&r,f?
u|efawmfwd@k [m ol@&J@ b,f[mukd cspjf rwfEd;k &r,f/ b,f[mukd
rkef;wD;&GH&Sm&r,fqkdwJhtod/ &efigpnf;cGJjcm;EkdifwJh jywfom;wJh ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm;&yfwnfr_udk avhvm=u&r,f? ol@vydk J b,fo[
l m igwd@k &J@ &efol
vJ? b,fol[m igwd@k &J@ rdwfaqGvq
J dw
k m cGJjcm;em;vnfap&r,f? usqk;H
wJhtxd ygwDaemufvkdu f+yD; awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;/ jynfolrsm;&J@
vrf;a=umif;twkdif; av#mufEkdifcJhwm[m ol@&J@woufwmtzkd@ *k%f,l
p&mygyJ? touf&SifaepOf }uD;jrwfw,f/ ao&ifvnf; *k%af &mifajymifyg
w,f? wcsdK@aomvlawGu ygwDqef@usifa&;/ wefjyefawmfvSefa&;/ jynf
olqef@usiaf &;vrf;a=umif; av#mufwm/ ao&rSm a=umufwm/ &efol@qD
'l;axmuftnH hcHw m/ jynfo l u kd &ef buftjzpfx m;wJ h opPmazmuf
orm;awGvkd r[kwb
f J 'grSr[kwf ukd,fusdK;twGuf ygwDeJ@ uif;uGmwm/
awmfvSefa&;ukd pGef@y,fvkdufwm 'grSr[kwf awmfvSefa&;ukd qHk;cef;wkdif
rvkyfvkdolawGeJ@ E_dif;,SOfvkduf&if xif&Sm;wJh rwljcm;em;csufw&yfygyJ?
u|efawmfwd@k ol@&J@ pdwaf &muk,
d yf g jynfo@l tusKd ;aqmifwhJ rGefjrwf
wJh pdwf"mwfukd avhvm=u&r,f? ol@vkdyJ kd;om;ajzmifhrwf usm;ukwf
usm;cJ yifyifyef;yef;eJ@ vkyfwJhvky[
f ef/ txuf&@J ne=f um;csufukd vkduef m
apmifhxdef;wm/ ukd,fusdK;riJhbJ awmfvSefa&;ta&;awmfyHkvkyfief;rsm;ukd
wufwufuu vkyfaqmifwJh pdwf"mwfu kd azmfxkwf=u&r,f? tdrf

axmifADZqkd&if qif;&Jom;v,form;jzpfw,f? awmfvSefa&;wJ yg0if+yD;
aemuf k;d k;d ukyu
f kyf qif;&Jyifyef;cH +cdK;+cHac| wmwJhvyk [
f ef azmfjyEkid cf w
Jh ,f?
vkyfom;jynfolawG&J@ tpOftvmrsm;ukd apmifhxdef;EkdifapcJhw,f? wcsdK@
aom vlawGvdk rdrb
d 0arhwmrsKd ;/ uGejf rLepfygw&D J@ &mxl;trnfc+H yD; rw&m;
wJhenf;vrf;jzifh OpPm"e&Sm}uHwmrsdK;/ tcGiafh umif;,l+yD; ppfajrjyifu odr;f &
wJh trsm;ykdifypPnf; tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfwmrsdK;/ ukefa&mif;ukef0,f arSmifckd
vkyfief;vkyfwmrsdK;/ rdrpd m;omufa&;ukd rufarmwJh &Sufp&maumif;vSwJh
tusifhqkdawGrsdK;vkyfwm r[kwfbl;?
u|efawmfw@kd [m ol@&J@ yuwd urBmhtjrifudk }udK;pm;jyKjyifEikd fwJh
wcsdefwnf;rSm rdrt
d wWbm0ukdvnf; jyKjyifEikd fwm rsKd ;ukd avhvm=u&r,f?
ol@vykd J acgif;aqmifau'g[m jynfolvx
l x
k H wynfhcHwmrsKd ;/ awmfvSefa&;
twGuf bmrqkdrod&if ESrd fhESdrhcf scs ar;wmrsdK;/ vlxke@J &if;&if;ES;D ES;D qufqH
aygif;oif;Ekdif+yD; vlxkukd*kpkdufwmrsdK; [ef}uD;yef}uD;rjyKwmrsdK;/ ukd
ynmoifv$wfwJhtcgrSm acgif;aqmifwOD;taejzifh omrefavhvma&;
ausmif;om;wOD;tjzpfc,
H lEkdifapcJh+yD;/ ausmif;&J@ pnf;H;k a&;pnf;urf;rsm;ukd
vkduef mapmifhxdef;Ekdifchw
J ,f? rdrdud,
k u
f dk a0zefa&;vkyf/ cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm Ekid fcJh
w,f? rdrd&@J csKd @,Gi;f csufukd &J&J}uD; jyifEkdifchw
J ,f? ygwDu ukd ta0;qHk;
tqif;&Jtyifyef;qHk;ae&mokd@ apv$wfwm0efay;wJhtcg olu kyf0wK
ypPnf;awG rufarmawmif;wwm r[kwfbJ/ oGm;cgeD; OuU}uD;armf&J@ vuf
a&G;pOfusr;f pmtkyf &a&;twGuf [kdvkdufar;'Dvu
kd f&SmeJ@ r&ru ,l aqmif
oGm;w,f? ygwD&J@ ay:vpDpmwrf;rsm; ,laqmifoGm;w,f? &Jabmf [Grf
a[mf[m a'oopfrSm opPm&SdpGmjzifh ygwD&@J vrf;pOfay:vpDrsm; taumif
txnfazmf&mrSm acgif;aqmifaumif;wa,mufjzpfw,f? 'g[m ol t
ouf&SifaewJhumvrSm rmhufpf0g'/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:
rsm;ukd }udK;pm;avhvmwm jzpfw,f? OuUocifAodef;wif&J@ oGefoif
csufukd aumif;rGefpGm avhhvmaqmif&GufwmeJ@ cGJjcm;vkd@r&ygbl;? wcsdK
@aomvlawGvdk t&if;tES;D a[mif;ukdyJ ESpo
f drfhae+yD; [ef}uD;yef}uD;eJ@ um;
0gajymqkdaewmrsdK;/ rdrdukd,fukd txif}uD;aewmrsdK;/ bmrqkd rdrdajym
9
wmvkyfwmrSef&r,fqkdwmrsdK;/ txufacgif;aqmifr_ukd rsufpdxJrxm;

wmrsdK;awGukd azmfjywmr[kwfygbl;?
u|efawmfw@kd [m ol@&J@awmfvSefa&; taumif;jrif0g'ukd avhvm
=u&r,f? ol@vdyk J tcuftcJukd ra=umuf&GH@ rwkev
f _yfwm/ tcuf tcJukd
jrif+yD; rSeu
f efpGm oabmxm;Ekid f/ tcuftcJukd ausmfeif;wJh bmrxD pdwf
"mwfrsdK;ukd avhvm=u&r,f? tcuftcJ[m ol@udk aemufrqkwf apcJhb;l ?
ukd,fcE<ma&m*g&J@ xdckdufr_ukd pdwfxJrxm;bJ awmfvSefa&;vkyfief; vkyf
aep+rJyJ? }uHh}uhHckdifckdif awmfvSefa&;vkyfa&;yJ? b,fvkdavrkefwkdif;}uD;
ay:ayguaf pumrl }uH}h uHhcdik cf dik f &yfwnf+yD; tar#mftjrif&+Sd yD; awmfveS fa&;
tay: ,Hk=unfpdwfuawmh r,drf;,kdifcJhygbl;? wcsdK@aomvlawGvkd av
ukd=unfh+yD; wufrukdif+yD;/ avtvkdufvkdufwmrsdK;/ b,fnm,drf;,kdifae
wmrsKd ;/ awmfveS af &;[m rdrad cgi;f ay:a&mufvmwJt
h cg raumif;wJh avoH
awG atmf[pfwmrsKd ;/ 'gvJ=unfrh &/ [kv
d mvnf; pOf;pm;vk@d rayguw
f mrsdK;/
awmfvSefa&;oabmxm;ay: pdwfukeftm;ukef pdwf"mwfusqif;aewm/
awmfveS af &;a&S@tvm;tvm arSmifuG,fovkdv/kd ar#mfrSef;csuf r&Sdovkdvdk
jrifaewmrsdK; &Jabmf[Grfa[mf[m 'DvkdvlrsdK; r[kwfygbl;?
u|efawmfwkd@[m ol@&JawmfvSefa&;eJ@ tdrfaxmifa&;jy\em
tay:rSm rSefuefpGm ajz&Si;f EkdifwJh pdw"mwfrsKd ;ukd avh vm=u&r,f? ol@vykd J
ygwDeJ@ awmfveS af &;u vkt
d yfwht
J cgrmS rdru
d ,
kd u
f dk rSeu
f efpmG oabmxm;
apEkdif+yD; awmfvSefa&;eJ@ tdrfaxmifa&;&J@ qufqHr_rSm awmfvSefa&;[m
yxr/ usejf y\emawG[m awmfvSeaf &;&J@tusdK;ukd emcHwrJh GefjrwfwhJ pdwf
"mwfukd azmfxkwEf idk af p&r,f? ol@vykd J xyfwvJvJeJ@ rdrd&J@wkdufazmfwu
kd f
zufvnf;jzpf/ tdrfaxmifzufvnf;jzpfol tay: tjyeftvSeftm;ay; ul
nDr_ jyKvkyf+yD; b,fvdrk ek w
f ikd f;eJ@rqkd bmtcuftcJeJ@rqkd &ifqikd fae&ae&
}uHhckdifwhaJ wmf vSefa&; pdwf"mwf&Sdap&r,f? at;twlyltr# aotwl&iS f
ruGmqkdwJh oabmxm;pkdufxEl dik af p&r,f? &J&0J 0Hh hH awmfvSefa&;ukd qH;k cef;
wkdifqifE$JoGm;&r,f?
&Jabmf[rG af [mf[m opPm&S&d eSd J@ ygwDeJ@jynforl sm;&J@ ta&;awmf
yHkudk ukd,fusdK;riJhbJ rdro
d uf&cSd eG ftm;eJ@ toufudk ay;vSLcJw
h ,f? &Jabmf
10
rsm;&J@ =unfndKav;pm;r_ukd cH,lapcJhw,f?

&Jabmf[rG af [mf&@J woufwm[m }uH}h uHch idk f &efoel @J wdu
k yf JG qifEidk f
wJh woufwmyJ? pGJpJ+G rJ+rJ awmfveS af &;ukd qifEJE$ kdifwhJ woufwmygyJ?
&Jabmf[rG af [mf[m u|eaf wmfwekd J@ x0pOf uGu
J mG oGm;cJhyg+yD? u|ef
awmfwdk@[m 0rf;enf;a=uuGJr_ukd tiftm;tjzpf ajymif;vJap+yD; OuU
ocifAodef;wiftrSL;jyKwJh A[kdeJ@ ppfa'oygwDaumfrwD&J@ ywfywfvnfrSm
pnf;vHk;nDnGwf+yD; wkdufyGJ0ifum qufvufI usqHk;oGm;wJh tmZmenf
awG&@J r+yD;qHk;ao;whJ awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;twkid f; csDwuf+yD; Armjynf
wjynfv Hk; vHk;0vGwfajrmufa&;twGu feJ@ uGefjrLepf0g'ta&;awmfyHk
atmifjrifa&;twGuf qHk;cef;wkdif vHk;yef;wkdufckduf=uygpkd@?
&Jabmf[Grfa[mf urBma=uaomfvnf; O'gef;wGifygap?
rS w f c suf ?
? (1) xkdpsmye tcrf;tem;ukd ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o/
ppfa&;avhusihu
f iG f;wGif 1976 ck arv (20) &ufae@u usif;yjyKvkycf w
Jh m
jzpfw,f?
(2) &Jabmf [Grfa[mqkdwm *sif;azmvlrsKd; &Jabmf
aygif v f q t'D ; jzpf + yD ; 1950 ck E S p f u p+yD ; &J a bmf a emf q k d i f ; eJ @ twl
w&kwjf ynfxJ 0ifa&muf vmcJhol jzpfw,f? 1968 ck/ Zefe0g&D (1) &ufu
pwifcJhwJh ta&S@ajrmufe,fpyf ppfa'o zGifhvSpfa&;wkduyf rGJ sm;rSm awmuf
av#muf yg0ifco
Jh l jzpfw,f?
11
Ak d v f w k d u f a tmif & J @ rd o m;pk x H ay;pmrsm;

ay;pm (1)
okd@
om;eJ@orD;
azaz txl;owd&pGmjzifh om;eJ@ orD;wk@d xH pm;a&;vkduw
f ,f? r=umcifu
arareJ@ om;wk@d orD;wk@d azazhxaH y;vku
d w
f Jh pmawGvnf; azazzwf&w,f?
araru azazhxaH &;wJph mxJrmS tdrt
f wGuf bmr# pdwfrylzk@d om;eJ@orD;
twGuf pdwfrylzkd@? om;eJ@ orD;uvnf; azazhpum;ukd em;axmifr,f/
avhvm a&;ukd }udK;pm;r,f/ ararhudk ulnrD ,fqw
dk pJh mawGukd azazzwf
vkdu&f awmh 0rf;omvkd@ rqHk;Ekid fbl;aygh? azazhxHpma&;wkdi;f om;eJ@orD;wkd@
vdrRm=uwmawG@awmh azazvnf; a&S@wef;rSm pdwfcspmG tvkyfvyk f Ekdiw
f m
aygh? aemifrSmvnf; om;eJ@orD;[m azazxH pma&;=uwJhtwkdif; quf
vuf}udK;pm; vkyfaqmifoGm;vdrfhr,fvkd@ azaz,Hk=unfw,f?
om;twGuf azazajymcsifwmuawmh avhvma&;ukd t&ifu
vkyd J }udK;pm;zkd@/ ausmif;uyGJuvGJvd@k tjcm;uyGJrsm; rvkdufzd@k qw
kd Jh arar
ajymwm azazvnf; oabmwlw ,f ? 'Dv kd ajym&wm om;twG u f
pmayaemufusrSm pkd;vkd@jzpfw,f?
orD;twGuf ajymcsifwmuawmh orD;[m avhvma&;vnf;
}udK;pm;w,f? rmrmhukdvnf; ulnw
D ,f? 'gayrJh orD; }udK;pm;jyifzkd@uawmh
tpm;taomuf a&G;cs,fwmjyifzkd@ vkdw,f? orD;usef;rma&;[m odyfr
aumif; ao;bl;? orD;usrRma&; aumif;vmatmif bmrqdk pm;yg? 'gro
S m
aemifrmS arareJ@ ukdukdwkd@ a&S@wef;ukd vmwJhtcg orD;vnf; vku
d f vmEkid f
rSm?
aemifv}l uHKrS azaz pmxyfa&;OD;r,f?
om;eJ@orD;&J@
azaz
3/ 2/ 82?
12
ay;pm(2)
om;
8/ 3/ 83?
cifatmif
azaz owd&pGmjzifh pma&;vkdufw,f? azazwkd@awmh acsmarm
pGmeJ@ vk&d mc&D;ok@d a&muf+yD; vkyfief;awG vkyaf e=u+yD?
azazhusef;rma&;vnf; aumif;ygw,f?
om;&J@ avhv ma&;tajctaeeJ@ usef;rma&;tajctaea&m
aumif;&J@vm;? rmrmhazazxH pma&;wkdif; rif;vnf;a&;/ rif;nDrvnf;
a&;ckdif;ayg?h azaz rif;twGuf t"du pk;d &drfwmawmh rif;&J@avhvma&;eJ@
rif;&J@a&S@a&;twGufyJ? azazuvnf; awmfvSefa&;wm0efawGa=umifh
om;orD;awGeJ@ t+rJtwlraeEkdif? rif;wdk@rmrmhu vnf; tvkyfrsm;?
om;orD;awGukd aumif;rGefpGm ynmay;zkd@ tcsdefr&jzpfaeawmh rif;wdk@
armifESr 2 OD; vlawmfvlaumif;awG jzpfvm rjzpfvmqkw
d mbJ azazht
aeeJ@ pkd;&drrf w
d mbJ? 'gayrJh ,cktxd om;a&morD;a&m vdrfrmw,f? rdb
pum; em;axmifw,f? rmrmhuvnf; t+rJwrf; rif; wkd@ukd ulnDaeawmh
azazvnf; a&S@wef;rSm pdwdcsrf;ompGmeJ@ tvkyfvkyfEkdifwmaygh? rif;nDr
ukdvnf; ulnaD emf?
rmrmhu tvkyfursm;/ ol@usef;rma&;tajccHuvnf; raumif;
qkdawmh wcgw&H zsm;wJhtcg om;taeeJ@ oufqkdif&mukd cGifhawmif;+yD;
rmrmeJ@ nDrav;udk jyefulnDaygh? rif;nDrudkvnf; olvkyfEkdifoavmuf
ckdi;f ay; okd@r[kwv
f #if }uD;vm&if bmr# rvkyfwwf jzpfaerSm
aemifvl}uHKrS xyfa&;OD;r,f?
oifh
azaz?
13
ay;pm(3)
okd@
orD;
azazowd&pGmjzifh pma&;vkdufw,f? azazuvnf; orD;wkd@eJ@
cGJvm+yD;aemuf ae@wkdif;yJ rtm;&bl;? c&D;xGufzd@k jyifqif&w,f? &Jabmf
awGe@J aqG;aEG;&wmawG vkyaf e&w,f? tvkyfrsm;vGef;vdk@ orD;xH pmr
a&;Ekid w
f mukd orD;cGiv
hf w
$ fygaemf? awmfveS af &;orm;awGqdw
k m 'Dvydk o
J rD;?
awmfvSefa&;twGuf tvkyfawGrsm;vm+yDqkd&if tJ'DtvkyfawGudk t&if
+yD;atmif vkyf+yD;rS rdrdtwGufjzpfwJh rmrmhwkd@/ orD;wdk@/ ukdudkwdk@ukd
owd&wJhta=umif;rsm; pma&;wmwdk@ukd aemufrS a&;&w,f? 'Dvkd pOf;
pm;wm[m aumif;rGefwJh tawG;tac:vkd@ac:w,f?
orD;vnf; }uD;vm&if azazwkd@ rmrmhwd@k vkd awmfveS af &; orm;
jzpf&rSmyJ? 'ga=umifh ,ckorD;[m i,fao;ayr,fh azazwkd@vykd J awmfveS f
a&;wm0efawG &Sdw,fodvm;? tJ'gu bmvJqkd&if orD;}uD;vmwJhtcg
awmfvSeaf &;vkyfief;awG aumif;aumif;vkyEf dik zf @dk twGuf ,ck orD;pmay
avhvmae&w,f r[kwfvm;? tJ'g awmfvSefa&;wm0efaygh? 'ga=umifh
avhvma&; udk }udK;pm;wm yifr/ upm;wm 'kw,
d jzpf&r,fr[kwfvm;?
azazajymwm [kwfa=umif;? azazuawmh orD;av; pmar;yGJ vkyfwkdif;
yxr&apcsifwmaygh? tdrfjyefa&muf&ifvnf; rmrmhukd ulnDzkd@ odwwf
w,fqkd&if azazuawmh tm;}uD; 0rf;omrSmaygh? 'Dvkd orD;&J@ owif;
aumif;awG =um;&&if azazjyefvmwkdif; orD;ukd csD;usL;rqHk;Ekdifb;l aygh?
orD;twGuf azazvkyfay;xm;wJh tdrfa&S@u opfcGyef;av;awG
yGif+yDvm;? jrefjrefyGifhatmif rkd;r&GmwJhae@qkd&if naewkdif; a&wcgwcg
avmif;ay;ayg?h rmrm}uD; tvkyfrtm;&if orD;u =uufuav;awGvnf;
0kdif;*kpkduf tpmau|;wmawG vkyfulOD;aygh?
azazc&D;rxGufcif tcsdef&u pmxyfa&;OD;r,f?
orD;&J@azaz?
14
v,form;uGefjrLepf
zdk;oH (vlxk)
v,form;ppfppfuae/ uGejf rLepfppfpjf zpfatmif
b,fpepfukad wmfveS /f b,ftopfux
kd al xmif
b,ftxpfawGwufvrS ;f &w,f
wu,fwrf;odcsifw,fq&dk if
ol@ta=umif;udak vhvmyg?
pum;udrk sm;rsm;rajym
ajymjyef&ifvnf;roG,0f u
kd f
wdu
k f u
kd -f wH;k wd
odwt
Jh wdik f;ajym/ ajymwJhtwdik ;f vkyf
[kwfw,fvk@d ox
l if&if
Sib
f &k ifukv
d nf;ra=umufwv
Jh }l uD;
15
tm%mSipf pfocl ;kd awGukd

x,fx;kd ovdx
k ;kd / xGeo
f ;kH ovdrk e_ ;f
a&ajrqH;k wJt
h xd
pdwf'ek ;f 'ke;f cs/ wdu
k cf ku
d jf ycJhovdk
rdbjynfolawGukd
om;i,fvv
kd yk af u|;
aoG;ac|;awGay;vSLcJo
h ?l
omrefval wGtwGuf
omrefc&D;rav#mufyJ
omrefr[kwfwphJ eG @f vw
$ rf a_ wGvyk cf w
hJ hJ
omrefv,form;
yJc;l e,fom;}u;D udk
omrefuAsmwyk'ef @J om
*k%jf yKEdkiw
f hiJ g
tm;emrdyg&@J
olukid w
f t
hJ vHux
dk rf;
olqw
kd ahJ w;ud[
k pf&if;
&ifwiG ;f uol@ta=umif;
armif;wcsux
f kvu
kd yf gw,f
aomif;xdu
k rf mS [nf;apom;?
zdk;oH (vlxk)
16
&moDt aygif ;
b,fvkdy J ajymif;ygap
vGrf; aiG@a0qJ ?
armifvS0 if; (jrif;+cH)
rd;k rcEG,f
EG@J vs,rd f;cgvsuf
E_wq
f ufcsed f
ol
avsmif;pufomG ;cJ+h y?D
jr&mawm orkdi;f pOfrS
yJc;l k;d r&J@ rkew
f idk f;oH
tHrh ukefatmif xpfcsKef;nHqrJ mS
wku
d yf eJG @J twl
&Sio
f efvmcJw
h Jh ESvk;H om;wck ?
jr&mawmrS csw
D ufchw
J ,f
rJe,fawmifwef; ytk@d 0af wmifwef;rsm;
a&jym&pfoef; tif;av;uef
ae=umwk@d OD;armh&m rJZvDawmwef;
17
a0qkdi;f r_id f;ndK@ 0awmifwef;wk@d qD

olav#mufvSrf;cJh& c&D;&Snf
aoG;ac|;t&if;wnf&wJv
h rf;
wku
d fyaJG wGe@J yrf;wD;vsuf ?
awmifjrif}h uD;awG wvH;k +yD;wvH;k
zefcek o
f vkd ckeaf yguaf usmv
f m$ ;
yef;quform; Aswv
W dk
k;d rukad usmf
tif;av;rSm waxmufem;
rkd;ysHawmif}u;D awG ol@z0g;atmuf
A[ked @J ajymufusm;a'o
vGe;f &S,fovkd acgufw@kH acgujf yef
tzefzefu;l vl;cJw
h hJ
ol@&@J Ev
S k;H om;
bmom;eJ@rsm;
xkqpfxm;ygvrd hf ?
ol@Ev
S ;kH om;
pGr;f tm;}u;D jrifrh &_ @J Zmpfjrpf
ygwDuckd spf jynfoluckd spw
f hJ pdw"f mwfe@J
w&pyf tqufrjywfygav
tm;opfawG pdrx
fh Guaf ecJw
h ,f
EGm;oli,fvkd kd u
kd sKd ;usKd ;
wkid f;jynftusdK;ukd
xrf;yd;k xrf;ovkd o,fyd;k zd@k
ol@ycHk;kd; rmcJw
h ,f?
yJcl;k;d rukd +idK;rmefz@JG
18
acgi;f eJ@a0S@wu
dk cf hw
J hrJ ek fwidk ;f
ausmufwHwdik ;f awG wku
d fpm;Ekdicf ahJ yr,fh
jr&mawm&J@ A[kcd sufr
'kd@ol&Jaumif;awG&J@ tjrKaw &wem
eDjref;wJh ESvk;H om;awG
ozef;yifay:rS csw
d q
f JcG w
hJ mr[kwf
apmarmifEkw@kd wawG w,kw,
ykduaf xG;odr;f qnf;cJ=h uw,f?
tif;av;a&jyifrmS
olw@kd yk&H yd fv$mawG xif[yfqJ
a0[if,u
H
tjrifhysH pifa&mfiSufawG
jrifawG@Edik =f uw,f?
vGr;f ol@yef;acG
wa0a0eJ@
wrf;wumav
ajzrajybJ
'd@k &ifxrJ mS
ol &SdaeqJyg?
ol
tdy&f mxuf yufvuf
toHrxGuEf idk &f m
ESprf sm;pGmyg
ol@tmHrk mS
qkAd ,
D ufu oHr%dol&Jaumif; kyfyv
Hk m$
tm;ay;az;raerSm aocsmygw,f?
19
wcgu
0awmifwef;}u;D ay:rSm
wm0efc&D;eJ@ oljrif;pD;tvm
OD;xkyrf Sm =u,few
D vufvufe@J
usuo
f a&&SdpGm cHhnm;wJo
h @l ukd nejf y
tJ'g
wkdufwikd ;f atmif&J@ wyfrLS ;
&JpdwfeJ@ xl;jcm;*k%fajymifwJh wOD;
'kd@wyf&J@acgi;f aqmif Akv
d fwkdufatmifygvd@k
0 - vm;[l - tcg jynfolrsm;pGmtm;
igajym=um;&if; *k%f,cl zJh ;l wm
ckxd vGrf;qGwq
f J ?
armifvS0 if; (jrif;+cH)
20
wyfr SL ;}uD; &Jabmfw kdu fa tmift m; tav;eDj yKjcif;

&JabmfatmifEkdifOD;
ar#mv
f if[
h efrwl
jyefawG@onfwiG f
jyL;=unfrsuv
f ;kH rsm;ESihf
+yKH ;vsuo
f m;/ tm;&0rf;om
rsufEmS &$ifvef;
vufawGurf;vk@d vSr;f zufonf
ajymrxGuo
f nfh ol@toHa=umifh
u|eaf wmfcpH m;r_ v_u
d cf eJjzpfrad o;
ta&;rxm;Ekid yf g/ ol@tmHu
k
pma&;jyrS auseyf/ acgi;f wqwfqwfEiS hf
ol@&ifxJ rSwrf ad eyHkawG
a0a00g;0g; pum;awGjyefajym
vuf[efajc[efEiS hf
pdw"f mwfreS .
f
kycf E<mrSm/ a&m*g}u;D rm;
21
ol@wm0eftm;/ wm;qD;vku
d o
f nf?
ol@use;f rma&;
awG;jyefaomfrl
wm0efxrf;&if;
,k,
d iG ;f usKd ;ayguf/ aoG;a=umazmufum
OD;aESmufwGi;f aoG;0if
u,fcsdeyf if rrDyg
tmHak =umxd/ zdp;D ESyd pf uf
toHxu
G rf &/ jzpfomG ;onf
olum; ppfa&;a&S@aqmif
Akv
d w
f u
dk af tmifyifwnf;?
acgi;f aqmifa&S@omG ;/ rsm;rsm;vkyf eJeaJ jym
tajymxuf/ vufawG@yidk ;f yko
d ef
ordik ;f rSeu
f /dk qufyikd ;f jyefvSef
*syefzufqpf/ awmfveS pf pf0,f
yJc;l e,fw0ku
d f
anmifuidk ;f wku
d yf rGJ pS
ZGJebJe@J &J0pHh Gef@pm;
xifxif&mS ;&Sm; v_y&f mS ;wku
d yf J0G ifco
Jh ?l
48 ckESpf/ jynfwiG f;ppftprSm
a0g+rKd @e,fygwaD umfrwD0ifjzpfonf
ppfa&;wGiu
f m;
&if; 5 &if;rSL;wm0ef ausyeG fcJhonf
49 rSm 'kwyfr[mrSL;ESifh
yJc;l ckid faumfrwD
aemuf - yDt,fvaf t wyfr}uD; 3 .
22
'kwyfrrSL;}u;D wm0ef,cl o
hJ nf?
jynfyrSmvnf; avhvma&;vky&f if;yif
62 ckESpw
f Gif wzef
jynfawmfjyefa&;
AD,uferfEiS ahf qG;aEG;um
vmtdrk yS if/ jynfwiG ;f 0ifonf
62 rSonf 66 ckEpS ftxd
wduscikd +f rJ/ yJc;l k;d rwcGif
ppfqifrqdik ;f
wku
d w
f idk ;f atmifwyfrLS ;rSae
txl;qufom; rtm;0efydk
A[kdXmecGEJ Sifh yJc;l kd;rtwGuf
oG,q
f ufay;+y;D aemuf
ta&S@ajrmufa&muf&jyefum
75 ckEpS rf mS / ygwAD [kad umfrwDjzpfco
Jh nf
xkpd yfu;l rwfu;l / txl;wm0ef ,ljyefao;onf
xku
d mvrSwzef
ppfa'o. 'kwyfrLS ;wm0efxrf;onf
79 vrf;pOfcst+yD;
vycrSm wyfrLS ;}u;D wm0efxrf;&if;
ysu,
f iG f;[ku
d Ef rG ;f ruse;f rrm
a&m*gaAGazmuf/ OD;aESmufaoG;a=um aygu&f onf
ESpv
f &Sn=f um/ emwm&Snjf zpf
2001 ckESpw
f Gi;f wGif olu,
G fveG jf cif;jzpfonf
olueG jf rLepfacwfopfudk ,Ho
k vkd
jynfo@l 'rD u
dk a&pDuv
dk nf; ,H=k unf
jynfo@l awmfveS af &;rSm
wm0eftvDvD ayG@cso
D ,faqmif
23
Akv
d fwu
dk af tmifonf
vGe*f %
k af jymifonfh
acgi;f aqmifaumif;jzpfonfEiS t
fh nD
u|Eyfk w
f @kd tav;eDjyKvkdu&f ayonf?
&Ja bmfa tmifE kdi fO D;

20/ 9/ 2013?
24
vGwaf jrmufa&;ol&aJ umif;

(wyfrSL;}uD; &Jabmfwkdufatmifokd@
tav;jyKuAsm)
armifpkd;csdef
Ek d 0 if b m 16/ 2013?
2001 rSm
wku
d w
f idk ;f atmif wyfrLS ;}uD
&Jabmfwu
kd af tmif uG,v
f eG fcaJh ygh
2007 rwfvrSm
wyfrLS ;}uD;&J@ ZeD;onf
&Jabmf (r) cifeJ@
qHkqnf;jzpfc=hJ u?
xkpd Ofxu
J
wyfrSL;}u;D &J@ b0tpdwt
f ykid ;f
25
orkid ;f pmrsuEf mS rsm;

pwifzwf=um;rdcahJ yg?h
vlwidk ;f vlwidk ;f
acwforkid ;f eJ@ qufpyf
tawmrowf v_y&f Sm;usiv
f nf
aoonftxd
&yfwnfre_ J@ todw&m;
jcm;em;vGe;f pGm ?
vl,Ofaus;eJ@ vl@tkid f;tpkdi;f
jrifjh rwfol/ ,kwn
f ho
H l
odumQ wefz;dk }u;D rm;ole@J uif;rJo
h l
rwl jcm;em;=uw,fav?
e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;
trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;rSm
yg0ifvy_ &f mS ;vmcJh
i,f&,
G pf OfrmS yJ
ygwt
D vHawmfatmuf
twufuqH;k a&mufvmcJhol?
zufqpf*syef
awmfveS 0f &hH J
jynfo@l ppfyx
JG J
yJc;l e,f anmifuidk ;f wku
d yf u
JG p
xm0& awmfveS af &;orm;
ausmufom;ausmufwdik f
tckid ftrm pkdux
f cl o
Jh yl ?J
26
azmufjyefwhJ
tkypf ;kd zdEySd o
f l tqufqufudk
rsKd ;quftvkduf awmfveS w
f u
kd fcu
kd f&if;
q,fpEk Spaf wG jzwfoef;vm
wyf&if;rSL;/ 'kwyfrrSL;
wyfr[mrSL;
wku
d fwikd f;atmif wyfrLS ;}u;D
uGejf rLepfwyfrLS ;}u;D jzpfvmcJah v&J@?
pdwt
f awG; uGef&ufxJ
tvdv
k kd E_id ;f ,SOrf dvsuo
f m;jzpfchJ
ae0if;cg;yku
d af qmifwyfu
a=u;pm;wyfrrSL;
e,fpm;y,fpm; ppfya'o&mZfwidk ;f rSL;rsm;
ppfAsLku
d &ufrsm;pGm;
atmufzd tay:zm;
&mxltm%mwk;d a&; t"duxm;
ud,
k u
f sKd ;pD;yGm;
}u;D xGm;ckid cf zhH @kd
ppfwu
dk af y;ae& ppfAv
kd v
f yk af e&
jynfwiG ;f ppfe@J }u;D yGm;csr;f omatmif vky,
f =l u
awmifay:ajrjyef@ trsdK;om;vlxkukd owf&
zdEdyS t
f Ekid u
f si&hf
jc,fv,
S f tjrwfxkwf&
&ufpufveG f;av &mxl;wk;d av
ppfwyf[m rk;d ay:axmifrypf
vlxu
k dk wnfw
h nfhyJ ypfw,f
ypfcwfowfjzwfav bG@J x;l wk;d av;
27
qkwHqdyf txyfxyf &&Sdavaygh?

jynfwiG ;f ppftk;d yHak y:
aoG;acsmif;yifvx
J J
ppf&mZ0if aumifawGrmS
olc;dk "m;jrjzpfvm
ppftm%mqkdwm tjrwfxw
k af &;ud&d,m
usdusdwuf csrf;omvmcJ=h u
uGejf rLepfwyfr[mrSL;crsm
vlxkeJ@twl rGJaw qif;&JvSygbd
eykdifqdik fr_qkdwm ewd
vlxv
k w
G af jrmufz@dk
uke;f ke;f awmfveS af ecJ&h
rdom;pkta&; ab;csw
d fxm;&
pGe@f vw
$ t
f epfemcHc&hJ
ukd,u
f sKd ;pGef@&if; a&m*g&?
a=omf wku
d w
f ikd f;atmif
uGejf rLepfwyfrLS ;}u;D
&Jabmfwdu
k fatmif
a=uuGpJ &m aumif;vGe;f vS
Armjynforkid ;f rvSwmukd
'Dru
dk a&pD +ird ;f csr;f a&;&zk@d
trsKd ;om;vlxk vGwfajrmufz@kd
vlrp_ epfqd;k zsuo
f dr;f zk@d
uGefjrLepfppfAv
dk cf sLyfwd@k &@J
pdw"f mwfceG t
f m;owWed @J
ke;f uefawmfveS cf hJ
ukd,u
f sKd ;pGe@f ay;qyfchJ
28
tJ'pD w
d "f mwf=u,fyiG hf
tJ'DceG t
f m; ZGo
J wWpd ed yf iG haf wGu
Armjynf awmfvSeaf &;tvHay:rSm
zl;yGiafh 0cJh awmufycJh
Armjynf tusn;f wef ppftrm&Gwf rsuEf mS xuf
+yKd ;jyufjc,fo qifjref;cJh
usaemfwd@k &ifxJ acgif;xufrSm
xm0& qifjref;&wJh pdwf=u,fyGiafh wGaygh?
wkdi;f jynfvGwaf jrmufa&;
toufay;xm; wku
d fyaJG wGxJrmS
av;eufwJh ,H=k unfcsux
f rJ mS
b0wckvk;H &Jabmf}uD; jrKyfEcSH aJh ygh
uk,
d u
f sdK;pGef ay;qyfveG ;f awmh
tjrwftpGe;f tjzpf a&m*gawG&vmaygh
wkdi;f jynf&@J om;aumif;&wemwkid ;f rSm
a&m*gtrsdK;rsKd ; &vmwm "rRwmyJ r[kwv
f m;?
okd@ayrifh
aorif;u &Jabmf}uD;&J@ toufukd vk,lomG ;w,f
ao&myg &Si&f myg ol&aJ umif;pdwf"mwftouf[m
usaemfwd@k vufxrJ mS t&,lxm;cJw
h ,faemf
urBmwnfoa&G@usef&pfchJ
aorif;u &Jabmf}uD;&J@
ESv;kH aoG;ckeo
f u
H dk &yfqidk f;ypfchJ
usaemfwd@k &ifxJrSm
&Jabmf}u;D vGwfajrmufa&; &ifcek o
f [
H m
w&Hrvyf yJhwifxyf
puUef@rjywf&Sifoefaeav&J@ &Jabmf}u;D a&?
29
a=uuGJr_ bmompum;vH;k
onfuAsmyef;wuH;k eJ@
OD;nGw*f g&0jyKvku
d yf gw,f &Jabmf}uD;?
armifpkd;csdef
Ekd0ifbm 16/ 2013?
30
vl a oaomf v nf ; emrnf r aool r sm;

at;cspf
Akv
d w
f du
k fatmifqdw
k m
yJc;l k;d reJ@ ta&S@ajrmuf
Ekdiif t
Hh ausmf
ypPn;f rJah wmfveS af &;orm;
80 ckEpS u
f mvydik ;f
tv,fydik f; AsLkdqif;
&Sr;f jynfwcGif v_y&f Sm;
yifavmif;w0kduf tajcjyK
vlxu
k dk pnf;H;k um
ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd
acsr_ef;zk@d jyifqif
jynfolcspfwJh olyif?
31
&JabmfawGav;pm;
tm;uscifrif
ol@udyk gcif?
wkduyf cGJ &D;

qufIESiw
f ek ;f
avjzwfrv_yEf ikd f
ajymufusm;cGirf S
tajccHa'oyk@d
aq;Hrk SmyJ tk;d xkwfch&J ?
r+y;D qH;k ao;wJh awmfveS af &;c&D;

ol@rSm ZeD;eJ@ om;orD; 2 OD;usefcw
Jh ,f?
ruseo
f nfrmS OpPm"e
useo
f nfrmS
awmfvSepf dwf"mwfyg?
?
at;cspf
14-2-2004?
32
awmfvSe fa &;armfuGef;xJrS &Jabmfw kdufa tmif

ausmf a qG
y*k;d k;d rqdw
k mpdr;f jrnKd @rid_ ;f / eufid_ ;f awmawmif
aygu,fo,HZmw/ pHv
k ifvSwJh
tv,f;kd r&J@ wae&mayg?h
y*k;d k;d r[m/ wcsdew
f cgu
Armjynfoal wG&@J / zufqpf*syefawmfveS fa&;
atmifajrjzpfczhJ ;l w,f?
y*k;d k;d r[m/ wcsdew
f cgu
Armjynforkid ;f opfu/dk zGiv
hf pS x
f q
k pfz@dk
ppftm%m&Sipf epfe@J
azmufjyefa&;tpkd;&tqufqufudk
awmfvSeyf keu
f ef/ aoewfoaH wG
wjynfv;Hk [de;f nH/ b0ufv#aH pcJw
h hJ
tzdEydS cf w
H idk ;f &if;om;aygi;f pH&k @J
b0vGwaf jrmufa&;jzpfwhJ
Armjynfopfudk aqmif=uOf;vmr,fh
jynfo@l 'rD u
dk a&pDawmfveS af &;ukd
33
a&S@aqmifnefjycJhwJh
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J
A[kXd mecsKyftajcpku
d &f m
tcsuftjcmae&mvnf; jzpfczhJ ;l w,f?
'Dae&m[m/ wcsed w
f cgu
teDa&mifrsKd ;quf/ awmfveS af &;ysKd ;yifrsm;
&Sio
f ef}u;D xGm;/ rsKd ;yGm;ul;quf
jyef@ymG ;a&;twGuf
rmhupf v
f eD if0g'wuUov
fdk rf mS
oabmw&m;a&;ynm&nfE@kd
aomufp@kd z@kd / ta&S@wdik f;okd@
rdcifygwu
D yk@d v$wcf hzJ ;l w,f?
ynmjynfph kH
tawG@t}uKH / ukv
H Hk u,f0
yHpk rH sdK;pH/k omefrsdK;pHek @J
rdcif&ifciG fx/H jyefa&mufvmwJh
awmfveS af &;rsKd ;qufrsm;ukd
aEG;axG;v_u
d v
f pJS mG
'Dae&mrSm }udKqkcd zhJ ;l w,f?
jyefa&mufvmwJh
awmfveS af &;rsKd ;qufxJrmS
&Jabmfwdu
k fatmif
olvJ ygchw
J ,f?
34
ol[m (1962) rSm

vmtku
d jdk zwf/ AD,uferfujdk zwf
rJacgifukdjzwf/ oHviG fjzwf
&Jo;kH &Jpw
d "f mwf &ifrmS yku
d +f yD;
tcuftcJausmv
f m$ ;
atmifyt
JG &,lqw
kd hJ
k;d r&J@pw
d "f mwfe@J
&Sr;f k;d rukd ausmjf zwf
y*d;k A[kXd mecsKyfukd ajccscw
hJ ,f?
k;d r[m &efo0l ikd ;f ywfxm;wJ=h um;rSm
&Jo;kH &Jpw
d "f mwf
wkduw
f dik ;f atmifpw
d "f mwfawG
txGwt
f xdyaf &mufaewJu
h mv
'DumvrSm
k;d rA[kXd mecsKyfu
Akdvw
f u
dk af tmifudk
wkdufwkdif;atmif wyf&J@
wyfrLS ;}u;D wm0efudk
,H=k unfpw
d cf spmG
(65-66) rSm tyfEiS ;f cJw
h ,f/
tJ'u
D mv
k;d rrSm/ wk;d yGm;cJw
h ,f
wkduw
f idk ;f atmifwyfz@JG rsm;?
tJ'aD emufrmS
A[kdXmecGJ tajcpkduf&m
&Sr;f k;d reJ@/ y*d;k k;d r A[kXd mecsKyft=um;
vGe;f xk;d oGm;vm/ txl;qufom;tjzpf
aq;vkyo
f m; q&mwifat;toGief @J
tif;av;a'ow0ku
d rf mS
ppftpk;d & a=u;pm;wyfrsm;ukd wku
d yf 0JG if&if;
vlxt
k =um; pnf;H;k v_y&f mS ;cJw
h ,f?
35
1968 aemufyidk f;
ta&S@ajrmufe,fpyf tajccHppfa'o
zGihv
f Spaf y:ayguv
f mwJt
h cg
ppfa'o&J@ 'kwyfrLS ; 0rfzpk pfvif1tjzpf
e,fpyftajccHa'orSm
}u;D xGm;vmwJh
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHyk g0ifwhJ
wyfrawmfukd acgi;f aqmif&jyefw,f?
1975 rwfv/ k;d rrSm
OuUocifZif
twGif;a&;rSL; ocifcspw
f d@k
ygwDeJ@ jynfot
l wGuf
toufaoG;ac|;ay;quf
awmfveS fa&;ukd urn;f xk;d oGm;wJhtcg
wAkdvfus wAkdvfwuf a&S@qufcsDwufzd@k
OuUocifAode;f wif a&S@aqmifwhJ
A[kad umfrwDay:aygufvmwJt
h cg
ol[m A[kad umfrwDtzG@J 0if jzpfvmw,f?
txl;vkyif ef;ukd wm0ef,l&ol jzpfvmw,f?
&9 vrf;pOft&
A[kXd mecGJrsm; ay:ayguv
f mwJt
h cg
ol[m ygwDu tyfESif;vmwJh
tv,fyidk ;f A[kXd mecG&J @J
wyfrLS ;wm0ef xrf;aqmif&jyefw,f?
36
XmecGJ wyfrLS ;wm0efudk xrf;yk;d &if;

