1.

Su edu thit ciia d Hi

Nuuon luc con ne cu ii i noi chung va nguon nhan luc, xt tin khia canh
do tuoi lao dong la nguon luc cn ban cua su phiit trin kinh t xa hoi. Trn pham vi rong hon thi Con ngui dung ci trung tain ciia su pha . t It ten, la h ac nhan va la muc dich cua su phiit trin [48]. Nhan thiic duoc vat tio ciia nguon nhan luc, Dat hoi Dana VIII da khang d]nh: Lay vic phiit huy nguon luc con ngucii law yu to cc ban cho su philt trin nhanh va bn v rng, nang cao dan tri, boi dining va ph:i t huy nguon Inc to fern ciia con mu i Viet Nam la nhan to juyet dinh su thang loi cha cong cuoc cog nghip hoa, hien dat hoa. Moi mot giai doan l ]ch sir, mot trinh do ph iit trin d oi hoi mot nguon nhan luc phii hpp. Tiong xu the kinh t In thtic va toan cau hon, nguon nhan luc co sirc kho, hoc van, tri nh do chuyn mon ky thuat cao duoc cor la wot diu kien de tang trung nhanh, i it ngan khoang c?ach tut h u. Vit Nam hien nay van la mol nucic nong nghiep lac hau viii nguon nhan luc co jui irio lin, cc cau tr nhung chua thuc su lfi dong luc de phiit trien kinh t. Do vay viec nghin citu uang cao chat luong nguon nhan luc thuc su JD iriot doi hoi viia c p bach, viia cc ban, co y nghia ca ve ly luan va thuc tien.

2.

Tinh hinh nghin emu

Cho den nay ciing da co nhiu n uhin ctiu ve con n uucii, neuon luc con ngucii nhu: Van de con ngucii trong su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, hien dat hoa Pham Minh Hac ( chit bin ), Nxb CTQG, HN, 1996; Boi duric va dao tao lai
doi ngii nhan luc trong diu kin mcii _ Nguyen Minh Dvcing ( chu bin );

Cfic g i i tr] truyc:n thong va con nqiicii Viet Nam hic:n nay cua Pharr Huy Le... Noi chung day la nhiing nghin ciiu xa hoi hoc thuoc Chuong trinh khoa hoc cong nghe c p Nh n iicic KX-07: Con ngucii Viet Nam muc tieu va

dong luc cua su phat trien kinh t xa hoi do GS.VS Pham Minh Hac law chit nhiem vcii su thaiii gia ciia gun 300 nha khoa hoc thuoc nhiu chuyn nganh kh:ic nhau. Ngoai ra co co nhiinq an pham de cap den kinh nghiem ve qu iin ly v ph it trin nguon nhan l itc c ua mot so nucic co y nghia thaw khiio doi vcii V ref Nam nhu Ph:it trin n quon nhan lvc kinh nghim the cut va thiic lien

nucic ta, Nxb CTQG, HN, 1996 ciia Trn Van Tung Le :ii Lam; Chin
luoc con ngucii trong than ky kinh Ie Nhat Bun, Nxb CTQG, HN, 1996 ciia Luu Ngoc Trinh...Ma ' c dii vay, nh ti Hi mci dau c ua nhieu cuo such, ciic nha khoa hoc du cho r? ang da 'y la van de li5n, can dvoc nq hien ciiu l au dai trn nhiu phuong dren nhaiii phiit huy cao nhat vat In ciia yeu to con ngucii It ong su phiit trin kinh t xa hoi.

.3.

Muc dich nghin emu

Muc dich nghien ciiu la d xuat gun ph / ap dinh hunq nan c cao chat luong nguon nhan luc cho pht trien kinh te x hoi tiong giai donn hien nay ci Viet Nam. De dat muc dich trn, nhiem vu cua luan va ' n la: Nghin ciiu lain rii rio dung chat luong nguon nhan luc, he thong chi tiu diinh gin va nhiing yu to :inh huing; Pharr tich thuc trang the luc, tri luc so vcii nhu ca 'u th iic Ie hien nay va nguyn nhan tac do p ng den thuc trang do. Xay dung ch ac q iai phii p d]nh hitting

4.

Doi tuong va pham vi nghin emu

Nghin ciiu van de chit l von e nguon nh" an Inc ci Vit Nam h ten nay. Ve mat ly luan, chat luong nguon nhan luc la long hoa cua ba yu to: the lvc, tri luc va phiim chiit ciia ngucii lao dong. Tuy nhiu de co the nghien cilu sau, luan van chi tap trun c phdn tich thuc trang va gi:ii phiip nang cao chdt luonc ve ma 't the luc va In luc.

5.

Phuong ph:ip nghin emu

Sir dung cilc ph iiong phii p: phan tich va tong hpp, doi chiu va so sanh, trn cc si phuong ph:ip luan bin chiing duy vat. Luan van sir dung so lieu ciia
k,

6.

Dir kin nhiing dng gp mi ctia luan van

Pharr tich thuc trang chit luong nguon nhan luc hien nay.
- Gop ph an lain i ii nhiing nhan to quan trong :inh hune den chat luong nguon nhan luc va de xuiit giai phap cc ban co tinh dinh huing nang cao chat luong ve mat the luc, tri luc nguon nhan luc ci Viet Nam hien nay.

7.

Bii cue ciia In:in van

Ngoai ph a 'n mci dau va k t l u a 'n, lu a 'n v a 'n d iioc t rinh bay tiong ba ch tiong: Chuong I : Nguon nhan luc va su ca thief ph:ii uang cao chat luong nguon nhan luc.

Chuone 2: Chuong 3

tiang ve chat luong nguon nhan luc ci Viet Nam. Quan dure va mot so gun ph:ip cc ban de nang cao chdt

luong nguon nhan luc ci Viet Nam trong thcii gian ten.

CI. I . NGUON NHAN LL/C VA SL/ CAN THIET PHAI NANG CAO CHAT LLf NG NGUON NHAN LL/C

K HAI NIEM, CHI TIEU DANH HA VA NHAN TG ANH CHAT LUtlNG NGUUN NHAN 1.1.

HUtlNG DEN

1.1.1. Kh:i i nim nguon nhan luc

Theo nghia rong, nguon nhan Inc d iioc hieu la nguon l irc con muci ctia mol juoc gia, viing l anh tho co kha n a 'ng huy dong, q u:in ly de thaw gia viio

qu / a iiinh ph/ at tiien kinh te xa hoi. Theo nghia hep co the luong hoa duoc la
mol bo phan ciia d:in so bao gon nhiin 9 ngucii trone do tuoi qui dinh, co kha nang lao dong, khong k dn trang tha co hay khong lain viec.

n9ui

- Nguon nhan luc thaiii eia lain viec tronP thi truirng lao don R co giao kt hpp dong lao d cing . Bo phan nay cua nguon lao dong duoc got la luc luong

lao dong, hay con goi la dan so hoat do p ng kinh t.

- Nguon nhan luc du trii bao gon nhiiiig ngucii tron e do tuoi lao dong co nhu ciiu nhung chua thaw gia hin viec,

ket hpp dong lao

Ciic ciich d|nh right a tren kh:ic nhau ve viec xiic d]nh qui mo n Ruon nhiin luc, nhung du co chung mol y nghia not ln kha nan R lao dong ciia xa hoi. Theo khiii mean tren, so luong n ouon nhan luc duoc x:ic dinh dna trn qui mo dan so, cc cau t uoi, gicii tinh v sv phan bo theo khu vuc v viing lanh tho lao

yu to co tinh chat xa hoi khiic nh ii : - Tiinh do phii t trien ciia giiio duc - dao tao. Nu ciic cii nhan co nhiu
cian thaw gia

- Milc sinh de quyet d]nh so ngvcii thaw gia vao nguon lao dong ciia phu nii. Khi antic sinh d thap thi ty le phu nii thaw eia vao nguon lao dong

cao hon.
Tiinh do xa hoi hoa c:ic hoat ft dich vu phuc

c thaw gia

uuon lao don u.

lai ciing khong lan gun ngay lip tiic nhip do tang nguon nhan lvc. Quan diem dan so
to uu cho ra ' ng: Mot juoc gia iii uon nn kinh Ie phiit trin cin doi va toc do cao phat co gut mo, cc cau dan so thich hpp, phan bo hpp l y giiia ciic viing. Diu do co nghia la:

So l uonu dan phii hpp vcii diu kien thin nhin va trinh do ph:it ti ten
kinh t xa hoi c ha dat nuc.
- Dam bio mol ty l can doi 0iiia so ngucii tiong do tuoi vcii so n uucii

juii tuoi va chua den tuoi lao dong. Theo cac nha dan so hoc the gicii, wot cc cau thich hop diim bao cho dan so on d]nh tuong ring la 611-64%, 111-12% va 26-28 W o. - Phan bo dan cu tren ciic viing dam bao dii nhan luc khai th ac ta nguyn va phit trin kinh Ie xa hoi co hiu jua. Co the diu fret ph:in bo dan cu thong qua chinh s:ich dan so va c:ic chinh s:ich kinh te xa hoi.
Trong diu kin c:ic nucic chain philt trin, nhin chun u so luong ncuon

nhan luc ldn khong phiii la inot done luc cho su phiit trien vi rat hum nhmg
ngucii lao done va qu:in ly lanh n0h. Hon the niia, toc do tan e dan so cao

It ong cfic nn kinh Ie chain phit trin thu rig lam nity sinh nhiu mau t huan
kinh t xa hoi sau sac, do la:

M au thuan gna tich I uy va tieu dung. Khfii mean tong juiit nhat
thaw giaquan he uuon lao don u. va kinh Ie la dau In theo dan so: Pha phiincanh moi giua dan so 'n

P va nano c ca ao o trang - Han ch khii nang nang cao chat luong dan so va nguon nhan luc phii hnp voi yu cau tin bo ky thuat - cong ngh va nhu ciiu phat trin kinh t xa hoi nhairi ph:it trien toan dren con nguii. Ty le sinh cao lain cho so tr em trong do tuoi den trung tang nhanh tiong khi chi phi cho giiio duc dao tao khong tang tuong xiliig. Tinh cc dong xa hoi va lanh tho cua dan so ciing thiip do trinh do hoc van han ch, t)p qu:in, loi song lac hiiu. . Viin de tao vic lain, gi:ii quyet tinh ti ang that nghiep nhat la cho thanh nun gap nhieu kho khan. Mang men an sinh xa hoi khong dam bao. Nhiing mm gun da y, quoc te dna ra kh:ii ment lucii an sinh xa hoi ( Social Safety Net ) la he thone chinh sach lin quan den bao dann xa hoi cho moi ngucii duoc hiu rong ra bao gore c:i chinh sach viec Main va xoa doi gum ngho. Xu:it ph:it tit dieu kin dac thu, ci Viet Nam c:ic chinh such an sinh xa hoi bao gore: vic lain, bao hiin xa hoi, xoa doi gram n u ho, ngucii co cong, ti o quip xa hoi, phong chong te nan xa hoi. Ven antic tang dan so va nguon nhan luc cao, ngiin s:ich danh cho ch ac chinh such xa hoi va tao viec lain trong c:ic nuic dang phiit It ten da thap ve gin tri tuyet doi lai cans trci nn th p hon khong da / p ring duac yu cau.

Nq uon nh" an luc khong chi diioc xem xt ducii coc do so luong ma con

bao gore nhfing net dac tiung ve trang thru the luc, tri luc, dao dilc va pham chat. No the hien tianc thin nhat dinh ciia nguon nhan luc vcii tu ciich vira la

mot khiich the vat chat dac bit, vua la chit the cua moi hoat dong kinh t va c/ ac quan he xa hoi. Tron u do: - The l iic cua con ngvcii chiu anh hii6ng ctia antic song vat chat, sit chain soc silc khoe va rn luyn cua tim u cii nhan cu the. Mot cc the khoe iiianh, thich right voi moi tieing song thi uang liiong do no sinh ra se dap ring yu cau ctia mol hoat dong cu the nao do. The luc co y ngh i a juan t rong juyt dinh nang luc hoat dong ciia con ngucii. Phai co the luc con ngucii mcii co the phiit tiin tii tu va quan he cua minh trone xa hoi. Tri luc duoc x:ic dinh bcii tii thuc chung ve khoa hoc, trinh do kien
thuc chuyn mon, ky na ' ng kinh n phim law vic va kha na ' ng lii duy xt doiin

cua moi con ngucii. Tri luc thuc Ie la mol he thong thong tin dli duoc xii ly va luu gift lai trong bo nhci ciia moi ca nhan con ngucii, duoc thvc hien qua nhiu kenh khiic nhau. No duoc hinh thanh va ph:it trien thonc qua gi? ao duc dao tao cling nhu qua i trinh lao don u san xuat. Duo d vic, pham chat la nhiiii g d" ac dure quan trong ti on q yeu to xa hoi ciia nguon nhan luc bao gore toan bo nhiilig tinh cain, tap quiin phong c/ach, tho quen, quan mean, truyn thong, ciic hinh th:ii tu tuing, dao dirc va rig he thuat..., nan lien vcii timyen thong van hoa. Mot nen van hoa vcii bun sac ring luon la sitc manh noi tai ciia mot dan toc. Kinh nghim thanh cong trong ph?at ti ten kinh te ciia Nhat Ban va c:ic nucic NICs chau A la tiep thu ky thuat phuon c Tay tren cc sci khai thiic va phiit huy gi:i tii tot dep cua nen van hoa
d? an toc de doi mcii va phiit tiin. Cic yu to my co quan he cha 't ch, Inc dong t|ua lai, la tren de phiit trin ciia nhau. Muon nang cao chat luong nguon nhan luc phat nang cao ca ba ma 't: the luc, In luc va dao diic, pham chat. Tuy nhiu moi yu to ti en lai lien quan den mol linh vuc i at ron e lin. The luc va tinh tiane snc khoe gan voi dinh dining, y Ie va ch a 'm soc siic khoe. Tri litc gan vcii linh vuc gifio duc d o

tao, con dao diic pham chat chiu :inh huing cii a truyn thong va ' n hoa dan toc, nn t:ing viln hoa va the ch chinh tri... Do vay, de da / nh gin chat l uong nguon nhan luc t hucing xem xt tren ba mat: siic khoe, trinh do va ' n hoa va chuyn ni6n ky thuat, na ' ng lirc ph a 'iii chiit cua n p uoi lao dong.

1.1.2. Chi tiu d:inh gi:i chat luong nguon nh:in luc
Hien nay The gicii dung chi tiu HDI ( Huirian Development Index) de
diinh gu a trinh do phii t trin nguon nhan luc ciia moi quoc gia trn ba phuong dren la antic do ph:it trie kinh te, giiio duc va y Ie. C:ic nut my tuon9 mug duoc x:ic dinh bcii c:ic chi lieu:

- Tuoi tho binh quan. Phnom phap tinh ch l tiu HDI cu the nhu sau:

HDI =

IA + IE + IW 3

( 0 < HDI < 1 )

Ai Amin Amax Amin Vii Amax la tuoi tho trung binh cao nhat The gioi; Airi in la tuoi tho tivn R binh thap nhat The eicii; Ai la tuoi tho trun e binh cii a nucic i.

IE la chi so kin thiic

Ty l bit chir ctia dan cu nuic i Ty Ie bit chiu thap nhat ciia TG Ty le bit chu cao nhat cua TG Ty l bit chu thap nhat ciia TG

log(Wi) low(Win in) log(Wmax) log(Wmin)

Tuoi tho 25 nam va

Ty Ie but chu cua ngucii ln : 0% va I 00%.

