Space Physics

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References
Michael Seeds, Dana Backman, (2013) The Solar System, 8th Edition. Bradley W Carrol, Dale A Ostlie, (2007) An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, 2nd edition. Astronomy Journals, International Journal Relevance websites.

1. Exploring the Sky

 Allah is the creator of heaven and earth (AlQuran, 6:101) And Allah made the sky with power and Allah are steadily expanding it (Al-Quran, 51:47)

Where are we in the universe?

16 m

 Enlarge by a factor of 100 = 1.6 km

 X 100 =160km

X 100 = 16000km
Diameter of the earth almost 13000 km

Enlarge by factor of 100 = 1.600.000 km

The moon diameter = the diameter of Earth Sun diameter = 100 earth diameter

Enlarge by factor of 100 = 160.000.000 km

Solar system can be seen, sun at the center, all planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) and moons of the planets plus other objects bound to the sun by its gravity

 If we enlarge the field of view, we will use so many zero Astronomers simplify the large numbers called the astronomical unit (AU), that is average distance from Earth to the sun. 1 AU = 1.5 x 108 km Venus to the sun = 0.72 AU

 X 100 Entire solar system Mercury, Venus, Earth lies so closely together
My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Noodle

 X 100 All the planets and their orbit are now crowded

 1million AU in diameter Few of the nearest starts can bee seen The stars are so distant that is not convenient using AU, so, now we use light-year (ly) 1 ly = 63000 AU = 1013 km

 X 100 1700 ly in diameter The sun and its neighboring stars vanish into the background of thousands of other stars

 X 100
Our galaxy can bee seen A galaxy is a great cloud of stars, gas and dust held together by the combined gravity. Diameter of galaxy = 1000-300.000 ly Band of stars is known as Milky Way, and our Galaxy is called the Milky way Galaxy

How does any scientist know like this?

 X 100 17 million yl The nearest galaxy to our galaxy is about 2.5 million yl.

When is now?
Now you know where you are in space, you need to know where you are in time. The stars shone for billions of years before the first human looked up and wondered what they were. The universe began about 14 billion year ago in an event called the big bang, which filled the universe with hot gas

When is now?
The hot gas cooled, the first galaxy began to form, and stars began to shine only 400 million year after big bang. The sun and planets of our solar system formed about 4.6 billion years ago. Life began in earths oceans soon after Erath formed but did not emerge onto land until 400 million years ago. Dinosaurs evolved not log ago only 65 million years ago.

The Universe of Galaxies

Our galaxy (Milky Way Galaxy), are disk shaped with graceful spiral arms marked by cloud of gas and bright newborn stars. Many galaxies are great numbers of stars with relatively little gas and dust. Many galaxies have no disk, no spiral arms, and almost no gas and dust. These elliptical galaxies range from huge giants to small dwarfs.

Galaxy Classification
Elliptical Galaxy (Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae) An elliptical galaxy is a galaxy having an approximately ellipsoidal shape and a smooth, nearly featureless brightness profile. They range in shape from nearly spherical to highly flat and in size from tens of millions to over one trillion stars. Stars found inside of elliptical galaxies are very much older than stars found in spiral galaxies. Most elliptical galaxies are composed of older, low-mass stars, with a sparse interstellar medium and minimal star formation activity, and they tend to be surrounded by large numbers of globular clusters.

Round to elliptical No visible gas and dust Lack hot Bright stars Classified with number index ranging from 1-7 E0s are round E07s are highly elliptical

Elliptical Galaxy

 Spiral Galaxy (Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work The Realm of the Nebulae) Spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge. These are surrounded by a much fainter halo of stars, many of which reside in globular clusters. Spiral galaxies are named for the spiral structures that extend from the center into the disk. The spiral arms are sites of ongoing star formation and are brighter than the surrounding disk because of the young, hot that inhabit them. Our own Milky Way has recently (in the 1990s) been confirmed to be a barred spiral, although the bar itself is difficult to observe from our position. The most convincing evidence for its existence comes from a recent survey, performed by the Spitzer Space Telescope.

Spiral Galaxy

fainter halo of stars globular clusters

 Irregular galaxy An irregular galaxy is a galaxy that does not have a distinct regular shape, unlike a spiral or an elliptical galaxy. The shape of an irregular galaxy is uncommon they do not fall into any of the regular classes of the Hubble sequence, and they are often chaotic in appearance. Collectively they are thought to make up about a quarter of all galaxies. Irregular galaxies may contain abundant amounts of gas and dust. There are two major Hubble types of irregular galaxies: An Irr-I galaxy (Irr I) is an irregular galaxy that features some structure but not enough to place it cleanly into the Hubble sequence. An Irr-II galaxy (Irr II) is an irregular galaxy that does not appear to feature any structure that can place it into the Hubble sequence.

 An example of an irregular galaxy about 52 Mly distant.

Perspective Origin
The interstellar medium, the gas and dust between the stars, can be seen as nebulae (cloud) Small, dense, dark clouds are call Bok globules. Stars are born when clouds of gas and dust contract to form protostars

 This Nebulav

The Deaths of Stars

Now, Who are you ?

Why do you so arrogant?

HW 1
Check direction of Agung Annur mosques Kiblat using google earth Check direction of UR Mosques kiblat using google earth Suppose that while lying on a beach watching the Sun set over a calm ocean, you start a stopwatch just the top of the sun disappears. You then stand, elevating your eyes by a height h = 1.7 m, and stop the watch when the top of the sun again disappears. If the elapsed time on the watch is t = 11.1 s, what is the radius r of the Earth.