e,fpyfA[kd tajccHa'oeJ@
tv,fyidk ;f A[kXd mecGt

J =um;
qif;csw
D ufcsv
D y_ &f mS ;&if;eJ@
&Sr;f jynfawmifwef;rsm;&J@wae&m
&vvza'orSm/ cufc=J urf;wrf;vSwhJ
awmfvSeaf &;b0twGi;f / ke;f uefvy_ &f mS ;&if;
qk;d 0g;jyif;xefvw
S hJ
OD;aESmufaoG;a=umydwaf &m*g cHpm;&+yD;
0kid ;f ywfxm;wJh
&efol@wyfrsm;ukd xk;d azmuf
aq;ukocH,zl @dk
(83) rSm e,fpyfudk jyefwufvmcJ&h w,f?
e,fpyftajccHa'orSm
rdcifygwD&@J tvHawmfatmufrmS
wzufEidk fi&H @J tultnDatmufrmS
ZeD;oufxm;eJ@ vlrr,fom;orD;rsm;&J@
az;rulnrD e_ @J
rajymEkid rf qkEd idk af wmhayr,fh
v_y&f mS ;Ekid w
f hJ cE<muk,
d fudk
tm;xkwv
f y_ &f mS ;&if;
rdom;pkb0ukd ay;quf&if;eJ@
awmfveS fa&;toH/ vlxt
k oH
wku
d fyt
JG oHudk em;pGi&fh if;
b0&Sifoef cJ&h w,f?
awmfveS af &;c&D;/ twuftqif;
tauG@taumuf/ twlav#mufvrS f;cJ&h wJh
yxrrsKd ;quf &Jabmf}u;D rsm;&J@
rdom;pkrsm;eJ@twl/ tem;pcef;rSm
tjyeftvSef aEG;axG;r_e@J / b0&Sio
f efz@kd
37
v_y&f mS ;ke;f uefaewke;f / temhyqkyq

f w
dk hJ
tqkyu
f ifqmu/ kww
f &uf 0ifa&muf
xkd;ESufvmjyefawmhvJ
vufrwaxmifaxmife@J / t+yKH ;rysuf
t_H;ray;bJ/ 18 ESpv
f ;kH vH;k
ESvk;H ckef&yfonftxd wku
d yf q
JG uf0w
hH ho
J l ?
ckawmh - ol[m
olcspw
f hJ trdjynf/ olcspw
f hJ jynfol
olcspfwyJh gwD/ olcspw
f Jh &Jabmfrsm;eJ@
olcspw
f hJ rdom;pku/dk cGcJ mG xm;&pf+yD;
usaemfw@kd xyH g;u
xm0& xGucf mG oGm;cJah yrJh
us&mae&m/ us&mwm0efudk
pum;enf;enf;ajym/ tvkyrf sm;rsm;vkyf
pdwx
f m;ESrd chf s+y;D
tm;vH;k eJ@ pnf;vH;k nDnw
G rf u
_ dk
tav;tjrwfjyK&mrSm
twk,&l avmufatmif
pHerlempku
d x
f cl w
hJ hJ
ygwD&J@ acgif;aqmifaumif;wa,muftjzpf
awmfveS fa&;armfueG f; urn;f xkqpfco
Jh l
ol Akv
d fwkduaf tmifukd
tav;eDjyKvku
d yf gw,f
xm0pOf O'ge;f wGif&pfygapaomf? ?
ausmf a qG
pufwifbm 11/ 2013?
38
&Si f; csuf-1-0rfzkppfv if( wkw fp um;)-'kw yfrSL ;0rf
u|efrcifyGef;onf&J@
b0wykdif;wp
&Ja bmf (r)cif

u|efrcifyGef;onf[m u|efreJ@ om;orD;awGudk cGJcGmoGm;cJ@wm
(19-6-2010)&ufqk&d if 10 ESpfwif;wif;jynfhcyJh g+yD? tcsdefawG vawG &uf
awGajymif;cJah yr,fh u|efrwkd@Ev
S k;H om;xJrSmb,fvrdk S arhaysmufr&Edkifygbl;?
(19-6-2001)ae@eeH uf 9 em&Dcsderf Sm ol[m u|efrwd@k e@J tpOfxm0& cGJ
cGmoGm;cJh+yD; at;csrf;pGm jidrf;csrf;pGm tem;,loGm;cJhyg+yD?
u|efrb0udk tvif;a&mifxJ ac:aqmifay;cJhwm vrf;jyay;cJw
h m
u|efr&J@cifyeG f;onfyg? vd_uv
f jSJ cif; azmfa&Gjcif; yGifhvif;k;d om;jcif; jzLpif
jcif;awG &Sdzdk@ tajccHvrf;nefwnfaqmufay;cJhwm u|efrcifyGef;onfyg?
u|efrcifyGe;f onf&@J b0wydkif;wpqdkwhaJ cgi;f pOfwyf+yD; azmfjyvdkwmu u|ef
reJ@awG@qpkH OfumveJ@aemufq;Hk cGJcGmoGm;wJh tcsdefyidk ;f txd ole@J ywfouf+yD;
u|efrxdawG@cpH m;&wJh yHk&dyaf wGudk pdwx
f JrSm&SdwJhtwdik f; trSwfw& *k%fjyK
a&;zG J@vdku fygw,f?u|efr wdk@ygwDe J@awmfv Se fa&;xJrSm acgif;aqmifawG
&JabmfawGusqk;H oGm;=uwJh ol&Jaumif;awGtrsm;}uD;yg? tm;vHk;u ygwDeJ@
awmfvSeaf &;twGi;f rSm ol@tcef;u ol@wm0efe@J olvyk af qmifoGm;=u
39
wmcsnf;yg? wcsKd @azmfjyEdik fovdk razmfjyEdkifwJhol&aJ umif;awGvnf; renf;

vSygbl;? wu,fxdawG@cpH m;csufawGukd yJajymjyvdk@&ygw,f? 'gh a=umifh
u|efrcifyGef;onfta=umif;udk b0Zmwfvrf;wcktaeeJ@ wifjya&;om;
vdu
k f&ygw,f?
u|efr[m tif;olav;wa,mufyg? ynma&;uawmh oli,f
wef; atmif+yD;ausmif;qufrwufc&Jh ygbl;? tif;oltif;om;wdk@&J@ b0qdk
wm acwfqdk;pepfqdk;atmufrSm b,fvdkrS rvSyEdkifygbl;?
u|efreJ@ol pawG@wm 1964- 65 avmufuvd@k xifygw,f? u|efr
wdk@tdrfeD;csif;tpfrwa,muf(ygwDpnf;Hka&;tzGJ@0if) u ol@qDudkxrif;
ydk@wJhtcgrSmtazmftjzpfvdkufoGm;&ygw,f? ygwDu&Jabmfvdk@ajymjyyg
w,f? emrnfvnf;rodygb;l ? ol[m at;aq;wnf+idrf wnf=unfcHhnm;
wJh vlwa,mufv@kd cHpm;rdygw,f? ol@tvkyt
f ukid fvnf; rodygb;l ? aemuf
ol@ udu
k |efr rawG@&awmhygb;l ?
vtenf;i,f=umawmh ola&mufvmjyefygw,f? 'Dwacguaf wmh
tdrfeD;csif;tpfru oleJ@rdwfqufay;ygw,f? ol[m aq;rSL;wa,muf
jzpfa=umif;? q&mudw
k ifat;vdk@ ac:a=umif;? zsm;&ifem&if ol@udk ac:yg
wJh? aemufydkif; u|efrwdk@a'orSm vlxkawG rrmrusef;jzpf&if wtdrf0if
wtdrx
f Guf aq;vdu
k f ukoay;aewmudk r=umc% awG@& wwf ygw,f?
'DvdkeJ@ tif;av;a'orSm q&mudkwifat;[m aq;ukowm aumif;
a=umif;/ pdwfoabmxm;jynfh0a=umif;/ wm0ef,lpdwf&Sda=umif; zsm;&if/
em&ifol@udkac:=uygvdk@ajymae=uygw,f? u|efrwdk@tif;oltif;om;awG
[m q&morm;wa,muftaeeJ@ ol@udk cifrifav;pm;=uygw,f?
40
ta=umif;wdu
k q
f idk fw,f qd&k rvm;yJ? tarzsm;awmh q&m aq;
vmukoay;&ygw,f? t'Dvdke@J q&meJ@ u|efrwdk@ro
d m;pk cifrif&if;ES;D cJh&
ygw,f? 1965 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f ygwaD jratmuf pnf;H;k a&;tzG@J awG tif;av;
a'oudk a&muf&Sdvmygw,f? u|efrwdk@ tdrfuv
dk nf; &JabmfawG 0ifxu
G f
oGm;vm=uygw,f? wcgwav tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfavh&Sdygw,f? u|efr
uq,fausmfouft&G,fom &Sdygao;w,f? bmrS em;rvnfao;ygbl;?
pdwfr0ifpm;ao;ygbl;? taru usyef;tvkyo
f r wa,mufyg? u|erf u
toufi,f&G,fao;ayr,fh aq;vdyforvkyf+yD; udk,fh0rf;pmtwGufv;Hk yef;
ae&vdk@ EdkifiHa&;qdkwm bmr#em;rvnfao;yg? eHeufrsufESmopf+yD;wm
eJ@aq;vdyfcHo
k Gm;&ygw,f? xrif;xkyfukt
d aruvdu
k yf @dk ay;+yD; taruvnf;
ae0ifr dk;csKyfw J@ txd tvkyfv ky f&ygw,f? wae@ tarxyfzsm;awm@
olaq;ukay;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efrwdk@rdom;pkawGuol@udk ydkrdkcifrif
av;pm;=uygw,f? u|erf uol@ukd OD;av; q&m udw
k ifat;vd@k ac:ygw,f?
wae@rSm u|efrudpk nf;&Hk;a&;pygawm@w,f? Edkiif Ha&;udk vltrsm;
em;vnfEkid w
f hJ pum;eJ@ajymygw,f? tvkyfawGyifyef;}uD;pGmeJ@ rd;k csKyfae0if
vkyf&vnf;b0uracsmifv nfEdkifbl;? qif;&J+rJqif;&Jaewm/ rif;qdk;
rif;npfa=umifjh zpfw,f? v,form;awG pyg;pdku+f yD; xrif;0atmif rpm;&
wmvnf; 'Drif;qdk;rif;npfa=umifhjzpfw,f? txl;ojzifh trsdK;orD;awG
&J@ b0[m ydkrdkcsKyfcs,fcHae&w,f? trsdK;om;rsm;[mvnf; zdEySd fcsKyfcs,rf _
udk cHae=u&w,f? trsdK;orD;rsm;&J@ b0[maiG0,fu|eaf wGvkjd zpfaew,f?
tJ'Db0u vGwfajrmufatmif &ke;f xGufEidk fzdk@ ygwDtzG@J tpnf;xJ udk,w
f idk f
yg0if&r,f? ygwD[m qif;&Jom;jynfolvlxkawGudk vGwfajrmufatmif
tusdK;jyKwJ@tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfw,fvdk@ajymjyygw,f?
olu'Dvdkajymjyawmh udk,fh&yf&GmxJrSm tdrfaxmifonf trsdK;
orD;rsm;&J@b0[m cifyeG f;onf&J@ qJqk&d ku
d Ef Sufru
_ kcd &H wmawGjrifawG@vm
ygw,f? u|efrtaz&SdwHk;uqdk&if tarhukd r=umc%&du
k fESuf wwfygw,f?
Edkiif Ha&;oabmw&m;awGudk em;rvnfcJhawmh b0tusdK;ay;raumif;vd@k /
rdef;rjzpfvdk@-vkd@ ,lqcJ@ygw,f?
41
&JabmfawGu aqG;aEG;wmawGrsm;vmawmh EdkifiHa&;udk wjznf;

jznf; pdwf0ifpm;vmygw,f? u|efrwdk@tdrfem;utrsdK;orD;wcdsK@ ygwDxJ
0ifomG ;=u+yD; ab;vG,ftdwaf wGvG,u
f m w&Gm0ifw&GmxGuf aq;uko
&if; trsdK;orD;b0vGwfajrmufa&;w&m; a[m=uygw,f? u|efrvnf;
olwdk@eJ@xdawG@wmrsm;awmh pdwftm;wufuvmygw,f? aq;vdyf twl
vdyfwJholi,fcsi;f awGukd trsKd ;orD;awG&@J b0 zdESyd cf H&yku
H kd wqifjh yefajymjy
ygw,f? tJ'aD wmh olw@dk wawGvnf; pdwf0ifpm;vm=uygw,f? ygwDpnf;Hk;
a&;tzG@J 0ifawGe@J olw@dk wawG cifrifvmygw,f? u|erf wdk@[m ygwrD S vdt
k yf
wmawGudk 0dkif;0ef;ulnDay;&ygw,f? xrif;xkyf/ aq;vdyfpojzifh vdk
tyfovdk ydk@ay;&ygw,f? tJ'Dvkd ygwDvkyfief;rsm;rSm yg0ifaqmif&u
G f&wJh
twGuf ydkrdkpdwfyg0ifpm;vmygw,f?
OD;av;q&mudkwifat;vnf; tif;av;a'orSm tif;oltif;om;
rsm;aexdkifovdk wom;wnf;jzpfatmif aexdkifygw,f? ol@udktif;om;
wa,mufvk0d wfpm;xm;wm r=umc%awG@&wwfygw,f? vlxkukv
d nf;
oabmxm;jynfh0pGmeJ@ aq;ukoay;wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tif;oltif;
om;rsm;&J@ av;pm;cspfcifr_udk cH,l&ygw,f? pm;p&m&Sd&ifvnf; rarh=u
ygbl;? aexdkifraumif;&ifvnf; q&mudkwifat;udkac:ay;ygvk@d wzGzG ajym
+yD; wrf;wwwf=uygw,f?
wcgu tjzpftysufwck ,ae@txd u|erf em;xJrmS =um;a,mif
aeygao;w,f? tzGm;}uD;wa,mufu ol@udkawG@awmh q&mwifat;
&,f eifb,foGm;aewmvJ/ eifapmapmvm&if igha,mufsm;aorSm
r[kwb
f ;l vdk@ajym+yD; tm;&yg;& idk&Smw,f? tJ'Dtcsdeu
f p+yD; ol@udk kad o
av;pm;cJhygw,f? ol[m b,fvdktcuftcJyJ&Sd&Sd vlxkeJ@xm0& wom;
wnf;usatmif aexdkifusifh}uHvkyfaqmifcJhwmawG arhr&Edkifygbl;?
u|erf wyfx0J if&wJh &nf&G,fcsufuawmh trsdK;orD;rsm;b0 vGwf
ajrmufa&;&zdk@ udk,fwdkifyg0ifr,fqdkwJh pdwf"mwf&,f/ ol@udk oHa,mZOf
wG,fwmr_&,fa=umifh jzpfygw,f? u|efr[m 196& -ck ZGefvydik f; rSmawmf
vSefa&;xJ0ifa&mufcJhygw,f? u|efrudkolu aq;wyfzGJ@rStrsdK;orD;rsm;eJ@
wGJay;+yD; aq;xdk;/ tylwdkif;/ aoG;csdefpwJh aq;ynm&yfrsm;udk oif,lap
42
ygw,f? wcgw&H olu,

dk fwdkif oif=um;ay;ygw,f? aoewfwyfjzKwf pwJh
vkyfief;rsm;udk ud,
k fwdkifpw
d f&Snpf mG oifay;ygw,f? u|efr awmfvSeaf &;xJ
a&muf+yD; r=umcif(196& -=o*kwv
f ydik ;f )tif;av;a'oudk &efou
l xdk;ppf
qifvmygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efrwdk@wzGJ@vHk; tif;av;rSmraeEdkifawmhbJ
awmifay:a'oudk ajymif;a&$@cJh&ygw,f?
u|efrtaeeJ@ awmfvSefa&;xJa&mufcgpvnf;jzpf EdkifiHa&; &ifh
usufr_vnf; r&Sdao;awmh tcuftcJawGeJ@}uHKawG@&ygw,f? 'Dvdk tcuf
tcJawGawG@wdkif; rsuf&nfus+yD;tdrfjyefcsif pdwfay:cJhygw,f? olu az;r
ac:aqmifcJhygw,f? ulnDtm;ay;ygw,f? &efol@xdk;ppfjyif;xefr_a=umifh
yifyef;qif;&Jr_rsm;awG@}uHK&ygw,f? r&ifhusuaf o;wJh u|efr[m 'Dtcuf
tcJrsm;udk ol&J@ tm;ay;r_a=umifh ausmfv$m;Edik fcJhygw,f? ol[mpdw&f Snf+yD;
pnf;H;k a&;aumif;wJh ygwaD cgi;f aqmifaumif;wa,mufjzpfygw,f? u|erf &J@
b0udk vrf;rSefa&mufatmif ydk@aqmifay;wJh acgif;aqmifjzpfygw,f? 'g
a=umifhu|efrtaeeJ@cifyGef;onfqdkwmxuf oHa,mZOf}uD;rm;wJh acgif;
aqmifjzpfvdk@ kdaoav;pm;jrwfEdk;r_u ydk+yD;tav;uJygw,f?
wyf x Ja &muf+ yD; wJh aemuf tcsde f tenf ; i,f =umvmwJ h tcg
pcef;wGif; EdkifiHa&; aqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm yg0ifcJh&ygw,f? u|efr rSwfrdwmu
olu,
dk fwdkif bmomjyefxm;wJhjynfoludt
k vkyt
f au|;jyKqkdwhJ aqmif;
yg;udka&S;OD;pGm avhvm&ygw,f? jynfoludk tvkyftau|;jyKw,fqdkwm
tpp t&m&m pGef@v$wf tepfemcH&r,f? jynfolawG vGwfajrmufa&;
twGuf toufay;vSL&r,f? pcef;wGif;rSm Edik if Ha&;ynmay;r_rsm; r=um
c%jyKvkyfygw,f? au'gacgi;f aqmifrsm; ygw0D ifrsm;u u|efrudk ynmay;/
ulnDaz;r=uygw,f? oabmw&m;eJ@vufawG@ aygi;f pyf+yD; vufawG@ b0
rSm vkyaf qmifcidk f;ygw,f? ygw&D J@ynmay;r_eJ@ vufawG@b0cHpm;&wJh b0
awG aygif;pyf+yD; EdkifiaH &; todw&m;&ifhusuv
f mygw,f? tJ'Dtcsed fup+yD;
tcuftcJrsm;awG@wdkif;pdwf"mwfrusawmhygbl;? tdrfudkvnf; rjyefcsif
awmh y g? awmf v S e f a &;ajymuf u sm;e,f a jrawG r S m trsd K ;orD ; acgif ;
aqmifrsm;eJ@wm0ef,l aqmif&GufchyJ gw,f? jyif;xef cufcJvSaom &efol@
xdk;ppfrsm; =um;rSmvnf; oleJ@twl ausmfjzwfv_yf&Sm;cJh&ygw,f?
43
u|efrcifyeG f;onf[m u|efrtay: awmif;qdck sufrsm; tvGejf rifh

rm; ygw,f? wcsdK@upd Prsm;rSm u|erf oabmraygufayr,fh }udK;pm; vdkuef m
aqmif&GufchyJ gw,f? tJ't
D csdeu
f mv tawmtwGif;rSm cifyeG f;onf[m
ta&;}uD;aomvkyfief;wm0ef rsm;tjyif pcef;wGif; taxGaxGudpPrsm;udk
wm0ef,lxm;&ygw,f?
cifyGef;onfu u|efrudk t+rJajymavh&SdwJhpum;wcGef;uawmh
uGejf rLepfygwD0ifawG[m tepfemcHp&m&Sd&if a&S@qk;H u tepfemcH&r,f?
tao;tr$m;up+yD; }uD;rm;wJht&mawGtxd tepfemcHEidk fatmif}udK; pm;
&r,f? pdwx
f m;ESdrhcf s&r,f wJh?
rsm;jym;vSwJh ta=umif;t&mrsm;rS om"u 2ck ajymjyygr,f?
pcef;wGif;rS trsdK;orD;rsm;udk t0wftpm;rsm;cGJa0ay;r_wm0ef aqmif&u
G f
&ygw,f? pcef;wGif;rS trsdK;orD;tm;vHk;udk OD;pGmac:+yD; ESpfouf&m ,lckdif;
ygw,f? aemufqHk;rS u|efrudkac:+yD;usefwm,lcdkif;ygw,f? u|efr pdwfxJ
rSmtrSwrf xm;ygb;l ? oloifay;xm;wJh tawG;tac:awGtwdik f; usiho
f k;H
wmwJh?
aemuf wcgu u|efrzsm;ygw,f? olaq;xd;k ay;ygw,f? tjcm;
&Jabmfrwa,mufuvnf; zsm;ygw,f? aq;uenf;aeawmh u|efrudk aq;
xdk; ray;awmhbJ tjcm;&Jabmfrudkom aq;qufxk;d ay;ygw,f? 'gawG[m
tao;tr$m;qdkayr,fh u|efrudkjrifhjrifhrm;rm; awmif;qdk+yD; cHEdkif&nf&Sd
atmif avhusihaf rG;jrLay;ygw,f? u|erf cifyeG ;f onf[m u|efrudk rcspfvk@d
r[kwfa=umif;oabmaygufygw,f? u|efrtwGufeJ@awmh cifyGef;onf&J@
vkyfief;rsm;udk b,fawmhrS rxdcdkufapcJhygbl;?
}uD;rm;wJhxdk;ppfumvtwGif; u|efreJ@twl ausmfjzwfcJhpOfu
cifyGef;onf[m ygwDrSay;tyfaomwm0efrsm;udk at;aq;wnfjidrfpGm
aqmif&GufchyJ gw,f? 1970 cku A[dkXmecGJudkwdkufcku
d w
f Jh &efolxd;k ppf[m
tvGejf yif;xefygw,f? tJ'D xd;k ppfumvtwGif; cifyGef;onf wm0eft&
c&D;xGufcgeD; pum;wcGef;rSm=um;cJhwmutajctae[m 'Dxuf ydkqdk;
vmEdik fw,f? b,fvdktajctaerSmyJjzpfjzpf/ pdwf"mwf}uHhckid pf mG eJ@ &yfwnf
oGm;yg? wu,fvdk@ igwdk@ wa,mufa,muf usqHk;oGm;cJhaomf rGefjrwf
44
w,fvk@d oabmxm;+yD; *k%,

f lygvdk@ rSm=um;cJw
h ,f? tJ'Dvkd olc&D; xGuf
oGm;+yD; tquftoG,f r&awmhygbl;? u|efr[m jyif;xefvSwJh xdk;ppf
twGif;rSm qif;&J'kuQtrsdK;rsdK;udk &ifqdkifjzwfausmfcJh&ygw,f?
aouHra&muf oufraysmufqdkwJhpum;vdkygyJ &efol@xdk;ppfrS
vGwfajrmufcJhygw,f? wjcm;rSm&Sw
d Jh acgif;aqmiftzGJ@eJ@ yl;aygi;f +yD; ta&S@
ajrmufppfa'o vGwfajrmufwJha'oudk ajymif;a&$@vm=uygw,f? u|efr
EdkifiHa&; oifwef;qif;cgeD;rSm ol[m rarsSmfvifyh J wm0efehjJ yefvnf a&muf&Sd
vm ygw,f? u|efrwdk@[m wESpaf usmfcGJcGmvd@k jyefvnfqq
Hk nf;wJhtcgrSm
acgif;aqmifrsm;&J@a&S@wGif ESpfOD;oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJh=uygw,f?
1972 ck Ek0d ifbmvydik ;f rSmjzpfygw,f? vufxyf+yD;awmhvnf; twl aexdik f
&wm enf;ygw,f? ol[m r=umc% c&D;xGufae&ygw,f? ol@&@J vkyfief;
wm0efawG[m tifrwef ta&;}uD;ygw,f? vufxyf+yD;vtenf;i,f=um
awmh ol@Xmeudk ajymif;oGm;&ygw,f? u|efruawmh A[dkqufoG,f a&;rSm
tvkyv
f kyf&ygw,f? u|efrwdk@rSm wm0efudk,fpD xrf;aqmifae=u&ygw,f?
wa,mufvkyfief;udk wa,mufu pyfpkavhr&SdcJhygbl;? ygwD&J@ vSsdK@0Suf
udpPawGudk udk,fydkiftodeJ@ vdkufemapmifhxdef;&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh ol@&@J
ta&;}uD;wm0efrsm;udk u|efr bmrSsrodcJhyg? u|efr&J@ ESvHk;om;xJu
arhr&wJhta=umif;awGom a&;om;&ygw,f?
u|efrwdk@ vufxyf+yD;wJhaemuf ol[m u|efrudk awmif;qdkr_eJ@
ynmay;r_pHcsdef usqif;roGm;ygbl;? udk, fu sdK;pGefh tepfemcHa&;ygyJ?
u|efreJo
h l[m touft&G,u
f Gmjcm;+yD; ol@ZeD;rjzpfcifuyif tvdkvku
d rf _
rcHcJh&ygbl;? ol[m rleJ@qdkifwJhudpPawGrSm tavsSmhray;wwfwm u|efr
oabmayguf vufcHygw,f? wcsdK@tao;tr$m;udpPawGrSm rvdkufavsm
awmh u|efruol@udk oabmraygufbJ pdwfqdk;rdwmawGvnf; &Sdygw,f?
ta=umif;t&muav;2ck udkajymjyygOD;r,f?
ta&S @ajrmuf awmfv Se fa&;ae@ txd rf ;trSw ftaeeJh tpfr
(&JabmfaiG)wdk@ OD;aqmifwJh ESvHk;om;rD;tdrfjyZmwf ujyygw,f? rdrd
wdk@Xmeqdkif&mtvSnf@ =unf@cGifh&Sdygw,f? tJ'Dae@nu u|efrwdk@Xme t
vSnfhr[kwfao;ygbl;? u|efrcifyGef;onfuawmhwm0eft& wyfaygif;pk
45
tzGJ @awG&daS evdk@ nwdki;f oGm;&ygw,f? u|efru tpfrudk vm=unf@r,f

vdk@ajymxm;awmh &ygw,f? ZmwfckHaemufrSm ol@udk&Smygvdk@ajymygw,f?
u|efrvnf; cifyGef;onfxGuo
f Gm;awmh uav; 2 a,mufac:+yD;ol@aemuf
uvdu
k yf gw,f? oluu|erf udk bmajymvJqadk wmh'Dnrif;wd@k Xme tvSnfh
r [kwfao;bl;wJh? roGm;eJ@ vdk@ajymygw,f? tJ'DwcgyJ ol@pum;udk
u|ef r em;raxmifw myg? tpf r eJ @ vnf ; ajymxm;w,f ? uav;awG
uvnf; =unfhcsifaeawmh oGm;=unfhvdkufygw,f? tdrfjyefa&mufawmh
a0zefcH&ygw,f aemufudk'grsdK;rvkyfygeJ@? eif'Dvdkvkyf&if iguolrsm;udk
b,fvkyd nmay;rvJvdk@ ajymygw,f? u|efrvnf; olajymwm rSefaewmeJ@
u|efrrSm;ygw,fvdk@0efcHvdkufygw,f?
aemufwckuawmh a&S@wef;xGufwJh acgi;f aqmifawGudk apmifw
xnfpD ay;ygw,f? wjcm;tdrfaxmifonf &Jabmfru ajymjyrSod&ygw,f?
u|efrwd@k uav;awGrSmvnf; apmifxx
l l r&Sdygbl;? tJ'DapmifudpPar;awmh
ol@&@J udk,f&H &Jabmfav;awGudk w0ufpD qkw+f zJ ay;vdkuyf gowJh? u|efr
cifyGef;onf&J@ oabmxm;eJh tawG;tac:awG[m rdrd rdom;pkx uf
atmufajc&JabmfawGukd ydrk dk aEG;axG;r_ay;cJw
h myg? 'ga=umifh u|erf cifyGef;
onfu dk udk,f&H&Jabmfav;awGrSp+yD; vkyfazmfudkifzuf &JabmfawGxd
cifrifav;pm;=uygw,f? cifyeG ;f onf&@J u,
kd f&&H JabmfawG[mvlrsKd ;pkawGrsm;
ygw,f? yGifhvif;kd;om;=uygw,f? u|efreJ@pum;pyfrdwdkif; cifyGef;onf
eJ@a&S@wef;udk oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;cJph Ofu b,fvdk*kpu
dk fyk/H b,fae&ma&muf
a&muf/ a&mufwaJh e&mrSm qif;&Jyifyef;cH+yD; vlxek @J wom;wnf;usatmif
aexdkifusifh}uHa=umif;pwmawG ajymjy=uygw,f? 'Dvdk &JabmfawGqD
uol@&J@aumif;owif;awG =um;&jyefawmh ol@ta=umif;udk em;vnf&
cufcw
Jh mawG[m cifyeG f;onftwGuf 0rf;om=unfEl;r_eJ@*k%f,lryd gw,f?
aemufwckuawmh orD;av; 4 ESpft&G,fwek f;u em;jynf wnf
vdk@ r=umc% cGJ&ygw,f? 'Dawmh u|efruol@udk orD;udkaq;uko&ef
wifjycdkif;ygw,f? olu bmrSrajymawmh/ orD;av;udk rcspb
f ;l vm;qdkawmh
b,fvadk jymvdkufwmvJ/ igh &ifucdk GJjyvdkufcsifygw,fwJh? u|efr ol@udk
oabmaygufyg+yD?
46
om;eJ@ orD;udk odwwfwt

hJ &G,u
f p+yD; jrifrh m;wJh awmif;qdrk a_ wGe@J
avhusiho
f if=um;ay;cJhygw,f? om;orD;rsm;eJ@ywfoufwJh ta=umif;t&m
rsm;udk ajymjyygOD;r,f? u|efrwdk@A[dk&kH;rSm udk,f'l;udk,fc|ef+cdK;+cHac|wm
wJhtaeeJ@ ajymif;zl;eJ@qef/ uZGe;f OeJ@qef a&mpm;=u&ygw,f? tJ'Dwke;f u
orD;av;u 5 ESpforD;yJ&Sdygao;w,f? orD;av;u ajymif;zl;pm;&wm
rsm;awmh ajymif;zl;aphawGukd a&G;xkwfvku
d af wmh xrif;enf;enf;yJ useyf g
awmhw,f? uav;u r0awmhbl;ayg?h tJ'ga=umifh orD;u tazudak r;yg
w,f? azaz&J@xrif;yHkpHudk azaztjyifxGufvdk@rpm;jzpfwJhtcg orD;
wdk@omG ;,lvdk@ &rvm;wJh? tJ'Dvv
dk kyfv@dk r&bl;/ usefwh&J JabmfawG pm;
ygapwJh ? wu,fvnf; trSefygyJ? ol rpm;jzpf&if oGm;r,l&bl;vdk@ rSmcJh
ygw,f?
r*FvmaqmifawGoGm;&if om;eJ@orD;udk o=um;vHk;awG trsm;
}uD; r,lcheJ @J ? wa,mufukd 2 vHk;xuf ydkr,lcheJ @J ? azazppfaq;rSmaemfvk@d
rSmvdkufygw,f? om;eJ@orD;vnf; tazhpum;em;axmifygw,f? wu,f
,lrvm&Jygbl;?
u|efrwdk@tcef;ab;u &duQmrSL;&Jabmfu orD;udkuGmaphwxkyf
ay;ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh orD;u OD;OD;-'DuGmaphuOD;OD;[mvm;/ trsm;
[mvm;vdk@ar;ygw,f? trsm;[mqd&k if r,l&J bl;? azazuajymxm;w,f?
trsm;[mqdk&if r,l&bl;wJh?
u|efrcifyGef;onf[m ta&S@ajrmufppfa'orSm 'kwyfrSL;taeeJ@
wm0efxrf;aqmifaewJhtcsdefrSm um;eJ@oGm;wmtifrwefrS enf;yg; yg
w,f? A[dkk;H eJ@au'gausmif;/ A[dk;Hk eJ@ em;avmh ajcusifoGm;ygw,f? wcg
u orD;av;u azazeJ@vdkufcsifw,fqdk+yD;em;avhudk vdkufoGm;ygw,f?
tdrfjyefa&mufawmh aemufazazeJ@ rvdkufawmhbl;wJ?h bmjzpfv@dk rvdu
k f
awmhwmvJvdk@ orD;udkar;awmh orD;uAdkufqmw,f? azazu [dkrSm
0ifaqG;aEG; 'DrmS 0ifaqG;aEG; Xmeuxrif;pm;ac:vnf; rpm;bl;ajymw,f?
orD;u azazudk ar;w,f? bmjzpfvk@d rpm;wmvJ? orD;Adkufqmw,f qdk
awmh? tdrfa&mufrSpm;? orD;uvdrRmygw,f? azazwdk@0ifpm;vdkuf&if
&JabmfawG xrif;r0bJ aerSmayghwh?J tjyefrSmorD;u Adu
k fqmw,fajym
47
awmh orD;udk ol@yckH;ay: xrf;jyefvmowJh?

aemufwckorD;ajymjywmu olrarhEdkifqHk;uawmh eHeufapm
apmazazc&D;xGuzf k@d jyifqifaewke;f rSm orD;u azazhvnfyif;zuf+yD; azaz
roGm;ygeJ@vdk@ idk+yD;ajymygw,f? orD;av; tJ'Dvdkrvkyf&bl;? &JabmfawG
azazudk apmifah e=u+yD? orD; pm}udK;pm;? ararhudk ulnD&r,fv@dk rSmcJw
h ,f?
tJ'Dwcg[m aemufqHk;ajymjcif;jzpfw,f? azazjyefvmawmh pum;rajym
Edkifawmhbl;vdk@ orD;uajymygw,f?
1982 aemufyidk f; ol&@J use;f rma&;[m odyfraumif;awmhygb;l ?
tJ'Dumv[m ygwD&@J ta&;}uD;umv jzpfygw,f? ol@wm0efuvnf; tif
rwef}uD;av;ygw,f? c&D;xGu fzdk@ae&mwae&mrSmjyifqifaeygw,f?
tJ'Dvdkjyifqifaewkef; ol[m2 cgavmuf rl;vJw,fvdk@ &JabmfawGajymjy
vdk@ od&ygw,f? ol[mc&D;rxGufjzpfao;wmeJ@ tdrfjyefvmawmh u|efr
a&S@rSmyJ rl;vJoGm;ygw,f? u|efruq&m0ef ajy;ac:awmh OuU q&m0ef
=unfh ay;ygw,f? a':_,Ofvnf; ygw,f? q&m0efu aq;oGm;ppfzdk@ t}uH
ay;ygw,f? olu udpPr&Sdygb;l ? 'Dvdkygy?J c%c%jzpfygw,f? aemufjyef
aumif;wmygyJ? ta&;r}uD;ygbl;vdk@ajymygw,f? tckvkd ta&;}uD;umv
rSm ay;xm;wJhwm0ef[mt"dujzpfw,f? jyefvmrSyJ aq;ppfygr,fvdk@
ajym+yD; c&D;xGufomG ;ygw,f? ol[mtajccHusef;rma&; aumif;w,fqk+d yD;
wcgrS aq;rppfbl;yg? aq;&kHrwufzl;yg?
u|efrcifyGef;onf [mwm0efeJ@ qif;oGm;+yD; a&m*gjzpfwJh owif;
tajctaeudk u|efruyJ a=u;eef;azmf&wJhtcsed frSm u|efr[m tkyf }udK;
jywfovdkjzpfoGm;+yD; a=u;eef;udk qufrazmfEdkifawmhygbl;? u|efrcifyGef;
onf u|erf acgif;aqmif[m pum;rajymEdkifawmhbJ 'kuQdw}uD; jzpfomG ;+yD
qdkawmhtdrfjyefajy;+yD; tm;&yg;&idkygawmhw,f? om;orD;awGudkvnf;
rajymEdkifawmhygbl;? OuUvnf; u|efrodoGm;+yDqdkawmh u|efrudk csuf
csif;ac: aqG;aEG;ygw,f? jyefaumif;vmyg+yD? 'Davmuftajctae rqdk;
ygbl;? r=umcifjyefvmawmhrSmyg? vrf;c&D;vkH+cHKa&;twGuf 'Du dpPu dk
b,fol@rS rajym&bl;? olrsm;awGodatmifridkeJ@? ygwD&J@awmif;qdkcsuf
twdkif; u|efrvdu
k fem+yD; }udwrf w
Sd fum ntcsdefryS J cdk;+yD;id&k ygw,f? u|efr
48
vnf; ol'DvdkjzpfoGm;vdrfhr,f rxifcJhygbl;?

a&S@wef;rSm tzufzufu yifyef;qif;&Jwt
Jh jyif ol@wm0efuvnf;
}uD;av;ygw,f? cifyeG ;f onf[m jyefvm+yD; aq;ppfzk@d usef;rma&;u tcGifh
ta&;ray;awmhygbl;? 1983ck=o*kwfv 15 &ufnrSm a&'D,dkowif;
em;axmif&if;eJ@ rl;vJoGm;w,fvk@d &JabmfawG ajymjyvd@k od&ygw,f? 'Dwcg
rl;vJ+yD;olajymovdk jyefraumif;vmawmhbJ udk,fwjcrf;ao+yD; pum;
rajymEdkifawmhygbl;? vdkufygoGm;wJh q&m0efrsm;eJ@ol[m wjcm;pDjzpfae
awmh tcsdefrD aq;0g;rukoEdik fwmuwa=umif;/ vrf;c&D;rSm &efol&@J wm;
qD; aESmifh,u
S fra_ wGa=umifh wdkuyf jGJ zpfaewmuwa=umif; ponfw@kd a=umifh
vdk&modk@ tcsdefrD ra&mufEdkifcJhygbl;? &JabmfawGu awmh tcuftcJ
rsm;=um;rS vdk&mc&D;udk ab;&efuif;atmif ydk@aqmifay;cJh=uygw,f?
u|efrcifyGef;onfa&muf&Sdvmygu }udKqdk&r,fqdkwmeJ@ nu
wnf;ujyifqif=u&ygw,f? u|efr[m acgif;aqmif&Jabmfrsm;eJ@twl
jrpfurf;ab;rSm oGm;}udK&ygw,f? oluacgif;aqmif &JabmfawGudk t+yHK;
av;eJ@}udKw,fqdkawmhu|efrpdwfxJrSmaysmfoGm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh u|efr
ol@tem;a&mufwJhtcg u|efrcifyGef;onf&J@ pum;rajymEdkifwJh tjzpfudk
jrifawG@&awmh u|efrpdwfawG b,fvjdk zpfomG ;rSef; rodawmhygbl;? jrpfurf;
yg;ay:ajy;wuf+yD; csHK;yGJcsidkrdygawmhw ,f? u|efrcifyGef;onf[m pdwf
"mwf}uHh cdkifoljzpfwJhtwGuf acgif;aqmif&Jabmfrsm;udk+yHK; +yD;E_wfquf
aewJhyHkudk u|efrrsufpdxJrSm ,ae@xdjrifa,mifaeygw,f?
u|efrcifyGef;onf[m rusef;rrm'kuQdwb0 a&mufoGm;awmh
ygwDtwGuf qHk;_H;r_}uD;w&yfjzpfovdk u|efrwdk@rdom;pktaeeJ@vnf; 0rf;
enf;rqHk;jzpf&ygw,f? tcsdefrD aq;ppfaq;ukor_ cH,l&&if 'DvdkjzpfrSmr
[kwfzl;vdk@ u|efrawG;rdygw,f?
ol c&D;rxGufcifuwnf;u a&m*gvuQ%mjyaeyg+yD? 'gayrJh
u|efrcifyGef;onf[m usef;rma&;xuf wm0efudk ydkrdktav;xm;wwf
oljzpfygw,f? ol[m udk,u
f sKd ;rzufbJ wm0efukd wdwu
d sus aqmif&Guw
f hJ
pdwf"mwf&Sdoljzpfjcif;a=umifh *k%f,lav;pm;rdygw,f?
u|efrcifyGe;f onf a&S@wef;ujyefvm+yD; ygwDu aq;ukoay;&ef
49
csufcsif; pDpOfaqmif&Guyf gw,f? ygwDrSacgif;aqmifrsm;/ &Jabmfrsm; tm;

vHk;[m cifyGef;onf jyefvnfaumif;vmr,fvk@d arSsmfvifh=uygw,f? u|efr
wdk@rdom;pkuvnf; aumif;vmr,fvdk@ ,Hk=unfar#mfvifhygw,f?
1984 ck azazmf0g&Dvydik f;rSm olaq;Hk pwifwufcyJh gw,f? tzuf
zufrS ppfaq;r_awG jyKvkyyf gw,f? 1984 rS 1986 avmufxd aq;Hk ay:rSm
aq;ukor_ cH,lygw,f? aemufq;Hk q&m0ef&J@ aq;ppfcsufrSwfwrf;uawmh
tcsdefaemufusoGm;+yD OD;aESmufxJu aoG;a=um[m aygufxGufoGm;+yD;
tJ'DaoG;a=um[m ajcmufcrf;ukefum tmkaH =umawGudk zdxm;vdk@jyef r
aumif;Edkifygbl;wJh? q&m0ef&J@pum;=um;&awmh u|efrar#mfvifhcsufawG
bmrSjzpfrvmawmhygbl;?
u|ef r [mcif y G e f ; onf u sef ; rma&;/ om;orD ; awG t a&;awG
wm0ef}uD;av;vm+yDvdk@ awG;rd+yD; pdwfxdcdkuf&ygw,f? ol@tajctae
[mwd;k wufrvmojzifh aq;&Hrk Smqufvuf raevdkawmhyg? 'ga=umifh aq;
Hkuqif;zdk@ jyifqifygawmhw,f? aq;HkrSqif;zdk@ jyifqifaewJhtcsdefrSm
qdki&f macgif;aqmifu u|efrudk vma&mufaqG;aEG;ygw,f? zsm;em &Jabmf
rsm; touf}uD;&Jabmfrsm; tem;,lEdkifwJh ESpfzufay:vpD owfrSwfcsuf
&Sad =umif;/ u|efrcifyGef;onf usef;rma&;tajctaeeJ@/ vufawG@tajct
ae xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;zdk@aqG;aEG;ygw,f? tJ'DudpPeJ@ywfoufvdk@ u|efrrSm
acgif;udkufp&mjzpfvm+yD; cifyGef;onf&J@ oabmxm;ar;vdk@vnf; r&yg?
orD;av;eJ@widk fyif&atmifuvnf; orD;av;u i,fao;w,f? u|efrrSm
rtdyEf idk f rpm;EdkifwhJ &ufawG/ nawGrsm;vmygw,f? u|erf cifyGe;f onfu
pum;rajymEdkifawmh ydk+yD;pdwfqif;&J&ygw,f?
aemufawmh u|efrpOf;pm;rdygw,f? cifyGef;onftajctaeu
vlrv_yf&Sm;Edkiaf yr,fh pum;ajymEdik af o;&if ygwDtwGuf tvkyfvkyf Edkiyf g
ao;w,f? tckawmh cifyGef;onfusef;rma&;tajctaeu ygwDtwGuf
vHk;0 tvkyfrvkyfEdkifawmhygbl;? owfrSwfxm;wJhay:vpDt& oltem;
,lvdkuf&if ygwDtwGuf wm0efr}uD;av;awmhygbl;? tJ'Dvdk pOf;pm;+yD;
pdwfraumif;jcif;rsm;pGmeJ@trdygwD&ifcGifrS cGJcGmcJh&ygw,f?
1986 ck=o*kwv
f ydki;f rSm ay:vpDowfrSwfcsuftwdik f; u|erf cif
50
yGef;onf usef;rma&;tajctaet& tem;,lzdk@ qHk;jzwfvdkuf&ygw,f?