Ty Ie huy dong di hoc : tJ /n v l tl0%c

GDP/ ngucii thuc (PPP$) : l HU va 411.0tJ0 Vi du: Ven ciich tinh tren, theo B:to ciio ve ph:it trien con nguii nan 2001 chi so HDI ciia Viet Nairi la 0,682 vcii ciic so lieu tuoi tho la 67,8 mm, ty le bit chu cua ngucii lin la 93, 1 va nhap hoc ciia c ac c p quo duc la 67%, GDP binh quan da 'u ngucii theo PPP $ la 1860. [9, 1 71 -302]

10

Ngoai chi so tong hpp HDI, ngucii la con dung cac he thong chi tiu ducii day de diinh eu a truc tip c:ic khia canh kh:ic nhau suc khoe, trinh do hoc van va chuyn mon ky thuat cua nguon nhan luc ciing nhv de thay ro nhan to iinh hu6ng dc:n no ci hien tar va ti-ong titong lai. ChI tiu danh gift sit:c lcho Sirc khoe la sit ph/ at trin hat hoa cua con ngiicii ca ve the chat va tinh than. Sitc khoe cc the la su curing tring, na ' ng Inc lao dong chan tay. Suc khoe

tinh than la su do dat ciia hoat dong tha ' n kinh, kha na ' ng van dong ciia tit tue,
bin In duy thanh hoat dong thuc tren. Hien chuong cua To chuc y Ie the gicii da neu: Siic khoe la inot tiang th:ii hoan toan thoai mini ve the chat, tain than va xa hoi, chu khong chi la khong co bnh fat hay t huong tat. Suc khoe vifa la muc dich, dong thai no ciing la dieu kien ciia sit phat trien nn yeu cau bao ve va nang cao suc khoe con ngucii la mot dii hoi ht stic chinh d:inn ma xa hoi phiii dann bio. Tinh trang suc khoe dwac phiin iinh bang inot he thon e chi tieu sau: Thti ulimi, ciic chi tiu tong hpp: - Tuoi tho binh quan ( tuoi ). Ch ieu cao trung binh ciia thanh nun ( in )
Can nang ( kg )

Cac chi tiu my do lung the luc chung va d viac xem nhu la mot chi so ciia tinh trane kinh t xa hoi, ve sinh xa hoi va linh tianc suc khoe cua nhan dan. Thv tier, cc chi tieu y te cc ban Ty suat chet ti em ducii I tuoi Ty suat cht It eiri ducii 5 tuoi - Ty l ti em d ducii 2500g

1l

- Ty l tr em ducii 5 tuoi suy dinh du ne

Ty suat cht me

Thu he, cac chi lieu ve tinh hinh benh tat Ty le mac benh truyen nhiem - Ty Ie mdc ciic benh co Item chung, Ty Ie chet so vcii ngucii mac cac benh. Chl tiu dtinh gid trinh dci viin hoti
Trinh do van hoa la kha nang v tri thiic va ky nang de co the tip thu

nhiing kin thiic cc ban, thuc hien nhiiri u viec don ct:in de duy In cuoc song. Trinh do van hon duoc cung cap qua he thong gi:t o duc chinh guy, khong chinh quy, qua qu:i trinh hoc tao suot dii ciia moi ca nh an va ducic d:inh gi:i qua he thong chi tiu: Thu nhat, ty le dan so but chit la so % nh tiri e n cucii 10 tuoi tii len co the doc vit va hiu duoc nhiiiig cau don giiin ciia ting Viet, ting dan toc hoac lung nucic ngoai so vcii tong dan so 1 0 tuoi trci ten. Phuon g ph:ip tinh:

Chi lieu nay duoc su dung de dinh gin trinh do va 'n hon ci muc to thiu ciia mol quoc gia. Ctac thong ke quo duc trong nucic va Th gicii hien nay deu sir dung chi tiu nay.
Thu lien, so nrim di hoc trung binh cua dan so tit 15 tuoi trci fen do hung so na 'm trung binh mol ngiii dinh cho hoc tap. Day la mol trong nhiing chi tiu duoc Lie hop quoc sir dung d diinh gia chiit luong nguon nhan luc ciia

Phuong phiip tinh:

12

A = Z '
Trong do: A so nan di hoc trung binh

x % trinh do p van how theo he thong quo duc tiiong diiong. Thu ha , ty le di hoc chung cfic cup tieu hoc, hung hoc cc s (THCS), tivng hoc pho thong (THPT) duoc dung de d? anh gua ti4nh do p ph / at trien quo duc ciia ciic quoc gia. Ty le di hoc chung cap tieu hoc biu th] so % ti em hoc cap tieu hoc (cap I), dii tuoi ctia em my co thuoc do tudi cap tieu hoc hay khong, trong tong l di hoc chung cap THCS (c6p 11), trong do do tuoi hoc sinh di hoc cap my la 1 1 -14 tuoi va cap THPT (cap III), do tuoi hoc sinh di hoc cap hoc my la 1517 tuoi.

Phuong phiip linh:

Ty le di hoc chuiig c.ii tieu hoc (cap I)

hoc sinh cup tiu hoc troiig nan x:ic dinh Dun so trong do tuoi c.ip tieu hoc (6 IG tuoi) trong c iiiig n" aiii

Cac cap THCS va THPT tinh tuong tu.

Nhiing chi tieu my dung de d:inh gin trinh do phiit trim giiio duc ciia ciic quoc gia. Ciic chi tiu my ciing dung d xay dung iiiuc tiu phiit tiin giiio duc trong cong t/ ac he hoach. Vi du, dinh hune ph? at ti in Ri:to duc den mm 2G l G cua V ref Naiii, muc tieu la iy Ie di hoc chung cap lieu hoc la l G0%, cap

THCS la 80%, cap THPT ID 45 /r .

Tliii tv, ty l di hoc dtin u do tuoi cap tieu hoc va trung hoc.

tuoi cap tieu hoc, tiic la nhiing em lii 6 - IU tuoi hoc cup tieu hoc trong tong so
tr em trong do tuoi cup tieu hoc cua dan ". Tuon tu

nhom tuoi THCS va THPT . Phuong phiip linh:

T Ie di hoc du1g tuoi
cap tieu hqc 6-1G turn

C:ic ty le cap THCS va THPT tinh tuong tu.

Ciic chi tieu my dung d diinh gin hieu qua cua he thong giiio duc. He thong giiio duc hieu qua cao co ty le di hoc ddng do tuoi cao vi ty l hoc sinh luu ban, bo hoc thap, va ngiioc lai. Vi du, ci nuoc ta, trong khi ty Ie di hoc chung o bac tieu hoc mm 1996 la 114%, nhung ty l di hoc dd ng do tuoi (610 tuoi) chi co 89%. Vi trong so hoc sinh tieu hoc con co (114% - 89%r = 25 /c) hoc sinh khong dung tuoi; do la nhiing hoc sinh duii tuoi do di hoc s6m, ju:i tuoi do di hoc muo, do bi fun ban, do bo hoc. Ty l my chug cao thi hieu qua trong giiio duc cang lin, chi phi cho mot hoc sinh hoan thfinh cap

hoc thap.
Chl tiu dinh gia trinh dci chuyen mii n kj thutit ( CMKT )

14

co trinh d tuong duong tit bac 3 In ln. Ca / c tieu chi d:inh gin trinh do chuyn ni6n ky thuat: Thu iilil, ty l lao dong da qua dfio tao so vcii luc luong lao dong dang lain viec. Chi tieu my dune de diinh gua kh / ai quiit ve trinh do CMKT ciia Quoc gia, ciia ciic viing lanh tho. Vi du, mm 1999, ty l lao dong co CMKT

ciia Viet Nam la 13,P7%.

T DT '

T' 'DT: Ty Ie lao dong da q ua dao tao so vcii tong lao dong dang lam viec. LLV GT' 'o lao d cpn z dang lain viec da qua dao tao. LLV : So lao don R dang lain vic. Tliii liar , ty l lao d6ng theo cap biic dao tao duoc tinh town cho Quoc gia, viini:, nganh kinh Ie dung de xem cc cau my co can doi vcii nhu cau nhan luc ciia nen kinh t ci timg giai doan phiit ti4n.

T' DT'! '

x!00

15

j: Chi so viing. LLV DT'J: So lao donci dang hin vic du dao tao bc i ci viing j.

Vi du: Nam 1999, ty le lao dong co CMKT ciia Vit Nain la l3,9%r , trong do lao dong ti inh do so cap la 1 ,5 /c; CN la 4,7%, THCN 4,3%, Dh, CD 3,4%. Ty l ciic loai trinh do lao dong da qua dao tao th hien cc cau DHCD/THCN/DN cua doi ngii lao dong, t vi d thay duoc cc cau my co can doi viii nhu cau nhan luc cua nn kinh t khong, tren cc sci do co k hoach diu chinh nhu cau dao tao tong the ciia ca nucic, hang vung lanh tho, n uanh
kinh t. Trong thuc Ie, khong ph:ii tit ca ciic chi tieu my du co dii cc sci so l iu thong ke de tinh toan. Co nhiing chi tieu chi qua long diu tra men co. Day la mot han ch ciia cong t:ic thong ke n euon nhiin luc. De cone t:ic thon e ke, quan ly nguon nhan l tic co chat luong can s6m ban hanh chinh thilc he thong chi tieu dinh gin chat luong nguon nhin luc.

1.1.3. C:ie yu tti chit yu :inh hung dn chat luong nguon nh:in luc
Nhu da chi ra ci tren, chiit luong nguon nhiin luc lien quan den nhiu linh vuc , do do no chiu chi phoi ciia i at nhiu yu to va ducii day la ch ac nhan to chit yu co :inh huine li5n nhat:

Bin d i kinh t x hi
T" ang triin g la nh" an to kinh te quan trong tiic dong den chat lvong nguon nhiin l iic tin nhiu phuong dren. Ta ' ng tin rig kinh t khong chi trvc tiep grip phiin c:ii thin dcii song nhan dan ma con tang tit kiem va dau tu trong nucic, tao duoc nhiu vic law mcii vcii antic thu nhap cao. NRoai i a nhci thanh tuu t" ang ti veing, thu nun nich t" ang nen dam bio nhu cu chi th iinc xuyn cho c:ic chuong ti-inh muc tieu juoc gia, chi cho phat trin giiio duc dao

tao, y t,

do p rig tich cuc hon den chat l uong muo nh a 'n I tic.

16

Su ph:it trin kinh t vii cc cau bin doi theo hu rig ta ' ng ty trong cong nghip va d]ch vu, ct:inn nong nghiep dan den su phan bo lao dong trong ch ac linh vuc hoat dong doi hoi mini lao do p ng phat dvoc d o tao, co kha na 'ng tu hoc hoi, thich i1ng vcii nn sun xuiit mcii.

Bn canh nut tich cuc qui a trinh tang triring kinh t ciing co mot so iinh
e ti ieu cuc den chat luong nguon nhan luc. Tang time kinh t thung gan lin vcii qui a trinh do thi hoa, thay doi trong loi song. Ctac nghin ciiu cho thay qua / ti4 nh do thi hoa gan lien vcii antic do o nhiiii moi truin g tang cao, ty l tai nan gia tang dung k gay anh huing nghiiii trong den siic khoe cua ngucii dan. Do thu nhap tang ten va su thay doi trong Hi song nn ci ciic do th| ton tai pho bin done thin mii hinh benh fat ciia nucic ngho va ciia antic song cao. Hien tuon c my duoc got bank thuat ncii c/ anh nanc gap doi, :im chi nhiing kho khan ma nguiii dan va he thong y Ie xa hoi ii cac nuic dang ph:it

trien dane vap phai.

Doi vcii cac n ticic trong thai ky chuyn doi kinh t nhu Viet Nam thi tiic done ciia nhiinc bin doi kinh te xa hoi den chiit luong nguon nhan luc con phuc tap hon: Viec da dang hoa c/ ac hinh thilc sci him, cc ch thi trung thay cho quan ly tap trung da lain cho nhiu nganh nghe, xi nghip lac hau phat Dunn gut mii va dong ciia, th:it nehip gia tang lain iinh hu rig tiuc tip den dcii song

ciia ngucii lao ding, gay nhieu hau quit xa hoi n uhiem trong. - Gan lin vcii sir phii t tiin cua cc ch thi trung la bat binh dang ve
cii ng nhii viing kinh te.

17

bet bao cap tit ngan such trong nhiu linh viic cang law cho van de tren them dam net.

- Viec to chilc lai nen kinh te va cc cau xa hoi da gop pha ' n lain bin
doi theo chiu situ nioi timeing kinh t xa hoi. Cac cii the va nhom xa hoi kh? ac nhau phai chuyn bun de ihich nghi vcii moi triing thay doi hang ngay. Chang han trong van de giao duc, khi Nha niicic khong con la ngui bao cap hau nhu toan bo kinh phi va sap xp viec law khi tot nghiep thi chin luoc giiio duc ciia ciic ho Pia dinh may cang huing ter tuone lai va dna quan he chat luon9 9i:i ca vao lua chon. Ciic ho gia dinh va cii nhan co th tit khonc quan tann den dac bit coi trong dau In cho giiio duc. Chinh diu my anh huing riit lin den trinh do hoc vfin va su chnh lech giiia ciic viing kinh t. - Ngoai ra, nhiing chinh sa / ch ve cJ uan ly xa hoi, quan ly kinh ie, chinh such phiin phoi dac but la chinh such tra cong lao dong ciing co anh hucing i at l6n. Chung co the kim ham, tiiet tieu hoac nhan len nhiu tin nhiing yeu to tot cua chit luong nguon nhan luc. Nu ti cong dung theo chit l ifong vi hiu q ua ciia lao dong s khuyen khich hoc tap va rn luyn de nang cao ky nang, kien

thilc. Nguoc lai, ch do phan phoi binh

s:ing tao ciia ngucii lao donP.

ch tinh n a 'ng dong va

Tinh trang dinh during va chtim sc st:c khcie

Dinh dung thap va siic khoe yu khong chi gay ra oin yu the trang, kho ai ve linh th a 'n md co lire gram n a 'ng su:it lao dong. Mot ba we suy dinh during trong thiil ky iiiang thai, su thiu thou luon e thuc thuc ph:inn trong giai doan so sinh va vao l iic ti con nho la dia co the dan ter ciic benh tat ciing nhu su khim khuyt trong qua trinh phat trin v the trang va th:in kinh cua ti.

Do do nang suat lao dong ti ong luong lai se bi han che. Hon niia su suy dinh
during va benh tat ci ngucii lin lain suy gum nang luong, tinh sung tao, s:ing hien, khii nang hoc tap va hin viec ciia ho. Ciic nucic dang phiit trien thung

Trong cic yu to anh hucing den chft luong nguon nhin Inc thi antic do phiit trin ciia giiio duc dao tao la yu to quan trong nhat vi no khong chi anh

hu6ng truc tiep din trinh do van hoa, chuyn ni6n ky thuat va ky nang lao dong thuc hanh cua ngucii lao
v tuoi tho ctia nguiii d:in: Tltii nlit, giiio duc gop ph a 'n vao ta ' ng tracing. Tit nhiing n a 'm 1970, vcii ly thuyt ve ty suat lot nhuan, ciic nha nghin ciiu d xiic dinh diioc ty Ie hoan tra ciia gi ao duc sau dau tu. Gi?ao duc gop phan vao tang tracing kinh t thong qua ca tang nang suat lao dong ciia moi cii nhan nhci nang cao trinh do va quan diiii ciia ho lan tich luy hien thiic. Vai tro ciia quo duc co the duoc

diinh gin qua tiic dong cua no doi vcii nang suat lao dong duoc tinh toan bang
so s:inh su khiic biet giiia sun pham ciia mot cii nhan lain ra trong ciing mot

19

Ciic nucic Dong A tang truing nhanh da dau tu rat nhiu vao cii giiio duc tieu hoc lan tivng hoc nham tang curing chat luong cua luc luong lao

done. No luc my duoc thuc hien do yeu cau ciia mo hinh kinh te tang t win o
st dung mol ciich co hieu qua nguon lao dong va do dau In bo sung vao nguon von vdt chat. Chi phi dune cho
thuyet tanP truing ve kinh te du cho thay moi quan he bo sung lan nhau giiia nguon von nhan luc va von vat chdt; trii luone von nhan luc ln s lain tanc gi:i tri loi Inc ciia retry moc; Int luone von vat chiit tang lai law tang hieu qua dau tu vao giiio duc; va dilu tu chung nu khong co sv ho tro ciia giiio duc chi

dong vai tio khong ln doi vcii tang tracing kinh te. [33, 25]
Nghin ciiu ve d a 'u tu cho gi:t o duc doi hoi ph:ii diinh gin tren hat khia canh loi ich va chi phi ciia cii nhan va xa hoi:

Chi phi cii nhan la chi phi hoc sinh va gia dinh phiii chi cho vic hoc tap de nhan duoc trinh do gi?ao duc, bao gon hoc phi, chi m ua such giiio khoa, do dung hoc tap, dong phuc, dong gop xay dung tieing, chi di lai den