wavsmS ufv;kH ygwD&@J &ifciG af tmufrSm tyltyifr&Sb
d J ay;tyfwhJ wm0efukd
}udK;pm;aqmif&GufcJhwJhu|efr[m jAKef;pm;}uD; ygwDacgif;aqmifr_eJh &Jabmf
rsm;udkcGJcGmcJh&ygw,f? 0rf;enf;pdwfxdcdkufvdk@rqHk;awmhygbl;?
tJ'Dtcsdefup+yD;u|efr[m wm0ef}uD;av; vmygawmhw,f? yJh
udkirf ygwJh avSuav;wpif;vdkyJ cifyGef;onfjyKpk&wJhwm0ef/ om;orD;awG
jyKpkysdK;axmif&r,fh wm0efawGeJ@ tawmfke;f uef&r,fv@dk awG;aerdygw,f?
&&SdwJhaxmufyHhaiGuav;eJ@ rdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;/ cifyGef;onf usef;rm
a&;p&dw/f uav;awGynmoifp&dwpf wJh toHk;p&dwfawGukd pDrHcef@cGJ&wm
tawmfpdwfqif;&J'kuQa&mufygw,f? u|efrcifyGef;onf[m pum;rajym
EdkifwJhtwGuf oGefoifqHk;rjcif;rjyKEdkifawmhyg? wdkifyifp&muvnf; r&Sd?
pum; uvnf;raygu?f a0;vHvw
S Jh twGi;f ydki;f a'orSm oGm;a&muf tem;
,l&wmjzpfygw,f? rdrd rdom;pkukd wm0ef,x
l m;wJh XmerSwyg; todrw
d f
aqG qdw
k mr&Syd gb;l ? u|erf rSma&mufcgpuae@wikd ;f idk ae&ygw,f? ud,
k ahf e&m
a[mif;udk jyefvmcsifwJhtxdygyJ?
tJ'DtcsdefrSm qdkif&macgif;aqmifrS pmwapmifay;ydk@vmygw,f?
rdrda&muf&SdwJhae&mrSm cifyGef;onfw m0ef/ om;orD;wm0efu dk aus
yefatmif }udK;pm;vkyu
f idk foGm;yg? tJ'g[m ygwDwm0efjzpfw,f/ bm t
cuftcJyJawG@awG@/ }udK;pm;jzwfausmfoGm;ygvdk@tm;ay;nef=um;ygw,f?
[kwfygw,f? u|efrrSm ygwD&J@ ynmay;r_eJ@ cifyGef;onf&J@ oGefoif
qHk;rr_awGtay: tajccH&d+S yD;om;rdk@ }uKkHawG@vm&wJh tcuftcJreS forSsudk
}udK;pm;ausmfjzwfEdkifcJhygw,f?
u|efrwdk@ a&mufo Gm;wJhae&m[m &moDOwktawmf qdk;&Gm;
ygw,f? aqmif;&moDrSm tvGeaf t;ygw,f? aEG&moDrmS yljyif;+yD; av
vnf; tvGew
f u
dk fygw,f? u|efrcifyGef;onf[m yljyif;qdk;&Gm;vSwJh &moD
Owk'%fudk rr_yJ ol@&@J uk,
d w
f jcrf;aoaewJh ud,
k fcE<m}uD;udk wzufqGJxm;
+yD; avhusifhcef;vkyfygw,f? &moDOwk'%fuvnf; tawmfcH&ygw,f?
u|efrcifyeG f;onfudk rusef;rmpOf up+yD; u|efrjyKpkcyJh gw,f? ol[m pdwf
"mwfus+yD; pdwftm;i,fwyhJ kH b,fawmhrS rawG@&ygbl;? nnf;nLjcif; r&Sw
d Jh
51
tjyif tjcm;&JabmfawGukd vuf[efajc[efeJ@ *kwpdkuf ar;jref;aeygao;

w,f?
wu,fawmh ol@a0'emcHpm;ae&wm[m roufomvSygbl;? ol@
rsufpda&S@rSm ZeD;om;orD;awGudk jrifae& awG@ae&ayr,fh pum;ajym r
xGufawmh b,favmufaevd@k cufrvJ? u|efr ol@udk=unfh +yD;oem;rdw,f?
oluawmht+yHK;rsufESmeJ@ tm;ay;ae&Smw,f?
1993ck atmufwkdbmvydkif;rSm u|efrwd@k &J@ acgif;aqmif rdom;pk
wcsdK@awG[m wkwfjynf ulrif;rSmtem;,laexdki=f uzdk@ ajymif;a&$@vm=u
ygw,f? u|efrwkd@vnf; olwkd@eJ@ twlaexkdifzkd@ tJ'Dae&mukd a&$@ajymif;
aexkid fcJh=uygw,f? ygwDacgi;f aqmifro
d m;pktcsKd @eJ@ twljyefvnf ae xkid f
cGi&fh awmhh udk,fhrdcif&ifcGix
f J jyefa&mufovdk cHpm;&ygw,f? cifyGe;f onf
vnf; aysmfaeygw,f? ol[mpum;rajymEdkifayr,fh vuf[efajc [efeJ@
&J a bmf a wG t a=umif ; ud k ar;aewwf y gw,f ? ol & J @ pd w f " mwf
}uHhcdkifr_[m ae&mwdkif;rSm azmfjyaeygw,f?
aemufydkif;usawmh cifyGef;onf&J@ a&m*gawGu wrsdK;+yD;wrsdK;
qufwku
d f jzpfvmygawmhw,f? r=umc% aq;Hw
k ufae&ygw,f? rsupf d
cGJ&wmuwrsdK;/ tlydwfqdk@wmuwzkHjzpfaeygw,f? qD;tdrfrSm ausmuf
wnfvk@d cGJ&ygao;w,f? qD;roGm;Edkifawmh ydkuf}uD;xnfh+yD; qD;csLay;&wJh
tcg u|efrrSm ol@udk r=unf@&ufEdkifatmif cHpm;cJh&ygw,f? ol@cE<mud,
k f
ay:rSm ac|;oD;ac|;aygufawGeJ@ usw
d frSdwfcpH m;ae&&Smygw,f? u|erf cifyGef;
onfvkd oabmxm;jynfh0/ pdwfxm;aumif;wJholwa,mufrSm 'Dvdk
jyif;xefwhaJ 0'emawG bmvdk@rsm; cHpm;ae&ygvdrfhrvJv@dk awG;awm aerdyg
w,f? ol'Dvkcd Hpm;ae&wmawGudk u|erf r#a0cHpm;vdk@&&if u|erf om ZeD;
onfwa,muftaeeJ@ cHpm;vdkufcsifygw,f?
tarajymzl;wJh pum;udjk yefvnf=um; a,mifrdygw,f? uH=urRm
u acvdk@vm;? b00fau;a=umifhvm;? tu,fI 0fau;&Sdygv#ifvnf;
ajyygapvdk@ qkawmif;rdygw,f? u|efrqkawmif;rjynfhcJhygbl;? bk&m;
tavmif;arsmufrif;[m tcuftcJaygif; ajrmufjrm;pGmudk ausmfv$m;cJh
&ygw,f? u|efrcifyGef;onf[mvnf; 96 yg;a&m*ga0'emawG ol@cE<mrSm
52
pGJuyfaevdk@ }uD;pGmaom qif;&Jr_rsm;ukd cHpm;ae&ygw,f? aq;ppf+yD; xGuf

vmwJt
h ajzuawmh tqkwfuifqmjzpfae+yD; cE<mudk,fwckvk;H jyef@aewJh
twGuf cGJpdwv
f @dk r&awmhygbl;wJh ?
'kuQawGu qufwku
d fygyJ? b,fvdkrSrwwfEdkifawmhygbl;? usvm
wJh rsuf&nfukd okw+f yD; u|efrqHk;jzwfcsuw
f ckcsvu
dk fygw,f? u|efrcifyGef;
onfudkf jyKpk&r,fhwm0ef[m u|efr&J@wm0efom jzpfygw,f? u|efr[m
ol@udk aemufqk;H tcsed x
f d taumif;qH;k jyKpkomG ;&rSm jzpfygw,f? om;eJ@orD;
udkawmh tazhtwGufryl=ueJ@? udk,b
fh 0a&S@a&;twGuf tvkyu
f }dk udK;pm;
vkyf=u? tajctae 'Dxufw;dk vm&if tarta=umif;=um;r,fvdk@ ajym
xm; &ygw,f? u|erf cifyeG ;f onf[m tqkwu
f ifqmjzpf+yD;aemuf a&m*g
a0'em&J@zpd D;r_a=umifh ukwifay:rS vH;k 0rxEdkiaf wmhyg? uifqma&m*gqkw
d m
tvGefemusiu
f ku
d cf +J yD; jyif;xefwaJh 0'emwrsKd ;jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh u|erf cif
yGef;onf&@J pdw"f mwfckid rf moljzpfygw,f? a0'emudk cHpm;ae&ayr,fh tH=h o
p&maumif;avmufatmifnnf;nLjcif; r&Sdyg? vma&mufar;jref;=uwJh
&JabmfawGukd vufraxmifjy+yD; olaeaumif;ygw,f? pdwfrylyge@J vk@d vuf
umjyygw,f? &JabmfawGjyefomG ;awmh wzufvn
S +hf yD;emusirf _ udkusw
d rf dw
S f
cHpm;ae&&Smygw,f? u|efr ol@u=dk unf+h yD; 0rf;enf;cJh&ygw,f? tjcm;ae&m
rS&JabmfawGu zkef;qufar;vm&ifvnf; u|efru ol@tajctae raumif;
a=umif; ajymygu olr}udKufyg? vufumjy+yD;u|erf udk rajymcdkif;yg? ol@t
wGuf wjcm;olpdwfraumif;rjzpfapvdkyg? om;orD;awGac: ay;&rvm;
vdk@ar;awmh rac:&efajymygw,f? ol[mpdwf"mwf}uHhcdkifoljzpfygw,f?
u|ef r cif y G e f ; onf [ mb0wouf w mvH k ; k d ; om;jzLpif + yD ;
ygwDrSay;tyfaom wm0efawGudk }udK;pm;vkyfaqmifcJhygw,f? b,fvdkyJ
cufcw
J w
Jh m0efurdk qdk ZGJ&&Sd dS aqmif&u
G fygw,f? aexdik f raumif;pOfumv
rSm a&m*gaygi;f pkeH J@ pdwf"mwf}uHhcidk fpGm b0ukd kef;uef&if; tedpP a&mufomG ;
&&Smygw,f?
u|efrcifyeG f;onf[m 2001 ck ZGefv 19 &uf/ eHeuf 9 em&D
tcsdefrSm olcspfaom jynfolrsm;eJ@ EdkifiHawmf}uD;udk xm0&cGJcGmoGm;yg
w,f? ol[m at;jrjcif;jidrf;csr;f pGmeJ@ ygwD&@J wm0efrsm;rS tem;,lomG ;cJh
53
yg+yD?
u|efrcifyeG f;onf[m u|efreJ@ol@om;/orD;rsm;udk cGJcGmoGm;cJw
h m
10ESpfwif;wif;wdkifcJhyg+yD?
&Ja bmf( r)cif
54
awmfv Se fa &;c&D;twGi f;rS

&Jabmfwkdufatmif&J@
yHk&dy frsm;
&J a bmf r apmjr
&J a bmf w if a t; (Ak d v f w k d u fa tmif ) /

q&m0ef A[k dX mecG J pcef ; rSL ;
ol@ukd tJ'Dwkef;u &Jabmfwifat;vdk@ ac:=uw,f?ol[m yDuif;jyef &J
abmfwa,mufjzpfw,f? tom;ndKndK/ ar;kd;um;um;/ rsufvHk;rsufzef
aumif;aumif;/ ESmwHay:ay:/ t&yfredrfrh jrifheJ@ }uHhckdifwhJ ukd,fae[ef xm;
&SdwhJ &Jabmfwa,mufjzpfw,f? kwfw&uf=unfhvdu
k &f if ukvm; &Jabmf
wa,mufrsm;vm;vk@d awmif xif&w,f? 'gayrJh ukvm; r[kwfygbl;? Arm
jynf atmufyikd f; yJcl;bufuvkd@od&w,f? ol@Zmwd twd tus ukdawmh
owdrxm;vkdufrdygbl;?
ol[m ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDxJudk zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;
umvu pwifyg0ifvmol &JabmfwOD;vnf; jzpfw,f? ygwDA[kdu wkwf
jynfokd@ rmhupf v
f Deif0g' avhvma&;twGuf apv$wfjcif; cH&olrsm; teuf
wOD;jzpfygw,f? wkwfjynf rmhufpv
f Deif0g' ausmif;qif; yDuif; jyefjzpf
ayr,hftvGefpdwfx m; ESdrfhcsoljzpfw,f? pum;enf;enf;om ajym+yD;
tvkyfrsm;rsm; vkyfwwfoljzpfw,f? t&m&m tepfemcHum ukd,fusdK;
pGef@+yD; u|efrwkd@&aJ bmftm;vH;k &J@ a&S@u pHjyvkyjf yoGm;olyg? ppfa&;/ EkdifiHa&;/
55
pnf;Hk;a&;pwmawGtjyif &JabmfawG&J@ usef;rma&;utp tm;vHk;ukd

olwm0ef,lcJhygw,f?
pnf ; H k ; a&;pG r f ; tm;aumif ; ol
tJ'DumvawGwkef;u tif;av;a'orSm tajcpkdufxm;wJh A[kd
XmecGJwm0efc/H ygwDA[kdaumfrwD EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzGJ@0if b}uD; (ocif
wifxGef;)uvnf; pcef;rSL; &Jabmfwkdufatmifukd awmfawmf av;pm;yg
w,f? cspcf ifrv
_ nf; &Syd gw,f? ,H=k unftm;uk;d r_vnf; &Syd gw,f? b}uD;[m
ukd,fhukd,fukd,f awmif;qkdr_ tvGefjrifhygw,f? ZeD;onf tay:vnf;
awmif;qdkr_ jrifhrm;ol jzpfygw,f?
ZeD;onfa':wifrav;[m i,f&G,f oljzpf+yD;/ ynmwwf kyf&nf
acsmarmolwa,mufvnf; jzpfygw,f? ol@}uD;a':u om;orD; r&Sdvkd@
ac:,larG;pm;xm;wJh wOD;wnf;aomorD;rdk@ ol[m wtdrfvHk;rSm Akdvfjzpf
ygw,f? tvGefvnf; acwfrD Akv
d fqefvSol jzpfw,f? a&$ukdrpHrk uf/ olaX;
orD;qkdayr,fh vuf0wfvufpm;awG rpHkruf/ 0wfvnf;r0wfwwfyg?
vufywfem&D aumif;aumif;avmufomywf/ vufpGyfavmufom 0wf
wwfoyl g? ol rufarmwmu t0wfvSv/S aumif;aumif; acwftqefqk;H
'grsKd ;ukdrS }udKufvnf; }udKufw,f/ 0wfvnf; 0wfw,f? tpm; taomuf
vnf; aumif;aumif;rS pm;wwfolyg? pcef;rSmaevkd@ ysif;&if oDcsif;qkd
wmrsKd ; r[kwb
f J ol}udKufwJh oDcsif;ukd avc|efaewwfygw,f? ygwD acgif;
aqmifawG&J@ ZeD;awGxJrSm ol[m touf ti,fqHk;vnf; jzpfw,f?
omreft&yfol wa,mufyg? *syefacwfrSm b}uD;eJ@awG@+yD; arwWmr#cJh&mu
aemufq;Hk rSm cspfwmwckwnf;eJ@ awmckv
d mum b}uD; &S&d m ao#mifaemuf
qHxHk;yg armifac:&m vkdufvmol jzpfygw,f? ygvmwJh t0wftxnf
av;awG tkd;cGufav;awG a&mif;pm;+yD; ol@uav;awGukd rke@fyJoa&pm
0,fau|;w,f? [if;0,f csufpm;w,f? tJ'Dvkdvkyfwmukd b}uD;ocif
wifxGef;u r}udKufygbl;? 'Dawmh r=umc% ynmay; aqG;aEG;ygw,f?
jy\emu *smat;ol@tarkduf jzpfaeyHk&ygw,f? 'gukd pcef;rSL;&Jabmf
wifat;u uln+D yD; aqG;aEG;ay;/ pnf;Hk;ay;eJ@ jy\emawG[m wjznf;
56
jznf; tqifajypjyKvmygw,f?
aemufqHk;tajctaerSmawmh tvGefukd 0rf;omp&m aumif;yg
w,f? r (a':wifrav;)[m awmfvSefa&;orm;aumif;wa,muf/
ygwD0ifaumif;wa,mufjzpfvmygw,f?
'DvkdeJ@ 1970 ckESpfrSmawmh Akdvfae0if;ppftpkd;&&J@ rkd;vHk;[def;
xkd;ppftwGif;rSm cspfcifyGef;onfeJ@twl xkd;ppfukd owWd&SdpGm &J0HhpGmckcH&if
qkdi&f if; usqHk;oGm;cJh&mS ygw,f? tmZmenf&aJ bmf wa,muftjzpf 'Drkd
ua&pDta&;awmfyt
kH wGif; *k%af &mifajymifpmG ur`n;f xk;d oGm;cJyh gw,f?
'g[m Akdvfwkdfufatmif&J@ olrwlatmif ynmay; pnf;Hk;EkdifwJh
pGrf;&nf&J@ azmfjyr_w&yfq&kd if rrSm;ygbl;?
avh v ma&;twG u f wGe f ; tm;
u|efrwk@d tif;av;a'orSm v_y&f mS ;cJhpOfu vlxktwGif;rSm ygwD
u csrSwx
f m;wJhtwkdif; wl 4 wlt& usiho
f k;H &ygw,f? vlxek @J twlae/
twl p m;/ twl a vh v m/ twl v k y f & if ; vl x k tcuf t cJ u k d ul n D
aqmif&Guf wzufuvnf; aq;0g;ukoay;cJhwm a=umifh tJ'Da'orSm
&Jabmfwifat;(Akv
d fwkdufatmif)[m vlx&k J@ toJpGJ &JabmfjzpfcJhygw,f?
wu,fhtjzpftysufuav;wckukd azmfjyay;vkduf csifygw,f?
u|efrwk@d tm;vHk;[m xk;d ppfumvtwGif; vlxkpnf;H;k a&;vnf;
roGm;Ekdif/ wjcm;tvkyfawGtm;vH;k vnf; &yfqikd f;xm;&wmrd@k avhvm
a&;ukd zd+yD; wOD;csi;f a&m trsm;pkaygi;f yg }udK;pm;vkyfaecsed v
f nf; jzpfyg
w,f?
reufxrif;pm;+yD;&if tm;vHk;[m wdwfqdwf+idrfoufaewwf
ygw,f?
trsdK;orD;tzG@J uawmh xrif;pm;+yD;&if uk,
d fpD avhvma&;vky=f u
w,f? wcsKd @uawmh enf;enf;avmuf avhvm+yD;&if oef;&Sm=u/ t0wfpw
k f
xkwf+yD; csKyfaewwf=uw,f? tJ'DvkdtcsdefrSm pcef;rSL;vmawG@oGm;&ifrkd;uawmh &GmaewmyJ? wcsdK@uawmh rkd;&Gmwkef;[Jhqkd+yD; &Sdor#
tkd;cGuf ikwfqkyH grusef wHpuf+rdwfrSm a&cHxm;=uawmh wtdrfvHk;a&awG
57
jynfah ewmyJ? wcsKd @usawmh rkd;at;at; aq;vdyfuav;eJ@ rdSef;aevkduf&&if

aumif;rSmyJqd+k yD; a&cH&rSe;f awmif rodawmh bma&rS r&vkdufvd@k aomuf
p&m a&awmif r&Sb
d l;avvdk@ [moaESmajyma&if;eJh avhvma&; vkyfzd@k
aysmhaysmif;pGm ckvkd wkdufwGef;cJhzl;w,f?
wHpuf+rdwfu a&usvkd@ wpufcsi;f cH&if;u tk;d cGuaf wG jynfv
h m
ovkd avhvma&;[mvnf; tcGiho
f mwkef; wckcsif;avhvmrS rdr&d J@ oabm
w&m;ukd jynfhatmifjznfhEkdifrSmav wJh? 'g tJ'Dumvu A[kdXmecGJ
pcef;rSL; &Jabmfwkdufatmif&J@pum;? u|efr ckxufxd &ifxJpGJaewm?
avhvma&;vkyfzkd@ wkduw
f Gef;wJhpum;/ wGef;tm;wckrdk@ tcGiho
f mwkdi;f tck
csdefxd u|efravhvma&;ukd tqufrjywfavhvmaewkef;yJ?
jynf o l u k d tvky ft au|;jyK=u
pcef;xJrSm &Sdor# tvkyftm;vHk;ukd olwa,mufwnf; oDcsi;f w
at;at;eJ@ usKH ;+yD;vkyfaewwfw,f? acgif;aqmifwa,muftaeeJ@ &Sdor#
tvkyfawGu kd olw a,mufwnf; ukef;kef;vkyfaeawmh tpyxrrSm
ol@pdwf"mwfukd u|efr odyfoabmraygufygbl;? tcsdef=umvmawmh ol@
oabmxm;ukd od&Sdem;vnfvmygw,f?
ukd,fukd, fw kdifuvGJ&if usefvlawGtm;vHk;[m jynfo lawG
csnf;ygyJ? 'Daqmifyk'fuawmh Akdvfwdu
k af tmif&J@ vuf oHk;pum;yg? a=omf
'ga=umifh ol[m ae&mwkdi;f rSm rem;rae vlrsdK;ra&G; bmomra&G;/ usm;
rra&G; ulnDp&m&Sd&if ulnDomG ;wmygvm; vkd@ u|erf oabm ayguv
f m
ygw,f? ol&J@ ulnDra_ v;awGuawmh Oyrm -zsm;aewJhvlem&Jabmfwa,muf tcsrf;wufaew,fqkd
&if tedrhq
f ;kH tm;jzifh bmrS vkyrf ay;Ekid af wmif a&aEG;ylyal v;wcGuf avmuf
ukd r&&atmif &Smvmay;wwf/ wku
d fay;wwfwmrsdK;jzpfygw,f? ckducf u
kd f
wkefatmif tcsrf;wufaewJv
h lem[m tJ'Da&aEG;ylylav;ukd aomuf vku
d f
&wJhtcg tm;tifawG jyef&Sdvm+yD; aEG;axG;r_ukdyg ESpfodfrfhcHpm;vkduf&yg
w,f?
&JabmfawGtm;vHk; zsm;ae&if t0wfvpJ &m r&Sdawmhb;l ? 'Dvkd
58
tcgrS m ol u usm;-rra&G ; &J a bmf t m;vH k ; &J @ t0wf a wG u k d

&Sm,lygw,f? trsdK;orD;awG&J@ t0wftxnfawG xrDawGqkd&ifawmh
jrav;udk tul tnDawmif; &Sm,lcikd ;f wwfygw,f? u|erf wkd@u tm;emvkd@
jyefawmif; &ifvnf; bmrS tm;emp&m &Supf &m rvkdbl;? tm;vHk;[m
vlcsif; twl wly?J usm;-r uGjJ ym;wmuvGJ&if tm;vH;k [m vlawGcsnf;yJ?
&Jabmf awGcsnf;yJ? jynfolawGcsnf;yJvkd@ ajymwwfygw,f? +yD;&if awmif
atmufrSm&SdwJh &duQmHkukd qif;oGm;+yD; av;axmifhoHyHk;wyHk;xJ usm;r
t0wfcGJraebJ tm;vH;k pkxnfhum &SdwJhqyfjym/ &or#eJ@ xnfhjyKwf wwf
ygw,f? wcgw&H qyfjymr&Sd&ifvnf; qyfjymoD; (EGm;ykw;D oD;) xnfhjyKwf/
acsmif;ab;rSm oDcsif;av; wat;at;eJ@ av#mfwmygyJ? +yD;&if acsmif;ab;
u csKH awGay:rSm wif vSr;f xm;wwfygw,f? naea&mufawmh tJ'v
D Srf;
xm;wJh t0wfawG ajcmufoGm;wmeJ@ qkdi&f m&JabmfawGxH jyefay; wwfyg
w,f?
tJ'Dvkd oleJ@ twlae jzwfoef;vm&if;eJ@ olajymaewJh ukd,f
ukd,f wkdifuvGJ&if tm;vH;k [m jynfolawGyJqkw
d Jh ol@&@J vufo;Hk pum;eJ@
jynfolukd tvkyfau|;jyK=uqkdw Jh oif=um;csufukd ykdoabmayguf
vmygw,f? wu,fawmh awmfvSefa&;orm;qkdwm tESpfcsKyfvkduf&if
jynfolukd tvkyftau|;jyKjcif;wrsdK;yJ r[kwfygvm;?
'ga=umifh OuUarmfu awmfvSeaf &;wyfzJ@G xJu rD;aoG;zkwf orm;
av; &Jabmfuse;f ppfwJh uG,fvGefawmh jynfol@ tusdK;aqmif=uqdkwJh
rdef@cGef;ajymum psmyerSm usef;ppfwJhukd *k%fjyKcJhw,fr[kwfvm;? awmf
vSefa&;wyfz@GJ twGi;f rSm b,fvt
kd vkyfvkyjf zpfjzpf awmfvSeaf &;ukd tusKd ;
jyKwm/ jynfou
l kd tusdK;jyKwm/ tvkyftau|;jyKwmcsnf;yJqkdwmukd av;
eufoabmaygufatmif pcef;rSL;&Jabmfwkdufatmifu vufawG@ twGif;
rSmvkyf jycJyh gw,f? 'Dvekd J@ awmfvSefa&;xJrSm tvkyrf a&G; us&m wm0efudk
u|efr vkyfwwf vmcJh&awmhw,f?
&Ja bmfa wGu kd ykd;arG; ovkd arG;&r,f
&JabmfawGudk ykd;arG;ovkd arG;&r,f? 'Dpum;[mvnf; tJ'Dum
59
vawGwke;f u pcef;rSL;&Jabmfwdu
k af tmif&J@ yg;pyfzsm;rSm r=umc% =um;
&wwfygw,f? 'Daqmifyk'ef J@tnD ol[m nifomaysmhaysmif;pGm usifh oHk;
wwfoyl g? ESdrfEdrS cf scs csOf;uyfajymqkdwwfol wOD;jzpfygw,f? teD;uyfqk;H
Oyrmwckukd jyygqkd&ifawmh u|efrukd,fwkdifcHpm;&r_wck &SdcJhzl;ygw,f?
tJ'guawmh xkd;ppfumvawGtwGi;f rSm jzpfaeayr,fh tcsed f
&&if &ovkd &JabmfawG avhvma&; vkyfavh&Sdwwfygw,f? u|efr[m
avhvma&;vkyf&if; tcsdef=umoGm;wmeJ@ awmifatmuf &duQmHkukdqif;
0g;ykd;eJ@ a&cyfay;ygw,f? rsufvHk;tanmif;ajywmeJ@ awmifay:jyefwuf/
tcdsef=umvm&if jyefem;/ Hk;cef;ukdoGm; Hk;tkyftvkyfrsm;ae&if Hk;tkyf&J@
vkyfief;awGukd ulnDvkyfukdifay;wwfygw,f?
'gayrJh wcgrSmawmh H;k tkyfeJ@ csufpu
f pm;aewmukd b}uD; ocif
wifxGef;u jrifoGm;awmh rapmjr -'gavmuf ta&;}uD;wJhtcsdefrSm csufpx
f ;kd aevkduw
f m
tcsdefawG odyfESajrmzkd@ aumif;vSw,fvkd@ ajymygw,f? ab;rSmvnf;
pcef;rSL;wOD;om &Sdygw,f? b}uD;[m pum;ajymcJygw,f? at;at;
aq;aq; aewwfolyg?
u|erf uvnf; tHhtm;oifhoGm;+yD; }udKwifpOf;pm;r_r&SdbJ tckvkd
aumufumiifum jyefajymvkdufygw,f?
'Duae@ u|efrwkd@ygwD&J@ au;a=umfoHu &efol@xkd;ppfukd rdrd
xkd;ppfeJ@ kdufcsdK;=uvkd@ ajymxm;w,f? +yD;awmh b}uD;wkd@yJ ygwD0ifwkdif;
ppfudk OD;pD;Ekid f&r,fv@dk awmif;qkx
d m;wmav? u|efru wyfrSL; wa,muf
vnf; r[kwfawmh ppfynmtwGuf csufpfxkd;aewmygvkd@ =uufacgif;
qdwrf cH wH@k jyefvdu
k frdygw,f?
rapmjruawmh vkyfawmhr,fvkd@ +yHK;+yHK;}uD;ajym+yD; b}uD;u
aemufxyf bmrSrajymawmhygbl;? pcef;rSL;uvnf; u|erf ukd rsuv
f ;Hk }uD;
jyL;=unfhaewmuvGJvd@k bmrSrajymyg? u|efrvnf; olwd@k ajymcsifwm&Sd&if
ajymygapqkd+yD; owif;pmawGukd [kdvSef'DvSefeJ@ tcsdeft=um}uD; =unfh
ae+yD;rS bm;wkdufukd jyefvmcJhygw,f?
aemufwae@ xrif;pm;+yD;awmh pcef;rSL;u u|efr&SdwJhqDvm+yD;
60
avat;at;eJ@ ajymygw,f?
rapmjr rae@u tjzpftysu[
f m azmfjyr_ raumif;bl;? b}uD;u
rapmjrtay: tifrwef ar#mfvifhcsuf}uD;rm;w,f? rapmjr[m omref
kd;kd;&Jabmfr[kwb
f l;? au'ga[mif;wa,muf? 'Dtjzpftysuu
f kd ab;u
&Jabmfav;awG od&if *,ufdu
k rf _ aumif;rSm r[kwfb;l
[kwyf gw,f &Jabmfwdu
k fatmif? u|erf vnf; bmrS pOf;pm;xm;
wmr&SdbJ aumufumiifum jyefajymvkdufrw
d myg? u|efr jyefpOf;pm;
=unfv
h u
kd fawmh 'Dvyk f[ef[m u|erf rSm;wmyg? u|efrtaeeJ@ b}uD;qDukd
at;at;aq;aq; oGm;+yD; u|efr trSm;ukd 0efcHyghr,f? aemifrSmvnf;
rjzpfap&ygbl;? b}uD;ukdvnf; jyefawmif;yefyghr,f(u|efr vufawG@rSm
vnf; a0zefa&;ay;cJhygw,f)?
at;Asm aumif;ygw,f? =um;&wm 0rf;omygw,f? aemifrSm
vnf; v_yf&mS ;r_wkdif; owdxm;ayghAsm? uJu|efawmfvnf; oGm;OD;r,fvdk@
ajymajymqkdqdk xjyefomG ;ygw,f?
wu,fvnf; pcef;rSL;taeeJ@ u|efr&J@ vkyf[efraumif;wmukd
a0zefaxmufjy ulnD&r,fw
h m0ef &Sdygw,f? 'gayrJh vufawG@rSm pcef;rSL;
wa,muftaeeJ@ txufpD;,l zdtm;ay;ajymwJhvkyf[ef vHk;0r&Sdyg? jy
\emukd csOf;uyf&mrSm tifrwef El;nHhodrfarG@aewm awG@&ygw,f?
a0zefa&;eJ@ rdru
d ,
kd fu,
kd f a0zefa&;qdkwm awmfveS fa&; wyfzJ@G 0if
wkdif; usifhoHk;&r,fhvkyf[efjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvkyf[efukd rSefuefpGm
rusiho
f k;H wwf&if tusdK;oufa&mufr_ raumif;jzpfum ygww
D Gif;/ wyfzJ@G
wGif; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfr_ukd xdckdufwwfygw,f?
&JabmfarmfpDwkef;u trSm;usL;vGefwJh&Jabmftay: a0zefa&;
vkyf&mrSm vlrrmukd aq;uku,fwif? rkd;zGJav; &Gmovkd usifhoHk;&
r,fvkd@ u|efrwkd@ukd oif=um;cJhygw,f?
u|efrwkd@pcef;rSL;&J@ vkyfaqmifcsufawG[mvnf; 'DvkdygyJvm;? ol
au;a=umfaeovkd &JabmfawGudk ykd;arG;ovkd arG;jrL&r,fqw
dk Jh au;a=umf
oHeJ@ vkyf[ef[m wxyfwnf;usae+yD; twk,lusio
fh ;Hk p&m tjzpf u|efr
b0wav#mufvHk; cH,l usifhoHk;EkdifcJhygw,f?
61
pnf; urf; &S d& Sd wm0ef o d o d

yefqef;qkdwm[m ygwDA[kdXmecsKyf/ ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o Xme
csKyfeJ@ tv,fykdif;AsLkd&J@ aemufwef;XmecsKyfwkd@ tckdiftrm Hk;pkduf&m
ae&mjzpfygw,f? tJ'DrmS ygwD&@J ae@xl; ae@jrwfawGjzpfwhJ ygwDwnf axmif
wJhae@ (815)/ vufeufukdifawmfvSefa&;ae@ (328)pwJh ae@awGrSm ya'
omuyGJrsm;/ aysmf&$ifyGJrsm;ukd tpnf;ta0;cef;r}uD;xJrSm wcrf;wem;
jyKvkyfavh&Sdygw,f? xkdenf;wl r[mrdwf&Jabmfrsm; a&mufvm&ifvnf;
uyGJrsm;jzifh {nfhcHazsmaf jzavh&dw
S wfygw,f? u|efr[m rlvu 0g'jzef@ csd
a&;rSm yg0ifvkyaf qmifcJhwJh au'ga[mif; wOD;jzpfv@kd yGJwkdif;rSm xJxJ0if0if
yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJ&h olwOD;vkd@ qkd&if rrSm;ygbl;? tJ'Dvdyk JaG wGteuf uyGJ wckck
rSmyg?
wnyGJxGucf ge;D tcsdefavmufrSm udpPwckay:ygw,f? tJ'n
D u
tv,fykdif;AsLku
d a&mufvmwJh wyfrsm;ukd txl; zdwfac:jywJhyJyG g? yGu
J sif;
ywJh cef;rwckvk;H rSm ZmwfpifxufrS v#ypf pfrD;a&mifrsm;a=umifh a&$yv
GJ m
&Jabmfrsm;&J@ opf&u
G fpdrf;a&mif ,leaD zmif;rsm;eJ@ acgi;f xufrS OD;xkyrf sm;u
=u,feDa&mif wvufvufxaewmrk@d yGJcif;[m txl;yemwifh pnfum;
okduf+rdKufaeygw,f?
u|efr[m yGJxGufcgeD;+yDrdk@ bmawGvkdtyfrvJvkd@ 0wfpm;jyifqif
aewJh ZmwfcaHk emufykdif;u tcef;xJukd oGm;=unfh ppfaq;aecsdef? aemuf
bufayguu
f uif;orm;&Jabmfwa,mufu u|erf ukd vmac: aeygw,f?
q&mr jy\emjzpfaevkd@ vm&Sif;ay;ygOD;wJ?h u|erf csucf sif; vku
d f oGm;
vkduyf gw,f? tjzpfu 'Dvkdyg?
uav; 2 a,mufeJ@ Akv
d fwkdufatmifwk@d rdom;pkudu
k if;u wm;
xm;vkd@ ZmwfkcH ef;rxJ0ifcGihrf &bJ wHcg;0rSm &yfae& w,f? jrav;utpfra& om;eJ@orD;u yGJodyf=unfhcsifaewmrdk@ yGJcif;xJukd
vmwm? uif;uwm;xm;wm b,fvkdrS ajymvkd@r&bl;? uav;awGu
em;avmhu olwk@d oli,fcsif;awG tukefvm=unfh=uwmrd@k olwkd@uvnf;
odyf=unfhcsifaewm? ol@tazu wyfujzpfayr,fh tv,fydik ;f rSmqkdawmh
'Du&JabmfawGu rod=ubl;? u|erf u ajymjyr,fqdak wmh olu oabm
62
rwlb;l ? rajym&bl;wJh? 'geJ@ u|efrvnf; tpfrajymxm;wm owd&wmeJ@

uif;&Jabmfav;ukd ajymvkdufwm
(u|efrwkd@ yGJuwJhwcg yGJvufrSwfrsm;ukd XmecsKyfu kdufxm;+yD;
,lepfvkdufyGJv ufrSw frsm; xkw fa0ay;wm &Sdwwfw ,f? ol@&ufeJ@ol
,lepfvu
kd f yGJvm=unfh&ygw,f? Zmwfx
Hk J0ifwJh wHcg;rSm wif;usypf Gm t
apmifhxm;avh&Sdygw,f)?
u|erf u uif;&Jabmfrsm;eJ@ nEd id_ f;+yD; ac:oGif;zk@d vyk fawmh Akdvw
f u
kd f
atmifurapmjr u|efawmfhta=umif;awmh rajymeJ@aemf? tckvkd pnf;
urf;&Sdwm aumif;ygw,f? csD;usL;ay;&r,f? 'g[m tvGefaumif;wJh
pdwf"mwfjzpfw,f
[kwu
f Jh rajymygb;l ? u|efrac:vd@k &ygw,f? Akv
d w
f u
dk af tmifa&m
vkduf=unfhygOD;
[m - rjzpfbl;/ rjzpfbl;? u|efawmf tpD&ifcHpmawG wyHk}uD;
a&;ae&wm 'Dn r+yD;vkd@ rjzpfb;l
'Dn r=unfhEdik af o;vnf; aemufnawG &Sdygao;w,f
uJ- om;wk@d orD;wdk@ arareJ@ aumif;aumif;=unfhae&pf=uaemf/
azaztvkyf&Sdao;w,f
uJ rapmjr u|efawmf jyefr,f
jrav;a& ukd,jf yefr,faemf ajymajymqkq
d ekd @J Akv
d w
f u
dk af tmif
jyefoGm;ygw,f? jrav;uawmh rsufESmav; r=unfromeJ@ bmrS jyefr
ajymbJ 'DvkdyJ =unfhae&Smygw,f?
u|efrvnf; &Jabmfav;wa,mufukd XmecsKyf;Hk cef;xJu cHkwef;
vsm;i,fwvH;k ukd oGm;,lcikd f;vku
d f+yD; jrav;wkd@ rdom;pktwGuf yGJcif;xJrSm
aea&mwae&m ay;vku
d fygw,f?
jrav;uawmh rausreyfjzpfaewmukd tckvkd &ifziG fh&Smygw,f?
tpfr&,f OD;av;wifat;[mav ajym&qkd& odyfcufwm od
vm;? u|efru ajymw,f? 'DyGJuwm[m 'DnrSm tv,fykdif;AsLku
d wuf
vmwJh wyfu &JabmfawGukd }udKqkdwJhyGJ/ *k%fjyKwJhyGJ/ azsmfajzwJhyGJjzpfvkd@
63
u|efrvnf; vm=unfhwm cifAsm;eJ@vnf; qkdifwJhyGJjzpfw,f? wu,fu

cifAsm;ajymzkd@ rvkdbl;? u|efrajymjyrSmaygh? cifAsm;[m tv,fykdif;u
wyfrLS ;}uD; 0rfppfvifqkdwm oly?J 'gavmufajym&if &JabmfawGu vlukd
rodayr,fh tv,fykdif;u wyfrSL;}uD;qdkwmawmh odwmaygh? 0ifcGifhay;
rSmaygh? tJ'gukd u|efru ajymjyr,fqakd wmh rajym&bl;? olw@kd pnf;urf;ukd
pepfwus ukdifxm;wm igwkd@ av;pm;&r,fwJh?
at;-odygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efrvnf; ac:wmyg? tck[m
vnf; aumif;ygw,f? xm;vku
d fyg? olvnf; acgif;aqmifqdak wmh uyGJucs
xm;wJh pnf;urf;ukd xdef;odrf;vkdufem ay;wm? aumif;ygw,f? aeyg
apuG,f? 'Dvekd @J tJ'Dnu ay:cJhwhjJ y\emukd at;at;aq;aq; ajz&Sif;
ay;vkduyf gw,f? jzpf&yfuav;uawmh 'gygyJ?
'gayrJh ygwD&J@ xdyfwef;acgif;aqmifwOD; wyfrSL;wOD;[m tajc
taet& csrSwfxm;wJh pnf;urf;ukdvkdufemwm/ pnf;urf;t& tvkyf
vkyfaewJh &JabmfawGukd av;av;pm;pm;qufqHwm/ pdwfxm; ESdrfhcswJh
vkyf[efaumif;awG[m twk,lp&mtjzpfeJ@ uyGJed*Hk;csKyfrSm owif; ar$;
usef&pfcJhzl;ygw,f?
ukd, fhw m0ef& Sd&m jref; r,f
ppfE kdi fz dk@ pdw f u ar#mfr Se f; &G, f
&Jabmfwdu
k af tmif tv,fykdif;AsLkd wyfrSL;}uD;tjzpf wm0ef us
pOfu c&D;rxGucf if use;f rma&;ppfaq;&mawG@&cSd sufawG[m odyrf aumif;
vSygbl;? q&m0efu c%em;zdk@ajymayr,fh &Jabmfwkdufatmifu vuf
rcHygbl;? 'ga=umifh aemufqHk;rSm q&m0efu cGifhjyKvkduf&ygw,f? t
v,fykdi;f ukq
d if;cgeD;usawmh ajcaxmufawGu vrf;aumif;aumif; oGm;
r& kd;kd; tdrfavSum;ukdawmif rwufEkdiw
f Jhtxd jzpfvmcJhygw,f?
tJ'Dtcsed frSm A[kdXmecsKyfu q&m0ef}uD;[m cGijfh yefaecsdejf zpfvd@k
u|efrwk@d ppfa'oaq;Hu
k kd tultnDawmif;ygw,f? tJ'gudk oGm;a&muf
ulnzD kd@ yxrqHk; wm0efay;tyfcH&olu u|efrjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh u|erf vnf; ae@pOfA[kd;Hk ukdoGm;/ aq;ukay;/ nae
64
ppfa'oaq;Hkukd jyefvm? A[kdXmecsKyfpcef;rSm wm0ef,laewJ aq;vkyf