Chi phi xa hoi la chi phi cong cong de dao tao va tra luong cho giiio vien, chi quan l y hanh chinh (cong tfic ph i, dun, nuoc. . . ), chi mua such, do dit ng hoc tap cac thit bi day hoc, thit bi va ' n phong, lien thu dat, nha cua. - Lot ich tu nhan cua giiio duc la loi ich ma ciic cii nhan duoc dao tao nhan dvoc tit giio duc d o tao. No bao gore: Duoc chua bi tot hon cho cong viec tir nhung kien thiic, ky uang, tiic phong law viec, tinh than th n do. . . qua dao tao; ta ' ng cc hoi tim ngh, duoc vic lam vcii iiiirc Jitong cao; khii n a 'ng th

20

ve tot hon truoc nguy cc thilt nghiep tron e xa hoi, de dang thich nghi vcii nhiing thay doi trong ngh nghiep. Loi ich xa hoi cua gi/ ao duc. Nhiing ngvcii diioc gi to duc la thanh

vin ciia xa hoi nn ciic loi ich In nhiin cung tao nn loi ich xa hoi cua quo duc. Khong chi co the, nh iing loi ich khac ph / at sinh tir cm nhan diioc quo duc nhung khong truc tiep nhan duoc ma dem lai cho ngucii kh ic va c:i cong dong nhu: (i) Doi vcii nn kinh t, qua giiio duc dao tao phiit hien, boi dung ta niinP ciic nha lanh dao, quan ly, quip ho co In duy, tri thilc de vach duing loi, xay dung va thuc hien ke hoach ph? at trien kinh te xa hoi. No cung cung clip luc luong lao dong chat luone, cc ciiu loai hinh lao dong phii hpp vcii hien thiic thich hpp va hien dai, co ky nang va phong thin lain viec d:ip ting moi yu cau doi hoi ciia mol nn kinh t thi twinii khac nghiet va nang dong. Diii nPii my s thiic day tang twinc kinh t quoc eia mot ciich manh iii; (ii) Doi vcii ciic van de xa hoi, ci nh iing muci duoc euro duc thi antic do pham to, mat an toan gwo thong, trat tu xa hoi thap. Co th noi, phan tich loi ich cii nhan va xa hoi" tin cc sci ly thuyt ve "von nhan luc, chi phi piiio duc da khac hoa ro net vat tro cua piiio duc doi voi qua trinh phfit trin kinh te xa hoi noi chung d" ac biet na ' ng cao chat luong cuoc song va In tue cua nguon nhan l tic. Tom tar, da 'u tv v o quo duc s nang cao trinh do dan tri, gop phiin law tang siic kho, tich luy von con neucii, la chi a kho:i de duy tri su tang tie6ng kinh Ie va lang thu nhap. Tltii liar, qito duc d o tao g6p pha ' n c:ii thien siic khoe va niing cao tuoi

tho ciia ngucii dan. Giiio duc cung cap trinh do van hon cc ban la dieu kien de
tip thu tii thiic, gop phan chong suy dinh during, cai thien silc kho. Giiio duc cc ban (trong phan l cin ciic nucic la quo duc tieu hoc va trung hoc) phii t trin c luc hoc tap, ct:ii thich thong tin va thich right tri thilc vao diu kin, moi

21

luc ciia dan chune

thu va van dung In thiic. Bao c:to ph:it trin nguon

nhan luc cua UNDP da canh biro rang: khong co nucic cong nghip hon giau co mo dat tang ticking co y n uhi a trucic khi hoan thanh pho cap giiio duc ti ung hoc. Hon ma su thanh conq ciia ciic nuic con R nghip hoa mi nhu Han

Quoc, Singapore, Hon ckon e, nhiiiic nuoc co GNP tang nhanh nhat tiono
nhiing mm 1960 va trong thap ky 1970, da dat ty l biet chit cao va pho cap gi iio duc trung hoc trucic khi nn kinh te cua ho tang tracing. Tlut la , trong boi canh thay doi cong ngh nhanh, R iiio duc ciii vai tro chit yeu trong tiep thu va ph:it trin cong nghe. Cac nuic dang ph / at trin co the thaw gia vao huing loi cua tin bo cong ngh hay khong phu thuoc vao dieu kien tren quyt la giiio duc. Gi:to duc cc ban la nen t:inc dc: tao ra mot xa
hoi hoc van, nhunq chua du de c:ic quoc ma canh tranh tren thi twine toan

c dao tao nhtinc n cui co kh:i uang theo

doi cfic khuynh hudng cong nghe, dfinh gn dvoc su thich ting cua chfing doi vcii nhiing tiin vong ciia dirt nucic va quip xay dung tiin khai m6t chin luoc ph:it trin cong nPh quoc uia thich hpp. Chin luoc thich hpp cho phiin 16n

cilc quoc gia dang phiit trin la thu nhan dwac

n n he nucic

va co the sir dung no hieu gut nh t ba ' ng ciich thich nghi no vcii cac dieu kin cua d]a phiiong. Nhiin g khim phi khoa hoc va cfic phat minh khong chi doi hoi nguon ta chinh doi dao ma co cm luc luong lao dong co chat luong cao vcii nang luc tinh vi cua con ngucii va su nhay bn kinh doanh de thang loi

22

1.2.

SU CAN THIET PHAI NANG CAG CHAT LUGNC NGUGN NHAN L C

1.2.1. Nh:in tti con nguiii trong Inc luong san xu:it hien dai
Quan diem ciia chit nchia Mac - Lenin va In tu6n u Ho Chi Minh ve con ngucii, ph:it trin toan din con ngucii la cn sci ly luiin chi yu nhat, quan trong

nhat cho viec nghien ciiu nhan to con nguii. Khi noi den nhan to con ngucii la
noi ter mat hoat dong cila con ngucii - mat cc ban nhat, quyt dinh moi thuoc tinh, biu hien dac trun c ciia con nRucii. Su t/ ac done ciia nhan to con ngucii co y nchia quyet dJnh den toan bo tin trinh phii t trin ciia lich sit. Tren bo xa hoi khong phai la mot quit tiinh tu dong, rna phai thong qua hoat dong ciia dong dio iiioi ngucii trong xa hoi. Con ngucii la nhan vat chinh ciia lich sir, vira la

23

eudi | laa oodng ti ong luc luong san xuat khong ph:ii la loan

n ho:i mii loai. Con ngucii thaw gia vao quia trinh sun xuat vcii tu c ach la wot nhan to quan trong nhat cila luc luong san xuat, ba ' ng ca siic manh c ua In tu v suc manh ciia cc bap, trong do siic manh tri tue ngay cang chim uu the trong quit

24

cang dong vat tro quyet dinh hon trong l vc luong sun xuat va ti ong qua trinh san xuat. Thong thucing, khi d cap con ngucii trong luc luong san xuat chiing ta chi chit y den yu to kin thiic, ky nang, ky xao, kinh nghim cua inner lao dong. Nhan thuc nhu vay khong sai nhung chua day du. Vi theo C.M/ac, con ngucii trong luc luong san xuat phai la con n uucii ngay cang ph:it ti ten cao ve tri tue, kho iiianh v the chat, gifiu co v tinh than, trong sung ve dao dilc,

linh hoat va van minh trong ting xii. Ti on c do, In tu

chi

thilc trim tuong, ma trucic ht la nhiing nang luc chuyn mon duoc dao tao va dao tao lai trong qu:i tiinh s:in xuat. Kho manh ve the ch:it khong chi don thuan la su cune tr:ing ve the luc, ma ni bao ham tiong do su ph? at trin tot ve tri luc, tu chat thou c minh, tdm ly, than kinh va tri sane tao cao ti one lao dung. Dao dilc ciinP khong chi la luong tain, danh du, tr:ich nhiem not chung,

Linh
minh trone ting xu la thich ting nhanh trong moi hoan canh, luon Rianh the chiu done trong moi tinh huong, xii su mot ciich thong iiiinh va lich su, day g nhan :ii, vi tha va mang dam tinh nhan van. Dao duc la c:ii nn ma tren do d]nh hitting c:ic gin tri hanh dong cu the: c ua con ngucii trong x hoi. Doi vcii ngucii lao dong hien nay cung nhu trong tvong lai, khong chi dna vao kinh nghieiii san xuat ma ngay can q ph:ii dna vao tri thiic khoa hoc thi mi co the khong n uim e nang cao chat luonP san pham va nang suat lao done. Chilc nanc ciia con ne ucii ti ong san xuiit da va s co nhiing bin doi to ldn, ciic thao t:ic trirc tiep ciia con ngucii s ngay cang it, thay vao do la su sang tao va su dieu khin guru tiep v o cic khau trong jufi ti inh san xu t. Khoa hoc cong nghe la sun pham lao dong tri tue ciia con ncucii, no s dan dan trci thanh luc luong s:in xuiit truc tiep va con nguii la hat nhan cua khoa hoc va cong ngh.

1.2.2. Ngutin nh:in luc trong ly thuyt tang trung

25

Nhan thiic i o vat tro ciia con muci , do do dii co nhan manh mat my hay mat kha . c cua lao dong trong nioi tuone quan vcii c/ ac neuon luc kh? ac nhung no la nhan to khong the bo qua trong c:ic mo hinh tang truing. NRhin ciiu cua N.G. Mankiw mci ron p mo hinh ta ' ng It-iiing cua R . Solow la tint vi du din hinh. Mo hinh Solow cc ban chi i a rang qua / ti4 nh lich l iiy tu ban chua dii de ly giai su tang truing viiiig chac. Ty l tit kieiii cao tain thai dan den tang truing cao nhung nn kinh t co the tieu den ti an e th:ii dimg vcii khoi luong In b:in va sun luong khong thay doi. N.G. Manki w da mci rong mo hinh ta 'ng truing kinh t Solow de giai thich qui mo va su cai thien hieu qua ciia lao dong doi viii tane triring

[25, 88-126]. Trong irio hinh my, lao do p ng dvac xem nhv la mot ti one hat
nhan to ctia qua tiinh san xuat ra san pham xa hoi. Ky hieu Y la san luong, K chi khoi luong In bun, L chi khoi luong lao dong, ham sun xu?t co dang: Y = F(K,L). Him san xufit co y nghia rang san luong phu thuoc vao khoi luong tu b:in va lao dine. Nhun c y n ehia ctia mo hinh Solow khong dimg lai do, ma v:in de ci day la hieu quit lao donR va moi lien quan ciia no vcii lien bo cong ngh. De dna lien bo cong nghe v o mo hinh, Mankiw dna ra bin wcii E la hieu qua lao dong. Hieu qua lao dong phiin tinh hieu biet ciia xa hoi ve phuong phip s:in xuat nhu: cong ngh hien co duoc car thien, hieu jud cua lao dong tang ln. Hieu quit ciia lao dong con ph:in lanh silc khoe, trinh do gi:t o duc va lay ngh cua luc luong lao dong. Biu thilc LxE la luc luong lao dong tinh bang don vi hieu quit bao gore so luong L va hieu qua ciia moi cong nhan E. Nhu vay ham san xu I mcii nay rio i ang tong sun luong Y phu thuoc vao so don vi In ban K va so don vi hieu qua cua lao dong LxE.

Y = F( K,LxE)

26

dne chi
de

ter khia canh so

luone khon R mang lai tanR tru rig, chi co tin bo cong n R h duoc lao dong ring dung hieu qua moi giai thich d iioc su gia tang khong n Pirng ciia in tic song.

Trong hoc thuyt ctia iriinh, Mankiw cung da de

den

ban moi la von nhan l iic la kien thiic tay nghe ma ngucii lao dong tiep thu diioc thong jua q ua t rinh quo duc d o tao tir thai men t hiu cho den khi truing thanh, ciinc nhu trong qu:i tiinh lao dong [25, 1 15]. Xt theo nhiu phuong dien, von nhan luc tuone tu nhu tu ban hien vat cung nhu tu ban hien

han e

vu ciia chimp ta

t hich nh iing kh ic biet ve m irc song. Theo Mankiw:

da 'u

cho con ngucii

Cac nucic chau ii co nn kinh t tang truing cao da up dung cJ uan dure my vao chin luoc phiit ti ten kinh t xa hoi ciia ho. Nghin ciiu ve nguyn nhan thanh cong cua cilc nucic my, nhiu nha kinh t du thong nhat do dau tu

27

phiit ti ten nguon nhan luc hop ly va co hieu qua nhci do da tao nn luc luong lao do p ng lanh ngh, dii siic lien hanh cong nghip hoa.

1.2.3. Ngutin nh:i n luc Viet Nam cho su nghip cong nghip hiia, hin dat
ha (CNH, HDH) trong xu th toan can ha va kinh t tri th iic. Nhan thuc

su tilc dong cua cuoc ciich mang khoa hoc cone nghe hin

c t hti cong la chinh,

c sit dune

eoai i a, hin
la quit trinh xay dune mot xa hoi van minh cong n R hip va c:ii bin c:ic nPanh kinh t, ciic hoat dong xa hoi chit yu theo phong c/ ach ciia nn cong nghiep l6n hien dat. No hiri cho nhip do tang tieing kinh te xa hoi nhanh va on dinh, ciii thien dcii song vat chat va tinh than ciia moi tang lcip d:in cu, thu hep dan su chnh lech trinh do kinh te xa hoi vcii c:ic nucic phiit trin. Diic riit kt q ua nphin cum ve CNH, HDH co the khang dinh day la mot quit trinh rong lcin va phuc tap, bao ham nhiirig m" at cc bun sau:

28

Tliii utters, no la qu:i trinh trang bi va trang bi lai cong ngh hien dat cho

tat c:i ciic nganh kinh t quoc dan, tiuic het la c:ic n canh chum v] tri trong yu. Noi ciich kh:1c da y la qu:i tiinh chuyn nn san xuat xa hoi tit iiinh d cpi

cone n eh thap len trinh do cone n che hien dat cii nc vcii su dich chuyen luc
luone lao dpi ng thich ring viii cc cau nganh nghe. Tlut lien, qu:i trinh CNH, HDH khong chi lien quan den phat trin cong nghip ma la quit trinh bao triim t6t ca c:ic nganh, cac linh vuc hoat dong ciia mot nucic; thiic day hinh thanh cc cau kinh te moi hpp ly cho php khai th:ic
tot nhat c:ic nguon luc va loi the ciia dat nuic.

Thu ha, CNH, HDH viia la qu:i tiinh kinh te ky thuat, viia la qu:i trinh kinh Ie - xa hoi. Do vay nhin theo chiu sau cua su phiit tiin xa hoi, no la qu:i trinh xay dune va ph:it trien van hoa trong do phiit ti ten con n cuii va nguon l vc con ngucii l rio dung cot Hi. Thu iv, qu:i trinh CNH, HDH cling d cing thai la quit trinh m rong quan he kinh t quoc t tiong do co phan cong lao dong. Duoi tiic dong ciia cuoc c:ich mane khoa hoc cong ngh hin dai va xu the toan cau hoa, mo hinh cong nghiep hoa kt hpp giua thay the nhap

khau vi day manh xuat khau theo hune hoi nhap quoc te dang duoc nhiu
nucic up dung. Qua trinh CNH, HDH ci Viet Nam ve cc ban cung dang van dong theo mo hinh nay. Tuy nhiu do su Inc dong va chi phoi bcii nh fing da 'c diem mcii ciia thai dai va do nhiing dieu kin kinh te xa hoi hien tai ciia dat nucic, q ui trinh CNH, HDH ci nucic la hien nay co nhiing da 'c diiri khic so vcii conn n chip hoa trucic day. Do la cone nghip hoa gan vcii hien dai hoa dna tren nn tiing khoa hoc cong ngh, duic thuc hien trong nn kinh Ie th] ti ung d]nh hung xa hoi chit nghia va chit dong hoi nhap quoc t... Nhiing da 'c diem cc ban do ctia jufi trinh CNH, HDH cho thay gici diy con ngui duoc da 't vao vi tri trung tain: Kt hpp hai hoa giiia muc tiu kinh Ie va xa hoi, dat con

29

muci vao vi tri trung tain, ph:it trin muo nhan lirc nham khoi day v

khai

th / ac moi Item nang cua hang con ngucii de con n u ucii co the thaw gia tot nhat vao xay dung dat nucic. Nhu vay kt qua ciia q u:i trinh CNH, HDH ngay nay phu thuoc chit yeu vao chat I iiong n puon luc con mini do do no doi hoi i it
cao ve nhfing nang luc va pham chat ca 'n thiet nhat la trinh do va 'n hoa va

chuyn mon ky thuat cua nguii lao don u. S khong the co quit ti inh cong nghip hoa, hien dai hoa nu thiu mot luc luong lao dong co stic khoe, nang luc sung tao, trinh do chuyn iri6n n ph nghiep gioi, pham chat dao diic tot, kha na ' ng thich right cao, uang lvc hoi nhap quoc t. Nq hia la qua trinh CNH, HDH ngay nay dang chuyn tit cho chit yu khai th:ic nguon luc tu nhin va lao dong cc bap sang khai thac pho bin nguon lao dong tri tue, lay viec phiit huy nguon luc con ngucii Jam yeu to cc ban cho su phat ti ien nhanh va ben viitig. Vi l do vic xay dung mo hinh, giai phiip chin luoc cho CNH, HDH phai tinh den ch ac nhan to ph? at trien trong do co nguon nhan luc. Qua / trinh CNH, HDH ci Viet Nam tu ban than no dat ra nhiing doi hoi khiich quan ve

luon g, cc

luc, pham chat can thief va thich ilnP. Su thay doi my la dinh huine cho ph:it trin nguon nh an Inc, d" ac biet d]nh hmm gifio duc dao tao dam bao ciic loai hinh lao dong can thit.

Thu nlit, sw chuyen dich so luonc va cc cau inch ctia nguon nhan luc:

d]ch vu. Co cau trinh do lao dong chuyn dich theo hu6ng phu hpp vcii cc c u cong n chip mcii. Do la cc cau cong nehiep nhiu tiinh do, qui iri6 tiong do phai uu tren nhap c:ic cong ngh tren lien thich hop. Trong nhline mm tiiioc wat can coi trong qui mo viia va nho, nhiing cong ngh doi hoi suat du tu

thap, thu hoi von nhanh, tao ra nhiu cho law vic cho ngucii lao dong truc

tiep va ii nhiin u khau lien dii. - Co cau to chilc lao dong chuyn dich theo hii6ng hinh thanh cc ch
cun9

nhan l vc thanh thao ngh nghiep, daiii bao hieu qua ciia hoat dong toan xa hoi. Do la bo in:iy nha nuoc gore lap phii p, hanh phiip, tu ph? ap; cfic doanh nghiep trong nong nghip, cong nghiep, dich vu vcii ciic qui mo ln, viia, nho, k ca kinh Ie ho gia dinh; cac cc sci khoa hoc va gia / o duc, uu lien dao tao va boi dung doi n 9ii lao dong qu:in ly, nha kinh doanh gioi, ngucii law khoa hoc cong ngh, cong nhan lanh neh. Thu lien, yu cau ve chiit luong. Nguon nhan luc phai co trang thin siic
khoe tot, kin thilc va kha nani: tiep thu In thilc moi, ciine nhu kha nang hoi

nhap va thich ring vcii moi tracing cjuoc te canh tianh manh m. Silc khoe la yu ca 'u dau tieu doi vcii n pucii lao don p. Trucic ht muci lao done phai co siic khoe cc the voi tu ciich la dieu kien tin quyet de duy tri va ph:i t trin tri tu, phvong lien thit yu chuyn liii tri t hilc vao hoat dong thuc tieu, bun tri thiic thanh siic manh v at chat. Dom thai trong dieu kin

cach mang khoa hoc cong nghe, ham luong tri thiic trong san pham lao dong chiiri ty trong 1n thi yu u v ve e su c khoe tain
ciia nang luc tu duy, sand tao. Thii ky CNH, HDH doi hoi cao v tri luc. Ngucii lao dong phai co uang luc thu thap va xii ly thonp tin, khi na ' ng sung tao, ap dune nhiing thanh tuu ciia khoa hoc de slang ch ra nhiing ky thuat va cong ngh tin tren, cung nhu bun tri thiic thanh ky nang lao dong nehe nghiep the hien qua trinh do tay ngh, antic do thanh thao chuyn mon ngh nghip... Ngoi ra ngucii lao dong phai co uang luc thaw gia hoach dinh chinh s? ach, lua chon giai ph:ip va to chiic thuc hien. Hon the niia, tione xu the loan cau hoa ncucii lao dong ph:ii

3l

biet chit dong thaw gia hoi nhap quoc t. Tat nhin ciic thanh pha ' n lao dong

kh:ic nhau thi antic do chuyn su ciia moi loai nang luc cung kh:ic nhau.
Nhun g de co duoc nhfing n a 'ng luc do, muci lao dong nhat thit phai co tri

th irc, kic:n thilc khoa hoc, von va ' n hoa d iioc hinh th nh thon g jua gi iio duc dao tao va lain viec. Ti ong do vai tro cua giiio duc dao tao la quan trong nhat.
- Ngoai nhiing van de da neu tren, CNH, HDH con doi hoi nguon nhan luc phiii co pham chat dao dilc tot trong do bao gore cii van hoa lao dong conP nghip, van hoa sinh thin.

l .3. KINH Nti HIE M CAC NUGC VE NANIi C AG CHAT LUGN i

N NHAN LUC

c t r on e c

tang

tracing va phat trin kinh te nhci chit tiong n:Ing cao chat luonP nguiin nhan luc, phiit ti ien con ncuii. Do vay vic nghin ciiu kinh nghieiii ciia nhiing nucic my khone chi Rop phan luan churn c/ ac luan diem da nu ci tren ma con cung cap bar hoc bo ich van dung trong jui trinh CNH, HDH hien nay ci Viet Nam. Nhiing bar hoc quan trong riit ra qua vic khao ciiu la: Thu iilit, lua chon phiii trin nguon nhan luc la trong rim cua iqu:i trinh cong nghiep hoa vfi thuc hien co hieu juii chin luoc my. Noi dung quan trong trong chien luoc my la dau tu, car ciich he thong giiio duc nhci do tao nn nguon lao dong co ch:it luonP cao, dii siic tren hanh conn nehip hoa.

Vi du nh ti t rung hpp cua Nhat. Bat Inn It ong chien ti anh the gicii l a 'n thu hai, nen kinh t roi vao tinh canh thiu thon, tut hau ve ky thuat so vcii cac 32

nvoc phuong Tay. Mot trong nhlinc chien luoc phuc hoi ciia Nhat la cii c ch he thong gi ao duc de dao tao luc luong lao done khong chi co nang luc tiep
thu thanh fun khoa hoc ky thuat the gicii ma con co kha nang phiit trin, ring

dung siin e tao va th itc te. Luat pi:to duc na 'm 1947 cua Nhat ch I ro q i iio duc dvoc cor la nhiem vu cua quoc gia va la quyn cc ban cua ngucii dan Nhat. Nn quo duc duoc the ch hoa theo hun u dan chit hon nhitm phuc vu mol xa hoi phiit tiin, thin binh, dan chiu. Chuong trinh hoc duoc ciic trung soan thao ring tin cc si cfic in n do B6 . giiio duc gut dinh. Noi dung chu yeu hu rig vao muc tieu thuc dune Ta dao tao nhn cone lao dong co kin thiic pho thong, tiep thu va sir dung c:ic conn n uhe nhap khau cung nhu i at chit y ct:to duc nhan ciich, ky luat. He thong uiiio duc my luon dat cao dia vi ngucii thay, ngucii co hoc van. Gion u nhu Nhat, ciic nuic Dong a khiic cdn e nhan thtic

hoc van cao, euro duc chinh la chia khoa de nan c cao dcii

luc

thiic da y xa hoi phiit trin. Quan diem my duoc Chinh phii iinR ho tren moi phuong din: ncan s:ich duac nu tieu, dao tao toan dun kt hpp khoa hoc ky thuat v van hoa truyen thong, trung hoc mci rong vcii tat ca ai co dieu kin hoc tap. Do vay he thong It ung dat hoc cao d a 'ng, vien nghin ciiu co mat do cao trong mot quoc gia nho be, trone do mot so tracing In nn noi ting It on R khu vuc.

Thu liar, Nha nucic gin vai tro dieu phoi va diu chinh muc tiu giiio duc theo timg giai doan: (i) trong giai doan dau

cong nghip hoa chit trong phat trin manh gid ao duc pho thong, ning cao kin thilc van hoa chung cho moi ngucii, chit trong giiio duc day ngh, ty l hoc sinh hoc ngh va chuyn nghip cao ti ong tong so hoc sinh; (ii) khi GDP/ ngvii t" ang len thi d u tir v o ky thuat conp nghe cao jua d iiu tit cho quo duc dai hoc va nghin ciiu khoa hoc nham uang cao kin th iic chuyn sa 'u cho nguon nhan luc. Dieu my the hien rat i ii trong chien luoc ph /at trin nguon nhan luc cua ciic nucic Dong la. Then ky chuan bi cong nghip hoa ciic nucic my chit y mci rong dien giiio duc, d o tao tiong moi tang l6p din chfinp. Ho chit y den trinh do quo duc trong hoc chuyn nghiep, day n ch de phiit trin va tao thanh doi ngii cong nhan lanh ngh. Ho cho i ang th ky dau cong nghiep hoa can co dtii ngii cong nhan lanh ngh gioi tiep thu cong ngh phuong Tay va trin khai ring dun R no. Ciic nuic my xem viec 9ui va khuyen khich hoc nucic ngoai la mot trong nhiiiig giai phii p quan tiong de dao tao nguon nhan luc chat luong cao. Sinh vien chau a du hoc tai My va phuong Tay tang vot. Sau khi tot nghiep phan dong ho trci ve nucic trci thanh luc luong lao dong gut ciia moi quoc gia. Nhci doi ngii tri thilc l6n, chat luong tot co kha nang tiep thu von tri thiic men va cong nghe tin tren, ciic nucic Chau a co kha thai gran cone nghip hoa. Tron e thuc te nhiu nucic chi can 50 mm dat duoc nn cong nchip ma chau Au phai mat ca tram mm. Vi du nhu trung hpp ciia Han Quoc, thai cian daa cong nghip hoa tap tiung phiit trien tieu hoc va trun R hoc de hinh thanh doi neii cong nhan lanh n Rh. Th p ky P0, Hari Quoc danh cho giiio duc trung hoc khoang 80% nean s:ich giiio duc dao tao, nhi do tao ra doi ngii conP nhi1n lanh nPh. Cho den dau thap ky 90, euao duc dai hoc men dnac tap trun c dau tu kinh phi. Hin nay Han Quoc iiit coi trong gi? ao duc nang khiu va lua chon tai P, ciin9 e nhu dac biet cor tronc tuyn chon sinh vin vao ciic linh vuc cong ngh, dna sinh vin gioi ra nuoc ngoai hoc tap. Toan bo hoat done gi? ao duc ciia nuc my duoc the ch hoa thanh l u:it, phan cap rii i ang It ong to chiic va quan ly.

34

Ve kinh nghim quo duc day ngh thi cac nucic chau A u u ma dien hinh

la Diic la vi du i at dung hoc tip. Tai Diic, so hoc sinh khong hoc ln dat hoc, ci lira tuoi 15- 1 7 duoc hoc tai c:ic trung day n q h kt hop hoc van hoa. Sau 3 na 'iri neu hoc sinh vuoi jua duoc ky kim tra lay ngh se duoc hoc them mol so mon trong vai nhan ve qu iin In kinh doanh, lua ' t, ky thuat... de co the tv lap doanh nghip ring. Day chinh la diem quan trong dna nn kinh Ie Diic den thanh cong. Viec lua chon thi de mci i ong qui irio gi:to duc dat hoc cung the hien rat ro tiong chinh such giiio duc ciia nhiu nucic philt trin. Nucic My chi irii rong qui mo quo duc dat hoc iiianh me sau khi da pho cap gia . o duc cc ban, ph? at tiin quo duc hung hoc va day neh. Thu ba, tang nhanh viec law, gun that nghip thong qua uu tin phat trin ciic nganh cong nghip dung nhiu lao dong trong thai ky dau cong nghiep hoa vcii ch ac chinh s:ich khuyen khich ph:it ti ten iri oi thanh phan kinh t, txo dieu kin cho ciic nganh cong nghiep qui mo vira va nho phiit trin va d" ac biet iru tieu phii t trie CNH, HDH nong thou. Sau na ' m 1945, Nha ' t co chien luoc tan dung to da nguon nhan luc, ph:it trin kinh t theo hudng doi hoi su dung nhiu lao done, ky thuat khong cao; hunc ciic xi nghiep li5n vao
xuat khau, phiit ti in c:ic xi nghiep viia va nho can it von, su dung nhiu lao

done. Qua cong bo ciia Nhat giai doan sau chien tranh the gicii lan thu hat, 99% xi n phiep ci Nhat co gut mo viia va nho, no sir dung b09r lvc luong lao dong san xuat eia cong cho ciic xi nghip Inn. Tit do, vii mvic luong thap, s:in xuat ia san pham nhiu va i tao duoc kha uang canh tranh ap d:to ch ac quoc ma cong nghiep tien thi tieing. Nghien cilu kinh nghiem cua cac nucic, dac but la ciia cac nucic chau a co nhiu diem tvong dong vcii Viet nairi dem lai nhiu bar hoc t hit thuc. Kt quit ciia nhieu cong tiinh nghin cilu ve thanh cong ciia ciic nucic NICs, Dong

35

ii du co nguyn nhan chinh la da da 't phiit trin va sir dung hieu ju nguon nhan luc lain yu to tion u tain tron R chien luoc cone nehip hoa.

36

Nhu phan tren da ti4nh bay, nguon nhan luc co vat tro quan trong trong qu i trinh phfit ti ten kinh Ie xa hoi. Tuy nhin ci nioi trinh do, gia doan phat trin doi hoi nguon nhiin luc nhiin g tieu chu iin khic nhau, do do vic nang cao chat luong la yeu cau tat yu, kh:ich quan va can duoc thuc hien thunc xuyen lien tuc thong jua nhiing chien luoc va giai phiip cu the. De co the de xuit mol so giai phap cc ban co tinh dinh hu6ng nang cao chat luong nguon nhan luc cm phii danh gin dung t huc t rang cung nhu phan lich cu the ciic yeu to anh hmm.

2.1.

THUC TII ANC CHAT LUGNG CHAT LUGN NCUGN NHAN LUC

Theo Bio ciio phii t trin con ngucii n a 'm 2002 viia duoc UNDP cong bo, chi so phiit tiin con ngucii ctia Viet Nam tip tuc duoc ciii thien tang tit 0,682 mm 2001 ln 0,688 trone mm nay. Nhu vay Viet Nam van tiep tuc duy In vi

tri trong binh la 109 tren tong so 173 nuoc tron c b:ing xep

con ngucii ciia UNDP. Bao c:to ciia UNDP khang dinh, Viet Nam da dat duoc tien bo d?ang ke trong vic phiit trien con ngucii va giiim ty le ngho doi tit khi bat dau cone cuoc doi mcii mm 1986. Ong Jordan Ryan, Dai dien thuing trii ciia UNDP tai Viet Nam thi cho rang: " Viet Nam da sit dung thu nhap ciia
minh cho muc tieu phiit tiin con neucii tot hon nhiu nucic co thu nhap cao

hon Viet Nain. Chi so phiit trin con ngucii ciia Viet Nam da Inn tuc tang tit 0,583 mm 1985 ln 0,649 mm 1995 va hien nay la 0,68fl . Ve chi so ncho doi, tai 89 nucic co so lieu day dii v so ngucii khon u duoc hung c:ic dich vu cc b:in, Viet Nam dune ci vi tri thd 43/89, ciii thien hai bac so vcii mm 2001.
Chi so HDI ta ' ng ln la mol d u hieu tot cho thay su tren bo ve ph:it

trin con n uucii ci Viet Nam. Tuy nhien de d anh u n a dung chat luong nguon

37

nhan lvc hien nay, pha ' n diicii day s phfin tf ch cu the tinh trang siic khoe, trinh

2.1.1.

Tinh trang she khiie

tinh tiang sirc khoe cua nhan dan va the luc ctia ngui lao dong Viet

dan cu Viet Nam (Tong cuc Thon u he, 2000) ve tinh tianu dinh dufinu ciia ngvii ln phan :inh bii chi so BMI ( Body Mas Index ) cho thay so ngucii binh thuiin e la 48, 2%, ngucii qu:i gay chim 3,5%, neuiii gay 18,5%, ngucii hot ga ' y 24, l %, so ngvcii bo v quit bo 5,7%. Tion p trang loai so l ieu thi co c di ie u tra trircic da 'y nhung van ci antic thap so voi ciic tieu chum cha nganh y Ie va ton tar su khong dong du gua ciic viing. Xu

the my

trong nhieu n a 'm ter.