om; &Jabmfr*smrkdi;f eJ@ nEd i_d f;wkid fyif ukoay;cJhw,f? 'Dvkd wvavmuf
oGm;a&mufukoay;vkdufawmh &Jabmfwdu
k af tmif tajctae awmfawmf
aumif;vmygw,f? ukenf;uawmh vkdtyfwJh pm;aq;/ xkd;aq;awGukd
ykHrSefoHk;+yD; aiGtyfpkdufay;wmeJ@ aygif;pyfukay;cJhygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ Akdvf
wkdfufatmif&J@ usef;rma&;tajctae[m yHkrSefukd jyefa&mufvmawmh
u|efrwkd@tm;vHk;vnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om jzpfcJh&w,f? u|efru Akdvf
wkdufatmif usef;rma&; ykdrdkckdifrmvmatmif vwcsdK@ tenf;qHk; wv
avmuf jyeftem;,l+yD;rS awmfvSefa&;wm0efukd qufvufvkyfaqmifyg&ef
q&m0efwOD;taeeJ@ awmif;qkdzl;ygw,f? 'gayrJh olvufrcHygbl;?
rapmjrwd@k u &Jabmfcsif; apwemaumif;eJ@ t}uHjyKwmukd u|ef
awmf trsm;}uD; aus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'gayrJh &JabmfawG t}uHjyKwJhtwkdif;
rvkdufemEkdiw
f Jh u|eaf wmfhukd em;vnfay;=uyg? cGihv
f w
$ f=uygv@kd u|efawmf
awmif;yefygw,f? u|efawmfah e&mu pOf;pm;=unf=h uygOD;? owfrw
S fxm;
wJh tcsdef/ owfrSwfxm;wJhae&mukd tm;vHk;a&mufae=uyg+yD? wyfrSL;w
a,mufyJ tdrfu rxGuEf ikd fao;bl;qkad wmh aumif;EkdifygOD;rvm;? pOf;pm;
=uygOD;wJh?
ol@bufu jyefpOf;pm;=unfhvu
kd af wmhvnf; [kwyf gw,f? 'Dvdek J@yJ
u|efrwkd@vnf; aq;bufu t}uHjyKcsufukd vufav#mhvu
kd &f ygawmhw,f?
olvnf; r=umcifrmS yJ tv,fyikd f;AsLku
d kd wm0ef,&l ef qif;oGm;yg awmh
w,f?
AkdvfwkdufatmiftwGuf wckpdwfoufomp&m &apwmuawmh
ol[m usef;rma&;eJ@ ywfouf&if q&m0efpdwf"mwfeJ@ aygi;f pyfEdik +f yD; uk,
d f
wkdiv
f nf; *kpu
kd fwwfygw,f? tajccHtm;jzifhvnf; awmfawmf usef;rm
a&;aumif;olwa,mufyg? +yD;awmh tv,fydik ;f AsLkdrmS wm0efuswhJ q&m
0ef&aJ bmfawG[mvnf; tbufbufu awmfwhq
J &m0efawGjzpfv@dk pdwcf s
&ygw,f? olw@kd udv
k nf; Adv
k fwkdufatmif&@J use;f rma&;tajctaeukd jynfh
jynfhpHkpkH rdwq
f ufay;vkdufygw,f?
1983 ckESpx
f JrSmawmh olwm0efus&mae&mrSm wm0ef xrf;
65
aqmifae&if; OD;aESmufaoG;a=umydwfoGm;+yD; roGm;Ekdif rvmEkdif pum;

rajymEkid f usef;rma&; csKd @wJhoGm;vk@d A[kdXmecsKyf&&Sd m ZeD;eJ@ om;orD;rsm;
&Sd&mukd jyefa&mufvm+yD; aq;0g; ukor_ cH,l&if; tem;,lae&ygw,f?
tJ'u
D mvawGrSm u|erf vnf; &JabmfatmifvGifeJ@ vufxyf
&ufe;D vdk@ A[kdHk;u &Jabmfrsm; acgif;aqmifrsm;ukd r*FvmyGu
J kd ua&muf
csD ;jri fh=uyg&ef oGm;a&mufz dw f=um;&if; &Jabmfw kd u fatmifqDv nf;
0ifa&mufzdwf=um;cJhygw,f? (&JabmfatmifvGif[m ol@vufatmufrSm
wyfaygif;pk vkyfief;ukd tcsed fwykdi;f vkyfco
Jh lrkd@ olwkd@csif;uvnf; &if;ESD;+yD;
om;yg?) olu u|efrwkd@ 2 a,mufukd vufrwaxmifaxmife@J vkyfjy
vkduyf gw,f? t"dy`m,fuawmh oloabmwlygw,fqw
dk o
Jh abmygyJwh?J
olZeD;jrav;u t"ddy`m,fzGifhay;vkdufygw,f?
u|efrwkd@ 2 a,mufvnf; ol@udk pdwfraumif;pGmE_wfquf&if;
ol@xHu xGufcGmvmcJhygw,f? 'g[m ol@ukd u|efr aemufqHk;awG@vkduf
&jcif;qdkwmudkawmh tJ'Dwkef;u rodvkdufrdygbl;? r=umcifrSmyJ ol[m
rdom;pkeJ@twl wzufEkdiif H aq;uk&if; tem;,l&efxGufcGmoGm;cJhygw,f?
aemufq;Hk olu,
G fvGeo
f Gm;wJh 2001 ckEpS ftxd u|efrwkd@ wyfrLS ;/ u|erf wkd@
pcef;rSL;/ u|efrwkd@acgif;aqmifukd jyefrqHkEkdifcJhawmhygbl;? ol@&J@ aemuf
qHk;c&D;ukdvnf; ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh vkdufygykd@aqmifjcif;vnf;
rvkyfEkdifygbl;?
'gayrJh ol@&@J r+yD;qHk;ao;wJh awmfvSeaf &;wm0efukd use&f pfol &J
abmfrsm;eJ@twl qufvufo,faqmif&if;
- &J abmf w k du fatmif& J@ rG ef jrwf w J h tawG; tac:aumif ;rsm;/
vkyf[efaumif;rsm; xm0pOf O'gef;wGif&pfygap-vkd@ qENjyKvku
d f
ygw,f?
&J a bmf r apmjr
2013 Zefe0g&D 13 &uf?
66
usaemf}uHK cJh&zl;wJh
&Jabmfwkdufatmif
&Ja bmf a tmif a iG
&Jabmfwdu
k af tmifukd wyfrSL;wa,muftjzpfe@J jynfol@wyfrawmf&J@
wyfzJ@G toD;oD;rSm }uHzl;cJ=h uolawG rsm;ygvdrhrf ,f? u|efawmfuawmh ta&S@
ajrmuf ppfa'o&J@ Xmeuav;wckrmS tcsdefumvwkw
d ck }uHKcJzh ;l ygw,f?
1973 ckEpS u
f ek yf idk ;f rSm 0ajrmufckid /f ckid w
f yf&@J wyfrLS ;tjzpf wm0ef ,l
aeol ppfc|rf;&Jabmfa[mif;wa,mufjzpfwJh &Jabmf0if;aqG tdrfcGifhjyefawmh
ol@qrD Sm wm0efxrf;aewJh u|efawmfwd@k oli,fcsi;f ESpfa,mufvnf; oleJ@twl
jyefvmcJ=h uygw,f? ckid w
f yf&@J wyf&if;H;k u 0ajrmufckid f ;kH pku
d &f m rkid ;f arm+rKd @uae
ESpf&ufc&D;vrf;av#muf&wJh [kdyef/ yefvHk+rdK@rsm;eJ@ rsufESmcsif;qkdifrSm &SdaewJh
awmifwef;awGay:u ,efa,mfqkdwJh wkwf&GmrSm tajcpkdufxm;ygw,f?
ol@trd u
f uGwcf idk cf kid f ;kH pku
d &f m oHviG jf rpftaemufbufjcrf;rSm&Sw
d hJ wkw/f ucsi/f
&Srf;/ yavmif&Gmrsm; a&maESmwnf&SdaewJh wkwfArme,fpyf awmif=um;xJu
rkef;ukdqdw
k haJ e&mrSmyg? rkdif;armuae rke;f ukd ukd v0ufc&D; vrf;av#mufayr,fh
wifjrif;ay:rSm ausmyk;d tdwfeJ@ &duQmwif+yD; aoewfwvufom xrf;+yD;vrf;
av#mufc&hJ wmrk@d vlwa,muftwGuf odyf ryifyef;vSygb;l ? 0ajrmufckid w
f yfrmS
wESpaf vmufwm0efuspOftwGif; wawmifqif;wawmifwuf oGm;vm&wm
a=umifh usio
hf m;&cJw
h mvnf; ygvrd rhf ,fxifygw,f? 'DumvawGwek ;f u uGwcf idk /f
67
ukd;uef@ckdief J@ 0ajrmufckid fawG[m ae@pOfae@wkdif; tzGJ@toD;oD;[m wm0ef

toD;oD;eJ@ oGm;ae=uwmrk@d vrf;c&D;wav#muf waxmufem;wJ&h mG wkid ;f rSm wn
wnf;ckzd @kd tdrv
f w
G &f mS &wmawmif cyfcufcufyg? 0awmifckid b
f ufu yefqef;rSm
tajcpkdufr,fh ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oHk;eJ@ Xmetopf/ wyftopfawG wkd;csJ@
zG@J pnf;&mrSm oGm;a&mufwm0ef,zl @kd rdcif,el pfa[mif;awGuae au'g&aJ bmfrsm;
xkwEf w
k +f y;D ay;yk@d ae=u&csed jf zpfygw,f? 'Dumvu ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J wyf
awG[m 0e,fbufukd xk;d azmufw;kd csJ@ aecsed fjzpf+yD; vGecf w
Jh Jh wvavmufuyJ
rkid ;f ,ef;+rKd @udk odr;f wJh wku
d yf aJG tmifjrif+y;D csed v
f nf; jzpfwmrk@d &Jabmfwidk ;f avmuf
wufuae=uwmyg? 'Da'o[m wkwef ,fpyfa'ojzpf+yD; vlrsKd ;vnf;pHyk gw,f?
ArmeJ@ Armjynfayguf wkwt
f rsKd ;om;rsm;u tenf;pkjzpf+y;D &Sr;f / ucsi/f yavmif/
vDa&Sm/ 0eJ@ wkwfvlrsdK;awGu trsm;pkjzpfw,f? vlrsdK;pHk trsdK;om; trsdK;o
rD;&Jabmfrsm; uk,
d afh usmykd;tdwef J@ aoewfu,
kd fpD xrf;+yD; wawmifqif; w
awmifwuf ukd,w
f m0efus&m ae&mtoD;oD;ukd &$ifvef;wufupGm oGm;vm
=uwJh tm;wufp&m jrifuiG ;f [m tJ'u
D mv&J@ yHu
k m;csyfjzpfygw,f?
vrf;c&D;wav#muf &JabmfawG wm0efopfe@J XmeopfawGqD oGm;vm
ae=uwm awG@jrifae&ayr,fh 'Dc&D;[m ukd,fvnf; olwd@k vdyk J wm0efopfeJ@
XmeopfwckqD csw
D ufaerSe;f rodc=hJ uygb;l ? rke;f ukad &muf+y;D wywfavmuft=um
wnaecif;rSm u|efawmfwkd@ &SdaewJh &Jabmf0if;aqGtrd fukd vlEpS fa,muf cyf
oGufoGuf av#mufvmygw,f? wa,mufu twl awmckdvmwJh oli,f
csi;f &Jabmfyg? useftouf}uD;&Jabmf}uD;ukdawmh rjrifz;l ygbl;? &Jabmf0if;aqGeJ@
ajymqkd=u E_wq
f uf=urS &Jabmfwu
kd fatmifqkdwm od&ygw,f? vlvwfykdif;
t&G,/f tom;ndKndK/ rsuEf Smxm;csKd +yD; udk,cf E<m wkww
f kwf ckdifcdik ef J@ usef;rm
oefprG ;f yH&k +dS y;D / v_y&f mS ;yHk oGuv
f ufzswv
f wfoOl ;D tjzpf owdxm;rdvu
dk yf gw,f?
E_wfqufpum; ajymqkd+yD;=uwmeJ@ &Jabmfwu
kd fatmifu u|efawmf olwkd@ 2
a,mufukd vmac:wmyJqkd+yD; ajymygw,f? 'DawmhrS &Jabmf0if;aqGu ol'D
wacguftjyefrSm wyfr[m 12 zG@J pnf;&rSmrk@d u|eaf wmfwd@k 2 a,mufukd toHk;
vkad =umif;/ ray;csiaf =umif; jyefaqG;aEG; aeygw,f? 'gayrJhJ txuftzG@J tpnf;&J@
qHk;jzwfcsufeJ@ vkyfief;vkdt yfcsufukd &Jabmfwkdufatmifu &Sif;jyawmh
oabmwlvkdufygw,f? 'DawmhrS &Jabmfwkdufatmifu wcgwnf;vkdufcJh=u
awmhqkd+yD; ypPnf;odrf;ckdif;ygw,f? u|efawmfwkd@vnf; &Jabmf0if;aqGxH
68
olwyfqifxm;wJh aoewfrsm;tyfESH+yD; E_wfqufum ausmykd;tdwfukd ykd;+yD;

vku
d fcJh=uygw,f? pcef;a&mufwmeJ@ pcef;wGif;&Sw
d Jh &Jabmfrsm;ukd ac:,lum
awG@qHkrdwq
f ufay;+yD; &Jabmfwkdufatmifu pcef;&Sd&J abmfrsm;eJ@twl aexkid f
jzwfoef;zk@d tckid ftrmvkyif ef;udpP aemifrS aqG;aEG;r,fvkd@ ajymygw,f? pcef;
wGi;f rSm uk,
d o
f o
d l awGa&m/ rodoal wGa&m vlrsKd ;pHyk gy?J ucsi?f wkw/f &Sr;f ujym;/
Armjynfaygufwkwef @J Arm&JabmfawG &Sdygw,f?
'DvkdeJ@ &Jabmfwkdufatmifwm0ef,lwJh vkyfief;awGxJu wckjzpfwJh
A[kt
d vkyt
f zG@J pcef;ukd a&mufc=hJ uygw,f? 'DXme u ppfa'o/ ckid /f +rK@d e,fwyfe@J
vkyfief;awGroufqdik w
f hJ A[k&d J@oD;jcm;vkyfief;udpPrsm;ukd vkyfukdifaqmif&Gufzd@k
zGJ@xm;wmyg? vkyif ef;pHkygw,f? tckdit
f rmvkyfief;wm0ef&drS S wm0efay;r,fh &J
abmfukd ac:,laqG;aEG; wm0efay;wmjzpfygw,f? &JabmftoD;oD;[m ukd,fh
wm0efrt
S y usef&aJ bmf&@J vyk if ef;udpP rod=u/ rar;=u&ygb;l ? wm0efuscsderf mS
vkdtyfovkd c&D;xGuf=u&+yD; wm0efr&SdcsdefrmS pcef;wGif;rSm &Jabmfwdik ;f twl
aexkid f jzwfoef;=u&ygw,f? vkyif ef;wm0efu oD;jcm;pDjzpf=u+y;D ygwb
D 0eJ@ ae
xkdifpm;aomufr_b0jzwfoef;r_u twlwljzpfygw,f? pcef;wGif; aexkdifpOf
tkyfcsKyfrw
_ m0efukd pcef;rSL;jzpfwhJ ppfc|r;f &Jabmfa[mif; &Jabmfjr&ifu wm0ef
,lygw,f?
pcef;&J@ yHkrSefvnfywfr_u reuftdyf&mx 0DpDr_wfoHeJ@ pygw,f?
r=umcifrmS pcef;rSL;eJ@ nEd id_ ;f xm;r_t& wae@twGuf wm0efuswhJ wm0efrLS ;u
'Dae@vyk fz@dk pDpOfxm;wJh tvkyrf sm;ukd pDrcH ef@caJG y;ygw,f? 'DprD rH t
_ & xrif;csuzf @kd
wm0ef usw&hJ aJ bmfrsm;rSty use&f aJ bmfrsm;tm;vH;k tvkypf =uwmygy?J reuf
cif;wem&Davmuf tvkyv
f yk =f u+y;D reufpm xrif;pm;em;um ae@buftwGuf
vkyfp&m&Sdwm xyfrHcef@cGJ+yD; vkyf=uwmyg? tvkyrf &Sdwht
J cgawmh tem;,lum
uk,
d v
f yk pf &m&Sw
d m vky=f uwmygy?J tvkyu
f awmh pHyk gw,f? aexkid pf m;aomuf
r_twGuf vkt
d yfwv
hJ yk if ef; tm;vH;k ygy?J awmwk;d awmifwuf+y;D xif;ckw/f 0g;ckw/f
xif;xrf;0g;xrf;wmygovkd ukd,faezkd@ vkdtyfwJh tkd;tdrfjyKjyifwm/ wkd;csJ@
aqmufvkyfwmvnf; &Sdygw,f? pm;zkd@aomufzdk@ &duQmxrf;wm/ [if;oD;
[if;&Gupf u
dk zf @kd ajrayguw
f m/ pkduw
f mysKd ;wmeJ@ uk,
d pf m;zk@d arG;xm;wJ=h uuf/ 0uf/
bJpwJ&dh p>mefawGtwGuf vkt
d yfor#vyk if ef; tm;vH;k ygy?J Ekid if aH &;vkyif ef;taeeJ@
ygwD uvmyfpnf;u a&G;cs,fowfrSwfay;wJh rmhufpf/ vDeif0g'/ armfpDwkef;
69
vufa&G;pifusrf;awGxJu aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd avhvm+yD; uvmyfpnf;&J@acgif;

aqmifrt
_ & wywfw}urd pf ak ygi;f avhvmaqG;aEG;wm &So
d vkd txuf&@J oD;jcm;
nef=um;csufrsm;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;/ EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ tawG@t}uHKrsm;ukd avhvm
aqG;aEG;wm &Syd gw,f? wvw}udrf aexkdipf m;aomufr_ aqG;aEG;yGv
J ky+f yD; tjyef
tvSeaf 0zef t}uHay;wm xdef;nw
d m vkyfygw,f? naebufrSm 0goemt&
tm;upm;vky=f u+yD; nae xrif;pm;+yD;csed frSm teD;tem;&Sdpcef;rsm;qD oGm;
a&mufvnfywf=u+y;D tdycf sed rf wkid rf D pcef;a&mufatmif jyef=uygw,f? 'gu pcef;
wGi;f aexkid fr_&J@ a,bk,sypHk HygyJ?
&Jabmfwkdufatmifu pcef;rSm t+rJraeygbl;? wvrSm 2 }udrf 3
}udrfavmuf a&mufvmwwf+yD;/ a,bk,stm;jzifh w}udrv
f m&if 4 &uf 5
&ufavmuf pcef;rSm aeygw,f? tvkyfudpP&Sdae&ifawmh =umwwfygw,f?
olpcef;rSm &Sdaecsed rf mS reufcif; trsm;pkaygi;f vkyfuidk =f uwJh vkyif ef;wkid ;f rSm olyg
0ifygw,f? ajraygufcsdefqdk olvnf;trsm;enf;wl aysmfaysmyf g;yg; 0ifygwmygyJ?
ypPnf;tav;tyif xrf;=uyk;d =ucsed q
f v
kd nf; olygygw,f? Ekid fiHa&;avhvm aqG;
aEG;=ucsed rf mS vnf; yg0ifaqG;aEG;+y;D trsm;eJ@twl &if;&if;ES;D ES;D aexkid pf m;aomuf
ygw,f? 'Dvdk twljzwfoef;&if;eJ@ pcef;wGi;f &Jabmfrsm;&J@ pOf;pm;r_/ wdr;f nwrf a_ wG/
tm;aumif;csufeJ@ csdK@,Gif;r_awGukd avhvmxm;+yD; twltvkyfvkyf&if; em;
csdeaf wGrSm/ avhvma&;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGrmS / aexkdifpm;aomufr_ aqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm
ayghaygyh g;yg; a0zefaxmufjywm/ xkwaf zmfcsD;usL;wm todtrSwf jyKwmawG
vkyw
f wfygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@dk +rKd @uvmwJh &JabmfawGu tv$mpHyk gw,f? tvkyf
orm;/ v,form;uvmwm ygovkd +rdK@aeqif;&Jom;eJ@ ynmwwf &Jabmf
rsm;vnf; ygygw,f? u|efawmfw@dk rmS wa,mufwrsKd ;qko
d vkd tm;aumif; csu/f
tm;enf;csuf ukd,fpD&Sd=uygw,f? ynmwwfrme/ wukd,faumif;qefr_/
um,vkyftm;pkdufxw
k v
f pkd dwf enf;yg;r_/ vpfb&,fusr/_ xifay:vkrd _/ tepf
emcHpdw/f tyifyef;cHpdwf tm;enf;r_pojzifh tm;enf;csufawGvnf; tenf;eJ@
trsm; &S=d uygw,f? &Jabmfwdu
k fatmifu u|eaf wmfw@kd vdk +rKd @uvmol ausmif;
om;vli,fawG&J@ oabmobm0eJ@ 'Dvkdtm;enf;csufawGudk aumif;aumif;
oabmayguf+yD; pcef;wGif;rSm twljzwfoef;um trSm;eJ@csdK@,Gif;csufawGukd
wjznf;jznf;csi;f a0zefaxmufjyum jyifqifwnfrh wfay;ygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd
twGuf 'Dvjdk zwf&if;eJ@ um,tvkyfra=umufawmhbJ a0zefcHEidk v
f m+yD; trSm;
70
&S&d ifvnf; 0efc&H u

J m jyif&v
J m=u+y;D &JabmfawGtwGi;f tjyeftvSef cspcf if &if;ES;D
um twlvufwJ+G yD; pnf;pnf;vHk;vH;k tvkyfvyk fwwfvm=uygw,f? ygwDukd
,Hk=unfpdwfeJ@ ygwDuay;tyfvmwJhwm0efawGukd tm;oGefcGefpkduf }udK;yrf;
xrf;&Guv
f pdk w
d af wG wkd;yGm;vmygw,f? ol u|eaf wmfw@kd e@J twl 'Dpcef;rSm
wESpaf usmfavmuf twlaecJhpOftwGif; vkyfco
Jh r# vkyif ef;tm;vH;k atmifjrifcJh
wmcsnf;ygy?J 75 ckESpx
f rJ Sm ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o&J@ 'kwyfrLS ;wm0ef,zl d@k ajymif;
a&$@oGm;awmh u|efawmfwkd@pcef;[m Ekd;=um;wufupGmeJ@ ygwDwm0efrsm;ukd
wufupGm xrf;aqmifz@kd t+rt
J qifoif&h adS ewJh &Jabmfrsm;eJ@ &$iv
f ef;wufupGm
usef&SdaecJhygw,f? 'DvkdtajctaersdK;a&mufatmif wnfaqmufoGm;EkdifcJh
wm[m &Jabmfwu
dk af tmif&@J atmifjrifrw
_ ckygy?J u|eaf wmfa&mufcgpu ygw0D if
3 OD;om &Scd hw
J Jh uvmyfpnf;[m olxGuo
f mG ;csdefrSm ygwD0ifopfawGe@J ygw0D if
av#mufv$m wifxm;olawG wk;d vmcJhygw,f?
u|efawmfw@kd wawG &Jabmfwu
kd fatmifeJ@ twl&aSd epOftwGif; oif,l
&&Sv
d u
dk w
f hJ ygwu
D dk ,H=k unfpw
d ef @J vky[
f ef aumif;awG[m u|eaf wmfw@dk jzwfoef;
r,fh awmfveS af &;c&D;wav#muf tvkyw
f m0efawGudk Ek;d =um;wufupGmeJ@ aumif;
rGefausyGefpGm xrf;aqmifEkdifapzkd@ }uD;rm;wJhtaxmuftuljzpfcJhw,fqkdwm
jzwf o ef ; &if ; yk d r d k o abmayguf c J h y gw,f ? awmf v S e f a &;wyf z G J @ wck r S m
yg0ifw&Jh Jabmfwikd f;/ ygw0D if&Jabmfa&m/ ygw0D if r[kwo
f l &JabmfawGyg Ek;d =um;
wufupGmeJ@ ukd,u
f s&mwm0efukd tpGr;f ukef }udK;yrf;vkyfukdifapvk&d if ygwD&J@
Ekdiif Ha&;vrf;pOfay:rSm ,Hk=unfpdwfcdik rf m+yD; jynfol@wyfrawmfom;wa,muf
&J@wm0ef/ ygw0D ifwa,muf&@J wm0efawGudk ausyGeaf tmif xrf;aqmifvdpk w
d f
jrifrh m;atmif wnfaqmuf xm;Ekdi&f rSm jzpfygw,f?
&Jabmfwdu
k af tmif[m u|eaf wmfwd@k e@J twl&SdaepOfrmS u|eaf wmfwd@k
&JabmfawGukd 'Dvkdpdwf"mwfawG pGJ+rJaeatmif avhusifhwnfaqmufcJhwmyg?
&JabmfawGrmS ygwhJ tm;enf;csuf/ csdK@,Gif;csuaf wGukd pGe@f ypf+yD; jynfo@l wyfr
awmfom;aumif;wa,mufvkd/ ygwD0ifaumif;wa,mufvdk &yfwnf+yD; ygwD
twGuf taumif;qH;k tvkyt
f au|;jyKoal wG jzpfvmatmif pnf;H;k wnf aqmuf
ay;cJw
h m jzpfygw,f? ol&@J vufawG@usus ygww
D nfaqmufomG ;wJv
h yk [
f ef[m
u|efawmfwkd@twGuf pHerlemwckygyJ? 'Dae@umv tajctaeopfrSm wkdufyGJ
omeftopfeJ@ qufvuf&yfwnf wku
d yf 0GJ ifaewJh Arm jynfueG jf rLepfygwD
71
twGuf 'Dvkd&Jabmfwkdufatmif&J@ vufawG@ususygwD wnfaqmufwJh

pdwf"mwfeJ@vkyf[ef[m qufvufvdt
k yf+yD; &Sifoefwkd;yGm;vmatmif }udK;pm;
oGm;&r,fvd@k ,H=k unfygw,f?
&JabmfatmifaiG
24 pufwifbm 2013?
72
Akdvfwkdufatmifokd@ trSwfw&
&Ja bmf (a':) OD; pde f
&Jabmf}uD;wkdufatmifta=umif; u|efr olwkd@eJ@ twlaecJhpOfu xdawG@
cHpm;&wmudk owd&or# ajymjyygrh ,f? &Jabmf}uD; wku
d af tmifudk u|erf wk@d u
OD;wku
d fv@dk yJ ac:=uygw,f?
u|erf wk@d ro
d m;pk 1979 ckEpS rf mS ygwAD [kd ;kH ukd a&mufuwnf;u Akv
d f
wku
d af tmifro
d m;pke@J twlwal e&w,fv@dk qkEd idk yf gw,f? 'gayrJh &Jabmf wku
d f
atmifuawmh pcef;rSm t+rrJ &Syd g? olu tv,fyidk ;f A[kd wyfrLS ;jzpfwt
hJ wGuf
wyfrmS yJ aewmrsm;ygw,f? tv,fyidk ;f wyf[m yefqef;eJ@ wem&Davmuf
a0;wJh em;avmh&GmrSm tajcpkdufygw,f? 'ga=umifh reufoGm; njyef
jzpfoGm;ygw,f? wcgwcgrSmqkd ol@rdom;pkukdyg ac:oGm;ygw,f? &Jabmf
wkduaf tmif[m A[kdaumfrwD0ifawGxJrSmvnf; toufti,fqk;H &Jabmf
wa,mufjzpfovkd ygwv
D yk if ef;awGuv
dk nf; tm;oGecf eG pf u
dk f wufwufuu
vkyaf qmifow
l OD;vnf;jzpf/ tzufzufrmS uk,
d u
f sKd ;rzufbJ vkyaf qmifojl zpf
w,fv@dk u|erf cH,yl gw,f?
73
ol@ZeD;eJ@vnf; cifygw,f? u|efrwk@d ESpaf ,muf[m tvkyf wm0ef

rwl=uvkd@ tvkyv
f yk fwt
hJ cg olu qku
d zf mXmeu/ u|erf u H;k tzG@J ujzpfv@dk
wae&mpD vkyf=u&wmjzpfayr,fh wjcm;udpPe@J oGm;vm&&ifawmh twlwl
oGm;vm=uygw,f? txl;ojzifh ygwaD e@/ vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &;ae@awGvdk
ae@}uD;&uf}uD;awGrmS ygwDA[kad umfrwDu OD;pD;wJh a[majym yGt
J crf;tem;
wufa&muf em;axmif&wmrsKd ;awGq&dk if twlwl oGm;&wwfygw,f? 'gt
h jyif
aps;0,fomG ;wm/ ky&f iS =f unfh oGm;wmwd@k rmS qdv
k nf; twlomG ;vmwwfwmrsKd ;
&Sw
d wfygw,f? tJ'g A[dXdk mecsKyf;kH rSm twlaepOfuyg?
&Jabmfwu
dk af tmif[m ol@ro
d m;pkuv
dk nf; tvGeo
f aH ,mZOf}uD;olw
a,mufyg? tm;&iftm;ovkd tdrrf u
_ pd t
P 00 ukd vkyyf gw,f? ol@ZeD; rcif[m
i,fpOfuyif awmfveS af &;xJa&mufol jzpfygw,f? awmfveS af &;xJ ra&muf
cifu ol@rd om;pktwGuf toufi,fi,fe@J rdom;pkwm0efudk xrf;aqmifc&hJ ol
trsdK;orD;wa,mufjzpfvkd@ tdrfr_udpPrsm;bufrSm odyfru|rf; usifvSol
wa,mufv@dk qkEd ikd yf gw,f? 'ga=umifh &Jabmfwu
dk af tmifu rdrt
d vkyw
f m0ef
tm;&iftm;ovkd ol@ZeD;&J@ tdrfaxmifrv
_ kyfief;rsm;ukd ulnv
D yk fay;wwf
ygw,f? tJ'v
D dk tdraf xmiftwGuf tdraf xmifO;D pD;aumif;wa,mufjzpfovdk
ygwDtwGufqkd/ jynfoltwGufqdk &Gyf&Gyfc|Hc|HvkyfwwfwJh wu,fhwyfrSL;
aumif;wa,mufv@kd u|erf cH,rl yd gw,f?
1982 ckEpS af vmufrmS awmh ol[m use;f rma&;enf;enf; qkw,
f w
k v
f m
wmukd =um;od&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh OuU q&m0efu aq;ppf+yD;rS c&D;xGu&f ef
ajymw,fvd@k od&ygw,f? 'gayrJh &Jabmfwkdufatmif[m olwm0efus&mukd
tjref oGm;a&muf wm0efxrf;aqmifa&;uko
d m pdwaf pmaewma=umifh aq;ppf
&efudk pdwrf 0ifpm;bJ olwm0efus&ma'oukd qif;oGm;ygawmhw,f? 'ga=umifh
rdr&d @J use;f rma&;raumif;ayr,fh *krpku
d t
f m;bJ tv,fyidk ;f A[kw
d yfrsm;eJ@twl
oHviG f taemufbufudk ul;oGm;cJyh gw,f?
ol w m0ef x rf ; aqmif & wJ h ae&m[m &ef o l y wf v nf 0 k d i f ; aewJ h
ajymufusm;a'ojzpfygw,f? rk;d xJavxJrmS wyfe@J t wl =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf;
74
v_yf&Sm;oGm;vmae&if;rSmawmh OD;wkdu[
f m usef;rma&;qkd;vm+yD; avjzwf
oGm;cJhygw,f? tJovkd use;f rma&; qdk;vmwJhtcsed frSm tcsdefru
D kovku
d f
Ekid &f ifawmh tajctae[m 'Davmufq;dk rSmr[kwb
f ;l vk@d ,lqygw,f? 'gayrJh
ygweD @J wyfu twwfEidk q
f ;kH tpGe;f uke}f uKd ;pm;cJah yr,fh &moDOwk qk;d 0g;aer_e@J
&efou
l tqufrjywfx;dk ppfqifae wma=umifh A[kXd mecsKy&f &dS m aemufwef;
ukd awmfawmfe@J ryk@d Eidk cf yhJ g? 3 v=umrS A[kXd mecsKyf ;kH ukd jyefa&mufvmEkid cf &hJ yg
w,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSmawmh &Jabmfwkdufatmif[m ukd,fwjcrf;aoovkd
jzpfomG ;+y;D pum;vnf;rajymwwfawmhyg? tJ'aD e@ ukd u|erf rarhEidk yf g? ol@ZeD;
rciftyg u|erf wk@d A[kd ;kH &Sd &Jabmftm;vH;k [m ol@ujdk rifvu
dk &f wmeJ@ ,lusKH ;r&
jzpf=u&ygw,f? 'Davmuf oefrmxGm;usKd if;+yD; zswzf swv
f wfvwf oGm;vm
v_y&f mS ;aewJo
h w
l a,muf[m jzpfrjS zpf&avjcif;vd@k pOf;pm;rd+y;D pdwx
f cd u
dk =f u
&ygw,f?
tJ'aD emufrmS awmh ol@ro
d m;pk[m wzufEidk if u
H dk aq;uko&ef xGucf mG
oGm;=uvkd@ u|efrwkd@wawGeJ@ ,m,D tvSrf;a0;oGm;cJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh
&Jabmfwdu
k fatmif&J@ usef;rma&;uawmh e*kdtwkid f; jyefjzpfrvmawmhyg?
q&m0efawG ajymjycsuu
f awmh pum;ajymtmHak =umukd zdaevk@d pum;rajym
wwfawmhygw?hJ tJ't
D csed u
f aq;bufqidk &f muvnf; tck avmuf rwk;d wuf
ao;bl;vk@d qkrd ,fq&kd ifawmh qkEd dik fygw,f? tckqd&k ifawmh ukrsm;ukEikd v
f rd hf
rvm;vk@d jyefawG;aerdygao;w,f? bma=umifv
h Jqkad wmh tcku|erf aq;Hek @J
r=umr=um qufpyfae&/ aq;ukocHae&olwOD;taeeJ@ OD;aESmufxJu
tom;yku
d dk cGw
J mawmif cG+J y;D 15 &ufq&kd if aq;Hu
k qif;oGm;=uwmukd jrifawG@
ae&vdk@yg? &Jabmfwdu
k fatmifukd ESarsmvGe;f vdk@ awG;rdawG;&m awG;aerdwJh
u|erf &J@ tawG;awGyg?
aq;HkrmS umvwck uko+yD; aq;Hkuqif;awmhvnf; yefqef;ukd jyef
ra&mufawmhbJ A[kd&@J ciG jfh yKcsuft& wzufEikd fiHu +rdK@w+rdK@rSm oGm;a&muf
tem;,lapcJyh gw,f? olw@dk ajymjycsut
f & tJ'+D rKd @&@J ywf0ef;usi[
f m ausmufr;D
aoG;wGi;f awG rsm;vGe;f vd@k t+rJt@kH rid_ ;f aewwf+yD; wESpv
f ;kH rSmrS &moDOwku 3
75
v avmuf y J aevd k @ aumif ; w,f q d k w m =um;rd y gw,f ? tJ ' D r S m

olw@kd rdom;pk[m 10 ESpfausmfavmuf aexkdicf &Jh w,f? 1989 ckESpf e,fpyf
vlrsKd ;pkrsm; ykefuefwJh ta&;tcif;jzpf+yD;aemuf u|efrwk@d ro
d m;pk tygt0if
rdom;pkwcsdK@ wzufEkdifiHrSm vma&muf tem;,l&ygw,f? tJ'DawmhrS
olwkd@vnf; u|efrwkd@aexkdif&m ulrif;ukd vma&muf aygif;pnf;aexkdifzdk@
ajymif;a&$@a&muf&Sdvm+yD; u|erf wkd@ jyefvnf qHkpnf;rd=uwmjzpfygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd jyefvnfqHkpnf; twlaexkid f=uawmhvnf; u|erf u rcifwd@k
rdom;pktm; wwfEdik o
f avmuf ulnDcyJh gw,f? u|efrcifyGef;jzpfo/l &Jabmf
ausmfjruvnf; &Jabmfwkdufatmifukd &Jabmf&Jbufwa,mufvkdtjyif
nDi,fwa,mufvkdvnf; *k%mouf+yD; pmemcJhygw,f? u|efruvnf;
rcifudk nDrav;wa,mufvdk oabmxm;rdygw,f? wu,fvnf; rcif[m
u|erf nDrav;eJ@ oufw&l ,
G w
f rl @dk ykv
d @dk awmif pmemrdygw,f? 'gt
h jyif u|erf
wk@d [m awmfveS af &;xJrmS awmfveS af &;acgi;f aqmif &Jabmfrsm;eJ@ tdraf xmif
usorl sm;jzpfawmh b0wlxu
J b0wlrsm;jzpfygw,f? cifyGe;f onf awmfveS f
a&;acgi;f aqmif &Jabmfrsm;ukd jyKpak pmifah &Smuf&wJw
h m0efrmS wjcm; awmfveS f
a&; tdraf xmifrsm; cifyGe;f onfudk jyKpk&wmxuf trSefyJ wm0ef ykrd dk }uD;
av;ygw,f? &Jabmfrcif&@J cifyeG ;f onf &Jabmfwu
dk af tmifu 'kuw
dQ jzpfomG ;
ovkd u|efrcifyGef;onf &Jabmfausmfjruvnf; touft&G,faxmuf/
tkdrif;rpGrf;jzpfvmawmh acgif;aqmif&JabmfcifyGef;onfrsm;ukd jyKpkapmifh
a&Smuf&wJh tdraf xmifonfb0&J@ 'kuaQ wGudk tjyeftvSepf mem axmufxm;
em;vnfr+d yD; tjyeftvSef tm;ay;ulnD wGe;f tm; jzpfapcJ=h uygw,f?
ulrif;rSm aexkdifpOf aexkdifraumif;jzpf=uwJhtcg aq;Hkwuf=u&
&ifvnf; tcef;csif;uyfae=u&wmrd@k &Jabmf wkdufatmifta=umif; ykd+yD;
odvm&ygw,f? ol[m uk,
d w
f jcrf;om v_y&f mS ;Ekid +f y;D pum;vnf; rajymEkid yf g?
'gayrJh olem; =um;ygw,f? OD;aESmufvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh &Si;f ygw,f? 'ga=umifh
olrsm;ajymjy&if oloabmus&if acgi;f ndwjf y+y;D oabmrus&if acgi;f &rf;wm
vkyyf gw,f? ol[m olrsm;ukv
d nf; tm;emwwfygw,f? oltm;emwmyJjzpfjzpf
76
awmif;yef wmyJjzpfjzpf vufwzufukd ezl;ay:wif+yD; bk&m;&Sdckd;ovkd

vky+f yD; acgi;f ndwjf yygw,f? ol[m ol@xH olwyg;u vma&mufEw
_ q
f uf&if
t+rJ +yHK;E_wfqufygw,f? 'ga=umifhvnf; trsm;u ol@ukd cif=uygw,f?
'Dvv
dk el mrsKd ;ukv
d nf; trsm;u oem;=uifempdwaf wG rsm;=uygw,f?
u|efruawmh &Jabmfausmfjr aq;Hkwuf+yDqkd&if tkd;uav;wvHk;
,loGm;+yD; a&eHqDr;D zdkav;wcke@J &Jabmfausmfjrtm; csuaf u|;wJhtcgwkdif;
oludv
k nf; cGJa0au|;avh&dyS gw,f? tJovkd tcgrsdK;rSmqkd&if ol@xHk;pHtwkdif;
ezl;ay:vufwif+y;D aus;Zl;wifa=umif; vkyjf yygw,f? ol@udk wckck ulnv
D yk af y;
olwidk ;f udv
k nf; ol tJovkd wH@k jyefavh&w
dS mukv
d nf; u|erf owdxm;rdygw,f?
&Jabmfwdu
k fatmif[m uk,
d fcE<m}uD;xGm;ol wa,mufjzpf+yD; ol@ZeD;
rcifu ukd,cf E<mao;oljzpfvkd@ jyKpkapmifh a&Smuf&mrSm tcuftcJ &Sdvmvkd@
tulwa,muf iSm;xm;&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh tdru
f ae csujf yKw,
f v
l m au|;
arG;jyKpk Ekdifygw,f? u|efrrSmawmh &Jabmfausmfjraq;Hkwuf&if u|efryg
vku
d w
f uf+yD; jyKpak pmifah &Smuf&ygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh &Jabmfausmjf ru
tpm;taomufvnf; tvGeef nf;olvnf;jzpf/ oGm;awGuvnf; r0g;Ekid v
f @dk
oD;oef@csuaf y;&ygw,f/ tJ'w
D ek ;f u aq;Hak wGuvnf; tckvdk aq;H&k u
d mQ Hk
qdw
k mvnf; r&Sad o;yg? 'Dvedk @J u|erf wk@d acgi;f aqmif u|erf wk@d cifyeG ;f awGcrsm
touft&G,fawGuvnf; axmufvmawmh aq;HkeJ@ tdrfOD;=urf;jyifvkd
jzpfvmcJ&h ygw,f? wcgrmS awmh r=um;csiw
f hJ owif;wckudk =um;vm&ygw,f?
&Jabmfwu
dk af tmif aeraumif;vk@d aq;Hw
k uf+yD; ppfaq;&mrSm uifqmvkv
d dk
awG@&w,fqkd wJhowif;ukd =um;&w,f? 'gayrJh raocsmao;qdw
k m =um;&
jyefawmh r[kwyf gapeJ@v@dkbJ qkawmif;aewke;f rSmyJ &Jabmfrcif[m rsuEf mS rom
r,meJ@ tdrjf yefvmwm awG@&vk@d oGm;ar;jref;=unfah wmh OD;wku
d &f @J wjcrf;ao
aewJh tqkw[
f m uifqmjzpf+y;D vGeaf e+yq
D w
dk mukd odvu
dk &f ygw,f? jzpfrjS zpf
&avjcif;vk@d ,lusKH ;r&jzpf+yD; OD;wku
d }f uD;tm; yk+d yD;oem;pmemygw,f? 'gayrJh
jzpf+yDqrdk aS wmh twwfEidk q
f ;kH uko=uHo
k m &Sw
d mayg[
h k pdwx
f rJ mS yJ ajzodr&hf
ygw,f? ol@ZeD;rcifukdvnf; tm;vHk;u 0kdif;0ef;ulnD tm;ay;=uygw,f?
77
q&m0efawGuvnf; taemufwkdif; aq;omru wkwfAdaEmaq;eJ@yg

ol w k d @ wwf E k d i f o avmuf }ud K ;pm;uk o ay;=uygw,f ? 'D v k d e J @
tqkwu
f ifqmjzpfvd@k vGefaeolukd 2 ESpfcHatmifqx
GJ m;Ekdicf +Jh yD; 2001 ckEpS f
ZG e f v 19 &uf r S m awmh ol uG , f v G e f o G m ;cJ h y gw,f ? ol u G , f v G e f
oGm;cJw
h mukd u|efrwkd@tm;vHk;u ESajrm wo jzpf=u&ygw,f?
&Jabmfwu
dk af tmifvdk acgi;f aqmifau'gaumif;wa,muf/ wyfrLS ;aumif;
wa,muf ay:xGuv
f mzk@d qw
dk m cufcyJ gw,f? &Jabmfwu
dk af tmif[m i,fpOf
uwnf;u ygwaD cgi;f aqmifwhJ awmfveS af &;xJ yg0ifco
hJ jl zpfw,fqw
dk mvnf;
odc&Jh +yD; us&mwm0efudk }udK;pm;yrf;pm; xrf;aqmifwwfol jzpfwt
Jh jyif
wu,fu
h dk uk,
d u
f sKd ;rzufbJ trsm;tusKd ;twGuf toufudk ay;vSLoGm;ol
jzpfw,fvkd@ cH,yl gw,f? 'ga=umifh &JabmfwkdufatmiftwGuf av;pm;*k%f
,lrd+yD; &Jabmfwkdufatmif&J@ tm;aumif;csufrsm;ukd avhvmtwk,lEkdif
atmifvnf; }udK;pm;oGm;r,fv@kd uwdjyKvku
d yf gw,f?
ygwDtwGif;rSm &Jabmfwdu
k af tmifvkd au'gawG rsm;oxufrsm;rsm;
ay:xGe;f Ekid yf gapvk@d qENjyKvku
d yf gw,f?
&Jabmf(a':) OD;pdef
2013 ckESpf/ Ek0d ifbm 30 &uf?
78
&J a bmfw kdu fa tmift a=umif ; waph w apmif;