Nguyen nhan hoc tiep ciia tinh trang my la do ty Ie tuong doi cao dan
cu song trong tinh tiang ngho doi. Thu nhap binh quan diiu ngucii dat 295 nghin/ t hiing, trong do thanh pho la fl32,5 n ehin/ th:inc, khu vuc nong thou la 225 nghin/ th:ing. Ty l ho ngho ( TGng cuc ThGng he, 2002 ) noi chung churn 2P,2 l %. Dac biet ngho luong thuc thuc pham chieiii ty le tcii I 3,3 /c, co ca i thanh t hi ( 4,6 I /o ) va rat cao ci non p thou ( l5,96%c ). So ho n pho rio

chung tap trung cao nhat ci viing Dong Bac - Tiiy Bac chum ty le 40,63 /o g:In
gap doi hai viing co ty l thap nhat la Dong bang song Hong ( 21,58%c ) va Done Naiii Bo ( 20, I 2 /o ). Bac Tiring bo va Tay N uuyen la nhiing khu vuc co so ho ihiu luong t huc thvc phaiii cao nhat vcii ty l tuon g ting l 9,29% va

bit loi thucing xuyen bi thien tai, con Tay Nguyen la do n a 'ng suat trong nong nghiep thap do dieu hien thai tit va trinh do canh tiic lac hau.

Dam chit y la en chnh lech ti ong thu nhap i* at l6n, trung binh c:i nucic
ena 20% co thu nhap thap v cao nhat la 8,9 lan. Thu nhap thap va chnh tech

eiau ngho cao la nguyn nhan dan din su mat cong bang ti ong vic tiep can va thu huin g ciic dich vu y t, giiio duc. Nh nuoc da co mol so chinh such de khac phuc tinh trang nay nhung kt qua dat duoc van chua cao va con nhiu

van de n:iy sinh phai giai quyet.

Su khong dann bao ve dinh dune, dieu kien sone va nhiing yu km ciia he thonc y te la n cuyen nhan dan den tinh tianc suy dinh dune, mac benh tiuyen nhiem co cao gay Huh hvng den chat luong nguon nhan l tic cii ci hien tai lan tuong lai.

Bang 2-1. Chi so siic khoe tong quiit ciia ba me va It em

Ty l thiu ca (%) Ty l thiu chiu cao (%) Ty le tit vong ( tren 1000 ca )

Tr so sinh

17 39 34

3I 40 160

Tr duoi 5 tuoi
Ba me sinh con (tren

I tltJtltJtl ca )
Nguon: Biro cao phiit trin con ugliest 2001 - UNDP Mac dii ciic chi so my duoc c:ii thiu nhiu so vcii nhiing mm tmcic d? ay, nhunc suy dinh du ne van la van de noi coin ci Viet Nam. Tronc khi c:ic chi so suc khoe khiic ciia Viet Nain tuon e doi tot so voi thu nhap binh qu6n thi ty le suy dinh ducine la cao hon ciic nuoc khac tron u khu vuc mac dii do tang tracing kinh te nn thu nhap binh quan dau neucii tan u da phan mo car thien tinh trang my. Min niii phia Bac, Bac Time bo va Tay Ncuyn la nhung viing co ty Ie suy dinh dufing cao nhat. Co tinh toiin cho rang nu thu nhap binh qudn dau neucii ucic tinh mm 2010 la 1300 USD, ty l suy dinh dui5ng

39

40

Mot so ciic benh khfic lien juan den Hi

v vi i c c mci cira nn kinh

t vcii bn ngoai co xu hu6ng gia tang cdng la van de dung quan tain.

bin doi kinh t va xa hoi. Nhin

thuc hien tot c:ic chuong trinh y t, dinh dui5ng

da

dan so chua duoc hitting thu da 'y du cac lot ich my. Co sir chnh tech dang k
ve yu to quyet dinh silc khoe va tinh trang silc khoe giiia cac viing kinh Ie sinh lh i khac nhau the h ten t|ua th u nhap binh t|uan da 'u ngvci , chi tieu cho

thuc pham, ty suat tit vong tr em, ty suat th vonc me. Nhiing thay diet trone
chinh sach ctia Nha ntiic law anh hu6ng den iJui iri6, chat luong cua he thong y t cung nhu kha nang tiep can cua ngucii dan cung la neuyen nhan quan

ti ong. Trong phan phan lich ch ac ncuyen nhan anh hung se tap trung phan lich nhiing khia canh my.

2.1.2.

Trinh do van ha So ngucii biet chu ciia lao dong Viet Nam khii cao so vcii cac nucic co

cung mirc thu nhap. Den na ' m 2001, ty Ie lao dong biet chit trong Inc luong lao dong dat 96, 42% so vcii n a 'm 199tJ la b4,5%, sau 10 mm da tang 12%.

41

39 489 808
1 415 524 6 362 570
11 856 780

3,58
16, 11

30,02 32,70
I 7,58

12 912 892 6 942 042

Dtic dirn trinh d vati hoa cha ngucin nhan In:c theo viing Dn mm 2001, lvc luong lao dong cu a cd nucic la 39.489.808 ngucii, ty le phan bo theo 8 vii ng nhu sau: Dong bang Song Hong 22,87%, Dong bang song Ciru Long 21 ,33%c, Dong Nam bo l4,70%c , Bac Trung bo 1 2,33%c, DoH$ Bac 12,02%, Duyn hai min Trung 8,47%c, Tay nguyn 5,26%c, Tay Bac

2,98%c. Xem xt su bin dong ciia so lieu ti ong nhfing mm gan day phan anh

42

rfi rt toc do tang ddn so cao ciia mot so viing va su di cu cc hoc giiia c:ic viing lanh tho. Bang 2-3 . Trinh do van hoa ciia nguon nhdn luc theo viing mm 2001 Don vi : 1.000 ngui
lao dGng Kh0ng bi6t chi r
Ty ID Nguoi Ty ID TGn g s0 Ngviri Ty I Chia theo trinh d0 van hoa C n I C p 2 CH p 3 Nguoi Ty l higuoi Ty l Nguoi Ty l

But cliii

D6ng

Nguon: Tong hpp so lieu thong ke lao Nxb Lao d6ng xa hoi, H, 2002. Su phdn b8 lao dong chua biet chit kh:ic hoan toan vii phdn b8 lao dong chung. So lao dong chua biet chit i nuoc ta hien nay tltp trung phdn hiri ci c:ic viing kinh t giau tim nang. Dong bang song Cim Long chim 21,33% lao dting ca nuoc nhung so lao d6ng chua biet chit chim 37,2%; D6ng bac chim 12,02% lao dong c nuiic nhung co tii 20,23% lao do p rig chua biet chit, Tay Nguyn chi co 5,269 o lao dong ca nuiic nhimg lai chim tii I 5,92'7o lao d6ng chua biet chit c nuoc. Xem xt su bun dong cua so lieu nhiing mm gdn ddy
tinh hinh con nghim trong hon, ty Ie chua biet chit khting nhiing khong gum

ma c xu huing tang rii rt. Do vay, trong then gian tii phai co nhiing chinh s:ich phii hpp, dac biet la trong linh vuc gi:to duc dao tao de ndng cao trinh dii van ha cho nguii ddn. Giai quyet tGt vdn de my nioi co dieu kien ndng cao uang sudt, xoa doi gum ngho va ph:it trin kinh t bn viing cho c:ic viing kinh te quan trong neu tren.

43

Trinh dc viin ho ciia lao dong tiing vhng Co cm trinh do va ' n hon cii nucic la n a 'm 20fJ l nhu sau: Chua tot n phip
cap I chim 1 6, l l %r, tot nghip cap 1 chim 3t1,02 /n, tot nghiep cap II chim

32,69 G/ va tot nghip cap III chiiii 17,57%. Day la ty l trung binh cii nucic, phan lich cc cau tren ci time viing cho thay co su khac but rat ln. Dong bang song Hong, Bac trang bo, Duyen hai mien Trung va Dong Nam bo la bon viing l iic luong lao dong co trinh do va 'n hon cao hon antic trung binh ca nucic. B:ing 2-4 . Co cau trinh do van hon ciia NNL trang viing mm 200 J

Nguon: Tong hop so lieu thonu k lao done vic lain ci Viet Nam mm 2001,

Nxb Lao dong xa hoi, H, 2002.

Lao dne Dne
sng

trinh

nucic vcii ty Ie tot nghiep cap 2 v c p 3 cao. Tuy nhin nh ti tren da de cap, ty le my khong dap ring duoc yeu cau cong nghiep hoa bcii trong so lao dong but chu chi co ducii 25% luc luong lao dong tot nghiep pho thong trung hoc. Dong Nam Bo la viing co GDP ln nhat trong b vung, tap trung nhiu nhat khu cong nghiep, ch xu I nn yu ca 'u ve lao dong co ky na ' ng va tay nghe ci day rfit lin. Tuy nhin qua phan tich co the thay trinh do van how ciia lao dong ci khu vitc nay chua luong x iln g vcii trin vong ph it trin kinh t. So

44

muci co trinh do va ' n hon cap II, Ill tier ten mcii chim gan 46,7 l % l iic luong lao do p ng biet chu va chi ci iniic trung binh cua c:i nucic.
Tay nguyen la viing lao dong co trinh do van hon thap, lao dong biet chit chi chim P9,16%c , thap hon antic trung binh. Trong do luc luong lao dong cii tot nghiep va chua tot nghiep cap 1 chim dn 60%r .

luong lao do p rig cua viing. Tron c

lao

chiem dc:n 40%, dong thai tot nghip c p 3 chi co 8,57%. Qua phan lich cho thiiy con so tong ju:it ve tiinh do va 'n hon cua Inc luong lao dong thi khii quan vcii ty l biet chit kh/ a cao. Nhung ty le lao dong co trinh do van ho:i cap 2, 3 tier len chi chum 50,28Vo va co su chenh lech l6n

cao tap trung phan tern ci thanh thi, kh u vuc kinh Ie phiit trin. Dong ba ' ng song Ciiu Long, Duyn hai mien Trung la nhirng noi dong dan cu, lao dong tap tiun g dong, co tim na 'n sun xuat lin nhun I Iron lao don inn chit cao

han ch kha n a 'ng ta ' ng na ' ng suit lao dong va thu hut

2.1.3.

Trinh dti chuyn mfin ky thuat

bic ciia lao dong da q ua d o tao. Do v y pha ' n ducii diy s phan lich cu the nh iinP khia canh nity.

Phtin b lao dong chuyn mcin kj thutit theo viing vii trong titng vii ng Din n a 'iri 200 J , to an quoc co 6.733.01 2 lao dong co CMKT gon ciic trinh do dao tao lii so cap den sau dai hoc, so vcii tong so lao dong trong ca nvic chiiri I 7,05 %. Ma ' c dii ty trong nay ta ' ng du hang na 'iri nhung toc do

45

a ciic viing Hong la cao nhat chim 29,77% so lao dong chuyn mon ky thuat cua ca nvcic. Dung thu hat la Dom Nam bo vcii 2 l , 15%. Nhifng vung kinh te giau

tim nan u nhu Dong bang son u Ciiu Long, Duyn h:ii iiiin Trung, Tay
nguyn ty l rat thap khone tuong xilng vcii tim nang phiit trin kinh t cua

viing. Do vay, trong thai gran ter ca 'n co chinh such dau tit de nang cao trinh do chuyn mon ky thu a 't cho muci lao dong de drip ring nhu cau ciia nn kinh

te, uang cao iriiic son u ciia n uucii dan.

Nu xem xt ty trong lao donu chuyn mon ky thuat so vcii tong so lao

viing tinh ti an e

tronc u hon. Done Nam bo la viin o

46

Tong sit

Khiing cii CMKT

7030265 21 .46 4I1IJG947 12.2 I 10611242 3.237 4183 I I ? 12.77 179P797 5.491 4381 .34 I 3.38

20041 01 7.36419 119937 686G68

29.77 TG.94 1.781 10.19

1 38320S ?799I 4 94835 ? 16921

29.79 I 2.49 2.G42 I I. 13

2PG2G6 4.162 1 424 J?7 21.10

I P763G 4.G4 I 99388? 21.4

Chuyn miin kj thutit ciia lao dcing phiin b theo viing vii trong I i tng vimg Theo dieu ma lao dong vic lam nhan 200 I , xt trong luc luong Rao dong da qua dao tao cua toan quoc, cc cau nhv sau: so cap 7,47 /c, CNKT 4b,27% ( trong do bao gore ca khong co ba ' ng ), THCN 20,569s, DHCD 20,53 /r va tren dat hoc 11,37%. So lao dong my phn theo viing nhii sau: So cap va conn nhan ky thuat, trang hoc chuyn nghip tap trung ci hat viing co so lao dong lin la Dong bang song Hong va Dong Nam bo. Thap nhat la Tay Nguyn va Tay Bac. Ty Ie my cung phii hpp voi ty le phan bo lao dong theo trang viing. Thong thung viing kinh t ph/ at tiin, tap trung nhiu lao dong thi c:ic ty Ie Inn cung khii cao.

B:ing 2-6. Ph6n bo lao done chuyen mon ky thuat theo viing

47

Viing

TGng s8

So cp

CNKT

THCN

CD vii DH

' "'

2D410I D6ng Bac

Bite Trung 66

137103 27.28 74693 14.86

64468 I 2.83

903622

27.8

393016 28. 36 225998 I 6.31

500443 36.21 133082 9.63

10044 39.82 617 2.446

2012 7.977

736419
686068

216258 6.654
254029 7.816

204274 14.74

108909 7.881

544249

33554 6.675

297641 9. 158

89560 6.463

109113 7.895

1946 7.715

899273

23719 4.719

99186

6.129

72786 5.253

79521 5.754

1210 4.797

Nguon: Tong hpp so lieu thong k lao d6ng viec lam o Viet Nam mm 2001, Nxb Lao do ( ng Xa ho ( i, H, 2002. Tuong tp, trinh do cao dang va diji hpc cung trip trung cao nhdt o Dong bang sGng Hong 36,219o ' , DGng Nam b0 23,329o ' . Hai viing my cung chum

gdn 80'7 o so lao dong c trinh d(o tren dai hoc ciia c nuoc.
Phdn tich cci cdu trinh d0 lao dfing chuyen mon ky thu t so voi tGng so lao d6ng i trang viing s thdy cu th hon su kh:ie biet giiia c:ie viing. So s:inh vdi ty IQ lao dGng c chuyen mGn ky thu t trung binh c nuoc la 17,05 'o trong d cc edu b c dao tao nhu sau: so cdp 1 ,279o ' , cong nhdn ky thu&t ( bao gGm c khong bang) 8,23'7c , trung hpc chuyn nghi p 3,51'7o , cao dang va dai hpc, trn dai hoc la 3,569c thi Dong bang s8ng Hong va D6ng Nam bo c ty le lao dong chuyn mGn ky thu I cao hon antic trung binh c nuoc. C:ic viing con lai c ty l thdp hon ty IQ trung binh.

48

B:ing 2-7. Phan bo lao dong chuyn mon ky thuat theo viing va trinh do
Viing TCing sCi So cup CNKT THCN CD vi DH ''

90.4. 7
B c Trung b0
in in Trune

4869 183

64468

I . 324

254029

5.2 1 7

204274

4. 195

108909 2.237

20 1 2 0.041

bo
song CLong

8424727

49789 0.591

5309

6.302

1 62858

I .933

1 36646

l .622

1 2 1 0 0.0 14

Nguon: T8ng hpp so lieu thong k lao dong viec law o Viet Nam mm 2001, Nxb Lao dong xa hoi, H, 2002.
Nhiing khu vuc co trinh do chuyen mon ky thu&t thdp la viing niii phia Bac, Tay Nguyn. Thap nhat la Dong bang s6ng Citu long, chim 21,33 % lao dong c nuoc nhung so vi tong so luc luong lao d6ng ciia viing trinh do so cdp 0,59%, trung hoc chuyn nghiep 1,93% va cao dang, dai hoc 1,62% o '. Phdn tich ve so luong, cc cdu ctia lao dong co trinh dii chuyn mon ky thu8t hien nay va so s:inh voi c:ic so lieu truoc diiy co th thdy: Thu nlit, lao dong co trinh dti chuyn mon ky thuat ca nuiic tuy co tang, nhung ty le tang khting cao va chim l thdp so vii tting so lao d6ng.