(&Ja bmfw kdu fa tmif uG, fv Ge fj cif; 10 ESp fa jrmuf trSw fw &)
a'guf w mvS a usmf a Zm
tcdseu
f awmh 1983 'DZifbmvtwGif;
ae&muawmh wkwfArme,fpyfrsOf;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&wJherfhc
acsmif;ab; wkwfjynfbuftjcrf;rSm
u|efrwk@d wawG wkwef ,fpyf+rdK@ rHktmu a&mufvmr,fh vlrrm
wOD;udk apmifhqdik ;f ae=uygw,f? u|erf wkd@wawG qkd&mrSmawmh A[kdacgif;
aqmifwcsdK@eJ@ A[kdHk;u Hk;vkyfom;wcsdK@wkd@ jzpfygw,f? ygwDA[kd&J@ wm
0efay;csuft& Armjynf tv,fykdif;a'oukd ppfa&;wm0efcHtjzpf qif;
oGm;+yD; a&S@wef;wae&mrSm t}uD;tus,f rrmrusef;jzpfoGm;wJh Arm
jynfuGefjrLepfygwD A[kdaumfrwD0if &Jabmfwkdufatmifukd u|efrwkd@ }udK
qdkae=uwmyg? &Jabmfwu
kd fatmif[m t}uD;tus,f ruse;f rrmjzpfae
79
&mu wpHw
k &maumif;rGefvm+yD; c&D;oGm;vmEkdif+yDjzpfvkd@ tem;,l aq;uk
or_cH,lzkd@ A[kdXmecsKyf&Sd&m yefqef;ukd jyefvmwmjzpfygw,f?
u|efrwk@d 'Dacsmif;ab; ul;wkd@qdyfrmS apmif}h udKaepOfrSmyJ rHktm+rdK@
u xGufvmwJh yDuif;*spfwpD; qkdufa&mufvmygw,f? u|efrwkd@wawG
pdwfv_y&f mS ;pGmeJ@ =unfh_aepOfrmS yDuif;*sp&f J@ wHcg;ayguyf GifhoGm;+yD; &$if&i$ f
vef;vef; +yHK;+yHK;&$i&f $ief @J &Jabmfwu
kd fatmif&@J rsuEf mS udk awG@vu
kd &f ygw,f?
u|erf wk@d wawGu &Jabmfwdu
k fatmif jyefvnfuse;f rmvm+yDjzpfayr,fh jzpf
wkef;u t}uD;tus,fjzpfcJh+yD; ae@vm;nvm; jzpfch&J wJt
h a=umif;awG od
xm;&vkd@ &ifwxdwfxw
d feJ@ apmifh}udKae&wmyg? ol@ukd tckvdk vef;vef;
qef;qef; awG@vu
kd f&awmh u|efrwkd@tm;vHk; pdwfaygyh g; aysm&f $ifoGm;vku
d f
=uwmav?
'gayrJh u|efrwkd@ pdwfvufayghyg;oGm;&wm wc%ygyJ? &Jabmf
wkdufatmifukd ol@ukd,f&H&Jabmfu um;ay:u wGJcs&+yD; wkwfaumufeJ@
axmheif;axmheif; vrf;av#mufvm&+yD; ol@udk }udKqkad ewJv
h al wGudk w[J[J
&,farm+yD; vufqGJE_wfquf&mrSmawmh u|efrwkd@wawG tajctaeukd
&dyfrdvkduf=u+yD; &ifxJqdk@eifhoGm;=uygw,f?
&Jabmfwkdufatmif[m OD;aESmufaoG;a=umydwfqdk@oGm;&mrS t
wefi,faumif;rGefvmwJhtcg ukd,fwjcrf; (nmzuf) aooGm;+yD; pum;
yg rajymEkdifwt
Jh ajctae jzpfomG ;wmukd kww
f &uf oabmayguo
f mG ;=u
vkd@ jzpfygw,f?
olw[J[J&,farm+yD; E_wfqufaeayr,fh u|efrwdk@wawG rsuf
&nfuswJhvlu us/ rsuf&nf0JwJhvlu0JeJ@ b,folrS ol@ukdjyef+yD; olE_wf
qufovkd +yHK;+yHK;&$i&f $if jyefrE_wq
f ufEikd f=uygb;l ? 'D=um;xJu u|erf wkd@eJ@
twlwl ol@udv
k m}udKaewJh ol@ZeD;onf &Jabmfrcif[m ik+d yD; acsmif;urf;
yg;buf jzKef;ceJ ajy;xGuo
f Gm;vkd@ u|efrwk@d trsKd ;orD;&Jabmf 3 4 OD; ol@
aemuf ajy;vkduo
f Gm;&+yD; acsmharmhjyefac:vm&ygao;w,f? kwfw&uf
pdwfrxdef;Ekdif jzpfoGm;[efxlygw,f?
oluawmh ukd,w
f jcrf;ao+yD; pum;rajymEkid fawmhwJh ol@&J@ 'kuQd
wb0ukd usev
f rl sm; pdwx
f dckdufrmS pkd;vk@d vlwumukd &,farmE_wfquf+yD;
80
ol@&@J bmrxDpw
d f"mwfukd jyoaewmyg? rdrdcHpm;ae&wJh 'kuQxuf olwyg;
pdwfxdcdu
k frmS udk pkd;&drfwwfwJh ol@&J@ tajccHpdwf"mwfuv
kd nf; azmfjyae
ygw,f?
ol[m tJovkd vlrsKd ;yg?
u|efruawmh &JabmfwkdufatmifqdkwJh emrnf=um;vkduf&if
ol@tajccHpdwaf epdwx
f m;ukd taumif;qH;k zGihq
f djk yocJhwJh tJ'D erfch g acsmif;
ab;u u|efr}uHKcJhzl;wJh jrifuGif;ukdyJ t+rJowd&vkdufrdwwfygw,f?
wu,fawmh &Jabmfwkdufatmifudk 1978 ckESpf =o*kwv
f twGif;
u u|efrwk@d A[kd ;Hk uvlawG tm;vH;k ta&S@ajrmuf ppfa'oXmecsKyf&&Sd m
yefqef;ukd a&muf&v
Sd mpOfuwnf;u u|efr pwifod&Sd&if;ES;D cJhwmyg? olu
tJ'Dwke;f u ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o&J@ 'kwyfrLS ;yg? tvGefuse;f rma&; aumif;
+yD; ukd,fcE<muvnf; tvGefukd awmifhwif;ckdifrmolwOD;yg? A[kdacgif;
aqmifawGxrJ mS touft&G,t
f i,fq;Hk vlawGxrJ mS ygygw,f? ppf0wfpku
H dk
ususee oyfoyf&yf&yf t+rJ0wfqifxm;+yD; tvGefoGuv
f ufpmG oGm;vm
v_yf&Sm;aewmukdyJ awG@&wwfygw,f? wyfaygif;pkvkyfief;rsm;ukdvnf;
wm0ef,l&oljzpf+yD; wyfaygif;pk&Jabmfrsm;&J@ tvGefav;pm;jcif;ukd cH&ol
wOD;vnf; jzpfygw,f? atmufajc&Jabmfrsm;eJ@ qufqH&mrSmvnf;
tvGefpmempGm qufqHwwfoljzpfvdk@ ol@emrnf *k%fowif;u ar$;ae
wmyg?
olemrnfaumif;&wJhtxJrSm xyfyg0ifvm&wJh ta=umif;w
a=umif;uawmh olu ol@ro
d m;pktay: awmif;qkrd _jrifhrm;wmygyJ? ol@ZeD;
&Jabmfrcif[m ppfa'oXmecsKyf Hk;Xmewcku vkyfom;wOD;jzpf+yD; usef
&Jabmfrsm;eJ@ wef;wltvkyfwuf tvkyfqif;eJ@ tvGefESdrfhcspGm aexkdif
wwfo lyg? pm;awmhv nf; tJ'DHk;vkyfo m;&Jabmfrsm;eJ@ twlwl pm;
aomuf&ygw,f? tdrfrmS csujf yKwfpm;wm r&Sdygb;l ? olwkd@rSm armifcif
atmifqdkwhJ om;av;wOD;eJ@ cifcifat;qdkwJh orD;av;wOD; &Sdyg w,f?
om;armifcifatmifu ygwu
D zGihx
f m;wJh rlvwef;ausmif;rSm ausmif;tdyf
ausmif;pm;tjzpf oGm;ae+yD; tdrfrSmawmh ausmif;aezdk@ t&G,fra&muf
ao;wJh orD;av;yJ &Sdygw,f?
81
ppfa'oXmecsKyfk;H rSm ajymprSwfjyK&wJh tjzpftysuu

f av;w&yf
&SdcJhzl;ygw,f? XmecsKyfHk;[m ppfa'otoD;oD;u/ wyftoD;oD;u/ wyf
aygif;pk toD;oD;u &Jabmfrsm;vm=u+yD; ppfa'oacgif;aqmifrsm;eJ@ awG@
qHk+yD; tpD&ifc=H u/ tpnf;ta0; usif;y=ueJ@ t+rJvlpnfum;aewJhae&myg?
ukd,fhwyfu ukd,fha'ou ukd,fh&Jabmfrsm;eJ@ tpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm a&
aEG;=urf;uvGJvkd@ bmeJ@rS {nfch Havhr&Sad yr,fh wcgw&HrSvmwwfwhJ wyf
aygif;pk&Jabmfrsm;ukdawmh ae=umaphav;/ o=um;vHk;av;pwmrsm;eJ@
{nfhcHavh&Sdygw,f?
wae@wyfaygif;pkacgi;f aqmifwcsKd @eJ@ aqG;aEG;yGt
J +yD; {nfch aH qmifudk
&Sif;vif;aewJh Hk;vkyfom;&JabmfwOD;[m {nfcaH qmifeJ@ reD;ra0;rSm aqmh
upm;aewJh cifcifat;av;ukd {nfc&H mu usefaewJh ae=umaphav;wxkyf
ay;ygw,f? cifcifat;av;u yxrawmh 0rf;om;tm& vufvSrf;,lzkd@
jyifvkdufayr,fh csufcsif;yJ tJ'D&Jabmfukd 'Dvjkd yefar;ygw,f? tJ'DuGmaph
[m OD;OD;[mvm;/ trsm;ykdifvm;vkd@ jyefar;vkdufygw,f? tJ'D&aJ bmfu
b,fES,hf OD;OD;ykid f jzpfyghrvJ? trsm;ykdiaf yghvdk@ ajymvku
d fawmh cifcifat;
u vufuav; jyefyk foGm;+yD; ygyg(ol@tazukd olu ygygv@kd ac:ygw,f)
u trsm;ykdifypPnf;qdk r,l&bl;vkd@ rSmxm;w,fvkd@ ajym+yD; xGufoGm;
ygw,f? rke@f yJoa&pm &Sm;yg;vSwJh uav;wa,muftwGuf 'gukd jiif;y,fz@dk
b,favmufcufcJr,fqdkwm u|efrwkd@ awG;=unfhEkdifygw,f? 'gayrJh
'DcufcrJ u
_ kd &Jabmfwu
kd af tmif&J@ orD;av;u zathwkdufwGe;f csu/f oGefoif
csufeJ@ ausmfv$m;EkdifcJhygw,f?
'Dtjzpftysufuav;[m u|efrwkd@ &JabmfawGt=um; ajymprSwf
jyK+yD; usef&JabmfawGukdvnf; trsm;ykdifypPnf;awGudk tvGJoHk;pm;rvkyfzkd@
kdaowefzd;k xm;zkd@ ynmay;wJhjzpfpOfav; jzpfoGm;+yD; &Jabmfwu
kd af tmif&J@
*k%foduQm ykdrdkys@H ar$;oGm;yg awmhw,f?
wcgvnf; cifcifat;u t}uD;tus,f tzsm;awG wufygw,f?
em;uvnf; jynf,v
dk mygw,f? ppfa'o aq;H}k uD;u aq;Ht
k yk f q&mr}uD;
a':[,fvif (&Jabmfaemfqdik f;wyfrsm; wkwfjynfo@kd 0ifvmpOfu ygvmwJh
erfch rf;aq;Hrk S q&mr}uD;) [m vma&mufppfaq; =unfhu
_ o
k ay;cJhygw,f?
82
tzsm;u awmfawmfeJ@rusawmh OD;aESmuftarS;yg;a&mif jzpfvmrSm pkd;

&dr&f wJt
h wGuf wzufEikd if u
H dk yk@d z@kd qHk;jzwf=uygw,f? &Jabmfwu
kd af tmifu
ol'DudpP bmrS ajymray;Ekid b
f l;? use&f Jabmf awGukd ukoovkd 'DrmS yJ &SdwJh
enf;emeJ@ ukygv@kd q&mr}uD; a':[,fvifudk ajymvku
d fygw,f?
&Jabmfrcif[m usef;rma&;aumif;ol r[kwyf gbl;? 'DorD;av;ukd
arG;wkef;uvnf; usef;rma&;tawmf ,k,
d Gif;aevk@d Akducf GJ+yD;arG;cJ&h wmyg?
'ga=umifhou
l ol@toufe@J &if;+yD; arG;vmcJ&h wJh orD;av; a&wdrfepfrSm
pkd;+yD; &Jabmfwkdufatmifudk idk,&kd efawG@ygawmhw,f? uav;ukd olcspfovkd
rcspfbl;vdk@vnf; qkdygw,f? 'Dwif &Jabmfwkdufatmif}uD;u rcif&,f
rif;ukd igh&ifom cGJjyvkdufcsifygawmhw,fvkd@ tjyif;txef tzsm;
wufaewJh orD;av;ukd aygifay:rSm ayG@xm;+yD; iko
d H}uD;eJ@ ajymvkdufwm
jrif&wJh =um;&wJhow
l ikd f; &ifxJ xdxcd u
kd fckduf jzpf&ygw,f?
&Jabmfwkdufatmifukd A[kdxd wufajymzkd@ b,fvkdrS ajymr&wJh
tqHk; q&mr}uD; a':[,fvifukd,fwdik f 'kOuUocifazwifh (xkdpOfu A
[kdaxmufyhaH &;Xme}uD; wm0efcH) ukd oGm;ajymtpD&ifcHvdk@ cifcifat;av;
wkwfjynfaq;Hkukd ykd@Ekdif+yD; toufu,fEkdifcJhygw,f?
tJovdk tjzpftysufrsdK;awG trsm;}uD; &Scd yJh gw,f? 'gawGa=umifh
&Jabmfwdu
k fatmif[m atmufajc&Jabmfrsm;t =um; emrnfaumif;&cJh+yD;
&Jabmfrsm;&J@ =unfndKav;pm;jcif;ukd cHcJh&wm jzpfygw,f?
&Jabmfw kdufatmif[m rdrdukd, frdrd awmif;qkdr_vnf; tifr
wefjrifhygw,f? tv,fydik ;f AsLdk rqif;cif A[kdk;H tdrfrmS aewke;f owdvpf
vJuszl;ygw,f? A[dkacgif;aqmifawGtygt0if &JabmfawG0dik ;f +yD; aq;t&if
oGm;ppfzkd@ wkdufwGef;wmukd vufrcHbJ tv,fykdif;a'o xkd;azmufa&;
ta&;}uD;wJhtwGuf tv,fykdif;qif;a&;uvnf; tukefjyifqif+yD;+yDjzpf
vkd@qkdwJh ta=umif;jycsufrsm;eJ@ twif;qif;oGm;wmyg? wu,fvkd@om
tJ'Dwke;f u aq;ppfomG ;cJh&if OD;aESmufaoG;a=umydwfr_ jzpfcsirf S jzpfrSmyg?
OD;aESmufwGif;&Sd a&m*gukd apmapmpD;pD;ukoEkdifcJhrSmyg?
&Jabmfwdu
k af tmif[m tJovkd rdrdukd,frrd d awmif;qkdrj_ rifhayr,fh
usef & J a bmf r sm;tay:rS m awmh tawmf e m;vnf r _ ay;Ek d i f o l w OD ; yg?
83
tif;av;a'ow0kdu frSm olwm0ef,lpOfu tjzpftysufw csdK@ u|efr

jyef=um;zl;xm;wmawG &Sdygw,f? 1970 -71 ckESpf=um;rSmyg?
tJ'Dtif;av;a'o&J@ wm0efcH ocifwifxGef;&J@ZeD;onf a':
wifrav;[m cifyGef;onfaemufukd +rdK@ay:uae vkduv
f mcJhygw,f? Ekdiif H
a&;orm;vnf; r[kwf/ awmfvSefa&;orm;vnf; r[kwfbJ cifyGef;onf
tay: xm;&SdwhaJ rwWmeJ@ opPmw&m;a=umifhom vku
d fvmwmjzpf+yD; awmf
vSefa&;orm;wa,muf&J@ ZGJebJ cHEkdif&nf pwmawG r&Sd&Smygbl;? 'gukd
od&w
Sd Jh &Jabmfwkdufatmif[m usef&Jabmftaygi;f &J@ a':wifrav;tay:
rdrdwkd@eJ@twlwl awmif;qkdr_/ tJ'Dawmif;qkdr_awGtay: rvkdufemEkdifvdk@
tjrifr=unfvifr_ pwmawGudk 'kid cf Hajz&Sif;ay;+yD; use&f JabmfawGukd tusKd ;
ta=umif; em;vnfoabmaygufvmatmif ynmay;aqG;aEG;yg w,f?
a':wifrav; aea&;xkid af &; pm;aomufa&;utp oufawmifo
h ufom
jzpfatmifvnf; ulnDajz&Sif; ay;cJhzl;a=umif; u|efr =um;cJhzl;ygw,f?
u|efrukd,fawG@jzpf&yfuawmh awmckdcJh=uwJh azazeJ@ u|efrwkd@
armifESrawGaemuf ararvkdufvmwJhtcg bHk&duQmHku xrif;[if; pm;
&&SmwJh ararhukd u|efrwkd@wawG r=unfh&ufayr,fh bmrSrwwfEkdifbJ
rsufpdrSdwfaecJh&ygw,f? 'gayrJh azaz tpmtdrfaygufomG ;+yD; jyefaumif;
vmwJah emuf azazuse;f rma&;tajctaet& &dumQ xkwf+yD; tdrrf Sm csuf
pm;cGih&f cJhygw,f? araru tdr&f J@tjyifav;rSm a&yH;k ta[mif;ukd &$@H e@u
J idk +f yD;
vkyfay;xm;wJh rD;zkdav;rSm teD;tem;u &Sm&wJh xif;acsmif; av;awG
oHk;+yD; rD;ckdwvlvleJ@ xrif;[if;csuf&ygw,f?
'gukd A[kdHk; twuftqif;rSm jrifawG@ae&wJh &Jabmfwdu
k af tmif
[m raeomawmhbJ ol@tv,fykdif;AsLku
d &Jabmfav;awGeJ@ 0g;awGckwf
vm+yD; ararwkd@ tdyfcef;av;ab;rSm tzDav;cs+yD; rD;zkcd ef;av; aqmufay;
cJhygw,f? araruawmh &Jabmfwkdufatmifukd aus;Zl;wifrqHk;eJ@ t+rJ
arwWm ykd@+yD; tE&m,fuif;apa=umif; qkawmif;ay;avh&Sdwmukd u|efr
r=umc% awG@jrifcJh&ygw,f?
1984 ckE S pf tapmyk d if ; rS m &Ja bmf w k d u f atmif aq;uk o zkd @
wzufEkdifiHukd xGufoGm;cJhygw,f? ukd,fwjcrf;aowm =umoGm;+yDjzpfvkd@
84
'kuw
Qd b0ukdawmh jyefaumif;atmif rvkyfEdik af wmhygb;l ? u|efrwk@d e@J vnf;
uGJomG ;vkdufwm 1993 ckESpfusrS jyefqkcH Jh=u&ygw,f?
1989 ckESpf u|erf wkd@ e,fpyfta&;tcif;awG jzpf+yD;aemuf A[kd
acgif;aqmifrsm; (trsm;pk) tem;,lzkd@ qHk;jzwfvkdufwJhtwGuf u|efrwkd@
rdom;pk wzufEkdifix
H Ja&mufvm+yD; wkwftpkd;& ae&mcsxm;ay;wJh ,leef
jynfe,f ulrif;+rdK@ukd a&mufvmcJhygawmhw,f? tapmykdif;rSmuwnf;u
wae&mrSm tem;,laexdkifaewJh &Jabmfwkdufatmifwkd@ rdom;pk 1993
ckESpfrmS u|efrwkd@wawG&d&S m ulrif;ukd ajymif;a&$@a&mufvm+yD; u|efrwkd@eJ
twlwl yl;aygi;f aexkdicf =Jh uwm[m 2001 ckESpf ZGev
f 19 &ufae@ ol
uG,fvGef oGm;csed ftxdygy?J uG,v
f Gefcsderf Sm ol[m 73 ESpf&Sdyg+yD?
1983 ckESpfupvkd@ OD;aESmufaoG;a=umydwfoGm;+yD;uwnf;u
ukd,fwjcrf;ao+yD; pum;rajymEkdifwJh 'kuQdw}uD;tjzpf 18 ESpfwdwd ae
xkdifoGm;EkdifwJh ol&J@owWdZGJeJ@ pdwf"mwfukd oleJ@twlaerS oabmayguf
em;vnfryd gw,f? ol@rdom;pkeJ@ txl;ojzifh ZeD;onfrcif&@J twkid f;tq
}uD;rm;wJharwWmeJ@ *kwpkdujf yKpkr_ tm;ay;r_tjyif aq;ynm wkd; wufr_
awGa=umifv
h nf; yg0if ywfoufaeayr,fh ol&J@yifu,
kd f taumif; jrifpw
d f
"mwfeJ@ ckdifrm}uHkhckdifr_wdk@u ol touf&Sn&f Snf aeEkdifoGm;wm&J@ t"du
ta=umif;tcsuf jzpfaeygw,f?
u|efrwkd@ twlae=upOfrSm Armjynfu xl;jcm;wJh owif;awG
u|efrwk@d ygwD&J@ qufvufv_y&f Sm;r_awG/ tEkdifEkdifiHukd a&muf&SdoGm;=uwJh
u|efrwk@d Armjynfoal wG&J@ 'Dru
kd a&pD&&Sda&; v_y&f Sm;r_awGpwJh ol0rf;om
tm;wufEkdifr,fhowif;awG/ tcsuftvufawGukd u|efr ol@qDoGm;
zwfjywmawG/ ajymjywmawG vkyfygw,f? olu pum;jyefrajymEkid fayr,fh
acgif;wndwfndwfeJ@ em;axmifwwf+yD; pum;qHk;oGm;wmeJ@ vufrukd
axmifaxmifjywwfygw,f? tm;ay;wJhoabm/ aumif;w,fqdkwJh o
abmyg? pdwf"mwfwif tm;wif;xm;wm r[kwyf gb;l ? uk,
d cf E<mt&vnf;
t+rJavhusifhcef;vkyf/ vrf;av#mufeJ@ usef;rma&; aumif;aeatmif aexkid f
ygw,f?
aemufyikd ;f rSm ol@tqkyfrmS uifqma&m*g &Sdvma=umif; prf;oyf
85
awG@&v
dS mygw,f? e*du
k wnf;u uk,
d fwjcrf;ao 'kuw
dQ rSm uifqma&m*gyg
zdpD;vmcsdefrSm oltm;wif;xm;rxm;EkdifawmhbJ tdy&f mxJ vJygawmhw,f?
'gawmif ol @uk d aq;Hk r Sm b,fa wmh oG m ;ar;ar; vuf r waxmif
axmifygyJ? vlvpf&ifawmh wzufvSnfh+yD; wtif;tif;eJ@ wcgwav nnf;
nLoH =um;&ygw,f? uifqmqkdwm tvGeef musifwhaJ &m*gyaJ v? ol[m
b,favmuftcH&cufcuf tm;wif;+yD; aeaumif;vm; vkd@ ar;vkd@
uawmh acgi;f ndwjf yvkduf/ vufraxmifjyvku
d feJ@ aemufqHk;tcsdefxyd gyJ?
q,fausmfouft&G,f *syefawmfvSefa&;umvuwnf;upvkd@
ygwDx J a&muf & S d v m+yD ; omref q uf o m;&J abmf a v;b0uae A[k d
aumfrwDacgif;aqmif}uD;wOD;tjzpf a&muf&Sdvmonftxd b0wckvHk;
ygwDeJ@ awmfvSeaf &;tay: yHktyfxm;cJ+h yD; ukd,fprG f;&So
d r# ^m%fpGrf;&Sdor#
tusdK;aqmifchw
J hJ ygw&D J@ ta&;awmfykH oHr%dwyfom;aumif;}uD; &Jabmf
wkduaf tmif[m aemufqHk;xGufouftxd }uHhcdik af wmifhwif;pGmeJ@ aemifrsKd ;
quf tqufquf &JabmfawGukd tvGeaf umif;rGefwJh om"u vkyf &yfawG
ukd vufawG@jyo+yD; ynmay;cJhygw,f?
&Jabmfwkdufatmiftygt0if ygwD&J@ yxrrsdK;quf acgif;aqmif
awG av#mufvSrf;cJhwJhvrf;a=umif;twkdif; u|efrwkd@ rsdK;qufopf &Jabmf
rsm;uvnf; qufav#muf=uzkd@ oEMdmef csxm;=uygw,f?
&Jabmfwkdufatmif&J@ pdwf"mwf xm0pOft"Gef@&Snyf gap?
vS a usmf a Zm
15-8-2011?
86
u|efawmfodaom &Jabmfwkdufatmif
atmif a oG ;
ol @ uk d u |ef a wmf r awG @ jrif z l ; cif u wnf ; u u|ef a wmf w k d @ a'ou
jynfolawG&J@ajym=um;wmawG/ EkdifiHa&;pmtkyfawG/ ygwDeJ@ ywfoufwJh
pmtk y f p mapmif a wG zwf u wnf ; u ol @ emrnf u k d = um;zl ; cJ h y gw,f ?
yJ c l ; &k d ; rA[k d r S m wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf z G J @ ES p f z G J @ &S d c J h y gw,f ? wk d f u f w k d i f ;
atmifwyfz@GJ (1) eJ@ (2)yg? oluwkdufwkdif;atmifwyfzJG@(2)&J@ wyfrSL;vkd@
u|efawmfrSwfom;rdygw,f (u|efawmfh rSwfom;csuf vGJcsifvnf; vGJEkdif
ygw,f)? +yD;awmh u|efawmf rSw frdo avmuf ol[myJcl;kd;rA[kdrSm
ol c spf c if w J h t d r f a xmif z uf u k d y gwD & J @ cG i f h j yKcsuf e J @ td r f a xmif j yK+yD ;
w&ufESp&f uf t=umrSmyJ ygwDA[ku
d wkwfEdik fio
H @kd rmhufp0f gavhvma&;
apv$wfjcif;cH&vdk@ tJ'Duwnf;uo@l tdrfaxmifzufeJ@cGJcGmcJh&olyg?
1978 ygwDA[kdu dku|efawmfa&mufawmhrS ol@ukdjrifzl;awG@zl;
&wmyg/ +yLH;&$ifazmfa&GwJhrsufESmxm;&Sdayr,fh tifrwefpum;enf;olyg?
bmyJjzpfjzpf u|efawmf uawmh &kd;om;wJhawmom;awGuckd spfcifwwfolrd@k
ol@udv
k nf; av;pm;cspcf ifrdygw,f? 'Dvekd J@ 1980 ckESpfrsm; tapmykdif;rSm
tv,fykdif;AsL&kdXmecGJukd &Srf;jynftv,fykdif; ausmuf*l &yfapmufa'
87
orSmtajccH+yD;zGiv
fh Spfzkd@ A[kd&J@q;kH jzwfcsut
f wkdi;f 'kOuU &Jabmf cifarmif
}uD;u XmecGJEdik fiHa&;rSL;/ &JabmfwkdufatmifuXmecGJ wyfrSL;tjzpfe@J A[kd
uae+yD;&Sr;f jynftv,fydik ;f ukdc&D;xGuf=uygw,f? tJ'Dc&D;rSm u|eaf wmfwd@k
ajratmufXmeu u|efawmfeJ@ &Jabmfwa,mufudk jynfwGif;jyef0ifz@kd wm
0efay;+yD; u|efawmfw@kd ukd &Jabmfwu
kd af tmif&J@ uif;wyfzGJ@rSm vkdufygapcJh
ygw,f? u|efawmfrSwrf daewmuawmh 'Dc&D;rSmu|eaf wmfwd@k wyfzJ@G }uD;[m
tawmf}uD;rm;wm ukdygy?J 4046 wyf&if;/ 108 ppfa'owyfzJ@G / &vvz
wyfzJ@G / uvvw wyfzJ@G / u,ef;jynfopfygww
D yfz@GJ e@J / u|efawmfw&kd J@ tJ'D
wyfzJ@G }uD;ukd vm}udK+yD;olw@dk a'oqk;H wJhtxd vkdufykd@ay;wJh &Sr;f jynfwyf
rawmfeJ@aygif;vkduf&if awmifwef;ay:u auG@aumufaewJhvrf;ray:rSm
tpdr;f a&mife*g;}uD;;waumif wGef@vdrf jzwfoef;aeovkdygyJ? ae@vnfykdif;
xrif;pm;csdefuvJGvkd@ waeukefvrf;av#mufygyJ? nykdif;rSmawmh &efol&Sd
&ma'ovnf;a&mufvm/ &efoleJ@vnf; eD;vmv@kd naepmawmif csuf
rpm;apbJ toifha0ay;xm;wJh&dumQ ajcmufawGukd vrf;av#muf&if; 0g;pm;
+yD; vG,v
f mwJh a&bl;xJua&aomufayg?h &dumQ ajcmufuvnf; pm;aumif;
ovm;rar;eJ@ ajymif;zl;&,f yJydpyf&,f ajryJ&,fukd tr_e@f }udwf/ o=um;eJ@
a&mar$ uspaf eatmifz+dyD; twkH;av;awGjzpfatmif vkyfxm;wmyg? av;
vufr wwkH;avmufqkd&if 0ygw,f? tdyfcsderf &yg? okH;em&Davmuf vrf;
av#muf+yD;&if 15 rdepfavmuftem;ay;ygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdef 15 rdepf[m
u|efawmfw@kd tm;vk;H twGuf tdyrf ufxrJ Sm ewforD;awGeJ@awG@aecsed af ygh?
&Jabmfwkdufatmifuawmh warS;rSawmifrarS;ygbl;? awmifa0S;wkwf
aumufwacsmif;ukd ukdi&f if; wyfawGuykd J vkdupf pfaeygw,f/ ol@uif;wyf
&if;uvnf; vku
d fygvd@k aygh? 15 rdepfjynfh&if c&D;qufxGuzf @kd tdyfaysmaf e
wJhwyfawGudv
k kdufEd;_ ygw,f? awmfawmfeJ@ Ed_;vkd@ r&ygbl;? u|eaf wmf ol@ukd
cspfcifav;pm;wm vmyg+yDAsm? u|efawmfwkd@ csufcsif;Edk;vmawmh vl
waxmifavmuf&SdwJhwyfukd &efol@ ab;&efua0;atmif acgif;aqmif
aewJw
h yfrSL;u pdwfrwkb
d J bmajymovJqakd wmh (tif; 'Dwyfuvnf;/
w,f - tEd_;&cufwJh wyfygvm;) wJAh sm? [kwfygw,fAsm uGmrSmyg? ol
wyfrLS ; vkycf w
hJ hJ yJcl;&k;d rwyfuawmh (&efol ywfywfvnf 0kdi;f aewJh =um;rSm
88
v_yf&Sm;ae&wJh wyfukd;As) &efolukd ao&Jwkduf&JtEkdif,l&JwJh wyfukd;As?

tawG;tac:cH,lcsufu uGmw,fav? ol@ae&mrSmu|efawmfomqkd&if
wkwfaumufwacsmif;eJ@ vkduf du
k f+yD;E_d;aerdrSmyg? olu &JabmfawGudk cspw
f hJ
wyfrSL;yg? ol@twGufay;xm;wJhjrif;ukdvnf; b,fawmhrSrpD;ygbl;? vrf;
rav#mufEikd fwJh &JabmfawGudyk J ay;pD;wmyg? wyfzGJ@}uD; &Sr;f jynfe,fxJ0if
awmh tJvkdyJ &Jabmfrwa,muf(rjidrf;eD)aeraumif; vrf;rv#mufEdik fvkd@
ol@jrif;ukday;pD;ygw,f? &efol@a=u;eef;pufowif;rSm (&Srf;carmuf aqmif;
xm;aom trsKd ;orD;wa,muf acgif;aqmifwJhwyfzGJ@}uD;wzGJ@ &Sr;f jynfe,f
xJa&muf&Sdvmjcif;) wJAh sm? uGejf rLepfawGta=umif;rodwJh &efolu jrif;pD;
vm&if Adkvfvkd@xifwmukd;As? 'DvkdeJ@ ol@acgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm 'DwyfzGJ@
}uD;[m &Srf;jynftv,fydik ;f ukd acsmacsmarmarma&muf&Sdvm+yD;/ wyfaygif;
pkuvnf; ukd,fha'oukd,fjyef/ 108 ppfa'ou au'gawGeJ@ wyfawGukd
(1979) A[kdaumfrwDaqG;aEG;yGJpdwf"mwfcsjy+yD;/ tv,fykdif;AsLkdXmecGJukd
zGiv
fh SpfchyJ gw,f? u|efawmfvnf; u|efawmfh ajratmufvkyif ef;wm0eft&
atmufudq
k iff;+yD;awmh 1981 rSm tv,fyikd f;AsLku
d dk jyefa&mufvmygw,f?
tJ A[ku
d jdk yefz@dk jzpfvmawmh &Jabmfwu
dk af tmife@J twlo@l &@J uif;wyf&if;eJ@yJ
twlvkdufygjyefvmzk@d jzpfvmygw,f? A[ku
d t
kd jyefc&D;rSm oHviG jf rpful;cgeD;
avwjzL;jzL;wkdufaewJh oHvGifjrpftaemufbufurf;u awmifa=umw
ae&mrSm u|efawmfw@kd zsm;awmhrvkdjzpfaewmukd =unfh+yD; u|eaf wmfwd@k ukd
aq;wkdufcJhwJh&Jabmfwkdufatmifukd u|efawmfb,fvkdarhvkd@&ygrvJAsm?
tJ-tJvkdeJ@ oluA[kdaumfrwD0ifqkdawmh A[kdHk;rSmaeygw,f?
u|efawmfwd@k uvnf; ta=umif;udp&P rSd AS [kdk;H ukda&mufrS ol@ukd awG@&wm
aygh? 'Dvdek @J u|eaf wmfu 1983 ckESprf Sm+rd@ay:wacguf jyefqif;&jyefygw,f?
'Dwacgufuawmh ajrmufykdif;A[kdXmecGJbufu qif;ygw,f? jyef0ifvm
awmhvnf; tJ'DbufukdyJ jyef0ifvmwmyg? u|efawmfwkd@ajratmuftzGJ@
u &Jabmfav;ig;a,muf ajrmufykdif;A[kdXmecGJuae+yD; A[kdukdjyefvmcJ=h u
ygw,f? A[kda&mufzkd@ 15 &uftenf;qkH; vrf;av#muf&wmyg? 'DvkdeJ@
0awmifckid fukdjzwfcsderf Smawmh awmifa=umvrf;ray:rSm wyf&if;w&if;eJ@
twl&JabmfwkdufatmifukdawG@&ygw,f? u|efawmfhukdawG@&vkd@ 0rf;om
89
t,fv J &Sdayr,fh ol@rsufESmraumif;ygbl; ? u|efawmfhu kd vrf;ab;

wae&mukad c:oGm;+yD; u|efawmfw@k d jzwfvmcJw
h hcJ &D;pOfta=umif; ar;jref;
pkHprf;ygw,f? u|efawmfA[kd&Sd&myefqef;a&mufrS A[kdunef=um;vkd@
bdef;o,fvmwJw
h yfzw
GJ zGJ@uzkd rf;qD;zkd@ oGm;a&muf apmifhqkdif; ae&a=umif;
od&ygw,f?
ol u pum;enf; olj zpf v kd @ ol@&J @ cHpm;csufa wGu kda wmh u|ef
awmfvnf; rodEkdifchyJ gbl;? ol@ukd u|efawmfaemufqkH; awG@c&Jh wmuawmh
wkw fjynf/ ,leefjynfe,f +rdK@awmfcGefrif;rSmygyJ? u|efawfeJ@&Jabmf
wa,muf 1984 ck E S p f r S m cG e f r if ; +rd K @awmf u k d avh v ma&;c&D ; tjzpf
A[kduapvGwfcJhygw,f? avhvma&;vkyfief;aw+GyD;awmh cGefrif;rSm aq;&kH
wufaewJh &JabmfawGeJ@ acgif;aqmif&JabmfawGukd oGm;a&mufawG@qkHcGifh
&&SdcJhygw,f? tJ'DrSm&Jabmfwkdufatmifukd aemufqkH; awG@&jcif;ygyJ?
ol u |ef a wmf h u k d a wG @ awmh rsuf & nf a wG 0 J a eayr,f h pum;uawmh
rajymEkdifawmhygbl;? yg;pyffu olajymcsifwJhpum;awGu 0l;0l;0g;0g;awGyJ
xGufv mEkdifawmhwmyg? u|efawmfvnf; ol@vufukd qkyfukdifjzpfnpf
+yD;rsuf&nfawGyJuscJhwmyg?
atmif a oG ;
90
zd e yf w &H e J @ pum;ES p f c G e f ;
nd K [d e f ;
Tae&mum;
pum;a&$puf/ ykef;nufa&$avSmf/ uHhaumfa&$aoG;/ rkav;a&$+yHK;/
=uuf H k ; a&$ o m;/ cs,m;a&$ 0 g/ ZvwW m a&$ a yguf / yd a wmuf a &$ o if ; /
tif=uif;a&$xl/ ysOf;jzLa&$cufr&Sd?
Tae&mum; ppfom&S.
d ?
108 ppfa'oEkdifiHa&;rSL; &Jabmf (OD;) jrrif;ESifhtzGJ@ukd ppfa'o

'kwyfrLS ;&Jabmf (OD;)jrifhEkdif (AkdvfvSaxG;/ atmuf&Srf;) u c&D;waxmuf
ta&mufvkdufykd@ygonf? xkdtzGJ@rSm wm0efjzifh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD
ta&S@ajrmufppfa'ookd@ oGm;=urnfh tzGJ@jzpfonf? xkdtzG@J xJY u|efawmf
ygonf?
91
rdrdwd@k rmS aemifv/Hk aemif0;dk +rdK@e,frw

S qifh qufpyfe,fajrjzpfaom
SSPP +rdK@e,f wyfpdwE
f SifhtquftoG,f vkyfI ul;0ifvmcJo
h nf? +yD;v#if
olw@kd &Srf;wyf. A[kXd mecsKyfukd oGm;zkd@jzpfonf? SSPP e,fxJ a&muf
onfEiS fh tppt&m&m olwd@k uyJ wm0ef,l=uonf? &duQm/ owif;/ vrf;
a=umif;a&G;cs,fr_/ pcef;csr_rsm; txdyif?
u|efawmfw@kd onf xif;l;awm u|e;f awmukd jzwfcho
J nf? acsmif;/
prf;a&xGuw
f @kd udk jzwfco
Jh nf? v,fuGufprd f;pdrf;ESifh rD;_@d xm;aom awmif
,mrsm;ukd jzwfcJhonf? uGif;jyifxJu &Srf;&Gm}uD;oHk;av;&Gm 0if+yD; c%
&yfem;cJhonf? awG@jrif&onfh xk&d mG ol&Gmom;wk@d rmS at;at;vlvl&do
S nf?
olw@kd rmS uk,
d afh &+cH/ ukd,fha&armif;wGif/ ukd,fhawmif,mv,fuu
G fxJwiG f
acsmif;ab;awmtpyfwiG f ukd,fhae@pOf tr_upd Pukd vkyfaqmif+rJ vkyaf e
=uonf? jzwfoef;oGm;onfh u|efawmfw@kd wyfzJ@G ukd xl;xl;qef;qef; rjzpf?
xdwfxdwfjymjym rawG@/ ppfom;awGukd jrifom;us/ usifhom;&ae[ef&Sd
onf?
Armpum;ajymwmcsif;wlaomfv nf; &efo l@wyfu kd &Srf;wyf/
&Srf;&Jabmf/ &Srf;vlxku ppfref(Armwyf) vkd@ ac:=uonf? u|efawmf
wkd@ygwD. jynfol@wyfrawmfukdawmh ppfavmifvsrf(=u,feDwyf) vkd@
ac:wwf=uonf? awmvrf;c&D; oH;k av;&uf qufvm+yD;onfhtcg/ vSnf;
vrf;a[mif;wckw Gif tjyifpnf;ppfx Gu fv _yf&Sm;aeonfh SSPP A[dk
uif;wyfzGJ@i,fudk &Gm;om;rSwqifh tquftoG,f&cJo
h nf? olwkd@u 108
tzG@J ukd }udK,lac:oGm;zk@d &Sr;f A[ku
d v$wv
f u
dk o
f nf[k ajymqkdonfh twGuf
u|efawmfwkd@ ykdtqifajymoGm;=uonf?
aqmif;tukefaEGtul;/ aEGOD;av;jzpfonf? tpdrf;a&mifrsm;u
awmtkyfopfyif/ awmifwef;awmifukef;rsm;ukd zHk;v$rf;xm;qJ? aumif;
uifjymjym/ a&G@vsm;aeonfh wdrw
f u
dk jf zLjzL/ a&=unfprf;acsmif;av;. aw;
oHvGifviG f/ a&wHcGefusoH/ yifpnfopfcG=um;u &SOafh v;ESpfaumif/ a0[if
rSm ysH0Jaeonfh pGefiu
S fwaumif/ wcgwcg ,mwkdufem;u csKd;uloH/ EGm;c
avmufoH/ om;acsmho/H qdw+f idrfat;csrf;onfh &Gufcsi;f xdcwfoH
?
92
tu,fIom/ tajrmufAHk;qH/ aoewfoHrsm;r&SdcJhv#if/ r=um;

&v#if b,favmufaumif;vku
d favrvJ[k qENav; wcku ESv;Hk OD; aESmuf
xJ ajy;0ifvmonf? Tokd@qv
kd #if
tdk aEGOD;
wESpfwm&J@ ysdKrspfcsdef?
tkd ysdKrspcf sed f
woufwm&J@ aEGO;D ?
Apfw m[l* kd; . uAsmpmom;av;onf u|ef awmfhE Sv H k;tdrf rS
kwfw&ufv#Husckefqif;vmonf? [kwfygonf? jynfwGif;ppf/ awmfvSef
ppfxu
J |efawmfw@kd . aEGOD;/ usaemfw@kd . ysKd rspfcsed fyif ?
awmifukef;wck. 0g;Hkopfikwfab;Y uif;tapmifhukd vSrf;jrif
vkduf&onfhtcg SSPP A[kdXmecsKyfpcef; a&muf+yD[k rSwfcsufcsvkdufrd
onf? prf;acsmif;av;twkdif; u|efawmfw kd@tzGJ@u qefwufav#muf
oGm;=uonf? ukef;ajyajywGif jzpfap/ a&pyf opf&dyfteD;wGifjzpfap/ [kdwpk/
'Dwpk/ ol@XmezGJ@pnf;yHkESifhol jzef@cGJae&m,l tvkyfvkyfae=uonf?
rkd;&moDr[kwo
f nfhtwGuf/ rkd;umwJrsm; rxkd;=u&? 0g;cH/k 0g;wef;/
0g;pifrsm; xkd;xm;=uonf? v,fuGif;a[mif;xJ rSm vl}uD;rsm;. jrif;rsm;
vm;rsm; v$wfxm;onfukd jrif&onf? wyfom;wcsKd @ua&csKd ;t0wfzGwf/
zdeyfav#maf e=uonf? TjrifuGif; _cif;u &efol@owif;rxl;yJ/ at;aq;
a=umif; cef@rSef;Ekdifonf? teD;tem;wGif &efol@ppfa=umif;v_y&f Sm;r_r&Sdqdk
onfudk jyaeonf?
15 rde pf cef@ av#mufv Sr f; +yD;onf ht cg/ t&dyf aumif; aumif;
ajruGufvyf us,fus,f0ef;0ef;wckwGif SSPP A[kdacgif; aqmifESpfOD;.
wJ}uD; ESpv
f ;Hk ukd awG@vu
kd f&onf? wJwvHk;ESifhwvH;k rSm vSr;f jrifEkdifonf?
a&pD;acsmif;av;u jcm;xm;ay;onf? Adkvrf SL;aqvif;ac: pkid f;vSatmif.
wJqD u|efawmfwkd@ukd t&ifac:oGm;onf? wJ}uD;a&S@rSm &Srf;&Jabmf ESpf
a,muf uif;,lxm;onf? t,faZ;&Sif;acG;}uD;ESpfaumifu wJab;teD;
93
rSm em;ckdaeonf? vlpdrf;udk jrifvkdufI xa[mifaeonf? ocif. trdef@

oHa=umifh +idrfoGm;onf?
E_wfcrf;arG;xlx}l uD; t&yftarmif; jrifhjrifhESihf Adv
kd frSL;aqvif;u
a&S@xGufvm+yD; }udKonf? ol@wJqD EkdifiHa&;rSL;ESihf 'kwyfrSL;ukd ac:oGm;onf?
usaemfwd@k u tjyifcyfvrS f;vSrf;rSm usefcJhonf? a&S@c&D;pOftwGuf ajymqkd
aqG;aEG;=urnfxifonf? aemufawmh AkdvfrSL;pHrdef;wJbuf ykd@ay;onf?
Akdvrf SL;pHred f;u EkdifiHa&;rSL;ESifh wyfrSL;ukd ygwD.wyfzGJ@wckonf oHvGiEf Sifh
erfhyef=um;Ya&mufae+yDjzpfa=umif; 'Dae@n 'DrSm em;+yD; reufzefreuf
xrif;pm;+yD; aemufc&D;qufrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymjyavonf? acgif;
aqmifvl}uD;tcsif;csif;t=um; ajymqkd+yD;oGm;onft
h cg olw@kd pDpOfay;onfh
ae&mukd u|efawmfwd@k oGm;=uonf?
aemufae@reufapmapm 108 ppfa'o 'kwyfrSL; OD;jrifhEkdifonf
wyfpw
k pkjzifh aemif0;kd / aemifvb
Hk uf jyefxGufcmG =uonf? tcsed af v; enf;
enf;&onfhtwGuf ukdpkd;jrifhu tazmf!dum u|efawmfhukdac:I AkdvfrSL;
pHrdef; wJqD oGm;a&mufvnfywf ygonf? ukdpd;k jrifhu &Srf;au'g wcsdK@ESifh
odu|rf;&if;ESD;onf?
AkdvfrSL;pHrdef;onf cGef=umEk/ cGeftkef;armifvkd/ AkdvfrSL;aqvif;/
AkdvfrSL;aqxifvkd acwfynmwwfjzpfonf? acwftjrif/ acwftawG;/
acwftod/ acwfynm A[kokwf&Sdonf? &Srf;wyf/ &SSrf;tzGJ@tpnf;ESifh
&Srf;vlxkwGif;Y tawmfhukd cspfcif av;pm;cH&oljzpfonf? tvkyftukdif/
taetxkdif/ rSefuefwduspnf;urf; }uD;onf[k =um;&zl;onf?
ta&S@ajrmufwufrnfh u|efawmfwkd@tpktzGJ@um; a'gif;awmxJ
a&mufaeaom usD;ESihq
f ifwo
l nf? OD;xkyf/ ppf0wfppfxnf/ zdeyfy;kd tdwfrSm
wyHkpH/ waoG;wqifwnf;r&Sd=u/ jynfol@wyfrawmf 0wfpkaH [mif; 0wfol
wcsdK@ ygonf? &efol@0wfpHk 0wfxm;ol wcsdK@vnf; &Sdonf? t&yfom;
ydwf=urf;zsOx
f nf/ &Sr;f abmif;bDeufjym 0wfxm;olvnf; ygonf? wlnrD _
r&Sd/ &Sdonfh wlnDr_wckrSm OD;xkyftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh carmufay:Y =u,feD
trSwfwq
H yd fudk rdrdwd@k bmom !yu
f yf csKyfoDxm;jcif;jzpfonf? trsm;pku
xlxlav;av;/ rmrmawmifhawmifhjzpfaom um;bD;om;a&tom;zdeyf
94
(a'otac: aqmif;ckdu)f ukd pD;xm;xm;=uonf?

AkdvfrSL;pHrdef;wJrS xGufjyefzkd@ tjyKwGif ol@axmufyHha&; &Jabmf
wOD;ukd olac:I u|efawmfESifh ukdpkd;jrift
h m; zdeyfw&HpD ay;vkdufygonf?
E_wfuvnf; Armvkd ckvq
kd o
dk nf? cifAsm;wkd@ oGm;&r,fh c&Dvrf;u a0;
vnf;a0;/ =urf;vnf;=urf;w,f? vrf;rSm tqifajyajyav;oGm;Ekdifzkd@
u|efawmfay;wmyg? wjcm;oabmxm; wjcm;t"dy`m,fr&Sdygbl;
tqifajyajyqdk onfh ol@tajymtqkdESihf tjyKtrlrmS kd;oavmuf xd&S
ygonf? &Srf;acgif;aqmifwOD;. tao;tr$m; udpPtay:u tuif;yg;r_
avm/ tvkduo
f rd _avm? pmemem;vnf tm;ay;r_avm? ynmwwfawG
tay: cspfcifwefzkd;xm;r_avm? wJrS vrf;av#muf xGufvmaom u|ef
awmhfajcaxmuftpHkukd rodrom iHk@=unfhrdonf?
ajctdwfAvmESifh wm,m(aqmif;ckdu)f zdeyf=um;u ajcaxmuf
wkd@rSm &$@H EGHzHknpfwkd@jzifh ayusHaevsu?f ajcmufcef;+yD; tqDrJh ywf=um;tuf
onfh zaemifh=um;u pyfzsif;zsif; emusifr_ukd trSwfjyef&vkdufonf?
awm}uD;acgiaf cgi0f ,f uk,
d w
f idk 0f ,fp;D &efrvG,u
f laom zdeyfw&H?
+rdK@jyu ajcz0g;EkEw
k acsmif;ukd aygif;xkyfaEG;axG; c&D;a0;ukd av#mufvrS f;
jrefqefaponfh zdeyfw&Hukd u|efawmfrsm;pGm wefz;kd xm;cJhygonf? xkzd deyf
w&HESifh aqmif;ckduzf deyfrsm;ukd uae@wkdif u|efawmf vGrf;aeygao;onf?
[kwyf gonf? xkdzdeyfw&Hukd rpD;bJ u|efawmfh ppfausmfykd;tdwfa[mif;xJ
xnfhodrf;um yefqef;txd xrf;cJhygonf?
jrLESif;uGJcsdew
f Gif oHvGifjrpfudk avS}uD;ESppf if;ESifh jzwful;=uonfh
acwfrDvufeufcJ,rf;tjynfhtpHkESihf ta&S@ajrmuf ppfa'ou wyfzGJ@i,f
wzGJ@onf &Srf;wyfzGJ@rS u|efawmfwkd@ukd vufcHac:aqmifvmonf?
a&pD;oefvo
S nfh oHviG jf rpfukd yxrqH;k t}udrf jrifch&J onf? yxr
qHk;t}udrf wlnDppf0wfp/Hk vufeufrsKd ;pHk/ ppfonf tajrmuftjrm;ESifh ygwD
wyfukdawG@}uHK&jcif;jzpfonf? yxrqHk;t}udrf ukd,fhvGwfajrmufajrukd
a&mufzl; eif;zl;jcif;jzpfonf? yxrqH;k t}udrf uif;rapmifh&yJ? pdwfcs vuf
95
cs/ aeem;tdypf uf&onfhb0ukd cHpm;vkduf&onf? yxrqHk;t}udrf tem

*wf. xGef;vif;awmufyr_/ rkd;aumif;. vGwfvyfus,fajymr_ukd &ifckef
awG@xdvkduf&onf?
yxrqHk;t}udrf yxraygif;rsm;pGm
v#Kd @0u
S af zmufxm;onfh ul;wk@d qdyf. awmvrf;av;twkid ;f +cHKukd
wkd;IauG@ywfI wjznf;jznf; awmifay:wuf=uonf? em&D twef=um
awmh tdrfajc}uJ}uJ 0&Gmav;wcsdK@ vrf;c&D;Y pawG@onf? xkdawmifay:
0rsm;onf taeqif;&J/ tpm;cufcJqyJ if/ acwfaemufusqJyif? oHvGifjrpf
ta&S@bufukd ul;jzwfonfESihf tm;vHk;.pdwo
f nf ayghyg;oGm;=u+yD? usaemf
onf vnf; tvif;/ ta&mif/ teH/h toHqo
kd nfh ppfowd av;&yfudv
k nf;
aumif;/ vufeufESifh vlt+rJtwl&Sdae&rnf? ukd,fESifha0;vHpGm rcGJxm;
&qkdaom ajymufusm;ppfpnf;urf; awmif;qkdcsuaf wGudk tomav; c%
av#mhxm;Ekdif+yD?
yef,ef;Y u|eaf wmfwd@k wntdyef m;cJ=h uonf? aemuf&uf quf
c&D;xGufcJhonf? at;at;rSefrSef &GmpOftwkdif; vmcJh=uonf? oHk;&uf
ajrmuf. naeykdi;f wGif yefqef;ukd a&mufonf? pnf;Hk;a&;XmecGJ wJwef;rSm
u|efawmfwd@k tzG@J udk ae&mcsay;onf? pnf;Hk;a&;XmecGrJ Sm Ekdiif Ha&; Xme}uD;
. acgif;aqmifr_ESifh 0ef;+cHxJY &Sdonf? 0g'jzef@csda&;/ tqkdtutzGJ@/
owif;pmapmif yHkESdyfvkyfief;tzGJ@/ Armpmoifausmif;wkd@ESifh wGJvsuf&Sd
onf? pkpkpnf;pnf;/ pnfpnfum;um; &Sdonf? Arm/ ucsif/ ukd;uef@/ 0/
&Srf;/ tkAd mvfq;D / aus;vufqif; wkwyf nmwwfponfh &Jabmfpk/H vlrsKd ;
pHkrsm; twl wm0ef,l tvkyfvyk fae=uonf?
EkdifiHa&;Xme}uD;rSL; &Jabmf(OD;) =unfh+ydKifu 0rf;omtm;&ESifh
OD;jrrif;ukd }udKonf? 0g;wef;cHk&n
S }f uD;wGif em;olem;/ xkdio
f x
l ikd f=uonf?
u|efawmfwkd@tzGJ@om;rsm;. a=umifa=umifusm;usm;/ aysmufaysmuf
=um;=um;/ t&yfom;t0wf 0wfxm;ol rsm;ukd jynfol@ppfESifhvufeuf
usnfqefvmxrf;olrsm;[kyif xif=uao;onf?
108 ppfa'oum; ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oESifh pmv#if tzufzuf/
tppt&m&mrSm uGm;jcm;vSygonf? ky0f wKypPnf;ykdif;rSm ykI
d odom jrif
96
om ygonf? txl;ojzifh tpk;d &i,fw&yfvkd tckdiftrm taqmuf ttHk

r&Sd? Hk;Xmepnf;a0;cef;r r&S?d wnf+idrfaom e,fajr+cH0ef;tdrcf ef;r&S/d um;
r&Sd/ ky&f Sifr&Sd/ aq;Hk*kda'gifr&Sd ?
a&aEG;wtkd;usufpm tcsdefavmufwGif/ wyfaygif;pkukef;/ au'g
ausmif;bufrS ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o 'kwyfrSL;&Jabmf (OD;) wkdufatmif
a&mufvmonf? EkdifiaH &;rSL; OD;jrrif;wd@k a&mufae+yDjzpfa=umif; XmecsKyf;Hk rS
ta=umif;=um;owif;ykd@I ol 0ifvmjcif;jzpfonf? ukd,f&H 0&Jabmf w
a,mufESifhjzpfonf? wyfrSL;wkdufatmifukd yxrqHk; t}udrfawG@zl;jcif;
jzpfonf? tom;ndKndK/ ukd,f&nfu,
kd fv;Hk u uspfuspfvspfvspf &Sdonf?
ppfom;qefonf/ awmfvSeaf &;orm;yDoonf? ol@tjyKtrlrSm oGufvuf
wnf+idrfonf? +yHK;+yHK;&$if&$ifESifh rwfwwf&yf&if; twef=um OD;jrrif;ESifh
pum;ajymonf? 'Dnaumif;aumif; tem;,l=uAsm/ tawmfc&D;yef;
vmcJ+h yD/ reufzefus&if &JabmfESpaf ,muf ol@qDv$wfzd@k / vlpm&if;vmay;zk@d /
&duQmt0wftpm; xkwfay;zk@d udk ajym+yD; E_wfqufjyefoGm;avonf? at;
at;rSefrSefyif?
aemufae@reufrSm ukdp;kd jrihfESifh u|efawmf/ wyfrLS ;wkdufatmifqDukd
oGm;=uonf? ta&S@ajrmufXmecsKyf 0ef;+cHt0if0wGif uif;&Jabmfwa,muf
uif;apmifhaeonf? tkwfuyfrkd;xm;onfh wxyftdrfwef;vsm;ukd awG@
vkdu f&onf? tpnf;a0;yGJ vkyfo nfh tcef;i,f. tv,feH&HY Arm
jynfajryHk}uD;wcsyf csdwfxm;onf? ygwD. vGwfajrmufa'oESifh ajymuf
usm;a'orsm;ukd teDa&mifaq;jc,fxm;onf? ab;eH&HwckwGif atmif
yGJowif;rsm;/ wyf&if;wyfzGJ@toD;oD;. wkduyf o
GJ wif;rsm; a&;om;0g' jzef@
xm;onf? wyfrSL;wkdufatmifukd pm;yGJcHk}uD;wvHk;wGif tvkyfv kyfae
onfudk awG@vdu
k &f onf? okd@aomfvnf; rvSrf;rurf;&Sd tdrfcef;av;a&S@rSm
rcif (wyfrSL;wku
d fatmifZeD;) ESihf orD;cifat;wkd@ukd awG@vkdufonft
h wGuf
ukdpkd;jrifhu t&ifoGm;+yD; E_wfqufygonf? aemufu u|efawmfvnf;
vkdufygoGm;onf?
wyfrSL;wkduaf tmifbuf jyefvn
S v
fh monft
h cg Hk;tkyfjzpfol q&m
&efu u|efawmfwkd@ukd c%xkdifapmifhckdif;+yD; a&aEG;=urf;cGufcs ay;onf?
97
wyfrSL;rSm tvkyfwck+yD;oGm;I u|eaf wmfw@kd ukd vSrf;ac:onf? axmufyHh

a&;ukef;oGm;+yD; ypPnf;&duQmxkwfzkd@ vufrSwfukday;onf? olodcsifonfh
ta=umif;av;awGudk enf;enf;ar;onf? u|efawmfw@kd 108 ppfa'o t
awG@ t}uHKukd enf;enf; ar;onf? w&if;wES;D ajymqkq
d ufqH vmonfhtcg
ol@pdwfESvHk;om;ESifh vkyf[efukd u|efawmfwpHkw&mawG@xdcHpm;vkduf&
onf?
aemufykdif;ygwDA[kdu tv,fykdif;A[kdXmecGJukd zGJ@pnf;vkdufonfh
tcsdew
f Gif u|efawmfonf wyfrSL;wkdufatmif. vufatmufrSm tvkyf
wm0ef usygonf? olESifhtwlwl eD;eD;uyfuyf tvkyfvkyf&onfhtcgrSm
Ttwkid f;yJ xdawG@ cHpm;&onf?
wyfrSL;wkdufatmifum; pum;enf;enf; ajym+yD; tvkyfrsm;rsm;
vkyo
f jl zpfonf? atmufvufi,fom; &JabmfawGudk wef;wl&nfwl qufqH
onf? em;vnfcGihv
f $wfwwfonf? rdrdukd,fud,
k f t"duxm; awmif;qkd
wwfonfh acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? kd;dk;usifh/ jrifhjrifh}uHonf? [efyef*kduf
r&Sdaom yk*~dKvfjzpfonf? yJcl;kd;rwkdufwkdif;atmif/ &JoHk;&Jqkdonfh
tpOftvm}uD;/ *k%o
f wif;}uD;onfh trSwfoauFwwkd@ESihf qufEG,af e
aom au'ga[mif;}uD;rkd@ qufqH&cufrnfrmrnf[k xifxm;Ekdifaomf
vnf; wu,fhvufawG@rSm rcufol/ rrmol/ aysmhaysmif;r_&Sdolyif jzpf
aeonf?
erfhcgacsmif;ab;em;u
wckaom naewGif ukdpkd;jrifhu wJpcef;xJY tem;,l&if; pmapmif
wcsdK@ukd zwf_avhvmaeonf? u|efawmfuawmh ae@vnfu av#mfzGyf
vSrf;xm;onfh tusabmif;bDukd kyfI acgufodrf;aeonf? ar#mfvifhr
xm;bJ wyfrSL;wkdufatmif a&mufvmonf? tvkyftm;I tanmif;
ajyvrf;av#mufxu
G v
f mjcif;jzpfrnf? uk,
d &f rH yg? wa,mufwnf;jzpfonf?
98
xkdifygwyfrLS ; ukdpd;k jrifhu qkdonf? ckwifvGwfav;wckay: xkid f

um cifAsm;wk@d bmvkdtyfao;vJ? vkw
d m&Sd&if ajymyg? A[kdu ta=umif;
r=um;cifrSm/ 'DrSmyJ apmifh&if; avhvmtem;,l&if;/ vkyfEkdifwmav;awG
vnf; vkyfaqmifay;ayghAsm vkd@ wyfrSL;u ajymvkdufygonf? vGwf
vGwfvyfvyf ajym=uonf? ta=umif;pHo
k nf? xkt
d ckduf wm,m (aqmif;
ckdu)f zdeyf pD;xm;onfh u|efawmfhukdjrifvkduf&onf? cifAsm;zdeyfr&ao;
bl;vm;? rawmfv@kd vm;vk@d wyfrLS ;wku
d af tmifu ar;avonf? ol@pum;
xJrSm pum; &Sdaeonf[k kwfw&uf cHpm;vkdu&f onf?
u|eaf wmf tm;vH;k &+yD wyfrLS ;/ zdeyfq&dk if ygwu
D ay;wJh ppfzdeyf
wifrubl;? vrf;rSm SSPP u AkdvfrSL;pHrdef;ay;vkdufwJh zdeyfw&Hyg &Sd
ao;w,fvkd@ jyefajz&if;acgif;&if;ab;c%csxm;onfh zdeyfw&ef ukdyg
xkwf jyvkdufao;onf? wyfrLS ;u tom acgif;av;ndw+f yD; +yHK;aeonf?
+yD; aemuf tckvkd ajymqkdavonf?
u|efawmfhtjrifrSm t&mtm;vHk;[m ol@wefzkd;eJ@ol&Sdygw,f?
'gayrJh oHk;oifhwJhtcsdeftcg oHk;oifhwJhae&mrSm roHk;&if/ 'g[m +cdK;+cHjcif;
r[kwfbl;? vlwa,muf[mvnf; raooifhwJhtcsdeftcg/ raooifhwJh
ae&mrSm ao0Hhwm[m &J&ifhjcif;vkd@ rqdkEkdifbl;? olbmukd ajymcsifrSef;
u|efawmf&dyfrdygonf? ol@pum;ESpfcGef;rSm u|efawmfhESvHk;aoG;a=umxJ
pD;0ifoGm;onf? ukdpkd;jrifhu wyfrSL;wkdufatmifukd ai;=unfhaerdonf?
wJwef;vsm;tjyifbufrS =uufawmifkduu
f pm;ae=uonfh 0kdif;u atmf
[pf &,farmoHwcsdK@ wJwGif;ajy;0ifvmonf?
u|efawmf wyfrSL;pum;ukd jyefIpOf;pm;awG;awm aerdonf?
u|efawmfhvkyfukdiaf qmif&GufrE_ Sifh jzwfoef;r_ukd jyefI pOf;pm; awG;awm
aeonf? rwlaom acgif;aqmif. rwlaom tajympum;ukd =um;ae&
onf? t&mudpPrsm;ukd ae&majymif; axmifhajymif;I pOf;pm;awG;awm
wwfatmif }udK;pm;csifvmonf?
wyfrLS ;. zdeyfw&H/ pum;ESpfcGef;ESihf ywfoufaom tawG@t}uHK
tjzpftysufonf u|efawmfhtwGuf &&Sdvkdufonfh oifcef;pmwckavm?
'grSr[kwf =unfhjrifr__axmifhwrsKd ;avm? 'grSr[kwf acgif;aqmifr_ tEk
99
ynmw&yfavm? u|eaf wmfwd@k oHk;a,mufom; pum;ajymaumif;aewke;f /

wyfrSL;wkdufatmif. ukd,f&H&Jabmf ta&;udpP&SdI XmecsKyfjyef&ef vm
a&mufta=umif;=um;ac:,lonfhtwGuf pum;jzwfvkduf&awmhonf?
wyfrLS ;onf u|efawmfw@kd ukd E_wfqufI tcef;xJrS xGucf GmoGm;avonf?
tcef;onf wdwfqdwfpGm usecf Jhonf?
nd K [d e f ;
100
tif;av;a&uefomu awmfvSefwJh yef;aA'g
&J a bmf ( r)aiG
0rf ; enf ; 0rf ; om

ulrif;um;qdyfuae &Jabmfrsm;&Sd&m &yfuGufukd um;eJ@oGm;+yD;
tdrfteD;vrf;qHkrSm qif;um ypPnf;rsm;ukd cs+yD; twlygvmwJh uav;
awGu olw@kd tbGm;ukd vSrf;ac:aeygw,f? u|efruawmh b,fo@l udrk sm;
awG@&rvJvkd@ pOf;pm;+yD; vSrf;ar#mf=unfhaerdygw,f?
&JabmfawG &Sw
d ,fqw
kd Jh wkdufbufuae uav;rav;wa,muf
yg;pyfuvnf; tpfra& tpfra& eJ@ atmf+yD; vufESpfzuf
qef@wef;um upkefayguf ajy;v$m;vmaewmukd awG@&ygw,f? u|efr
tem;ukd a&mufvmawmh wcgwnf; tpfra&; vdk@ atmfvkduf+yD;
u|efrukd odr;f }uHK;zufvdu
k w
f m kwfw&ufvef@omG ;+yD; vJusrvkd jzpfomG ;
ygawmhw,f? tpfr tpfr u|efrav u|efr rrSwfrdawmh
bl;vm;vkd@ ajymawmhrS u|efr[m owd&vm+yD;
101
a=omf a=omf jrav; jrav; rif;-wkd@ukd vm}udK wmaygah v

[kwfvm;
[k w f w ,f tpf r u|ef r uk d a':OD ; pd e f u ajymw,f / tpf r
ygvmw,fwJh? 0rf;omvkdufwm tpfr&,f
at; at; u|erf vnf; 0rf;omwmygyJ? rar#mfvifb
h JeJ@
a&mufvm&wmavol@aus;Zl; a=umifhaygh? olu ac:vmvkd@ a&muf
vmwmavvdk@ ajymajymqkdqkd q&m0efrav; EG,hf bufukd vSrf;=unfh
vkdufygw,f?
EG,f q&m0efrav;u +yHK;+yHK;av; vkyu
f m =unfhaeygw,f?
[kwfygw,f? u|erf vkdq&dk if tckvdk awG@Eikd zf @dk qw
kd m tdyfruf rufz@dk
awmif rvG,fygbl;? wae&meJ@ wae&m c&D;uvnf; tvGefa0;/ ukd,hf yk f
b0/ uk,
d t
fh ajctaeeJ@qdk 'Davmufa0;wJh c&D;ukd b,fvrkd S rpOf;pm;0Hyh gbl;?
u|efr usef;rma&;raumif;vkd@ u|efrwkd@ &Jabmfq&m0efrav;qD
aq;oGm;ukaecsdef wae@rSm q&mrav; EG,fu
q&mr q&mr use;f rma&;vnf; raumif;bl;? toufvnf;
}uD;+yD ulrif;rSm&SdwhJ &JabmfawGeJ@ uGJaewm =um+yD? u|efr r=umcif tvkyf
udpPwckeJ@ ulrif;ukd oGm;zk@d &Sdw,f? tcGifhomwkef; u|efreJ@ twl vku
d fcJh
ygvm; wJh?
u|efr pOf;pm;vkdufygOD;r,fvkd@yJ ajymxm;vkdufygw,f?
oluawmh vkdufjzpfatmif vkdufzkd@yJ ajymaeygw,f? u|efru
ol@apwemudk av;pm;ygw,f? ol@rSm orD;av;u ausmif;r+yD;ao;bl;?
'gtwGuf u|efru pkd;&drfw,f? oluawmh ajym&Smw,f? uav;twGuf
bmrS rxdckdufygbl;? pdwfcsyg? jzpfEkdifvkd@ u|efru ac:wmygwJh? 'geJ@
u|efrwd@k ZeD;armifESH ESpfa,mufwdik yf if+yD; aemufqHk;rSm u|efrvkduo
f Gm;zkd@
qHk;jzwfcsuf usoGm;ygw,f?
[kwv
f m;? 0rf;omvku
d fwm tpfr&,f rEG,u
f v
dk nf; trsm;
}uD; aus;Zl;wifygw,f
102
tdk 'gavmufvnf; r[kwfygb;l ? u|efrvnf; u|erf wwfEikd f

oavmuf enf;enf;yg;yg; ulnDwmyg
tkd wu,fyg rEG,&f ,f? t&rf;ukd aus;Zl;wifwmyJ? rEG,f
uom 'Dvdrk ac:cJ&h if tpfreJ@awG@z@kd qkw
d m vG,fwhu
J pd Pr[kwfygb;l ? u|efr
jzifh ikdawmif idkcsifw,f
jrav;[m i,fi,fwkef;uvkdyJ uav;[ef raysmuf/ i,frlr
aysmuf ajymaeygw,f?
uJ vm vm? teD;qH;k jzpfwJh a':OD;pdeftcef;ukd t&ifomG ;
&atmif? usefwJhtdrfawG jznf;jznf;rS oGm;wmaygh ajymajymqkdqkdeJ@
ypPnf;awG 0kdif;o,foGm;=uygw,f?
reufpmxrif;ukd a':OD;pdef (OD;ausmfjr/ &ckdifacgif;aqmif&J@ ZeD;)
tdrfrSmyJ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; pm;vkduf=uygw,f?
xrif;pm;+yD;rSyJ &Jabmfrsm;eJ@ at;at;aq;aq; awG@&ygw,f?
&Jabmfwkdif;[m 0rf;enf;0rf;omjzpf =uum rsuf&nfus&ygw,f? u|efr
vnf; 'Dtwkdif;jzpfum rsuf&nfus&ygw,f?
ntdy&f m0ifwt
Jh cg u|efr tdyfv@kd raysmfEdik b
f J jrav;eJ@ i,fpOfu
aecJ&h wJh jzpfpOfawGudk jyefvnfowd&um twdwfuyHk&dyaf wG[m wck+yD;
wck ay:vm+yD; yef;csDum;}uD;wcsyyf rm wjznf;jznf; r_ef0g;0g; ay:vm&m
u tcsdet
f enf;i,ftwGif;rSm vif;vuf=unfvifawmufyvm+yD; kyf&iS f
Zmwfvrf;wck =unfhae&ovkd cHpm;vmrdygawmhw,f?
a=u;rk H& d y f o Gi f
a=omf jrav; jrav;
oleJ@ u|erf yxrqHk;awG@&wmuawmh 1967 ckEpS f arvxJ ygwD
A[kdXmecGJ;Hk rSmyJ jzpfygw,f? u|efru 'kw,
d t}udrfjyefvnf awmckdum
rdcifA[kdXmecGJ&Sd&m tif;av;ukd a&mufcJh+yD; XmerSm u|efr rodao;wJh
q,fausmfouft&G,f rsufESmopf &Jabmfrav;wa,mufukd awG@&vkd@
r (ocifwifxGe;f &J@ ZeD; a':wifrav;) ukd ar;=unfrh dygw,f?
olu 'Dvdw
k hJ
103
tif ; av;a&uef o mu awmf v S e f w J h yef ; aA'g

oluav;uawmh touf 15 ESpaf usmf 16 ESpfavmufom &SdrSm
aygh? tif;av;jynfolawG&J@ tajccHvlwef;pm;awGxJuvkd@ qkd&rSmaygh?
ol@touf 9 ESpf t&G,favmufrSm tazu qHk;oGm;awmh armifESrav;
ESpfa,muf[m tarrkqkd;rav;eJ@ qif;&Jusyfwnf;pGm aexkdifcJh&w,f?
taz&SdpOfw kef;uvnf; tazeJ@tar[m vkyftm;ukd t"du xm;+yD;
armifwxrf; r,fw&Gufqkdovkd wufnDvufnD usyef;}uHK&mtvkyfukd
vkyfukdifpm;cJh=u&wmrkd@ olwkd@rSm tzkd;wefypPnf;OpPm &wemqkdvkd@ orD;
av; wa,mufeJ@ om;av;wa,muf xGef;um;cJ+h yD; 'Dom;orD; &wem
av;awGyJ &Sdwmyg? wjcm;tzkd;wef ypPnf;OpPmqkv
d @kd a=omf a=omf
&Sdao;w,f? tarhbufu tbkd;u ay;xm;wJh uGrf;+cHi,fav;wck
&Sdao;w,f? (olrsm; uGrf;+cHawGu wcgcl;&if uGrf;yd\mcsdef q,ftcsdK@
&=uw,fwJh? 'DuGrf;+cHuav; uawmh uGrf;wcgcl;&if yd\mq,ftcsdK@
&zkd@qw
kd muawmh odyfrvG,af ybl;ayg?h xm;ygawmhav 'guvnf;
ypPnf;OpPmayyJ r[kwfygvm;?)
'guawmh jrav;wkd@rdom;pk&J@ ykdifqikd fr_awG tm;vHk;aygh?
jrav;[m tazr&Sd w Jh zwqkd ;av;b0eJ@ yJ rdcifrk qkd ;rav;
wa,mufwnf;u vufvkyv
f ufpm; vkyu
f ikd fau|;aewmukd armifav;eJ@
twl pm;ae&muae+yD; odem;vnfvmwJhtcg rdcifu jrav;wkd@ armifES
rukd ynma&;eJ@ ywfoufvkd@ rlvwef;ynmukefatmif oifapcsifayr,fh
jrav;u rae&ufawmhbJ 'kwd,wef;rSmyJ (touf 12 ESpt
f &G,f) ausmif;
uxGuf+yD; emrnf}uD;aq;vdyfcHkwckrSm tvkyf0if vkyfygw,f? aq;vdyf
vdyfwmukdvnf; wwfatmifoif,lw,f? b0wl aq;vdyforrsm;u
vnf; oem;=uifempGmeJ@ pdwf&n
S fvuf&Snf ulnDoifay;ygw,f? aq;vdyf
aumif;aumif; rvdyfwwfcif wzufwvrf;u 0ifaiGuav;&atmif aq;
vdyfxkyw
f m oif&ygw,f? aq;vdyfxkyw
f muvnf; aumif;aumif; xkyf
wwf&if waxmifpnf;wpnf;ukd aiG 3 usyf&ygw,f? wcsdK@ u|rf;usif
olrsm;tzkd@ wae@ukd aiG 10 0ef;usifavmuf&ygw,f? jrav;wkd@vkd odyf
rwwfao;wJh vufoifuav;awGuawmh aq;vdyfckyH kdif&iS f&J@ acgi;f yHkjzwf
104
wm cH&ygw,f? Oyrm- wae@ vkyt

f m;cu 4 5 usyzf d;k avmuf &Sdw,f
qkd&if aiG&Sif;ay;wJhtcg 3 usyfcJaG vmufyJ ay;wwfygw,f? aiG 3 usyfzd;k
avmuf +yD;&ifvnf; 2 usyf jym; 50 jym; 60 avmufyJ ay;wwfygw,f?
tjynfhay;zkd@vnf; rajym&J? avoHawmif r[&Jygbl;? nnf;wkd@vkyw
f m
rvSbl;/ raumif;bl;vkd@ ajym y,fvkduf&if aiGwjym;rS r&rSmukd awG;
a=umufae&ygw,f? b,favmufay;ay;/ ay;or# ,l& wJhb0yg? olu
tvky&f Sif olaX;r[kwfvm;? uk,
d &fh J@ xrif;&Sifqkdawmh aus;Zl;&Sifvyk for#
cH&rSmyg? vkyfom;tm;vHk;vnf; 'DvkdygyJ? naerkd;csKyfvkd@ tvkyfodrf;+yD;
tdrfjyefcgeD;+yDq&kd if &ifxJu w'dw'f dwfe@J ? vkyftm; caiG &+yD;rS &ifxJu
tylvHk;}uD; usoGm;+yD; tdru
f kd jyefEkdifygw,f?
vufv _yfrS yg;pyfv _y f& wJhb 0
jrav;[m &or#aiGav;ukd uspfu spfygatmifqkyf+yD; tdrfu kd
tajy;jyefvmum tarhukd 'Dae@ b,favmuf&cJhw,fqkdwmukd tm;&0rf;
omeJ@ ajymjy+yD; &vmwJhaiGav;ukd xrif;zk;d ,lygqk+d yD;ay; awmh tar&J@
qENtrSefu r,lcsifayr,fh rdom;pkwckvHk; yHkrSefxrif;00pm;zkd@u tar
wa,mufwnf; vkyfpmeJ@ rpm;avmufwmrkd@ r,l&ufayr,fh ,l&ygw,f?
+yD;awmhrS &vmwJhaiG tenf;trsm;ay:rlwnf+yD; wcgw&H aiGwusyf
avmuf/ wcgwavvnf; jym; 50/ jym; 60 avmuf jyefay;wwfygw,f?
t0wftpm; aumif;aumif;vSvSav; 0,fEkdifatmif aumif;aumif;pk
xm;/ ighorD;}udKufwmawG&if 0,faygh vkd@ ajym+yD; ae@pOf aiGenf;enf;
jyefay;wwfygw,f?
tarjyefay;wJhaiGav;ukyd J aumif;aumif;pkxm;+yD; oma&;ema&;
oGm;p&mvmp&m&Sd&if 0wfz@dk t0wftxnfav;ukd 0,f+yD; aumif;aumif;
odr;f xm;&ygw,f? uk,
d hrf Sm 0wfaumif;pm;vSqv
kd d@k aumif; aumif;&Sw
d mrS
r[kwfawmh &SdwJht0wftpm;av;ukdyJ aumif;aumif;odrf;xm;/ oli,f
csif;awGeJ@ tjyef tvSefvv
J S,f0wf (tar rodatmif) vkyf&ygw,f?
rkd;wGif;wae@rSm tar[m aumufpkdufvkdufoGm;wm waeukef
rkd;&Gmaew,f? aumufpdu
k t
f +yD; tartdrfjyefa&mufwJhtxd rk;d uoJ}uD;
105
rJ}uD; &Gmaewkef;yJ? tJ'Dvkdwaeukef rkd;pkdcJh&vkd@ tar[m om;orD;awG

twGuf xrif;csufzd@k awmif rcsufEdik af wmhbJ tcsr;f wufvmvk@d tdy&f m
xJ0if+yD; acgif;+rD;+cHK tdyfae&w,f? 'gvnf; tcsrf;u rajyao;bl;wJh?
nrdk;csKyfjyefvmrS jrav;tdrfjyefa&mufawmh wukd,fvk;H cspfcspf
awmufylae+yD; tzsm;wufaewJh tarhudk awG@vdu
k &f w,f? bk&m;pifay:rSm
tarodrf;xm;w,fqdw
k hJ aq; (q&marmif aq;eDr_e@f ) ukd ,l +yD; tarajym
wJhtwkdif; uGrf;&GufjyKwf&nf ylylav;eJ@ wku
d fay;ygw,f? aq;aomuf+yD;
wem&Davmuf&Sd awmh wukd,v
f ;Hk ac|;awG xGufvmvk@d jrav;u tarhukd
t0wfawG vJay;ygw,f? armifav;uawmh uav;obm0 ausmif;qif;
vnf; tdrfukd jyefra&mufao;bJ oli,fcsif;awGe@J vSnhyf wfupm;aewmrkd@
tdrrf mS jrav;wa,mufwnf; tarhudjk yKpkae&w,f? aemuf&ufawGvnf;
tvkyrf oGm;Ekid fawmhbJ 0ifaiGvnf; r&SdrkH u &Sw
d hpJ x
k m;wJah iGuav;awmif
wwdwed @J ukeyf g+yD? taru oufomw,fv@kd r&Sb
d J ae@a&mnyg acsmif;qk;d
ae+yD? tara&m jrav;wk@d yg wtdrfvk;H aumif;aumif; tdy&f w,fvkd@ r&Sd
awmhbl;?
wae@awmh uHtm;avsmfpGmyJ tif;av;a'orSm vSnfhvnfv_yf
&Sm;aewJh ygwDu q&m0ef &Jabmf wifat;u owif;&vk@d a&mufvm+yD;
tajctaeawG tjynfhtpHak r;um aq;ukay;ygawmhw,f? jrav;rSm tm;
ukd;p&mqkv
d dk tJ't
D arwa,mufyJ &Sdwmyg? taru usef;rma&; raumif;
tonf;toef jzpfaewmrdk@ ae@pOf'gukyd aJ wG;+yD; 0rf;enf;um rsuf&nfpuf
vufjzpfaewmukd &Jabmfwifat;[m jrif&+yD; oem;rdum wlrav;w
a,mufvkd oabmxm;um tm;ay;ESpfodrfhwwfygw,f?
&Gm OD;ausmif;u OD;yOPif ;}uD ;ukd v nf; tajctaetjynfhtpHk
oGm;a&mufav#mufxm;um tultnD awmif;ygw,f? OD;yOPif;}uD;u
vnf; &Jabmfwifat;&J@ av#mufxm;csufudk em;axmif+yD; vlemorD;jzpf
olukd vm=unfhw,f? ajr;av;(jrav;) ukd tm;ay;pum;ajym=um;&if;
pm;& r,fhaomuf&r,fhjzpfaewJh ajr;uav;awGukd oem;pdwfydkum
ausmif;xdkifbkef ;}uD;ukd jyefv nfav#mufx m;ay;w,f? ausmif;xkdif
bkef;bkef;uvnf; qefqDqm; [if;csufp&mrsm;eJ@ [if;zkd;aiG tenf;t
106
usOf;ukd ay;urf;pGef@}uJvkdufygw,f?
'DvkdeJ@ ygwDu q&m0ef &Jabmfwifat;&J@ aq;0g;uko ulnD
ay;r_eJ@ tarvnf; wjznf;jznf; aeaumif;vmygw,f? tm;aq;ukd
ta=umaq;a&m tom;aq;yg xk;d ay;um/ tm;&Sw
d Jh tpm;tpmudk awmh
bkef;}uD;ausmif;u ay;urf;pGef@}uJwmav;awGukd pm;&if;aomuf&if;eJ@
tar[m tjref emvefjyefxvmygw,f? jrav;wkd@ rdom;pkwckvHk;eJ@
q&m0ef&aJ bmfwifat;wk@d ykdr&kd if;ESD;um tjyeftvSef oHa,mZOf wG,fwm
vm=uygw,f?
tk%fOD;&J@ tvif;wef;
wae@? tJ'Dwae@[m jrav;&J@b0wauG@udk rar#mv
f ifhbJ ajymif;
vJypfvkduw
f Jh ae@wae@aygh?
tdrfa&S@cef;rSm tareJ@ pum;ajym&if; w_duf_duf ikdaewJh toH
wckukd =um;&vk@d xGuf=unfv
h du
k yf gw,f? [if- a':av;arygvm;? rsufESm
vnf; tndKtrnf;awGeJ@ bmjzpfvmwmygvdrfhvdk@ teD;uyfxkdif+yD; em;
axmif=unfhawmhrS jzpf&yfrSeu
f kd ckvkd em;vnfvkduf&ygw,f?
rae@u &GmxJrmS 0ufay:vk@d [if;pm;&atmifqd+k yD; wyd\m pyg;
eJ@ vJ+yD; 0,fxm;wm rae@nu [if;weyfcsufpm;+yD;+yD? tJ'gnu ol@
a,mufsm;[m oli,fcsif;awG ac:vm+yD; tarmajyqkdum t&uf0dkif;
axmifw,f? rdef;rukd tjrnf;vkyzf @kd awmif;awmh a':av;aru ajryJ a=umf
ay;w,f? ig;zGJav;awGvnf; a=umfay;ygw,f? 'geJ@wif rwif;wdrfEkdifbJ
a,mufsm;vkyfolu 0ufom;yg a=umfay;zdk@ awmif;awmh a':av;aru
'gavmufqkd&yg+yD/ 0ufom;u xrif;eJ@pm;zkd@ xm;wmyg? ray;Ekdifawmhbl;
ajym+yD; ray;bl;wJ?h tJ'g olawmif;wm ray;&aumif;vm;vkd@ t&ufu
vnf; rl;vmawmh aoG;uvnf; qlvmwmaygh? oli,fcsif;awG a&S@rSm
*kdux
f kwfcsiw
f mvnf; ygrSmaygh? rdef;rukd qJqd+k yD; qHyifq/GJ yg;kduf/ rsufESm
ukd vufo D;eJ@xdk; vkyfawmhwmyJwJh? tJ'ga=umifh a':av;aru ol@
a,mufsm; r&Sdckduf t0wfxkyfav;ykduf+yD; tpfrvkyfwJh (tareJ@ nDtpfr
w0rf;uGJawmfw,f)qD xGufajy;vmwmyg? taruvnf; aumif; aumif;
107
rGefrGef vufcHajymqkd acsmharmh+yD; vife@J r,m; v#meJ@oGm;wJ?h wcgw&H