Thu liar, phan bo lao dong co trinh do chuyn mon ky thuat khong dong du giiia c:ic viing. Chit yu tap trung ci Dong bang song Hong va Dong Nam bo. Nhiu viing giau tim nang ph:it trin kinh t co so lao dong qua dao tao qu:i thap, vi du nhu D6ng bang song Ciru Long, Duyn h:ii mien Trung, Tay Nguyn. Thu ba, cc c6u lao d6ng theo b8c dao tao co su thay dtii trong vat mm gan day va hien nay ty ie CD&DH/ THCN/ CNKT chung trong tat c c:ic

49

nganh la l : tl,9b:2,67. Hien nay cc c u lao dong theo bac dao tao tren bi ph ph:in la bat hpp ly nhung ci mirc do mo thi can phai xem xt tron u trang nganh mcii thay ht dvoc tinh chat ciia van de nay. Co cu bc va nganh dao tae ciia lao dng Nu tiich rin u so giiio vin va lao dong trong mot so nganh khong str dung nhiu cong nhan nh ii kinh t, thiiong inai, nganh khoa hoc xa hoi v chi so trong trang nganh thi s khiic nhiu so vcii cc cau tong hpp chung ca nucic. B:i ng 2-8. Co cau bac lao dong chuyn mon ky thuat theo nganh

N-L-N
Nguon: Tong hpp so lieu thonR k lao done viec lain ci Viet Nam mm 2001, Nxb Lao dong xa hoi, H, 2002.
Theo tinh chat cong vic cua tiin q nganh thi cc cau lao dong nhu tren cung la tuong doi hop ly. So I iu thong k cac n a 'm gin diy cho thay co mot xu hui n g tion e riit nhieu nganh la giiim lao dong trinh do trung hoc chuyen nghip va thay the bang cao dang, dai hoc. Cu the cc cau lao dong trinh do chuyen mon ky thuat ti ong ch ac nganh ph" an bo nhii sau:

Nganh giiio duc dao tao co nhieu lao dong trinh do trung hoc chuyen
nghiep nhat, chim den 30%.

Trinh do cao dan u va dat hoc tap trung nhiu trong ciic nganh quiin ly, nghin cdu, thvong mai, cong nghiep ch bin va quo duc d o tao. Tuy nhin lao dong trinh d cpi dai hoc lain vic tiong ciic nganh khong tiuc tiep san xufit da chim den 65%.

Trinh do tren dat hoc tap trung nhiu nhat trong gi:to duc dao tao, quan
l y, nghin ciiu, y Ie, hoat dong khoa hoc cong ngh v a cong nghiep ch bin. Ti ong d lao donq trong linh vuc cong nghiep, khoa hoc ky thuat, khoa hoc tu

nhieu chi co hon l 0%. Diy JD v n de d:Ing l iru than bii ci tron p th ky cong nghiep hoa ca ' n nhiu lao dong ti inh do cao trong cac nganh my de tiep thu va ting dung khoa hoc cong nghe tieu lien. Ngoai ra, trinh do tin dat hoc ci khu vuc nong thon chi co ci hai nganh la giiio duc dao tao va cong nghiep ch bin tion p khi Vit Nam hien dang l mot nucic non p nghiep. Day la mot bat hop ly nghim trong lien quan den chinh each bo tri va sir dun q lao dong. Co cliii lu:c In:eng lao dong theo nhom ngiinh kinh t Xu hucing chung c ua q u:i trinh cong nghiep hon la tong s:in pham juoc dan va lao dong chuyen dich theo hu6ng tang ty tiong cong nghiep, dich vu, gi:inn nong lain ngu nghiep. Trong c/ ac nuic cong nghiep ph:it trin, khong chi ty ti one lao dong none nchiep ciam ma tiong cong nghiep ciinc ct:an, lao don u dich vu tane nhiu nhat. Dac diem my chiing to cun u vcii su phiit tiin

ctia khoa hoc cong n che,

tin, cone ngh sinh hoc dang lain

5l

theo nhom nganh ciia nuoc ta da tho:it khoi nhom c:ic nuoc ch9m ph:it trien, nhung cung chua dat ducic antic c:ic nuoc dang ph:it trin.

Bang 2-9. Co cdu lao dong NLN- CN DV ph6n b8 theo viing

Viing

Tong

lao dong N-L-N nghiep

Cong nghiep

Dich vu

8330632

00 5094273 61.2

1519729 I 8.2

17 16630 20.6

Duyn hai
Trung bo

D6ng bang CLong

song 799l35

100 5227208 67.0

835499 10.7 1736428 22.3

Nguon: TGng hpp so lieu thong ke lao dong viec lam ci Viet Nam mm 2001, Nxb Lao d6ng xa hiii, H, 2002. Phan lich theo viing, chi co Dong Nam bo la viing kinh t ph:it trin kh:i, c cc cau lao dong chuyen dich theo hu6ng cong nghiep hon tuong doi nhanh so vii vai mm gan ddy. Hien nay, lao dong khu vuc nong ldm ngu nghiep chi chiem 32,79r , cong nghiep chum 28, tin va d]ch vu chiem 39,2Ro. Con lai c:ic viing kh:ic, k c dong bang song Hong du co cc cau lao dong nganh nong nghiep chiem ty Ie Inn 60%; cong nghiep ci nhiu viing dui

10%, d]ch vu duoi 15%

Nhin chung trong mdy mm qua, cc cliu lao d6ng c:i nuoc theo nhom nganh da co su chuyn dich rii net hon theo huiing cong nghiep ho:i. Tuy nhin, cci cdu chuyn d]ch r8t ch in, so viii cn cdu lao dong the gioi nu tren. Co edu my cho thdy muc tieu ve cc edu lao dong mm 2010 dat ra trong chien

52

luoc phiit trin kinh Ie xa hoi rat cao, la thiich thilc i at l6n nu khong co bien ph:ip cu the se khong thuc hien duoc.

Tit nhiing phan lich ci tren co the d:inh gin chung ve chat luong nguon nhan luc nhu sau:

Thu nhat, n cuon nhan luc Viet Nam co qui

do tang cao hon

lcin. Tuy nhin, da 'c drew ti-en cung tao ra silc p l6n ve nhu

chim 17,05%. Khong chi it ve luon c, su cac khu vuc, tap trang chit yu ci ciic thanh pho hiri, viine kinh t phat trin. Luc luong lao done tronc nhieu viing kinh te ciau tim nano v.a quan trong nhu Dom ban_ sonR Clin Lon u, Tay Nguyn co ty tron u lao done chuyn irion ky thuat thap nhat cii nuic. Thv nini, cc cau ciia lao dong chuyn ni6n ky thuat co nhiu bat hpp l y, thien v cao dang va dai hoc. Bac dao tao cang cao cans co xu hmm phiit
trin lch ve ca / c nganh phi san xuat vat chat. Trinh do tren dai hoc trong linh

vuc cone nghiep, khoa hoc ky thu t, khoa hoc tu nhien chi co hon 10%. Day la van de d?a ng luu tain bcii ci trong then ky cong nghiep hoa can nhiu lao dong trinh d cao ti on c ciic n canh my d tip thu va true dung khoa hoc cong
nghe lien tin.

Thu sciu , chat luong cua lao dong chuyn mon ky thuat con thap, khong d:ip ting duoc yu cau conn viec. N uhi quyet so 07/2000/NQ-CP ciia Chinh

phu ve xay dune va phiit trien cone nchiep phan mein nuoc ta giai doan
2000 - 2005 yu cau den mm 2005 phai dao tao va boi du n u duoc 25000 lap trinh vin thong thao ting Anh. . . vi dat doanh so xu I kha ' u pha ' n went 5tltl triu USD. Nhung hien nay ca nucic chi co khoiing l5tJtl ngucii law phan mem chuyen nchiep tiong khi tit 1996 - 2000 ciic cc sci dao tao tin hoc thuoc Bo GD-DT da tao ia hanc chuc nghin ciin bo, nan mucii n Rhin ky su, hang i co trinh do tin hoc. Ha ' u ht cfic doanh ngh ip lam phin irim du
phan nan nhiiiig ngucii duoc dao tao law phan mm thi nhieu, nhung van thieu ngucii dip ring ngay duoc yu ca 'u c ua cong viec.

Chat luong cua can bo khoa hoc cong nghe cling co nhiu van de, ty le cfin bo khoa hoc phiit huy tot chi chiem khoiing 34-35%, ty Ie phiit huy yu 27 - 2b /o [2]. Dieu tra turn luc khoa hoc cong nghe ciia c nc bo, nganh trung nong

54

tar 233 don vi thuoc bo, nganh Trung nong, not ta ' p trung doi ngii khoa hoc ky thuat cao nhat cho thay tuoi dii ciia c:in bo co chuc danh khoa hoc khii cao, binh quan chung 57,2 tuoi, trong do gia / o su la 59,5 tuoi, pho giiio sv la 56,4 tuoi. So ciin bo co chuc danh khoa hoc i tuoi diicii 50 ch i co I 2%, rienq giiio su la 7,2% va pho gi:to su l 3,5 /c. Nhiing so lieu nay cho th y nguy cc hang hut doi ngii ciin bo khoa hoc cong ngh tr co mane luc thay the cho l6p ciin bo co trinh do cao hau ht da lin tuoi. Kha nan e chuyn ni6n ciia doi ngii c:in bo quan ly con rat han ch. Theo kt qua dieu tia cii a de tai KX-07- 14 [, co tit 20-25 %r ciin bo q uiin ly chua d:ip ring yu cau cong viec chi co 8/ o c:in bo qu:in l y duoc dao tao ve quan In kinh doanh, 12,2% duoc dao tao ve khoa hoc quiin ly noi chung. Van de dao tao lai va boi dui5ng doi ngti ciin bo quan ly, kinh doanh, c:in bo ciic nganh Hi chinh, n Ran hang la van de biic xtic, ciin duoc xiic lien ngay de ta co dii na 'n c kinh Ie the gicii.

nhunc c nhin chung chiit luonc

2.2.

PHAN TUH CAC NHAN TU A AN NH H HUGNCi DEN CHAT LUGNti

NGUON NHAN L C

Nhu trong chuong I da trinh bay, nhan to kinh t xa hoi, he thong y t, gi/ao duc vfi dao tao co anh huing rat ln dn chat luong nguon nhan luc.

Mot nhan to my lai lien juan den v

bao ham rat nhiu

n de lii the ch

55

2.2.1.

Nh:in tit kinh Ie xa hoi finh hudng den chat luong nguiin nh:i n luc Mac dii dieu hien khong thuan lot, GDP tang truing lin tuc va ci iiiiic

kha. Nam 2001, tang trun u GDP ciia Viet Nairi diln u thu hat tren the cut chi sau Trung Quoc. Theo ucic tinh so bo ciia Tong cuc Thong k, tong san pham

trong nuic 9 th:inc mm 2002 tang 6,9% so vcii nan 2001. Tron u do khu vuc
nong law nghiep va thuy sun tang 3,4%; khu vuc cong nghiep va xay dung tang 9,8%; khu vuc dich vu tang 6,3%. Toc do tang GDP 9 th:ing thap hon muc tiu d ia cho cii nan la tang 7 /o den 7,3% va giam nhe so vcii toc do

tang 7,1 /c ctia 9 th:ing mm 2001 . Theo ty l done gop trong antic tang 6,9%
GDP ciia 9 thiing mm 2002, khu vuc cong nghiep va xay dung gop 3,6 /o; khu

vuc dich vu la 2,5%; khu vuc none lain nghiep va thiiy san done up 0,8%.
GDP du hien ca mm s tang 7,0 /c so vcii mm 2001. Theo so lieu cua Bo Tai chinh, do kinh te tan c twine khii va cong t:ic quan ly thu ngan s:ich tot hon nn tong thu n udn sach Nha nucic 9 th:ing ucic tinh dat 79% du to:in cii mm. Trong ciic kho:in thu, thu ve thue nha, dat vuot du to:in l 7,3%; thu thue sir
nghiep

3, 8%. Mot so kho:in thu l6n dat antic kh?a to:in ca nan nhu thu tit dau tho dat 89,5 %; thu tit doanh

so vcii du

nghip nucic n coai dat fl0%c; thu tu doanh nghiep Nha nucic dat 75 /c; thu lii xuat khau, nhap khau dat 74%. Tong chi ngan such Nha nuic 9 thiing dat 73,2 Yo dii toiin c:i nan, trong do chi dau tu phat trien dat 74%. Boi chi ngan such 9 thing nun 2tJtJ2 bang 55% du to:in c:i n a 'm. Khii na ' ng c:i n a 'iri 20tJ2, tong thu ngan s:ich vitot khoang 6,5 /e va tong chi ngan s:ich vuoi 2,6% so vcii du toiin cii nan. Co cau GDP theo nginh v i n a 'm trci lai diy da co su chuyn bin theo hu6ng tich cuc. Ty trong cua khu vuc nong - law - thiiy sun tinh theo gua hie hanh gi:inn, khu vitc cong nghiep

y dung ta ' ng ten I ten t uc. Theo so lieu

tinh form, mm 2110 l ty trong ciia khu vuc nong lain thiiy san la 23,3%, cong nghiep dich vu lt 37,75%, dich vu la 38,95%.

56

c ci c ci ii ic c viing

u nghiep, dich

ciinP

Khong chi co tic dong tich cuc, sit bin doi kinh Ie xi hoi nhiing n a 'iri own day cdng co ham chda nhiu mau thuan vcii phiit trien nguon nhan luc noi chung va chat l itong nguon nhan luc rio ring. Thu nhat, tinh trang th ieu viec lam va dii thita lao dong dang ngay cang ti ci nn birc xiic, nh t la ci khu vuc nong t hon. Tit n a 'm 1990 trci tar d:iy khu vuc cong nghiep va dich vu tang l6%, nhung luc luong lao dong trong nong

nghiep chi gi:inn 4%. Pha ' n l i5n Inc Jitong lao dong van ci trong nong nghiep, chiem khoang 65% nhung ther giau lao dong chi su dung khoang 65-75%, co

57

lai 25-35%r la thieu viec lam. Dac biet, viec mci ciia v hoi nhap vcii nn kinh

t the uicii trong boi canh lien bo khoa hoc ky thuat co nhiing bucic phiit trin
ti on u 9 cc cau viec lam khin

2.2.2.

Nh:in to :inh huiing den tinh trang site khoe ciia ngutin nh:in luc

Ngoai nhiing yu to nhu thu nhap, dinh du rig, dieu kin sonq, tiinh do p van hoa va loi song I:ic done den tinh trang siic khoe hien nay da duoc trinh b y ci phan tren, thi nh iing thay doi chinh such ciia Nha nucic, dac biet la It ong linh vuc y t co Huh huing rat lcin. Do do, luan va ' n s I p trung phan lich ci khia canh my. Trong cong cuoc doi mcii duoc khcii xuing tir Dat hoi D:inn VI, ve chinh tri ngoai giao Vit Nam trang bucic xiiy dung Nha nuoc ph? ap quyn do

dan, vi dan, mci rong thiet che dan chit, on dinh chinh trip. Chinh s:ich n uoai
giao mci ciia, chit dcping hoi nhap vcii ciic nucic trong khu vuc va tren the gicii. Day la nhiiiig lien de lin cho con 9 cuoc ph:it trin kinh t xa hoi dat nucic. Nha nucic da chit y dau tu ph:it trin van hia xa hoi, dac biet la Riiio duc nham viin e c,, ti one tang

hip nhan dan. Tron u linh vuc kinh te, chuyn doi manh m theo hucing kinh t thi tiung dinh hucing xa hoi chit nq hia, ciic thanh phitn kinh t duoc khuyn
khich phiit trin. Quit tiinh doi mcii da mang lai nhitn u bucic tin manh me da c:ii thin dune ciia nhan dan, phiit trien con ngucii.

Trong boi ciinh do, Nha nucic ban hanh nhiu chinh such mcii tron R linh vtic y Ie nha ' m dat duoc iriuc tieu tong juiit la nang cao dieu kien cha 'm soc siic khoe nhan dan. Nhiirig thay doi chinh such ln la:

Chinh sli tliu mol phan i in pli i. Chinh such nay da tiic dong mot
phan d a ng ke den nganh y te, tang nguon ngan s?a ch cho hoat dong ciia ciic benh vin, gop ph a 'n nang cao chat luong khim chua benh, tinh tha ' n thaw gia trong cong dong. Ben canh init duoc, viec thu mot phan vin phi tao nen su wit cong bang trong ch a 'm soc siic khoe s duoc lam rii ci not dung tiep theo.

Chinh sli liiii h ii,gli y liio lii iilin . Dvi tfic do p ng cua chinh s ich,
ciic loai hinh d]ch vu tu nhan da phiit trin manh iii trong nhiing nan qua. Hang loat ciic phong kham tu, benh vien tu, benh vin lin doanh, nh a thuoc

59

tu nhan da ra dcii, lich cvc thaw gia vao cong tiic ch a 'm soc silc khoe, dac biet la cung cap dichvu cc ban tai cc sci. Tuy nhin, xuat phat tit lot ich kinh Ie dich vu y te In nhan cung co ma ' t tr ai dang phai quan tain.