jzpfwwfw,f? 'gudk abGr,leJ@? ukd,fwnfaqmufxm;wJh tdraf xmifa&;
b0ukd rzsuq
f ;D eJ@? aumif;aumif;rGefrGef tdrfukdjyef+yD; vkypf &m&Sdwm vkyf
vk@d jyefcidk f;ay;r,fh a':av;aru odrif ,fpw
d ef @J id,
k +kd yD; tpfru u|erf ukd
ac: xm;&rSm a=umufvkd@vm;vkd@ ajymaeawmh tarvnf; aemufxyf
bmrS rajymawmhbJ at;at;yJ aevku
d fygw,f?
naeusawmh a':av;ar&J@ a,mufsm;vkdufvm+yD; qJqkdkduf
ESuf+yD; jyefac:oGm;w,f? tarvnf; pdwfnpfnpfeJ@ bmrS rajymawmhbJ
aevku
d &f w,f?
'DrSmwif jrav;[m pOf;pm;p&mawG woD}uD; ay:vm+yD; a,m
ufsm;awGudk trkef;}uD; rkef;vmw,f? a':av;arukdvnf; odyfoem;
oGm;rdw,f? rdef;rawG&J@b0 qkd;vkdufwmyguvm;vkd@ awG;aerdw,f?
'D=um;xJ taru pdwfwkd&if ajymxGufvmwwfwJhpum;wcGef;udkvnf;
oGm;owd&vkduw
f ,f? tJ'gu tarpdwfwdv
k m&if eifw@kd vdk trawGukd
arG;&wm bmrS tusdK;r&Sdbl;? ighom;av; arG;&wmurS arG;vm+yDqkd
uwnf;u aqGrsdK;awGuvnf; 0kdif;+yD; zl;zl;r_wfwmcH&w,f? a[m
ouFef;EkdifwJh tcsdefusawmh ol@om;ukd &SifjyKay;awmh ukokdvfvnf; &
ao;w,f? eifwkd@ aomufrawGu bmtoHk;usvJ? ighom;av; }uD;vm
&if ighukd vkyfukdifau|;OD;rSm? eifwkd@arG;&wm 0rf;a&;pyfHkyJ? bmukokdvf
rSvnf; r&bl;? }uD;vm&if vif&+yD; vifaemuf vkduo
f mG ;+yD; vifudk bk&m;
vkyf uk;d uG,w
f myJ wwfwm? bmrS aomufoHk;rusbl;wJh? jrav;[m
tarhpum; jyef=um;a,mif+yD; rsuf&nfawGyg usvmw,f? [kwfw,f?
ygwDu ajymwm? OD;av;wifat;wkd@ w&m;a[mwmawG odyrf SefwmyJ?
'Dvkd0dkif;+yD; tESdrfcH&wJhb0rSm ae&wmxuf ukd, fhb0vGw f
ajrmufa &;twG u f uk d, f u kd , f w k d if wkd u f yG J 0 if & wm yk da umif ; w,f ?
ykdreS fw,f? ygwDu ajymw,fr[kwv
f m;? trsKd ;orD;b0 vGwfajrmufa&;
t wGuf trsdK;orD;awG ukd,fwkdif wkdufyJ0G if&r,fwJh?
awmf+yD 'Dae@up+yD; ygwDacgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm awmfvSefa&;
orm;b0ukd cH,l&wm ighb0twGuf rGejf rwfw,f? *k%fa&mifajymifw,f?
108
us&mwm0efukd ausyefatmif xrf;aqmif&if; jynfolvlxkukd tusKd ;jyK

oGm;awmhr,f? 'DnaerSmyJ jrav;[m oli,fcsif;jzpfol jrat;eJ@ twl
vl}uD;awG rodatmif xGufajy;um A[kXd mecGJ&d&S m pcef;ukd oGm;+yD; trsKd ;
orD;wyfzGJ@xJrSm wyfom;opfawGtjzpf cH,lvkdufygw,f?
xif r d a ,mif r S m ;
jrav;wa,muf trsdK;orD;b0vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf &nf
&G,fcsurf eS frSex
f m;+yD; awmfveS fa&;wyfzGJ@xJ 0ifomG ;wmukd &Gmu rdcifu
tp aqGrsdK;om;csif;awGtqHk; tm;vHk;u &Jabmfwifat; (q&m0ef) eJ@
}udKufvd@k vkduaf jy;oGm;w,fv@kd xifae=uw,f &JabmfawGuvnf; 'Dt
wkdi;f yJ xifxm;=uw,f? vtcsdKK@=umrS k;d kd;om;om; cifa=umif; od=u&
w,f? 'Dvedk J@ aevmcJh=u&if; 1969 ckESpu
f srS &J abmfwifat;u cspfa&;
qkdum jrav;uvnf; vufcHoabmwlvkd@ ygwDpnf;urf;twkdif; ygwD
uvmyfpnf;ukd pepfwus wifjyum cspfolrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKwm
cHcJh=u&w,f?
jrwfav; pG, fa wmf ,kZ e uHha umf
yef;rsdK;av;pHkv Sygonf
*Ek di f t wG i f; }ud K if o if ; ygvk d @ aysmf
jrav; jrav;eJ@ ac:ae&if;u owd&vdk@ u|efru wae@rSm
pum;pyfrdvkd@ ar;=unfhygw,f?
jrav;qkdwJhemrnfav;u emrnf&if;vm; ac:vkd@ awmfawmff
aumif;wmyJ
r[kwfb;l tpfr&J@? awmfveS fa&;xJa&mufrS OD;av;wifat;u
ay;xm;wm? olu &Sif;jyw,f? tJ'Djrwfav;yef;[m vSvnf;vSw,f/
&eH@uvnf; awmfawmfar$;w,f? [kd ta0;uwnf;u yef;&eH@ukd &+yD;
pdw f&$ifv ef;tm;wufapw,f? 'ga=umifh rif;vnf; tJ'Dyef;av;vkdyJ
tawG;tac:uvnf; (pdwf"mwfuvnf;) t+rJwrf;vSyae+yD; ygwt
D wGuf
trsm;tusdK;twGuf tvkyftau|;jyKEkdif&ef toifh&Sdae+yD; ukd,fusdK;
109
rzufbJ us&mwm0efudk ausyefpmG xrf;aqmifEikd af tmif t+rJ}udK;pm;ygvd@k

rif;ukd t"du awmif;qkdcsifw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Dae@up+yD; rif;emrnfukd
jrwfav;vkd@ ay;vkdufr,f? 'Demrnftwkid ;f jzpfatmif rif;vnf; }udK;pm;
vdrfhr,fvkd@ ig,Hk=unfar#mfvifhrdw,fwJh?
tJ'g vlawGu rod=uawmh jrwfav;vkd@ rac:bJ jrav;
jrav; eJ@ ac:ae=uwmyg? u|efruvnf; &Sif;jy&mrSm &SufwmeJ@
r&Sif;awmhbl;? }udKufovkd ac:ygapvk@d ? oluawmh jrwfav;vkd@yJ ac:
ygw,fwJh?
at;av ukd,fcsif;odae&if +yD;wmyJ? olrsm;awG ac:wm
rac:wmu t"du r[kwfygb;l ? ukd,u
f ,
kd fwkdifu odxm;+yD; wefz;dk xm;/
'Dtwdkdif;jzpfatmif vkyfaqmifEkdifa&;u t"duusygw,f
[kwfygw,f tpfr&,f? u|efruvnf; 'DvkdyJ oabmxm;+yD;
}udK;pm;ygw,f? oljzpfcsiw
f pJh Hcsdefukd a&mufra&mufawmh rodygb;l ? u|efr
uawmh t+rJwrf;owdxm;+yD; }udK;pm;aeygw,f tpfr&,f
at; at; tJ'g aumif;ygw,f? }udK;pm;r_ atmifjrif
ygapvkd@yJ qENjyKygw,f
trS w f x if x if awmwG i f ; wae&mrS m
u|efrwdk@XmerSm &duQmjywfoGm;ygw,f? &duQmrSm t"duuswJh
qef r&Sad wmhwmyg? vlxak wG ukd,w
f ikd f tvkyfrsm;ae=uvkd@ qefraxmif;
Ekd if = uyg? (vuf q Hk eJ @ jzpf o vkd axmif ;pm;ae=uygw,f? ) 'ga=umif h
u|erf wk@d u vlxak wGvufqekH @J axmif;+yD; ay;wJq
h efudk r,lawmhb?J rdrw
d @dk
bmom axmif;pm;r,fqkd+yD; pyg;ukdyJ ,lygw,f? pyg;ukd aevSr;f +yD;yg+yD?
Akv
d fwdu
k fatmifu &GmxJrmS pyg;}udwfwhJ }udwfqkw
H ck &Sw
d ,f? tJ'gukd
oloGm;+yD; }udwrf ,f? qefv;Hk wD;jzpfrSm/ trsKd ;orD;awG ajcarmif;eJ@ qefzyG f
yg? jrefvnf; jrefw,fvk@d ajymw,f?
'gukd u|erf wkd@u oabm rwlyg? ta=umif;u Akdvw
f du
k af tmif
[m pcef;rSL;wa,muftaeeJ@ tvkyf tvGefrsm;ygw,f? pcef;&Sd &Jabmf
awG&@J usef;rma&;qkdi&f mukv
d nf; olyJ wm0ef,x
l m;ygw,f? 'D=um;xJu
110
zsm;aevk d @
rxEk d i f w J h & J a bmf a wG
t0wf v J p &mr&S d
ayawnpfywfae&ifvnf; olyJ a&aEG;w,f+yD; oef@&Sif;atmif olyJ
a&bwfwkdufay;w,f? +yD;awmh &JabmfawG&J@ t0wfawGukdvnf; olyJ
av#maf y;w,f? t0wfvJ ay;w,f?
'D=um;xJ u|efrwkd@ trsdK;orD;awG tukefvHk;zsm;+yD; vJaevkd@
xrif;csuw
f Jhol r&Sd&if olyJ rD;zkx
d J0if xrif;csuyf gw,f? tJ'v
D kd tvkyf
awGursm;/ rtm;rvyf jzpfaewwfwmrd@k u|erf wkd@u ol pyg; oGm;}udwf
rSmukd oabmrwlwmyg
oluvnf; u|efrwk@d wawG &GmxJ oGm;&rSmukd oabmrwlygb;l ?
ta=umif;u &efolu A[kdXmecGJukd teH@cHum qufwdu
k f vkdufxd;k ppfqif
aevk@d yg? 'DvkdeJ@ aqG;aEG;=u&if; aemufqk;H tajzwck &vmygw,f?
tJ'gu awmxJrmS &GmeJ@ wrkdiaf vmufa0;ygw,f? tJ'DrSm acsmif;
wck&Sd+yD; OD;}uD;wa,mufu a&armif;wck vkyfxm;ygw,f? &Gmuvnf;
oHk;ygw,f? u|erf wkd@ tJ'Darmif;ukd oGm;+yD; qefzyG farmif;axmif; vky=f u
zkd@ygyJ? oGm;r,fhvluawmh 2 a,muf/ u|efreJ@ jrav;yg? u|efrwkd@ 2
a,mufu tzsm;emvefxqkdayr,fh usefvlawGeJ@ E_dif;pm&if wpHkw&m
tm;&Sd+yD; v_yf&Sm;Ekid fygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|erf wkd@ awmif; qkdcsuu
f kd tm;vHk;
u oabmwlvkdufygw,f? reufpmxrif; apmapmpm;+yD; pyg;wwif;
avmuf0ifwJh y(awmif;) xJudk pyg;xnfh+yD; acgi;f rSmy (acgi;f rSm }udK;eJ@
okdi;f +yD; ykd;)um vufrSm qefaumwcsyfpu
D ikd f+yD; a&armif;&S&d mukd xGufcJh
ygw,f? &Jabmfwa,muf vkduyf d@k ygw,f?
a&mufyg+yD? wJa&m armif;pifyg oef@&Sif;oyf,yfvkd@ aeygw,f?
armif;qHku }uD;ygw,f? qef 4 +yDavmuf qHhygw,f? a&armif;qkdwmu
vlu axmif;ay;p&m rvkdyg? a&tm;eJ@yJ axmif;ygw,f? acsmif;a& cg;
avmuf&w
Sd Jh (q,fxm;wJah e&m rSm a&&[wfwckukd wyfqifxm;ygw,f?
a&&[wfu vlvufckyfwazmifavmuf jrifh+yD; vSnf;bD;}uD;vkd 0kdif;puf
pufjzpfygw,f? &[wfrSm wyfqifxm;wJh 'vufawGu tm;vHk; 0g;t
a=umeJ@ &uf+yD; wyfqif xm;wmyg? a&&[wf[m acsmif;a&pD;qif;r_a=umifh
w&pyfvnfae+yD; =unfhvkd@ tvGefvSygw,f)
111
u|efrwkd@ ESpfa,muf pyg;axmif; qefzGyf&if; pum;wajymajymeJ@

tvkyfawmh awmfawmf wGifyg w,f? u|efru qefjymwm/ pyg;jymwm
aumif;aumif; jymwwfygw,f? jrav;uawmh qefaum0kdi;f wm aumif;
aumif;wwfygw,f? qefxJrSm &So
d r# pyg;vHk;awG[m qefaumtv,frSm
yef;yGiafh v;vkd wufvmatmif vkyw
f wfygw,f? u|erf t}udr}f udrf }udK;pm;
ayr,fh r&ygb;l ? &So
d r#pyg;awG tay:awmh wufvmygw,f? tv,frSm
rpkbJ ab;E_wcf rf;rSm yef;ukH;yefxm;ovkd jzpfaeygw,f? (t&ifuvnf;
t}udrf}udrf }udK;pm;zl;ygw,f? r&ygbl;? olwd@k wwfwhv
J u
l ajymuawmh
qefaum0kdif;wJt
h cg u|efr&J@ b,fvufu ukid fwm enf; rrSefao;vkd@ 'D
vkdjzpfw,fvk@d ajymygw,f?) u|efr pdwftm;awmh rav#mhao;ygbl;? tcg
tcGihf oifhwdik ;f vkyf=unfw
h ,f? 'Dtwkid f; qufvyk o
f Gm;&if wae@ae@awmh
&&r,f vkd@pw
d fqHk;jzwfxm;ygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd pyg;axmif;qefzGyf&if;eJ@ owdvufvGwfjzpf+yD; jy\em
wckay:cJhygw,f? jzpf+yD;rS wjznf; jznf; awG;rd+yD; a=umufvu
kd fwm?
jzpfyHku 'Dvdyk g? a&&[wfu uswhaJ &ukd armif;&J@ ajceif;cGux
f Jukd
0ifvmatmif (armif;&Jajceif;cGufu EGm;pmxnfhwJh EGm;pmusif;vkd vkyf
xm;w,f? a&&[wfuuswJha&ukd armif;cGufxJa&mufatmif 10 ay
avmuf&SnfwJh 0g;yk;d ukdjcrf;xm;wJh 0g;jcrf;jym;wckeJ@ a&yku
d fvkd vkyf+yD; oG,f
xm;ygw,f? armif;&J@ ajceif;cGufxJ a&awGjynfhvmwkdi;f ajceif;cGuf[m
wGif;eufxJ edrfhus oGm;+yD; ajceif;cGufxJ&SdwJha&awG tm;vHk;ukd oGefcs
vkdufw,f? +yD;&if armif;wef[m ykHrSefjyefwufvmw,f? 'Dvkd yHkrSefjyef
wufvmwdik ;f armif;OD;u usnaf yG@wyfqifxm;wJhae&mu pyg; okd@r[kwf
qefukd yHkrSefaxmif;ay;wm jzpfaeygw,f? wu,fu armif;ukd &yfxm;
r,fqd&k if (1) a&wHav#mufukd v$x
J m;&r,f? (2) a&S@u armif;OD;ukd tay:
xkyfrSm csnfxm;wJh }udK;uGif;rSm csdwfxm;&r,f? tckawmh u|efrwkd@ t
vG,fenf;eJ@ a&wHav#mufukd rv$/J armif;OD;ukdvnf; }udK;rSmrcsdwfbJ armif;
usnfayG@ tvGwfwck ukd,l+yD; axmufxm;vku
d w
f ,f? tJ'v
D akd xmif;&if;
pum;wajymajymeJ@ zGyfxm;wJhqefukd qefaumxJ ,lxnfhaewmyg?
ajceif;armif;cGufxJ a&awG jynfhvmawmh wGif;xJedrfhusoGm;+yD;
112
a&awGo Ge fcsvkdu fw Jh a0gqkdw Jh toH} uD;eJ@ twl armif;OD;u

usvmwJh 'kef; qkdwJh toH}uD;a&m qefukd E_duf+yD;,laewJh jrav;&J@
trav;qkw
d Jh toHwd@k a=umifh ab;rSm xkid af ewJh u|efrukd,fwkdifvnf;
xd w f v ef @ oG m ;+yD ; k w f w &uf =uuf a o aooG m ;awmh w ,f ?
watmifhavmuf=umrS owd& vkd@ jrav;ukd =unfv
h u
kd fawmh armif;pifeJ@
wvH a vmuf a 0;wJ h a e&mrS m jrav;[m yuf v uf u av;vef + yD ;
vJusaewm jyefrxEkdifbJ atmfiakd eyg w,f? 'ge@J u|erf vnf; jrav;qD
uysmu,m ajy;oGm;+yD; qGx
J lay;vkduf awmhtpfra& emw,f tpfra& emw,f eJ@ atmfikdaewJh
jrav;udk ayG@xlvkduf+yD; at; at [kwfw,f emwmaygh emwm
aygh jrav; b,fem; emwmvJ tpfrukdjy tpfrvkyaf y;r,f
rematmif tpf r vk y f a y;r,f tpf r aygh q vk d @ 'D v k d j zpf & wm
tpfra=umifh 'Dvkdjzpf&wm wdwfyg wdwfyg nDrav;&,f
tpfrvkyfay;rSmaygh rikdygeJ@uG,fvk@d ajymvnf;ajym oljywJh ae&mukd
=unfhvkdufawmh yg;pyf&J@ b,fbuftxufem;rSm eD&JaewJh tay:,H
tom; enf;enf; pkwaf ewmukd awG@&ygw,f?
tJ'Dae&mvnf;[m txdukd rcHEkdifbl;wJh? bk&m; bk&m;
uH}uD;ay;vkd@omayg?h acgif;ay: wnfhwnfh armif;wke;f rsm; usoGm;&ifawmh
a&S@quf+yD; rawG;0Hhawmhygb;l ? u|efrav u|erf t}uD;jzpf+yD;awmh
ayghqvkd@ ol@crsm cHvkduf&&Smwm? tckvufiif; ta&;}uD;wmu olem
aewm aysmufzkd@u ta&;}uD;w,f? 'ga=umifh u|efracgif;u wbufukd
jzKwf+yD; tzsm;wzufukd vHk;um tHaiG@ay;um emwJhae&mukd tomav;
zday;ygw,f? enf;enf; =umvmawmh awmfawmfoufomvmw,f? pum;
vnf; ajymazmf&vmw,f? 'ge@J tm;wufvm+yD; quf+yD; usyfxkyf xkd;ay;
ygw,f? nae ae0ifcgeD;awmh jrav;u tpfr emwm awmfawmf ouf
omvm+yD? u|efrwkd@ pcef;jyef=u&atmif tpfr&,fwhJ ? 'ge@J u|erf vnf;
qefawGukd jym/ +yD;awmh armif;pifudk oef@&Sif;a&;vkyf+yD;awmh ESpaf ,muf
om; jyefvmcJh=uw,f?
vrf;ckvwfrSm pcef;u vm}udKaewJh &JabmfEpS fa,mufeJ@ awG@
113
w,f? u|efrwkd@ ESpfa,muf jyefa&mufcsdefrSm ra&mufvkd@ pkd;&drf+yD;

pcef;rSL;u v$w fv kdu f v kd@wJh u|efrwkd@ ,lv mwJh ypPn f;awGtm;vHk;
&JabmfESpfa,mufu ,lvkdufygw,f? u|efrwkd@ESpfa,muf vlvGwfawG
jzpf o G m ;+yD ; vrf ; oG m ;&if ; tjzpf t ysuf a wG ajymjyawmh
&JabmfEpS af ,muf[m [if [,f eJ@ pkyfwoyfoyfe@J jzpfae=uygw,f?
pcef;ukd jyefa&mufawmhvnf; &JabmfawG ukd tjzpftysuf ajymjyawmh
&JabmfawGtm;vHk;vnf; pdwfraumif; jzpfukef=uygw,f?
u|efrvnf; wzufu tjzpftysufawG ajymjy/ wzufu ukd,fh&J@
trSm; uk,
d &hf @J ay:qr_udk a0zefjyeJ@ uk,
d u
hf ,
dk u
f ,
dk f a0zefa&; vkyaf eygw,f?
jrav;wa,mufuawmh rsufESmi,fav;eJ@ xkdifaeygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm
&Jabmfwa,mufu t&$ef;azmufygw,f?
[m- jrav;u e*ku
d vS+yD;om;yJ tckvkd cku
d frdvd@k yg;csdKifhav;
jzpfoGm;w,fqdv
k nf; tvSrSm t,Ofqifhawmh ykv
d Svmwmayghvk@d &,f
&,f armarm ajymvkdufawmh
tm;vHk;u at;[Jh -[kwfwmaygh [kwfwmaygh jrav;
eifidk raeeJ@ [Jh vkd@ 0dkif;ajym=uygw,f?
u|efrvnf; jAKef;ceJqdk u|efrwkd@ i,fi,fwkef;u OD;}uD;cufwJrSm
aumufopfpm;yGJvkyfawmh rif;orD;ukd ac:wm ukdukvm;}uD;u [mo
vkyf+yD; t&D;a':a&$yGifhukd ZmwfcHkay:uae vSrf;aemufawmh ta=umfonf
t&D;a':a&$yGifhu a'goxGuf+yD; vSrf;qJwmawG tm;vHk;ukd owd&+yD;
tjzpftysuaf wG jyef ajymjy&w,f? jzpfyHku 'Dvdyk g? aumufopfpm;yGJrSm
vlysuaf wGu rif;orD;av;awGudk qkid f;qif+h yD; wa,mufpD ac:xkwf&w,f?
tJ'DrSm ukduv
k m;}uD;u ol@tvSnhv
f nf; a&mufa&m
tvSwiG f t,Ofqifyh gwhJ tdkAsmh (yvk@d *s)d t&D;a':a&$yiG -fh ta=umf
wyGJ avmufay;yg vd@k [efeJ@yefeJ@ ajymvku
d fawmh bmajymaumif;rvJ
y&dowfu 0g;ceJ yGJusomG ;wm ywfwkwfvkd@awmif rEkdifbl;? 'DrSmwif
t&D;a':a&$yGifhu jAKef;ceJqkdawmh &SufoGm;w,fxifygw,f? wpcef;x
awmh w myJ ? ajymif ; zl ; zuf a q;vd y f } uD ; uk d tm;&yg;&zG m +yD ; [J h aoemav; rif;orD;ukd ac:wm eifh[meif aumif;aumif; rGefrGef
114
ac:ygvm;? bmvkd@ ighemrnfudk qGJxnf&h wmvJ -[if aoem av;&J@

w,fav igajymvku
d f&&if raumif;bl;? aemufxyf ajym =unfhprf;
igt
h a=umif; odoGm;atmif jyvku
d fr,f
[m t&D;&,f rvkyfygeJ@? u|efawmf awmif;yefygw,fAsm
aemufvnf; rajymawmhygbl;? wu,fyg? u|efawmf awmif;yefygw,f
ukduv
k m;}uD;u vuftyk fuav;csu
D m t&D;a':a&$yGihu
f dk awmif;yefvu
kd f
awmh t&D;a':a&$yGihv
f nf; auseyfoGm;w,f?
'Dta=umif;awG jyefajymjyawmh &JabmfawGvnf; ikdtm;xuf
&,ftm;oefqkdwmvkdjzpfoGm;w,f? jrav;vnf; rikdawmhygbl;?
&S r f ; awmif w ef ; rsm;ay:u
ajymuf u sm; ppf o nf b 0
u|efr 'kw,
d t}udrf vufeufuikd fawmfveS fa&;twGif; jyefvnf
a&muf&Sdvm+yD;aemuf 1967- 1970 ckESpftwGif;rSm rqvppftpkd;&&J@
xkd;ppf}uD;awGjzpfwJh armfEkdifxkd;ppf/ *VKefxkd;ppfeJ@ rkd;vHk;[def;xkd; ppfqdkwJh
xkd;ppf}uD; 3 ckudk &ifqdik f&ygw,f? 'DumvawGukd jrav;eJ@ u|erf twl
&ifqkdif jzwfoef;cJ&h w,f?
xkd;ppfumvtwGif; vlxkeJ@ tquftoG,fuvnf; tvGefukd
cJ&if;oGm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efr wk@d wawG[m awmeuf}uD;twGif;rSm
ckdv_H&if; &duQm+cdK;+cHac|wma&;twGuf w&uf xrif;weyfom cGJwrf;eJ@
pm;wJhpepfukd usifhoHk;cJh&w,f? ae@cif;awGrSmqdk&if ZD;jzLoD;/ zef;cg;oD;/
opfqdrfho;D / opft,foD;pwJh pm;vkd@&wmrSefor# cl;vkd@&wmcl;/ aumuf
vkd@&wmaumuf &or#tuke,
f lvm+yD; pcef;ukd a&mufrS tm;vH;k &vm
or#ukd tukefpk (uif;apmifhwJh&JabmfawGuvnf; udk,fhwm0ef+yD;wmeJ@
pm;vkd@& or# tm;vHk;ukd &Sm,lvmcJhw,f? a&bl;rSmvnf; a&tjynfh
o,f,lvmcJhao;w,f?) toD;awGukd yHkpHus/ a0ay;+yD; pm;=uygw,f?
a&ukdvnf; 'Dvdyk J wa,muf wiHkyJ cGw
J rf;pepfe@J aomuf&ygw,f? aomuf
aewkef;rSm a&ukd rsdKrcs=ubl;? ukd,hyf g;pyfwiG ;f rSm a&wiHkpm jynfh&if a&bl;
ukd aemufwa,mufxH vSr;f ay;+yD; rdrdyg;pyfwGif;rS a&ukd rsdKcs aomufyg
115
w,f? aemufwa,mufuvnf; 'DvkdyJvkyfw,f? vkyfaeus tvkyfjzpf

vmawmh a&wiHkpm aomuf&wm[mvnf; tusiv
hf kd jzpfomG ;awmh rcuf
awmhygbl;?
nae ae0ifoGm;awmhrS awmifwef;awGay:rSm awmifc;kd awG wa0
a0eJ@ tHk@umqkdif;vmygw,f? 'Dtcsed rf S &JabmfawG[m v#dKxJqif;oGm;+yD;
xrif;[if;ukd tjrefcsuf&ygw,f? [if;uawmh rkefnif;csOfajcmufukd
avSm/f qm;/ tcsKd r_ef@ oifhHkxnf/h ikwfoD;/ yJykyfenf;enf;xnfh ausmu
fjym;ay:rSm }udwf+yD;awmh xrif;eJ@pm;&ygw,f? [if;&nfqkdwmvnf;
r&Sdawmh wcgw&H a&aEG;=urf;avmufeJ@ +yD;&ygw,f? (rD;zdku rD;ckd;awG
uvnf; awmifcd;k awGeJ@ twla&m+yD; r_id f;ndK@nKd @xGuv
f mygw,f? nbuf
ukd a&mufvm+yDjzpfvkd@ rD;ckd;udk &efol rawG@Ekdifawmhygbl;? 'ga=umifh
xkd;ppfumvawGrSm nbufwkd@ reufapmapm tcsdefwdk@rSm u|efrwkd@
awmfveS af &; ajymuf usm;ppfonfawG xrif;[if;csufpm;&avh &Sdygw,f)?
xrif;uvnf; yHkpH cGw
J rf;eJ@qakd wmh yef;uefjym;i,fi,fav;wcsyef @J yHkpHcs+yD;
wa,muf wyef;uefpDo m &ygw,f? wae@rS weyfom pm;&wmrdk@
bm[if;rS rygayr,fh odyfpm;vkd@ aumif;ygw,f? wae@rS ckvdk weyfom
yHkpHus qif;qif;&J&J pm;aomufae&wJh=um;u wa,mufukdwa,muf
odyfnmwm axmufxm;=uygw,f?
'DumvrSmyJ wyfxJa&mufvmwJh wyfom;opf&Jabmfav;w
a,muf[m tvkyfvnf; odyfvkyfovkd tpm;vnf; odyfpm;Ekdifygw,f?
w&uf tJ'D&aJ bmfav;[m 'Dvdyk kpH &H wJh xrif;av;ukd pm;+yD; xkid fae&if;
ol@Adu
k x
f u
J w*G;D *GD;eJ@ atmfaeygw,f? &Jabmfav;[m rsufEmS i,fav;eJ@
[kd=unfh 'D=unfh vkyaf e&Smw,f? tJ'v
D kd xkdiaf ewmukd jrif&awmh u|erf wkd@
wawG[m pdwx
f cd u
kd fvm+yD; uk,
d f&wJh yHkpHxu
J vufwqkyfp,
D +l yD; &Jabmf
av;&J@ yef;uefxu
J kd jznfhay;ygw,f? &Jabmfav;u rvkyyf geJ@ ol pm;vkd@
0ygw,fvkd@ yg;pyfuajym&if; yef;uefav;ukdukdifum xGufajy;aew,f?
ol@ukd xrif;xnfhray;ygeJ@vkd@ awmif;yefae&Smw,f? 'ga=umifh u|efrwkd@
xrif;vkdtyfvdk@ xnfhay;wmukd tm;emzkd@ rvkda=umif; ol@ukd em;vnf
atmif &Sif;jy&ygw,f? aemufqHk;rSm oloabmaygufvufcHvmygw,f?
116
tJ'Dvkdoabmayguf vmvkd@ u|efrwkd@0kdif;+yD; xrif;xnfhay;=uwJhtcg

jrav;uvnf; twif;yg0ifvmygw,f? 'DvkdeJ@ u|efrwkd@ &JabmfawG[m
tcuftcJrSefor#ukd pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;eJ@ ausmfeif;cJh=uw,f?
Akdvaf e0if;tpkd;&u tif;av;rSm armfEdik x
f ;kd ppft+yD; aemufxyf
*VKefxd;k ppfqkdwmeJ@ tajccH a'oacsr_ef;a&;ukd qufvkyfvmjyefygw,f?
'DwcsDrSmawmh b}uD;ocifwifxGef;u ol@&J@oabmxm;ukd zGifhajym+yD;
aqG;aEG;vmygw,f? xkd;ppfa&SmifwJhtcg u|efrwkd@ trsdK;orD;tzGJ@&Sdae&if
v_yf&Sm;&wm rvGwfvyfbl;? 'ga=umifh 'Dwcg u|efrwkd@trsKd ;orD;tzGJ@ukd
xkd;ppfcGif(*Gif)&J@ tjyifukd ykd@xm;+yD; wyfuxkd;ppfcGifu azmufxGufr,f?
&ifqidk w
f u
kd zf @dk vd&k ifvnf; wku
d fr,f? 'g=umifh }udKwiftjyifxu
G fxm;a&;ukd
pDpOfay;r,fvd@k aqG;aEG;vmygw,f? u|efrvnf; oabmwlvufcHygw,f?
'geJ@yJ aemufqHk;rSm u|efrwkd@ trsdK;orD;tzGJ@wzGJ@vHk; yGifhvif;&moD&J@ ae@
wae@ eHeufcif; tk%fOD;tcsdefrSm b}uD;eJ@&Jabmftm;vHk;ukd wdwfqdwf
+idro
f ufpGm E_wfquf+yD; c&D;xGufc&Jh ygw,f? 'Dwkef;uvnf; jrav;u|efreJ@
xkd;ppfa&Smifc&Jh wmukd owd&aerdygw,f? 'DvkdcGJcGmvmcJh&+yD; rvSrf;rurf;
ukda&mufawmh aemuf&if;ukd jyefvnfh=unfhvkduf wJhtcg u|efrwkd@pcef;
av;[m awmifuek f;av;wckay:rSm wdwq
f dwf+idrfoufpmG tdyfarmusae
&Smygw,f?
rD ; awmuf } uD ; eJ @ twl qJ q k d o H r sm;
u|erf wkd@ trsdK;orD;tkyf[m acgif;aqmif&Jabmf&J@ a&S@aqmifr_eJ@
cyfow
k fokwf wem&Davmuf av#mufvdu
k af wmh awmtkyu
f dak usmv
f Gef+yD;
v,fuGif;awGxJ a&mufvmygw,f? reD;ra0; &Gmuav;u vif;=uuf
wGefoHudk =um;vkdu&f ygw,f? ta&S@bufrmS &SdwhJ um;vrf;}uD;ukd a&muf
atmif oGm;ae&if;u vrf;taemufbuf &Gmav;w&Gm&J@ tpGet
f zsm;rSm
rD;awmuf}uD;wck 0ke;f ceJxawmufvmwmeJ@ twl rat awGvdk@
Armvkd vSrf;qJvdu
k fwJhtoHudk =um;vkdu&f awmh tHh=owkefv_yfomG ;rdyg
w,f? a&S@qk;H u acgif;aqmifomG ;aewJh wm0efcH&aJ bmfu u|efrwk@d &SdwJh
aemuf&if;ukd vSnfhvm+yD; avoHav;eJ@ rajy;=ueJ@/ [efrysuf qufomG ;
117
r,f? tpkd;&wyfu wyfo m;awG aocsmavmufw ,f? reuftapm

awmeif;wkdufuif;xGufu jyefvmwm jzpfr,f? csrf;vk@d rD;v_Haewm? ar;
vdk@ &Sd&if u|efawmfyJ ajzr,f? b,folrS pum;rajym=ueJ@vkd@ ajym+yD;
a&S@ukd wufvrS f;oGm;awmh u|efrwk@d tm;vHk;uvnf; ajcoHzGzG eif;+yD; vku
d f
aeygw,f?
a[h-b,folawGvJu?G ratawG bmvkyfaewmvJ? tck&yf
u|efawmfwkd@yg aps;oGm;rvkd@ ajymajymqkdqdkeJ@ tm;vHk;&yfae
vkdufygw,f?
b,faps;oGm;rSmvJ
&yfapmuf-&yfapmuf
bm rkdif;aomuf[kwfvm;? &w,f? rat awG aps;oGm;&if
aumif;aumif;oGm;? &+yDoGm;
u|efrwkd@wawG uHaumif;ygw,f? &yfapmufeJ@ rkdif;aomuf[m
wae@wnf;aps;ae@jzpfaeygw,f? u|efrwkd@vnf; um;vrf;a&mufatmif
tjrefokwfajcwifoGm;vku
d f=uygw,f? uHtm;avsmpf mG yJ awmif bufu
opfum;wpD; armif;vmwmawG@vkd@ wm;+yD; pD;vkdufygw,f? r=umvkduf
ygb;l ? &yfapmufaps;ukd a&mufygw,f? aps;u awmfawmfpnfaeyg+yD? u|efr
wkd@tzG@J uawmh a&S@ukd c&D;quf&OD;rSmrkd@ um;qufxu
G fr,ft
h drfukd vku
d f
oGm;+yD; reufpm xrif;ukd 0,fpm;vkduf=uw,f?
pm;+yD; um;xGufwmeJ@ um;eJ@vkdufvm=uygw,f? um;ay:rSm
ausmuf*u
l vufzufcl;oGm;=uwJh trsdK;orD;awG trsm;}uD;ygvmygw,f?
u|erf wk@d udk pum;pyf+yD; ar;vmawmh vufzufc;l oGm;rvk@d qkd vkduaf wmh
wtHhw=oeJ@ 0kdif;=unfhae=uygw,f? tJ'Dae@naecif;rSm vHk+cHKwJh tajc
cHa'owae&mukd a&mufygw,f? 'DawmhrSyJ toufukd &J&J SLEkid f
ygawmhw,f? vrf;wke;f u u|efrwk@d vpl u
k kd b,fomG ;rSmvJvkd@ ar;vkd@ awmf
ao;wmaygh? 'DukdvmcJhvkd@ ac:rsm;ac:vkduf&ifawmh +yD;+yD vdk@ quf+yD;
awmif rawG;&J0yHh gbl;? armifrif;}uD;om;awG aus;Zl;}uD;vSygayw,f?
usef;rmygap/ csrf;omygapvkd@ arwWmykd@cJhrdygao;w,f? xkd;ppfcGif (*Gif)
ukd a&Smif&wJh 'Dvdk toufSLrSm;avmufwJh b0rsKd ;ukd u|efreJ@jrav;
118
twlv_yf&Sm;cJh&wmyg?
wm0efr wl a'ouGJa yr,fh
tvH w ck w nf ; atmuf r S m yif
u|efr[m ukd,fhXme(A[kdXmecGJ)ukd jyefa&mufvm+yD;aemuf Hk;vkyf
ief;awG odyfrsm;ae&if Hk;vkyfief;ukd ulw,f? 'grSr[kwf&if teD;ywf0ef;
usifu vlxkawG usef;rma&;twGuf rusef;rmol&SdwJh&GmawGukd oGm;
a&muf =unfh_ukoay;ygw,f?
tJ'Dvkd vlxkxJomG ;&if b}uD;&J@ orD;t}uD;qHk; raxG; okd@r[kwf
jrav;wkd@ t+rJygygw,f?
vlemrsm;wJhtcsed f u|erf wkd@ ESpaf ,mufwnf; vlemawGukd aq;xk;d /
aq;wkdufeJ@ wcgw&H xrif;pm;csdefawmif rpm;&bJ vkyfief;awGtm;vHk;
+yD;oGm;+yD; xrif;pm;csdef tawmfaemufusrS pm;&wwfygw,f?
jrav;eJ@ u|efr[m &efol@xkd;ppftrsdK;rsdK;ukdvnf; ygwDwyfzGJ@eJ@
twl ausmfjzwfcJh=uygw,f?
1972 aEGOD;rSm jrav;[m &Jabmfwifat;eJ@ vufxyfoGm;+yD;
aemuf A[kdukd vku
d foGm;&ygw,f? A[dkuakd &muf+yD;aemuf us&mwm0ef
awGudk xrf;aqmifaea=umif;od&ygw,f? aemifA[kXd mecsKyf 0e,f awmif
ykdif; yefqef;udk a&$@vmwJhtcgrS u|efruvnf; ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o
wyfrawmfaq;HkrmS wm0efusvd@k u|efrwk@d csif; jyefq&Hk ygw,f? 'gayrJh Xme
wckqDjzpfaeawmh ol@tvkyfukd,fhtvkyf tvkyfukd,fpDeJ@rkd@ u|efrwkd@csif;
at;at;aq; rqHjk zpfoavmufvkd@ qkd&ygr,f?
1983 ckESpfrmS &Jabmfwkdufatmif OD;aESmufaoG;a=umydwaf &m*geJ@
ygwDA[kdtv,fykdif;AsLkd (&Srf; jynf awmif}uD;ywf0ef;usifeJ@ &Srf;jynf
awmifyikd ;f tajccHa'o) rS jyefvnfa&muf&dv
S mcJhw,f? aemufyikd f; wzuf
Ek d i f i H r S m oG m ;a&muf u k o cJ h a yr,f h xl ; jcm;wk d ; wuf r vmcJ h y gbl ; ?
aemufq;Hk rSm wzufEdik if Hukd oGm; a&muftem;,lz@kd jzpfvmawmh jrav;wkd@
rdom;pkukd E_wq
f uf xrif;weyf zdwaf c:au|;zk@d u|erf wkd@ ZeD;armifESH pD
pOfczhJ ;l ygw,f? jrav;u tpfr&,f oGm;zk@d vmzk@d jyifqifae&wmrk@d au|;+yD;
119
om;vkd@ oabmxm;vkdufygvkd@ awmif;yefwmeJ@ rau|;vku