Chinh sili bcio liini v t . Bao him y Ie chinh thiic bat da 'u nan 1993 voi hat hinh th ilc: (i) bao him bat buoc doi vcii fat ca chin bo, cong nhan vin nha niicic duong chuc ciinp nhu nghi huu, ciic doanh n ph ip tu nhan co hon mucii nha ' n vin, va (ii) bao him In nguyen nha ' m vao cfic doi tuong con lai nhu nong dan, hoc sinh pho nha ciia c:ic doi luong co biro hiiii

bat buoc. Bio him y Ie ra dcii co nhiu y nghia tich cuc nhung cfing dang ton tai nhiu van de phai giai quyet de hoan thiu. Chinh slt ctin,q nganh y Ie. Na ' m 1994, khi nhan ra c:ic tram y Ie
c nguy toan do su tan " cua c:ic hpp t:ic xa, rim cun q cap ta chinh cho hoat dong ciia cac tram y t tar cc sci, Chinh ph ii d nhin triich nhiem In luong cho cac nhan vin y t xa bang ngutin ngan such danh cho tinh. Nghi dinh mm 1998 ve he

thong to chuc y Ie d]a phuonc da x? ac d]nh ro vat In nhiem vu, It:ich nhiem va
quyn lni cua y t cc sci cung nhu ciia ciin bo da gop phan lain phuc hoi va

ciin u co lai h thon c my.

Nhiing thay doi chinh such tin da tac don p den he thong y t tren nhieu tint, cu the la:

Tci cIon,g tion,q cun,q cp vd sit clun,q cliclt vu v t

Thay doi manR lucii y t, nhan luc va ti ang thit bi. Ngay trone gia doan da ' u cua thai ky dot mcii, so litong tram y Ie khong thay doi nhiu nhung ciin bo y t xa gi:inn do rat nhiu ly do, ma ly do chinh la tinh ti ane no dong luong bcii mat nguon cung cup tit c:ic hpp t/ ac xa nong nghiep. Tai thai

diem mm 19P5 co 5P.665 ncucii den thai dure mm 1995 chi co

37.733

nguii. Nhci su thay doi chinh nich, he thong y Ie cc sci da d itoc cung co, ta ' ng

60

tit 9. l b2 mm 1995 ln 9.ht16 mm 1997. Milc do bao phti cung tot hon bcii tieu
vunq

hinh kho kh iln duoc php co

lua chon phuong thiic lam tu. Doi vcii ngiiii su

dich

neu khong tinh

den gin ca thi tinh tien lot, linh hoat la yeu to then chot de lua chon. Do do

nhiu tieu tao thanh nioi dang that bai cua thi trung dan den dieu tri bit hop ly. Nhieu nghin ciiu da ' thong nhat r" ang neu khong co sir phoi hop tot gina y

61

chit dao, dinh hu6ng, dan dat thi khong the ph/ at huy ht nhiing uu diem va han ch nhiing khim khuyt cua y t tu. Thay doi chat luong khii m chua benh. Chat luong khim chua

benh d viac c i thien ti ong nhiiri g mm gan day, dac biet la ci tuyen y t trang nong do duoc dau In trang thief b] hien dat, doi ngii bic sy duoc dao iao chuyn sau nhci tang nguon kinh phi tir vin phi, bao hiiii y Ie, nguon ta trn nuoc ngoai. Ngoai ia tuy khong nhiu nhung phai k den su canh tranh ei ia

he thonc y te cone va tu nhan.

Thay doi ve cc ch khiim chita benh va chuyn tuyn y Ie. Do da dang hoa loai hinh d]ch vu y te, chinh s:ich chi tr:i vin phi nen nguii dan co the chit dong lua chon hinh thuc dich vu phii hop vcii nhu cau. Thay doi ve

lu ong sir dung dich vu y t. So luong sit dung dich

bat binh dang trong viec sit dung d|ch vu. Noi dung tiep theo se lam

62

Chinh phii da tien hanh mien va gi:inn vien phi cho ngucii ngho d i. Tuy nhin

so ngucii n uho khon u du tien de mua bio him y Ie hoac chi In vien phi khi dau ore nhung chua den muc duoc mien gram lai rat lori, chiem khoang 5tl /c dan so. Nhfing ngucii my l doi tuong kho tiep cm d|ch vu y t nh t. Chi mot la 'n ore dau hay tai nan rim ro ho lai n cho hon va cang kho tiep can dich vu. Giai ph:ip la chinh mo de d:inn b:to cong bang chain soc stic khoe cho ho la
mot van de can ban Hi.

Khia canh dia ly. Ngui dan thanh t hi co khii na ' ng tiep c:in tot

vii nc

viin e xa

ti on c khi ho

va co g:inh nang benh fat ln, ciin chain soc nhiu nhat. Dunne nhin la kha nang tiep cm dich vu cao, chuyn sau cua nguci dan thanh thi cung de dang hon. T/in r/u/ inn ccip rfi .vfi lain uyurhi /ir Ifi / trinh Tuong tu ci ciic nuoc dane ph:it trin khiic, tai Viet Nam ho gia dinh dong g5p phan lcin trong tong chi tieu y t. Nam 1993, tong chi tieu cong cho y te tit tat c:i c:ic n cuon la 2. 1 67 ty donh , tronc khi d cine gop ciia tu nhdn kho:ing 5.05 I ty don p. Nhv vay chi tieu tit ho gia dinh chiem ti 7 l % tong chi phi cho y te. Den n" am l 99b, m" ac dii tong chi tieu cong danh nghi a cho y t ta ' ng gap 2 la 'n ( 5.620 ty ), phan chi tieu tu nhan co ta ' ng up 4 l a 'n ( 23. 153 ty dong ) tuong duong vii b0,5%c. Ket qua ngh ien ciiu chi ro, ph a "n lin chi phi y t do c:i nhan In chi tr:i khong chi do viec str dun R nhiu dich vu y t tu nhan md con do phiii chi Int vien phi va tien thuoc i cic cc sci nha nuc [38]. Dieu my rio len ning antic thu vien phi hin nay ngay cang cao va nhiirig ngvcii ngho khong thuoc doi tiiong iriin gram phai ch]u ginh n a 'ng vin phi cao ci ciic cc sci y t Nha nucic. Chi phi mot lan sit dung dich vu vcii chilt luong chua chiem 45% chi tieu ngoai thuc phan cua mol ngucii thuoc nhom ngho nhat trong mot mm.

63

Chi tieu cong cho y t tit tiit ca ciic nguon du tang thuc t. So

lieu thong k giai doan 1991 1997 cho thay tong chi tieu cong cho y t tang gnp 3 Ian ve so tuy t do i, ti ong do antic ta ' ng chi tieu tit nguon vien phi gdp 4 lan, ngin such nha nucic ( cap trung nong ) ta ' ng hon 5 l n va cao nhat la bao

hiiii y Ie tir khong co gi mm 1991 fen 65 ty mm 1993 va 443 ty vao nan

1997 ( theo gi:i t huc t 1994 ). Day la kt quit ctia irici iong dien bao phu cua

bao hum y te bat buoc dat iiiiic 77% vao na ' m 199b, bao hum y te tu nguyn
dat 5% nhom dun so dich. Nhu vay, kh:i n a 'ng ph it trin b:to hum y te xa hoi trong tuong lai phan l6n phai dna vao viec mci i ong dien bao phii ciia loai hinh b:to him In nguyen, biro hieiii y Ie xa hoi dna vao cong dong ( bio hiem y Ie nhan dao ) va duoc bao cap. Ciic nguon ngan sch chung danh cho y t duoc phan bo theo mot

so tieu chua dna trn hat qui mo: chuc nang ( dieu trip, phone benh ) va theo nganh, cap. Nhiirig dinh antic ph:in bo thunP dna vao so =qiung benh truc thuoc ( bo, tinh ) doi vcii chi phi dieu tri, hoac dva theo dan so ciia tinh doi voi

phong benh. Dinh antic phan bo kh? ac nhau e ciiia a

vune sinh thin dna theo su

khiic nhau giua c:ic viin e ve nhu cau cung cap dich vu y t. Ha Noi va Tp. Ho Chi Minh duoc phan bo vcii dinh iniic cao hon 50 /c vcii ciic thanh pho kh:ic do chuc n" ang phuc vu cii ci pham vi khu vvc vii quoc gia. Cac tinh khi nh an diioc nun sach thucing xuyen ( d bao gore cii y t ) se tien hanh phan bo lai theo d]nh muc cua Bo Tai chinh. Dieu my dan den tinh ti ang kinh ph i y t ci ciic tinh neho chi nhan duoc phhn ng n mach tG thiu, con tinh co intic thu kh? a co the tang chi cho y te, tao su chnh lech chi y te/ ncucii ln gi tta ciic tinh trong c:i nucic. Qua viec phan lich nhung chinh s:1ch va I:ic dong ciia no den he thong y viin de quan trong di nguoc lai vcii dinh hung va muc u t ron u bio ve

64

m trong cung cap tai chinh cho cha ' m soc silc khoe, thit lap cac mo hinh y t cone, In thich hpp v a dieu tit gi:i ca.

2.2.3.

Nh:in tti :inh hu6ng den trinh do van ha va chuyn mtin ky

thuat cua nguon nhan luc

Nhu phan tin da ti-inh bay, giiio duc dao tao co Inc dong cJ uyt dinh den trinh do van hoa va chuyn mon ky thuat ciia nguon nhan l iic. Do vay nhiing yu to tic dong den he thong gi:t o duc do tao hien nay cung la nguyen nh a 'n quan trong anh hung den th tic tiang chat luong nguon nhan luc d a trinh bay ci tren. Xuat ph it lii quan diem nhu viiy, luan va ' n s phan lich cu the

nhiirig noi dung sau:

Tlii t nli t, na ' ng lirc cua he thong p no duc dao tao. Na ' ng Inc cua he thong quo duc the hien ci timing l6p, giiio vin va qui irio hoc sinh hang mm duoc dao tao. Tiong nhiu mm qua tuy dieu kien kinh te het siic kho khn, Viet Nam van xay dung va ph:it trin duoc mot he thong Pt:to duc quoc dan tuonP doi hoan chinh va thong nhat tiong c:i nucic. H thong my bao gore da y du c ac bac hoc tit mam non den sau dat hoc, duoc ph:It tiin theo phuong chdm xa hoi hoa, ph an bo rong khap tren toan quoc vcii nhiu phuong thiic giiio duc da dang. Den nay co 25.220 tracing pho thong, 246 trung trung hoc chuyn nghiep va l4P timeing dai hoc, cao dang, vcii doi nPii giiio vin 44,39 n ehin ngucii. Trinh do ci:to vin ciin R ngay cang duoc nang cao. Ty le gia / o vin tit biic trung hoc chuyn nghiep trci ln co trinh do cao dane va dai hoc la 65,27%, tien dai hoc 30, 1 /c. Qui mo gi to duc duoc mci i ong vi ta ' ng nhanh. So vcii n a 'm 1990, gut mo hoc sinh tieu hoc t" ang binh q u" an hang n a 'm 2%; trung hoc cc sci la l I %; trung hoc pho thonq ID 16%; nang hoc chuyn nghiep va cong nhan ky thu t

65

hoc sinh pho thon R; 370, 8 nghin hoc sinh he cong nhan ky thuat; 250,9 nghin hoc sinh trung hoc chuyn nghiep; 795,6 nghin sinh vin dat hoc va cao da 'n c. Hoc sinh h con p nhan ky thuat ta ' ng ln nhiu nhat tiong v i na ' m hoc g n day do Nha nvcic co nhiu bien phap xa ' y dung va phiit trin bac hoc nay nh a 'm d:ip tin u nhu cau ciia xa hoi. Hieu quit ciia he thong gi iio duc cung ngay cang tien bo the hien ci ty l nhap hoc tho giam, ty l nhiip hoc rung va so hoc sinh
tot ngh iep ta 'np

Tuy nhin di sfiu phan tich cho thay he thong giiio duc dao tao noi chung va ci trang bac hoc co nhiu nhuoc diiii law anh hu6ng den chat luong nguon nhan luc. Do la: Mang luoi dao tao phan bo khong hpp ly, chi yu tap tivn c i viing kinh te phat trin, chua chit y den nhiing viing co turn ning nhung dieu kien kinh te xa hoi co thap va thieu cfic cc si dao tao.

Dong bitng song Hong tip trung tcii 41 /n so tracing CD DH vcii 411,4%
so hoc sinh vi 40%c giiio vin. DiiTig thu hat l Dong Nam bo vi 15%r so tracing, 2b % so hoc sinh va 22/o so quo vien. Mat do cao cac trun g tai hai khu vuc kinh Ie phit tiin la hop ly, t uy nhin do thiu cc ch thu hut sinh vien tot nghiep den viing sau, viing xa lire viec nen ty le chan bo chuyn mon ky thuat trinh do CD DH ci nhiing not nay thip, tronp khi ty Ie t hf p nghiep, hiri tr:ii ncanh nch dao tao i thanh thi cao. So tracing dao tao cone nhan ky thuat co ci cii P viinP, tuy nhin ciine tap tilinP phan lin ci Dong bang song Hong va Dong Naiii bo ter 53%, Dom

bans song Ciiu long 7,7% va thap nhat la Tay Bac, Tay Nguyn chi co 3%.
Dao tao ngh cung chua chfi ti ong den nong hi ngu nghiep va phuc vu cho chuyen doi cc c u lao dong nong thou.

66

So luong ciic ti ucing THCN co xu hu6ng gi:inn, trong do co l y do nhu cau ciin bo THCN nhiirie mm g:in day chua duoc x/ ac dinh i ii, nhat la ch ac nganh ve ky thuiit, nhiu tieing duoc chuyn ln cao dang

Hau ht c/ ac bac hoc du co tinh trang qui mo hoc sinh tang nhanh, dieu hien ve giiio vin, cc sci vat chat khong theo kip hiri suy giinri chat luong dao

B:ing 2-10. Qui mo hoc sinh, quo vien, cc sci GD DT Viet Naw

Don vi tinh

N am hoc 90-9 I

N"am hoc 2000-200 1

vin

So lieu b:ing ti n cho thay, tit ci bac tieu hoc cac bac hoc khiic du trong tinh trung so lucing quo vin tang rat it trong khi qui mo hoc sinh tang nh iu Ja ' n. Dung luu y nhat la ci bac CD DH, ti ong vong 10 niliri so Joong gifio

67

vin ta ' ng 27,4 /r trong khi qui mo hoc sinh tanq hon b lan. Theo kt cJ ua nghin ciiu ciia Du an gi:to duc Dat hoc do Neiin hang the gicii tien hanh, mm l 99b t y le sinh vin qui chu n ti en gi to vin qui chuan la 24,6 va dac biet co ni6t so trung lc:n dn 50 trong khi ty l nay tren the: g icii 1 10 den 1 2, him co t ruing mo ln den 211. Tinh tranq cung ga 'n tuong tu ci ba ' c THCN va day ngh, so luong hoc sinh tan 9 2 den 3 tan trong khi gi:to vin va tiunR l6p khong nhiing khong tane ma con co diiu hieu sut giain. Khong chi chua d:ip mrig duac ve so luone, giiio vin co hoc ham , hoc v] khong nhiu, dac biet la ci bac trung hoc chuyn nghiep va day ngh. Trinh

do tren d ui hoc co 1 1.404 ngucii chiiri 30, 1 % tap trune chit yu i bac dat hoc
vcii 10.P43 n Ruiii, tuong duong 95, 1 /c. Tiinh do dai hoc va cao dang chiem ty

le 65,27%, tion o so do chi co 3,2" to giane day o bac THCN. Nhiin 9 so lieu
tren cho thay giiio vin eiang day ci bac CD DH co trinh do luong duong viin chim da so. Theo Du fin nghien ciiu phat trien day ngh cua Bo GD DT, chiit luong Pi:to vin trong c/ ac Imbue day ngh khonR cao, khoan R 1/ 2 so gi:to vien khong duac qua dao tao su pham, thieu dao tao ly thuyt va thuc hanh. Rat it ngucii co kinh nehim trong c:ic neanh con R nR hiep. C:ic chuonP trinh dao tao tai chuc gun d6y cho euro vin day ngh chi boi during ve sir pham, han che cap nhat kin thilc mcii va ky ning ky thuat. Chuong trinh, rio dung, phuong ph ip giang day chain doi mcii, khong

thich ring duoc yu ca 'u cong viec.

chua drip

Phuong tien giiing day, thi nghiem, thuc lap, nghin ciiu ciia ciic cn sci dao tao hien nay con i at thieu, lac hau so vcii yeu cau dam bao chat luong. Trii wot so cc sci dao tao duoc Nha nuc dfiu tu gan day, phan ln duoc xay dung tit nhtin c mm 1970, khong du dieu kien gi:ine day via thuc hanh t hi nghiem. V i du trong dao tao nong- lain - ngu nghiep, rusty iri6c cua tat c:i 36 tinting THCN va day nghe ctia Bo nong nghiep va phiit ti ten nong thon quan l y deu

6P

hon 5t1%c thief bi diroc trang bi tit nhiing mm 19711, chi co

40% mcii duoc trang bi lii 1995 trci lai day. Nhiu phong hoc chua dii do siin e, do thoang, co ter 5U% ging dung, 16p hoc la nha cap 4. Theo d:inh gia ciia Bo GD-DT tron R Du thiio chin l uoc ph it trin GD DT 20 10: chuong trinh giiio duc pho lhon e co nang va tach rem cuoc song. Nhiu pha ' n rio dunq dao tao DH va THCN con lac hau. Phuong ph / ap giane day lac hiiu, it duoc c:ii tien, pho bin van la thay timyn dat, tro tiep thu thu dong. Qua phan tich nang luc ciia he thong gi? ao duc dao tao thay not ln mot so van de sau: Do mm co nhan thuc nang cao dan tri de phfit trin toan dien con ngvii, Viet Nam da xay dung duoc he thong giiio duc quoc din tuong doi hoan chinh va thong nhat, hinh thanh mang hieu trun c tit cong nhan ky thuat, trung hoc chuyn nghiep den cao da 'ng, dat hoc trong cii nucic. He thong my bao gore tracing cong, bun conq dan lap, tu thuc voi nhiu phuon q thuc e uao duc chinh t|ui, khong chinh t|ui, tip trung, khonp tip trung... da bvic da 'u dap ring nhu cau gi:to duc da dang gop ph an on dinh xa hoi, ph/at tiin kinh t It ong dieu kin kinh t co nhieu kho khan, ngan such Nh nucic han hep.