d f&bJ jrav;
wkd@ rdom;pkeJ@ cGJcGmcJh&ygw,f?
uHaumif;csifawmh u|efrwd@k a&S@arSmufrSm odyHe` @J enf;ynm zGH@+zdK;
wkd;wufvmw,f? owif;acwf qkdwm}uD;ukd u|efrwkd@jzwfoef;vm&
w,f? urBmh&Gmacwfukd a&mufvmw,f? 'g&J@ tusdK;quftjzpf 1996
avmufrSm u|efr &Jabmfjrav;eJ@ w,fvDzek f;uae tquftoG,f jyef&
ygw,f? ol[m usef;rma&;raumif;&SmwJh ol@cifyeG ;f onf &Jabmf wku
d f
atmiftay:opPm&SdpGm tpfukd}uD;wa,mufvkd/ zcifwa,mufvkd/ acgif;
aqmifwa,mufvd/k &Jabmfwa,mufvd/k cifyeG f;onfvkd a&m om;orD;u
zciftay:xm;wJh arwWmeJ@a&m bmeJ@rS wkE_dif;r&wJh vlwef;pm;arwWm/
acgif;aqmifwa,muftay: xm;wJh av;pm;jrwfEkd;r_pwJh arwWmrsdK;pHkukd
av;pm;r_rsm;eJ@yg xHkr$rf;cs,fo jyKpkapmifha&Smufay;aea=umif; r*Fvm
owif;ukd =u;od&vkd@vnf; 0rf;omrqHk;jzpfr&d w,f? &Jabmfjrav;twGuf
*k%f,lrqHk; jzpfc&Jh w,f?
'Dvekd J@ rar#mfvifw
h w
Jh ae@
2001 ckESpf ZGev
f 19 &ufrSm &Jabmfjrav;&J@ cifyGe;f onf u|efr
wkd@acgif;aqmif &Jabmfwkdufatmif[m rlvu OD;aESmufaoG;a=umydwf
a&m*ga=umifh 'kuQdwjzpfaecJh&mu tqkyfuifqmyg zdpD;vdk@ uG,fvGef
oGm;&+yDqkdw Jho wif;ukd A[kd&J@ ta=umif;=um;csuft& 0rf;enf;pGm
=um;odvkduf&ygw,f?
a&$ a wmif } uD ; +yd K oG m ;+yD
&Jabmfjrav;[m ol@cifyGef;onf &Jabmfw kdu fatmifu kd 18
ESpv
f ;Hk vH;k ckid +f rJaomarwWmeJ@ ,k,=uif empGm apmifah &SmufchyJ gw,f? ol@ZeD;
ol@om;orD;rsm;ukd xm0& cGJcGmoGm;+yDjzpfwJh u|efrwk@d acgi;f aqmif &Jabmf
wkdufatmif&J@ aemufqHk;c&D;ukd ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;a=umifh vkdufyg rykd@
aqmifEkdifcJhygbl;? &Jabmf wkdufatmif&J@ psmyetpDtpOfawG+yD;qHk;oGm;rS
usef&pfo l&Jabmfjrav;eJ@ rdo m;pkx H 0rf;enf;a=uuGJr_u kd azmfjy&if;
owif;ar;jref;cJh&ygw,f? 'Dawmh -
120
&Jabmfjrav;u tpfr&,f OD;av;wifat;[m u|efr&J@ cif

yGef;jzpfovkd t&m&mukd ne=f um;jyo/ acgi;f aqmifr_ay;cJw
h Jh u|efr&J@ acgif;
aqmifjzpfygw,f? Ekid fiHa&;t&omru vlr_a&;t&yg aexkid fajymqkd r_u
tp t&m&mukd oGefoifqHk;rcJhwJh zcif}uD;wa,muf qkd&ifvnf; rrSm;
ygbl;? u|efrwkd@ rdom;pkwckv;Hk &J@ udpt
P 00ukd a&S@u rm;rm;rwfrwf &yf+yD;
&if qkdif ajz&Sif;ay;aecJhwhJ a&$awmif}uD;qkv
d nf; rrSm;ygb;l tpfr&,f
tckawmh tJ'Da&$awmif}uD; +ydKoGm;+yD tpfr&J@? u|erf av ESajrm
wovd@k rqHk;ygb;l ? aemifrSm b,fawmhrS rawG@Ekdifawmhygb;l ? u|efrav
oleJ@vJvkd@&r,fqkd&if vJvkdufcsifygw,f tpfr&,f? tckawmh u|efrw
a,mufwnf; b,fv&kd yfwnf&r,fqkdwm rpOf;pm;0Hhygb;l tpfr&,f? tck
olr&Sw
d aJh emuf u|efr&J@ aus;Zl;&Si}f uD;ukd b,fvdv
k yk f aus;Zl;qyf&rvJv@dk yJ
u|efrt+rJpOf;pm;aerdygw,f
ol[m awmfvSefa&;tay:rSm opPm&Sdoavmuf trsm;jynfol
w&yfvHk;ukdvnf; tvGefcspfcifav; pm;ygw,f? jynfoltwGufqkd&if
toufupkd Gef@zdk@ t+rJwrf;toif&h aSd ecJw
h o
Jh lyg? 'ga=umifh u|erf udk emrnf
ay;wmawmif jrwfav;yef;ukd ,l+yD; emrnfay;ygw,f? ol@&J@ t"dy`m,f
zGifhqckd sufuvnf; tvGefrwef jrifhrm;vSygw,f
'ga=umifh u|erf vnf;yJ u|erf &J@acgi;f aqmif}uD; aus;Zl;&Sif}uD;&J@
awmif;qdkcsuftwkdif; jynfh0atmif pGrf;tm;&Sdoa&G@ }udK;pm;vkyf aqmif
oG m ;ygh r ,f v d k @ tav;teuf t"d mef j yKygw,f tpf r &,f vk d @
a=uuG J 0 rf ; enf ; r_ u d k tif t m;tjzpf a jymif ; um t}ud r f } ud r f
oEMdmefcsaerda=umif; &Jabmf jrav;u u|efraukd ajym&Smygw,f?
jrav;wa,muf ol@wefzkd;xm;av;pm;cJhw Jh ol@cifyGef;onf/
ol@acgif;aqmif/ ol@&Jabmfu vrf;nefarG;jrLay;cJhwJhtwkdif; qufvuf
av#mufvSrf;Ekdifygapvkd@yJ u|efr jyefvnfqkawmif;ay;vkdufrdygw,f?
&J a bmf ( r)aiG
2012 'D Z if b m?
121
&Jabmfwkdufatmifokd@ trSwfw&vGrf;pmacG
&J a bmf a tmif v G i f
(1)
1960 ckESpfrsm;0ef;usifu Armjynfowif;pmawGrSm Armjynfu
uGefjrLepfawGukd epfjzLaomif;usef;olrsm;qkdwJh toHk;tE_ef;eJ@ ppftpkd;&u
vkduv
f Hwkdufcdu
k f acsre_ f; aewJw
h kdufyo
GJ wif;rsm;ukd [kwf[kwf/ r[kwf[kwf
azmfjyxm;wmawG ae@pOfvdv
k kd awG@jrifzwfc_ &Jh ygw,f? txl;ojzifh yJcl;k;d reJ@
jrpf0u|ef;ay:u wkdufyGJowif;awG zwf&wmykdrsm;w,fvdk@qkd&if rrSm;ygbl;?
yJc;l k;d ray:&Sd ygwAD [kd tajccH pcef;ukd wku
d cf u
dk af csre_ ;f ypfz@kd }uKd ;pm;aewJu
h mvvk@d
qkd&ifvnf; rrSm;ygbl;? tJ'Dumvu jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;vnf; ysuf+yD;
yJ c l ; k d ; rtajccH p cef ; ok d @ yD u if ; jyef w csd K @vnf ; jyef v nf a &muf & S d a ewJ h
umvjzpfygw,f? wyfev
D il ,fwk@d / wku
d w
f idk ;f atmif wyfz@JG qkw
d hJ a0g[m&awG
=um;ae&wJu
h mvvnf;jzpfygw,f?
u|eaf wmf[mvnf; ausmif;om;vli,fb0/ awmfveS yf ek u
f efru
_ dk pdwf
122
0ifpm;p/ awmfveS af &;eJ@ awmfveS af &;ol&aJ umif;rsm;ukd tmH0k ifpm;um tEkid Ef idk f
iHu awmfveS af &;awGudk avhvmvku
d pf m;aewJu
h mvjzpfygw,f? tJ'D aemufawmh
awmfvSeaf &;pmayavhvma&;tpk0ifjzpf&muae ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygwD A[kd
aumfrwD&@J tmabmf Armjynf jynfo@l toH ukd em;axmifwt
hJ qifo
h @dk wqifh
+y;D wqifw
h ;dk wuf wufvrS ;f jzpfwnfvmcJ&h mrS 1970 ckEpS rf sm; tapmykid ;f umv
rSm ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J ajratmuftzG@J 0if jzpfvmcJ&h ovkd Armjynf uGejf rL
epf ygw&D @J vy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;ukd tqufrjywftmH0k ifpm;aewJh ajratmuf tzG@J 0ifjzpf
vmcJyh gw,f?
'DumvrSmyJ yJcl;kd;rtajccHpcef;rSm OuUocifZifeJ@ twGif;a&;rSL;
ocifcspw
f kd@wkdufyGJusqHk;wJhowif;eJ@twl Akdvfae0if; ppftpkd;&u Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwAD [kd r&Sad wmhb;l qdw
k hJ vky}f u0H g'jzef@csuf w&yfay:aygucf yhJ gw,f?
tJ'Dvky}f uH0g'jzef@csuu
f kd wkH@jyefwht
J aeeJ@ ygw&D J@ jynfoltoHu 1975 arv
a=unmcsuv
f @kd emrnf}u;D wJh ocifAode;f wif&@J rdef@ceG ;f eJ@ twl ocifAode;f wif
OuUtjzpf wm0ef,w
l hJ 75 A[kad umfrwD acgi;f aqmifrsm;pm&if; xGuaf y: vmcJh
ygw,f? OuU ocifAode;f wif&J@ toH00J u
J v
kd nf; pdwfxJpx
GJ ifaeovkd jynfol@
toHu a=unmvkdufwhJ A[kad umfrwDpm&if;yg emrnfawGudv
k nf; tvGwf
avmufe;D eD;&ygw,f? (tJ'u
D mvwke;f u u|eaf wmfuvnf; jynfo@l toH xkwf
v$icfh suaf wGudk vku
d v
f u
H ;l ,lay;a&; wm0ef,x
l m;olvnf; jzpfaevk@d ygy?J ) tJ'D
vked @J A[kdaumfrwDtrnfpm&if;yg &Jabmfwu
kd af tmif qdw
k hJ trnfudk vlrod
rjrifzl;ayr,fh tjcm;A[kdacgif;aqmifrsm;enf;wl trnfukd rSwfrdaeygw,f?
acgi;f aqmiftm;vH;k &J@ trnfuv
dk nf; pdw0f ifwpm;jzpfaerdyg w,f? aemufawmh
u|eaf wmfw@dk &@J ajratmufwm0efcH &Jabmfatmif+ird ;f (u|e;f jyef) uvnf; olppkH rf;
od&or# b,facgif;aqmifu b,fvkd/ b,f rmhufpfvDeif0g'wuUokdvfu
qif;vm wmpojzifh pdw0f ifpm;p&mawG ajymjywwfwmukv
d nf; jyefvnf owd
&rdygw,f? Oyrm- 'kOuU&Jabmfcifarmif}u;D qkw
d m armfpukrd mS yg&*lb@JG twGuf
avhvmaeol pojzif?h
(2)
1978 ckESpfa&mufawmh u|efawmfw@kd ajratmufacgif;aqmif w
a,muf[m atmufArmjynf &efukeb
f ufu ppftpkd;&qef@usiaf &; v_yf&Sm;r_
123
wckuae rD;ckd;uufav#mufjzpfum ppfaxmufvrS f;a&;u ajc&mcHrd+yD; pwif

zrf;qD;cH&ygw,f? 'DtcgrSm usefwhJ qufpyfaewJh u|efawmftygt0if txuf
Armjynf ae&mtoD;oD;&SdajratmuftzGJ@0ifrsm;[m &efolukd vufOD;r_,l+yD;
vufeufudik af wmfveS fa&;a'orsm;ok@d toD;oD;qif;vmcJyh gw,f? 'Dvekd J@ u|ef
awmf[m &Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f awmif}u;D / &yfapmuf/ Axl;/ ausmuf*l ab; w0ku
d rf mS
v_y&f mS ;aewJh 108 ajymufusm;tajccHa'oxJudk a&muf&cdS yhJ gw,f? tJ'u
D wqifh
ygwAD [kXd mecsKyf&&Sd m ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o yefqef;udk 1979 ckEpS f {+yv
D xJrmS
a&muf&cdS hyJ gw,f?
yefqef;rSm A[k,
d el pfwckjzpfwhJ py,fawmpcef;rSm &ufwcsKd @ae+y;D aemuf
A[kdaumfrwD &Jabmfpkd;odrf; (tJ'Dumvu t&HA[kdaumfrwD/ ppfa'o 'k Ekdiif H
a&;rSL;) OD;aqmifwhJ vm;[lwyfaygif;pkynma&;vkyif ef;rSm tvkyftzG@J t0if
tjzpfeJ@ &Jabmfausmfqkdif (Edkif0if;aqG)/ &JabmfndKjrifhwkd@eJ@twl oGm;a&muf
vkyfukdifch&J ygw,f? tJ'Dvkdwyfaygif;pkvyk fief; vkyfae&if;u wcgw&H vkyfief;
vkt
d yfcsut
f & u|eaf wmf ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oXmecsKyf ;kH ukd a&mufavh&ydS gw,f?
tJ'v
D adk &muf&if;eJ@ wcgrmS rar#mv
f ifb
h J qHyifaumufaumuf tom;ndKnKd rsuf
vH;k jyL;jyL; cav;rav; 2 a,mufudk awG@vu
dk rf yd gw,f? u|eaf wmfph w
d x
f J 'Dcav;
rav;awGudk Armvk@d rxifygb;l ? ygwaD cgi;f aqmifawGxrJ mS e*du
k vnf; &Jabmf*kd
&S,f/ &Jabmfa'guw
f mewfpwmawGukd =um;zl;xm;awmh 'Dcav;rav;awGukd
vnf; tdE,
dN jynfzmG ; tJ'v
D &dk aJ bmf}u;D awG&@J orD;/ ukvm;rav;awGv@dk yJ xifxm;
rdchw
J myg?
aemiftcsdefwvavmuf =umawmh vm;[lwyfaygif;pkynmay;a&;
vkyif ef;+y;D oGm;+y;D wyfaygi;f pkEw
_ q
f uf xrif;pm; yGv
J yk &f mrSm ppfa'oacgi;f aqmif
awG tm;vH;k wufa&mufvmcJah yr,fh u|eaf wmf xdawG@&if;ES;D cGihf r}uKH vku
d yf gb;l ?
tJ'v
D yk if ef;+y;D awmh u|eaf wmf[m rdcif,el pfjzpfwhJ py,fawmpcef;ukd rjyef&bJ
&Sr;f jynfwkd;wufa&;ygwDpcef;csxm;wJh (au'gausmif;a[mif;ae&mbuf) ukd
a&$@ajymif;+y;D wyfaygi;f pk qufo,
G af &;wm0ef ,l&ygw,f? tJ'Dumvu ta&S@
ajrmufppfa'o&J@ wyfaygi;f pkvyk if ef;ukd tckid t
f rm wm0ef,o
l [
l m ta&S@ajrmuf
ppfa'o ygwaD umfrwD0ifvnf;jzpf/ ta&S@ajrmufppfa'o 'kwyfrLS ; vnf;jzpfwhJ
&Jabmfwu
dk af tmifjzpfygw,f? (&Jabmfwu
dk af tmif[m 75 A[kad umfrwD pm&if;
a=unmpOfuwnf;u A[kdaumfrwDtjynfh wOD;jzpfygw,f)? tJ'w
D yfaygif;pk
124
vkyfief;ukad wmh u|eaf wmf[m tjcm;&JabmfwOD;jzpfwJh uk&d JxGe;f (tckoDayg

trwf) eJ@ twl vkyu
f idk cf w
hJ mjzpfygw,f? tJ'v
D dk vkyu
f idk zf @kd wm0ef,&l if; &Jabmf
wku
d fatmife@J pwifxdawG@vkyu
f idk cf Gih&f cJw
h myg? 'g[m u|eaf wmfhtzk@d awmfvSef
a&;xJa&muf+y;D aemuf A[kt
d qifh acgi;f aqmifwOD;eJ@ 'kw,
d t}urd f tvkyv
f yk cf iG hf
}uKH awG@vu
dk jf cif;jzpfygw,f?
&Jabmfwkdufatmif[m wcgawG@zl;&if rarhavmufwJh kyfrsdK;vkd@
u|eaf wmfph w
d x
f J xifxm;rdygw,f? tom;ndKnKd / t&yfredrrhf jrif/h ar;k;d um;um;eJ@
}uchH idk af wmifw
h if;wJh uk,
d af e[efxm;&Su
d m jynfo@l wyfrawmf0wfpu
kH dk ususee
0wfqif oGm;vmv_yf&Sm; wwfoljzpfw,fqdw
k t
Jh csufawG[m ay:vGiyf gw,f?
rajym&if Armvk@d rxif&bJ ukvm;vk@d xif&ygw,f? 'gayrJh ol[m wu,fawmh
Armyg? yJc;l bufuyg?
tJ'v
D dk &Sr;f jynfw;dk wufa&;ygweD @J wyfaygi;f pkqufo,
G af &;vkyif ef; wm0ef
uk,
d &l if; &Jabmfwu
dk af tmifxH 0ifxu
G rf ad wmhrS u|eaf wmfxifaewJh ukvm;rav;
awGv@dk xifaewJh qHyifaumufaumuf/ ESmwHay:ay: rsuv
f ;kH jyL;jyL; cav;rav;
wa,muf[m &Jabmfwu
dk fatmif&@J orD; cifcifat;vd@k odcGi&hf vku
d yf gw,f?
wcgrmS awmh &Sr;f jynfwd;k wufa&;ygwu
D acgi;f aqmifwOD;eJ@ Akv
d w
f u
dk f
atmif tpnf;ta0;vkyzf @kd u|eaf wmfXmecsKyfbufukd Akdvw
f dfu
k fatmifukd oGm;
a&muf}udKzl;ygw,f? tJ'DvkdoGm;a&muf }udKqdkrS ol&J@v_yf&Sm;r_/ vsifjrefzswf
vwfyu
Hk kd owdxm;vkdufrdygw,f? (u|efawmf[m ukd,fhukd,fukd,f blrdaA'
ausmif;om;/ vrf;av#muf jrefjrefav#mufEidk w
f o
hJ v
l @dk xifxm;wm &Jabmfwu
dk f
atmife@J twl vrf;av#mufawmhrS uk,
d u
f tvGeaf ES;auG; oljzpfaewmukd wtHh
w=oawG@&ygw,f?) ole@J twlygvmwJh ol@ud,
k &f H 0&Jabmfav;vnf; ol@urkd D
atmif rvku
d Ef idk &f mS ygb;l ? ykx
d ;l jcm;wmu olu tpnf;ta0;rSmvnf; pum;rsm;
rsm; ajymavhr&Syd gb;l wJ?h tpnf;ta0;ukd tJ'w
D ek ;f u &Sr;f jynfw;dk wufa&;ygw&D @J
acgif;aqmif apm0faxmuf (wjcm;emrnf&aSd yr,fh tcsdef=umvkd@ jyefrazmf Ekid f
awmh yg) eJ@ vkyw
f t
hJ pnf;a0;yg? ppfa'oaumfrwD&@J pdw"f mwfudk &Si;f jy+y;D wyf
aygi;f pku wifjywmukv
d nf; uk,
d w
f idk rf ajzyg? ygwaD umfrwDxH jyefvnfwifjyzk@d
,laqmifvm+yD; tpnf;ta0;ukd kyo
f rd f;wm owdxm; vkdurf dygw,f? tJ'Dvkd
vkw
d &dk iS ;f pum;ajym/ tvkyv
f yk w
f hJ acgi;f aqmifygvm;qkw
d mukd tJ'w
D cseD @J odvu
dk f
rdygw,f?
125
tJ'Dtpnf;ta0;+yD;awmh u|eaf wmf ole@J twl XmecsKyfudk jyefvu

kd f
oGm;ygw,f? XmecsKyf ol@tcef;a&mufwt
hJ cg ol@ ZeD; &Jabmfrcifqw
kd mukv
d nf;
tJ'rD mS odciG }hf uKH vu
dk &f +y;D ol@om; armifcifatmifqko
d u
l dk pwifawG@&+y;D / armif
cifatmifav;[m aeraumif;vk@d qk+d yD; tdyf&may:rSm acGacGav; tdyaf e &Smyg
w,f? &Jabmfwu
kd af tmifuawmh ol@trd af &mufwmeJ@ u|efawmft
h ajctaeukd
b,fvdk oHk;oyfvu
kd frdw,f rodygb;l ? o=um;ukd puULuefawmhav;eJ@xkyf+yD;
cifAsm; pm;ygqkd+yD; ay;vkduw
f mukd 'Dae@ ESpf 30 ausmfwJhwkdif rarhEikd fao;yg?
bma=umifhv?J ygwAD [dkacgif;aqmifwOD;uae rdrad u'gwa,mufukd ol@pdwfxJ
rSm vkdtyfr,fxifv@kd *kwpku
d f jyKpkapmifha&SmufwJh/ aEG;axG;wJh vky[
f ef w&yf
jzpfaevk@d ygy?J
'gayrJh ol@vufatmufrmS u|eaf wmf =um=umrvkyv
f u
dk &f ygbl;?
u|efawmf[m rdcif,el pfjzpfwhJ py,fawmukd jyefa&muf+yD; py,fawm
rSae ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oXmecsKyu
f dk &JabmfwcsKd @e@J twl vkyif ef;wm0ef ajymif;a&$@
wm0ef,cl &hJ jyefygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ't
D csed rf mS &Jabmfwu
dk af tmif[m ta&S@ajrmuf
ppfa'o ygwaD umfrwD acgi;f aqmifr[kwaf wmhbJ A[kXd mecsKyf;kH 0789 pcef;ok@d
ajymif;a&$@oGm;&+yD; tv,fykdif; A[kdXmecGJ&J@ wyfrSL;wm0efukd ajymif;a&$@wm0ef
,l&efjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh u|eaf wmfw@kd csif; rqHjk zpfygb;l ?
1979 Ek0d ifbmrSmawmh &efou
l ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oukd tvpftiku
d f
,l+y;D xk;d ppfqifvmygw,f? rif;&efatmif xk;d ppfyg? tJ't
D csed u
f ta& @S ajrmuf
ppfa'orSm 79 vrf;pOfavhvma&;twGuf ckid /f wyfr[m/ Xme}u;D tqifh au'g
rsm; wufa&mufaewJh ygwDueG fz&ifhw&yfusi;f yaewJhumvjzpfygw,f? py,f
awmhpcef;rSm XmecsKyo
f @dk ajymif;a&$@wm0ef,&l efvw
$ v
f u
dk w
f hJ u|eaf wmfw@dk &Jabmf
wokdufvnf; tJ'DueG zf &ifhukd avhvmolrsm;tjzpf wufcGih&f cJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh
xk;d ppfa=umifh uGezf &ifu
h dk tjreftqH;k owfvu
dk +f yD; &efo@l x;dk ppfudk wk@H jyef a&;t
wGuf rdr,
d el pfudk jyef+yD; vkdtyfovkv
d y_ &f Sm;aqmif&u
G =f u&yg awmhw,f?
u|eaf wmfvnf; uGezf &if+h y;D wmeJ@ uk&d ZJ ifqw
dk hJ &Jabmfwa,mufe@J twl
ppfajrjyifo@dk vlxv
k yk if ef;vky&f ef wm0ef ay;apv$wv
f u
dk jf cif;cH&ygw,f? wm0efu
ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oukd u|efawmfwkd@eJ@twl jynfol@toHrS ajymif;vmwJh
t&ef A[kad umfrwD0if &Jabmfoef;vGix
f eG ;f xH oGm;a&mufaygi;f pyfa&;jzpfygw,f?
(&Jabmfoef;vGifxeG f;[m ta&S@ajrmuf ppfa'orSm 'kEdik if Ha&;rSL;wm0ef ,l&yg
126
w,f?)wcsdefwnf;rSm &Jabmfoef;vGifxGef;[m a&S@wef;ppfajrjyifrSm ppfOD;

pD;nef=um;aewJh &Jabmfwu
kd fatmife@J twl&ESd ikd fw,f? 'ga=umifh &Jabmf wku
d f
atmifwd@k b,frmS &Sw
d ,fqkw
d m t&if&mS azGzkd@vdt
k yfygw,f?
u|eaf wmfwkd@ 2 a,uf tawmf tcuf}uHKygw,f? tajccHa'o vlxk
[m Armpum; rwwfovdk/ tajccHvx
l &k J@ 0pum;/ &Sr;f pum;ukdvnf; u|ef
awmfw@dk u rwwfygb;l ? 'gt
h jyif wyfom;awGt"du oH;k aewJh wkwpf um;vnf;
u|efawmfwkd@ 2 a,mufu rwwfygbl;? 'gayrJh wwfor# rSwfor#eJ@ ar;&
pHkprf;&ygw,f? olwkd@u &Jabmfwkdufatmif/ &Jabmfoef;vGifxGef;qdkwJh Arm
emrnfukd rodovkd u|efawmfw@kd uvnf; &Jabmfwdu
k af tmif&J@ wkwef mrnf
0rfrifeJ@ &Jabmfoef;vGix
f eG ;f &J@ wkwef mrnf usiaf umufqdw
k mawGudk yDyD
oo odyaf c:wwfwmr[kwyf gb;l ? 'gtjyif &Jabmf oef;vGix
f eG ;f (usiaf umuf)
qkw
d muvnf; A[kd,el pfrS ta&S@ajrmufppfa'oukd tckrS ajymif;vmoljzpfv@kd
wyfom;awGuvnf; rod=uao;ygbl;? 'Dawmh &Jabmfwdu
k af tmif&J@ wkwf
emrnf 0rfrife@J ol@wm0ef 'kwyfrLS ;ukd wkwv
f dk wGrJ w
S x
f m;wJh 0rfzpk vif qkw
d m
ukd yDyD ryDyD ajymqkdar;jref;pHkprf;&awmhwmygyJ? aemufqHk;awmh ,Hktef;
awmifa=umvk@d ac:w,fxifygw,f? tJ'DrSm &Jabmfwkdufatmifa&m/ &Jabmf
oef;vGix
f Gef;a&mudk wae&mwnf;rSm/ naeapmif;avmufrSm awG@qrHk yd gawmh
w,f? tJ'DawmhrS pdwaf t;oGm;&ygawmhw,f? tJ'rD Sm &Jabmfwdu
k af tmifeJ@
'kwd,wcsD jyefqrHk dygw,f? 'gvnf; tJ'Da&mufwhJ nrSmom twlc%wjzKwf
qHkvdu
k +f yD; aemuf&ufrSm &Jabmfoef;vGifxGe;f eJ@ u|eaf wmfwdk@ yef,ef;bufukd
qufvufxu
G cf mG vm cJhjyefygw,f?
ygww
D &yfqw
dk m rwaxmifom;awGyg? a'orwl/ b0jzwfoef;r_rwl/
0goemrwl=uayr,fh &nfrSef;csufwckwnf; atmufrSm vma&mufqHkpnf;
=uwmrkd@ vlrsKd ;pHk/ 0goemrsdK;pH/k pku
d frsdK;pHke@J }uHK&ygw,f? Oyrm 'kOuU&Jabmf
cifarmif}u;D u tqkt
d wD; 2 ckv;kH &ovk/d &Jabmfpo
H el @J &Jabmfausmpf ed f 2 a,muf
aygi;f &if pifusef tu tvGe=f unhaf umif;vSygw,f? &Jabmfjraomif;uawmh
rif;orD;tu tvGeaf umif;oltjzpf emrnf}u;D ygw,f? 0ajrmufckid f +rKd @e,fwck&@J
uGef*&ufrSm &JabmfawGawmif;qdkvd@k y0gpckH sauG;aeatmif ujywmukd =unfzh ;l
ygw,f? ppfa'o 'kEdik fiHa&;rSL; &Jabmf=unf+yKd ifuvnf; Armqkdi;f 0kid f;}uD;awGudk
tvGepf rkH uf+y;D uyGaJ wGrmS wD;0kid ;f em; xkid +f y;D 0goemt& vif;uGi;f aumufuidk u
f m
127
wD;aewmukd 0g'jzef@csda&;vkyif ef;rsm;eJ@ tqkdtu 0g' jzef@csda&;vkyif ef;rsm;ukd

eD;eD;uyfuyf yg0ifvyk fcJh&vk@d awG@aejrifaecJ&h zl;ygw,f? 'gayrJh xl;qef;wmu
tjyifrSm tvGepf um;enf;vS+yD; tvkyu
f o
kd m ukef;ke;f vkyfavh&dw
S hJ &Jabmf
wku
d af tmif[m awmfveS af &;xJra&mufcif ol@Zmwd yJc;l bufrmS tvGeef mrnf
}u;D wJh vl&i$ af wmf tkid af q; jzpfw,fqw
dk m 108 ppfa'oukd jzwfoef;vku
d pf Of
uwnf;u =um;cJzh ;l ygw,f? vufawG@ vlu,
dk w
f idk af wG@&awmh pum;tvGeef nf;
oljzpfvd@k vl&$ifawmfqkw
d meJ@ rtyfpyfvu
kd w
f m vk@d awmif pdwx
f u
J t+raJ wG;
rdygao;w,f?
tJ'aD emufawmh vHk;0 rqHkjzpfjyefygb;l ? &Jabmfwu
kd fatmifvnf; 79
vrf;pOfpdw"f mwft& tv,fykdif;AsLk&d J@ wyfrLS ;tjzpf oHviG ftaemufbuful;
wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef xGucf mG oGm;cJv
h d@k jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh 2 ESpaf usmf 3 ESpaf vmuft=um 1982 ckEpS af vmufrmS u|eaf wmf
&JabmfwkdufatmifeJ@ jyefvnf qHkpnf;rdjyefygw,f? ta&S@ajrmufppfa'ou
wkwEf pS o
f pfu;l rSm nDaemifwyfz@JG nDaemifa'oawGudk ar;jref;wJt
h vkyu
f dk ESppf Of
vkyaf vh&ydS gw,f? ('Dar;jref;jcif;qkw
d hJ toH;k tE_e;f [m wu,fawmh nDaemifwyfz@JG /
nDaemifa'oawGukd ESpfopful;rSm oGm;a&muftm;ay;ESpfodrfhjcif;tvkyfukd
qkv
d dw
k mjzpfygw,f? vufaqmifypPnf;awG,o
l mG ;+y;D tm;ay;ESpo
f rd hw
f m jzpfyg
w,f? ESpo
f pfu;l vufaqmifay;wmvk@d qkEd idk rf ,fxifygw,f)? 1982 rSm ta&S@
ajrmufppfa'ouk,
d fpm; uk;d uef@cdifu tv,fydik ;f AsLkdaemufwef; tdrfaxmif
onfrsm;ukd olwkd@&J@ aemufwef;XmecsKyfjzpfwhJ em;avmhqkdwJh &Srf;&Gmav;ukd
oGm;a&mufar;jref;a&;wm0efudk ta&S@ajrmufppf a'XmecsKyrf S u|eaf wmfe@J Ekid if aH &;
Xme}uD;rSL; &Jabmfwifatmif (ukdvD[mG ) wk@d wm0ef,l vkyfaqmif&ygw,f?
'ga=umifh tv,fydik ;f AsLkrd S aemufwef;ukd jyefa&mufaewJh &Jabmfwdu
k af tmife@J
qufoG,f+yD; yefqef;rS em;avmhukd avmf&u
D m;wpif;eJ@ ypPn;f rsm; wif+yD; oGm;
a&mufaqmif&Gucf Jhzl;ygw,f? t0wfzdeyfawG/ vufzufajcmufawG ygwmukd
rSwrf ad eygw,f?
'DvkdyJ vkyfief;awGukd &JabmfwkdufatmifeJ@ c%wjzKwf twlwGJ
vkycf &hJ zl;ayr,fh ygwaD cgi;f aqmifwOD;taeeJ@ ol@udk tpOft+rJ owd&aerdygw,f?
tJ'aD emufawmh 1983 ckEpS x
f rJ mS a&S@wef;rSm a&m*gjyif;xefpmG cHpm;&+y;D
OD;aESmufaoG;a=umjywfwhaJ &m*geJ@ A[kXd mecsKyf&d&S myefqef;ukd jyefa&mufvm
128
w,fv@kd owif;=um;vku
d &f ygw,f? 1984 ESpq
f ef;rSm u|eaf wmf[m q&mr}u;D
&JabmfaiGe@J vufxyfz@dk pDpOfygw,f? u|eaf wmf[m &Jabmfwu
dk af tmife@J vkyif ef;
wcsdK@ xdawG@qufqHvkyu
f ikd fcJhzl;wJh&Jabmf wOD;jzpfovkd q&mr}uD;[m 1960
ckEpS rf sm; aESmif;ykid ;f awGrmS &Sr;f jynfawmifyidk ;f rSm &Jabmfwu
dk af tmife@J twl wku
d f
yGJ0ifchzJ ;l oljzpf=uawmh a&m*gar;jref;&if; u|efawmfwkd@ vufxyfr,fo
h wif;ukd
oGm;a&mufajym=um;cJyh gw,f? tJ'aD wmh ol[m pum;vH;k 0 rajymEkid af wmhygb;l ?
u|efawmfw@kd 2 OD;ukd vufraxmifjyygw,f? aumif;ygw,fqkw
d Jh oabmeJ@
tm;ay;ESpo
f rd v
hf u
dk w
f t
hJ "dym` ,fygy?J
'gu|efawmfwdk@ ZeD;armifESH &Jabmfwkdufatmifukd aemufqHk;awG@qHk
vku
d &f jcif;ygy?J
(3)
tJ'Daemuf &Jabmfwkdufatmif[m wzufEdik if HrSm rdom;pkvdu
k f oGm;
a&mufaexkdiftem;,l&awmhr,fqw
dk Jh owif; =um;&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh olwd@k
rdom;pkukd tm;ay;ESpfodrhf E_wq
f ufvw
kd ma=umifh rdom;pkukd xrif;pm;zdwfzd@k
pDpOf=unfhygw,f? &Jabmfrcifu tpfr&,f oGm;cgvmcgeD; jzpfae+yD/ xkyfyd;k
jyifp&m/ vkypf &mav;awG &Sad o;vd@k pm;+y;D om;yJ xm;vku
d yf g? rvmawmhygb;l vd@k
tajzay;vmvkd@ tpDtpOfudk pdwfraumif;pGmeJ@yJ zsufvdu
k &f ygw,f?
'Dvdek @J &Jabmfwkdufatmifrdom;pkeJ@ 10 ESpaf usmaf vmuf tqufjywf
oGm;ygw,f?
(4)
1989 ck ESpf e,fpyfa'orsm; taoG;ta&mifajymif;wJh ta&;
tcif;jzpfay:vm+yD;aemuf u|efawmfwd@k vnf; aemufq;Hk rSm wkwfjynfbuf
a&muf&SdcJh&ovkd ygwDA[kdacgif;aqmifrsm;vnf; tem;,la&;tpDtpOf ay:
aygucf yJh gw,f? tJ'DvkdeJ@ olwkd@rdom;pkvnf; usefwJh tem;,lwaJh cgif;aqmif
tdrfaxmifprk sm;eJ@ jyefvnfaygif;pnf;rd+yD; u|eaf wmfwk@d eJ@ w,fvDzke;f vkdi;f rsm;
ay:uae tquftoG,&f &Scd hyJ gw,f?
tdrfaxmifwckqkdwm ZeD;cifyGef; armifwxrf; r,fw&Gufvkyf&
wmrsKd ;yg? tckawmh tdraf xmifO;D pD;&Jabmfu ruse;f rrmjzpfawmh ZeD;r,m; vkyo
f l
129
wa,mufwnf; tdrfaxmifwm0efawGa&m cifyGef;onf&Jabmfukd jyKpka&;

wm0efawGa&m vlrr,f om;av;eJ@ orD;av;wk@d udk vlvm;ajrmufatmif arG;jrL
a&; wm0efawGudyk g uke;f &kef;xrf;&Gufae&wJh &Jabmfrcifudk u|efawmfwkd@ ZeD;
armifESH em;vnf ESpford t
hf m;ay;cJyh gw,f?
&Jabmfwdu
k af tmif[m ZeD;r,m;&J@ 'Dvkd ukef;ke;f jyKpkapmifha&Smufc/H /
uk,
d w
f idk u
f vnf; use;f rm;a&;twGuf v_y&f mS ;ke;f uef wku
d yf JG 0ifae&if;uae 96
yg; a&m*g a0'empGJuyf+yD; tqkyfuifqmjzpfum wukd,fvHk;ysH@ESH@ae+yD qkdwJh
owif;ukd u|efawmfw@kd pdwrf aumif;pGm =um;odcJh&ygw,f? 2001 ZGefv 19
&ufrmS awmh &Jabmfwu
kd fatmif[m obm0w&m;&J@ ac:aqmif&mukd vkduyf g
oGm;&+y;D olcspjf rwfE;dk wJyh gweD @J ol@&aJ bmf&b
J ufrsm;eJ@ ol@ro
d m;pkuydk g xm0&cGcJ mG
oGm;av+yDqdw
k Jh owif;qk;d ukd u|efawmfw@kd =um;odch&J ygw,f?
&Jabmfwu
kd af tmif&@J woufwm[m awmfveS af &;woufwm jzpfyg
w,f?
ygwDtvHawmfatmufudk i,f&G,pf Ofuwnf;u a&mufvm+y;D
- zufqpf*syefawmfveS af &;
- t*Fvyd u
f v
kd ekd eD ,fcs@J qef@usiaf &;wk@d wiG v
f nf;aumif;
- 1948 jynfol@'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;tpwGif a0g+rdK@e,f ygwDaumf
rwD0iftjzpfeJ@ jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf wyf&if; 5 &J@ &if;rSL;tjzpf
vnf;aumif; xrf;aqmifch&J mrS 1975 ckEpS frSm ArmjynfueG fjrLepfygw&D J@ A[kd
aumfrwD0iftjzpfe@J aemufqHk; tv,fykdif;A[kw
d yfrSL;tjzpf ay;tyfor# wm
0efrsm;ukd olu,
G v
f eG fcsdet
f xd ausyeG pf Gm xrf;aqmifco
Jh ljzpfw,f?
'ghtjyif ygwDA[ku
d xkwjf yefchw
J hJ *k%jf yLpmwrf;rSm }uHhcdik w
f Jh ygwD
pdwf"mwf&Sd+yD; aemufqHk;tcsdeftxd awmfvSefa&;pdwf"mwfxufoefvSwJh
&Jabmfwdu
k af tmif[m &Jabmftm;vH;k twGuf avhvm twk,pl &m pHerlem
w&yftjzpf xm0pOf wnf&adS eygvrd rhf ,f? ol@udk od&=dS uwJh &JabmfawG rdwaf qGawG
vlrsKd ;pHk jynfolawGuvnf; xm0pOf wrf;w owd&ae=uygvrd rfh ,f? a&&Snf
taumiftxnfazmf=u&r,fh r+yD;qHk;ao;wJh orkdif;ay; vkyfief;wm0efukd
usef&pfwJh &Jabmfrsm;u tm;aumif;csufawGudk avhvmtwk,l+yD; qxuf
xrf;ykd; tm;opfcGefopfjzifh qufvuftaumifxnf azmf=uygvdrfhr,fvdk@
azmfjycJw
h t
hJ wkid ;f use&f pfou
l |eaf wmfw@dk wawG[m ygwD A[k&d @J nejf ycsut
f wkid ;f
130
vku
d ef mtaumiftxnfazmfomG ;zk@d ckid rf mwJo
h EMd mef cs=u&ygvrd rhf ,f?
&Jabmfwdu
k fatmif&@J uGejf rLepfpw
d "f mwf t"Ge@f &Snfygap?
&JabmfatmifviG f
2013 ZGefv 19 &uf?
131
Ekdifi Hw umho Dcsif;

xavmh tiwfab;usa&mufol wd@k wawG
xavmh urBmw0ef;u aus;u|eaf wG
awmfvSeu
f m xpfcsKef;jrnf au;a=umfv@kd ae
aemufq;kH ydww
f u
dk yf JG E$Jqifrav
a&S;k;d tpOftvm t,ltqpGaJ wG pGe@f av
aus;u|eaf wG xav x=uav
tajctaeawG awmfveS fumom ajymif;rav
atmifjrifzd@k &m &Si;f ypfp@kd av?
&Jabmfw@kd vmpk;Hk ae tqHk;ppfyJG E$Jqifr,fav
tifwmae&Sief ,f urBmrSm tukefnaD p
&Jabmfwd@k vmpk;Hk ae tqH;k ppfyJG E$Jr,fav
tifwmae&Sief ,f pnf;H;k pkpnf;umae?
132
u,fwif&iS f b,faomtcgrS r&Sdacs

ewfod=um;eJ@ rif;bk&m; wkd@r,Hkay
aESmif}uKd ;ukd wk@d vufk;H jzifh csKd ;zsurf av

aomu Asmyg' avmbuif;rav
vk,ufjcif;rS trSerf v$yJ if uif;rav
rsm;jynfolwd@k nD aysmjf rL;=uap
tm;vH;k u wm0efu,
dk pf D xrf;rav
oHycl u
dk 0f ,f tm;pku
d x
f Ek u
S af [?
tifwmae&Sief ,f pnf;H;k pkpnf;umae?
v,form; vkyt
f m;pku
d x
f w
k o
f t
l aygi;f awG
ypPn;f rJrh sm;eJ@ aygi;f pnf;rav
nD&if;yrm opPmt"dmefjyKpk@d av
aoG;pkyfaumifawG armif;xkwaf [
wk@d &J@aoG;om; olw@kd 0g;rsKd ;pm;oav
ESpfumv&Sn=f um cHch&J ay
a=umufvef@pw
d f tuket
f pifpeG f@av
tk%fusi;f um tvif;okd@a&muf+yaD v?
tifwmae&Sief ,f pnf;Hk;pkpnf;umae? ?
133

Book BTA-N (1) .PMD (NEW)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Book BTA-N (1) .PMD (NEW)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

&Ja bmf (r)cif

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

&Ja bmfwkdufa tmift m; *k% fj yKpmwrf;

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

ol[m zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;rSm yJcl;anmifukdif;wkdufyGJwGif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

&Ja bmf[ Grfa [mf psmyetcrf; tem;wGi f

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

&Jabmf[rG fa[mf uG,v

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wufwufuu vkyfaqmifwJh pdwf"mwfu kd azmfxkwf=u&r,f? tdrf

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wmvkyfwmrSef&r,fqkdwmrsdK;/ txufacgif;aqmifr_ukd rsufpdxJrxm;

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

rsm;&J@ =unfndKav;pm;r_ukd cH,lapcJhw,f?

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

Ak d v f w k d u f a tmif & J @ rd o m;pk x H ay;pmrsm;

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

tm%mSipf pfocl ;kd awGukd

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

a0qkdi;f r_id f;ndK@ 0awmifwef;wk@d qD

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wyfr SL ;}uD; &Jabmfw kdu fa tmift m; tav;eDj yKjcif;

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

&Ja bmfa tmifE kdi fO D;

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

vGwaf jrmufa&;ol&aJ umif;

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

orkid ;f pmrsuEf mS rsm;

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

qkwHqdyf txyfxyf &&Sdavaygh?

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

vl a oaomf v nf ; emrnf r aool r sm;

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wkduyf cGJ &D;

r+y;D qH;k ao;wJh awmfveS af &;c&D;

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

awmfvSe fa &;armfuGef;xJrS &Jabmfw kdufa tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

ol[m (1962) rSm

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

XmecGJ wyfrLS ;wm0efudk xrf;yk;d &if;

wk d u f w k d i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

tv,fyidk ;f A[kXd mecGt

wk d u f w d k i f ; atmif w yf r S L ;}uD ; &J a bmf w k d u f a tmif

v_y&f mS ;ke;f uefaewke;f / temhyqkyq

&Si f; csuf-1-0rfzkppfv if( wkw fp um;)-'kw yfrSL ;0rf