Qui irio gi?ao duc ngay cang mci rong, so luong hoc sinh sinh vien

ta ' ng nhanh h rig na ' m , cung c p nguon lao dong co chuyn mon ky thuat cao. Nhung mot phan do thiu chinh sach phan luong hoc sinh tot nghiep ci ch ac cap hoc pho thong nn siic p hoc ln dat hoc rtt lcin. Qui mo hoc sinh cao dang, dai hoc hien nay cao hon hoc sinh tiung hoc chuyn nghip 4,52 va day neh

la 2,2 lan.
- Viec phan bo so luong trung, bac va nganh dao tao, hoc sinh va quo vien chva dong du va khong phii hpp vcii nhu ca ' u ph:it trin kinh t xa hoi. Dieu my dan dn so luong lao do p ng chuyn nun ky thuat ci viing nong thon, viine kinh Ie giau tim nane thiip, thiu va cc cau b:it hpp ly tronc nhiu

69

g vuo4 qua

Co sci vat chit, dieu kien giiing day hoc tap co nhieu han ch. Noi dung va phvong ph/ ap dao tao cung chain doi ini, chua gan vcii nhu cau str dung din den khii n a 'ng lain viec, thich ring ciia luc luong lao dong co chuyen mon ky thuat khong theo kip vcii yu cau.
g au tu, phiit trin nhung so luong va trinh do

Tom lai, na ' ng luc c ua he thong giiio duc dao tao hien nay chua du de

tao ra nguon lao dong co chat luong dap ring yeu cu cho ph/at trien kinh te
trong giai doan hien nay.

Thu liar , k hoach gi?ao duc dao tao. Day la nguyn nhan cc bun dan den thuc trang mat

70

ciia he n kinh Ie:

vcii dac tinh ciia nn kinh t ke hoach chua thich ring

chuyn mon ngh nghiep thung la chap v:i, vu n vat, nguon ta chinh it oi bi

st dung lang phi do co su triin u lap vi ciic doanh nghiep, cc quan chi xay dung
k hoach phiit trin ring cho minh.

Viec xay dung va ban hanh chien l uoc ph:it trin quo duc 2001 2010
vao cuoi mm 2001 the hien ro nhan thuc v viec ciin phai co mol chien luoc tong the de khac phuc nhiin g ton tai suot trong nhiu nan qua. Tuy nhin de dat duoc c:ic muc tieu da de ia doi hoi phai co su doi mcii trone cong I:ic hip k hoach euro duc dao tao tiung han va hang mm ti n cc sci x:ic d]nh nhu cau thuc t ciia thi trirng. Thu ha, diiu tu n cdn such nha nuoc cho giiio duc dao tao. Nucic ta xiic dinh dau tu cho phiit trin nhan luc thong qua giiio duc dao tao la quoc s:ich hanc da ' u. Do va ' y, Nha nucic da d au tv nhieu ch iiong trinh trong diem nn da gun quyt duoc nhiu van de quan trong d nang cao nang luc cii a h thong ct:to duc dao tao truc tip top phan nang cao tiinh do van hoa va chuyen mon ky thuat cho nc:uon nhan luc. Tuy nhin do nn kinh t chain phiit trin, nguon dau tu cho giiio duc dao iao i at han ch, lai chua duoc sit dune co hiu qu:i nen anh huing truc tiep den nioi so yu here c ua he thong quo duc d o tao da de
cap ci ti n.

Ty trong chi cho quo duc dao tao so vcii GDP hien nay la 3% chi tuong duong vcii m irc da 'u In cua cfic nucic dang phit trin tren the gicii nh ing n a 'm l 9btJ. Ty trong chi quo duc dao tao so vcii tong chi ngan s ach nha nucic hien nay la 1 7 /c, luong dvom vcii nhiu nuc ti ong khu vuc ther ky 1995. Trong

7l

chien lvoc phiit trim quo duc 2tltl l -211 l II, Nha nucic da 't chi tieu ln 2tl /r vao

nam 2010.
Di sau phan tich chi ngan such nha nucic cho quo duc ta thay noi ln

ni6t so dac diem sau:

- Trong cc cau chi, phan chi cho luong va cac khoan kh/ ac co tinh chat nhu luong chiem ty trong ln , chi cho phuc vu giiing day hoc tap, iiiua sairi thiet bi, quo trinh s/ ach quo khoa, sha chua tieing lcip chi chiem phan nho.

Tuy nhin mitc luong ctia doi

irio vien

nguyn nhan dan den tinh trang xuong cap ciia ciic cc sci day hoc hien nay. Chi binh quan tren dau hoc sinh khong cao, dac biet la ci bac dai hoc

dane u antic chi thuc Ie chi co 1,7 ti4u dong/mm trong khi dinh iri uc ciia

Nam 2tJ0 I , von my dat 60Gtl ty chum ty trong 3,67% tong von dau tit ph / at
trin. Von my chit yu tap ti-ung nang c p cc sc It-veing hoc, piai juyt nhu ciiu trucic mat cho hoc, ci cho hoc sinh. tinh hinh trang thit bi co duoc c:ii thien, ting cung phong hoc why tinh, hoc t ing, thiet b] day hoc nhimg mcii dat kho:ing 30% so voi tieu chua. Ngoai tin Dat hoc juoc gia q ua vien tro OPEC d iioc da 'u tu 77 ty thit bi la lcin nhat, hien nay chua co cc sci mo co trang thiet bi hoan chinh.

72

Tom lai, antic da 'u tu cho giiio duc tuy co tang nhung chit yu la chi luong va c:ic kho:in co tinh chat luong, chi binh quan cho mol hoc sinh hang na 'm khong cao, da ' c biet la ci ba ' c dat hoc. Nguon luc han hep nhvng quit trinh ph n bo din tiai theo c:ic b c hoc: tieu hoc 40 /c, trung hoc cc sci l 8 /c, It-ung hoc pho thong l 0%, day nqh 7%, cao dang dat hoc 15%r . Chi da 'u tu x y dung cc ban chti yu la xay dung trung l6p, chi phuc vu hoc tap va tran u thiet bi thap dan den tinh trang do dung giiing day, thuc hanh, thi nghiem lac hau, thu vien ngho rim. Hien nay chi phi triic tiep ci c:ic bac hoc do phu huynh chiu khoang tir 4tJ - 511%, nhung do chua co cc che dna vao ca 'n doi trong ld p k hoach phiit trin gi / ao duc dao tao nn can doi nguon luc phiit trim van chiu yu dna vao ngan such. Nh rng nhunc diem my la nguyn nhan chinh dan den nhiing han che ciia he thong giiio duc dao tao, gun tiep anh hung dn chat luong nguon nhan luc yu km hien nay. Thu tv, chinh such su dung boi dui5ng lao done chuyen mon ky thu t. Then gian gan day, Nha nucic da doi mcii chinh such su dung, dai ngo luc luong lao dong co chuyen mon ky thuat. Do la nhiing chinh s:ich tien l uone, tuyen dung, th i tuyen, nang ngach cong chuc, ton vinh cong lao dong gop ciia c:ic nha u u ao, nha khoa hoc, cdng nhu tao nioi trung ph:ip J y de chan bo chuyen iri6n ky thuat ph:i t huy het turn nang, cong hien cho xa hoi. Tuy
nhin van con nhiu van de phai gut quyet nhu dat bo phan lao dong chuyn

mon ky thuat cao dang ph:ii law viec It ong dieu kin thiu thon cc sci vat chat
va trang thit bi nn khong the phiit huy ht tim nang tri tue. Ben canh do

Nha nuoc chua co qui hoach sir dun u nguon nhan luc khoa hoc ky thuat tien pham vi quoc gia. Viec sit dung nguon lao dong chuyen nun ky thuat it oi hien nay rat lang phi. Mot bo phan lao dong chuyn mon ky thuat khon p co viec thin, hoa ' c co viec lam nhung thu nhap jui thap khong dairi bao cuoc song hiri :inh huing den khii nang v a chat luong cong viec. Nhiu ngucii ph:ii lain tr:ii nganh nghe, tim den nhiilig cong viec don quan ngoai chuyen mon de tang

th iet cho nn kinh tc: pham ky thuat, ky thuat in:iy tinh, ky thuat din, ky thuat vien thong, ky thuat hoa, ch tao va ch bin... Ngucii thiit nghiep co trinh do thac sy cfing chim ty Ie 0,43%. Co cau that nghiep chi a theo bac dao tao cung da .ng Inn y ci cho trinh do trang hoc chuyen nghiep chi co 2,29%, day ngh la 2,27%. So lieu my cung phan anh hau quit cua tinh trang d o tao theo nhu ca 'u trvic mat, thiu thong tin, ke hoach tong the da de cap ci phan tren. Theo kt ju:i kh:to sat cua de ta KX-07, tinh hinh sir dung khong dung chuyn nun nganh ngh rat pho bin, chum den 51 ,2 /o. Ti on 9 nhiu cc quan, xi nghiep sinh vin tot nghiep dai hoc law cong viec ciia conP nhan ky thuat, van phon R khone phai la him.
Trong khi

74

CIr.< 3. QUAN DIEM VA MOT SO GIAI PHAP CO BAN DE NANG CAO CHAT LLfONG NGUON NHAN LUC O VIET NAM TRONG THOI GIAN TOl

3.1. NHIING QUAN DIEM VE NANG CAO CHAT LUONG NGUON NHAN LUC

3.1.1. C:ie quan dim cc b:in

Nng can cht lu:eng ngun nhn lu:c dcing nghia vi vic pht trin toan din con ngu:i.
Ph / at ti ten toan dien con ng ifcii la ph/ at tiin hai hoa, can doi tri luc, the luc, diic va tai; ph:it trim cii tinh, su phong phii cua con ngucii nut cfich tu do, day dii va law chiu, thich ring vcii str di dong chuc nang ciia con ngucii. Xuat ph:it lii In t uin g nay, Hoi nghi Ban chap hanh Tiring nong D:ing khoa VIII da khang dinh: ... xay dung nhiing con ngucii va the he thiet tha gan bo vcii ly tung doc lap dan toc va chit nghi a xa hoi, co dao diic trong sung, co y chi kin cvng xay dung va bao ve To quoc, cong nghiep hoa, hin dai hoa dat

phat huy ciic ui:i In van hoa ciia dan toc, co nang luc tiep thu tinh hoa van hoa nhan loai; ph?a t huy turn nang cua

dan toc va con ngucii Viet Nam, co y th irc cong dong va phiit huy tinh tich citc cua ci nhan, hiri chit tri thuc khoa hoc va cong nghe hien dat, co In duy slang tao, co ky nang thuc hanh gioi, co t:ic phong cone n uhiep, co tinh to chuc va ky luat; co silc khoe, la nhung nguii thiia he xay dung chit nghia xa

hoi viia hong viia chuyen nhu Hi ca 'n da 'n cua B:ic Ho. Day chinh la muc
tieu phit trin toan dien con ngvii Viet Nam. Giai doan day manh cong nghiep hoa, hie dai hoa cua Viet Nam dien ra ti ong boi canh loan ca 'u hoa vi xu the kinh Ie In thdc dang d a 'n trci thanh hien thuc ci nut so nucic tin the gicii law thay doi c:ic quan mean truyen thon o ti ong nhiu linh vuc la mot th:1ch thuc rat l6n. Dieu my doi hoi phiii nhanh chong nanu cao chat luong nguon nhan luc gan vcii ph:it trin loan

75

dien con ngvii vi day la nhan to quyet dinh hanq dau doi vcii su ph?at trin kinh Ie xa hoi, chit don R hoi nhap vao nn kinh Ie the gicii, ti iinh duoc n euy cc tut ha ' u.

H thng GD-DT gin: vat tr quyt dinh trong vic nng can cht lu:eng ngun nhan In:c v pht trin toan din con ngu:or
Yu to quan trong nhat d co the phat trin loan dien con ngucii la ph:it trin giiio duc, bcii vi: Giiio duc la qu:i trinh nang cao ti i thuc va ky nanp, ma truoc het, qifio duc la phuong tien d'ec biet mans lai su phiit trin c:i the ngucii. Ma ' t khiic, phit trin gi:to duc la cc sci de phiit huy tot nhit cua car noi sinh, tao nen su phat trin dat nucic nut ca / ch ben viin g. Noi ciich kh/ ac, ph:it trin giio duc dao tao nhit don bay de phiit tidn chic yu to khic c ua

nguon nhan luc. Do vay ning cao chat l vong gi:to duc dao tao trong giai doan
hien nay phai hu6ng vao dliri bao d o tao nhan luc theo ba muc tieu: uting cao dan ti i, dao iao nhan luc, boi during nhan tai.

Nng can cht lu:eng ngucin nhn In:c gan vi nhu cu pht trin kinh te
xii hen, ti n bet khoa hoc ccing ngh trong bcii ctinh hen nhap quoc t v xu

th kinh t tri thh:c.

Nanc cao chiit luong nguon nhan luc ph:ii 9an vcii su nghip cone

nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa va nhu ciiu ph:it ti in ctia cac neanh, viing ciinP nhu kinh t xa hoi dat nucic. Do viiy, giai doan hien nay, phiii tao duoc nguon nhan luc d:ip ilnR yu cau ciia cd ba nn kinh Ie lao dong siic nPucii, tai neuyn va tri thuc, trong do chit ti ong nhan luc khoa hoc cong ngh trinh do cao, ciin bo quan l y, kinh doanh gioi va cong nhan ky thu a t lanh ngh triic tiep qop ph a 'n nang cao silc canh i i anh ciia nn kinh t. Do vay, phiii doi mcii manh iri

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nghin ciiu khoa hoc va phuc vu xa hoi, nhat la c/ ac trung dai hoc. Chuc nang d o tao the hien trong viec cung c p doi ngli lao donh co trinh do cho cong nghiep hoa, hien dat hoa d t nuic. Nghin cum khoa hoc trong ciic tiung dat hoc buoc dau tao dieu hien phat huy tiic dung cua c:ic cong ngh tien tien nhap lii nuic neoai, nghin ciiu car tien va tao kha nang s:ing ch i a cong nehe mcii de phiit trin dat nucic. Ciic trung dai hoc, trung hoc chuyn nghiep va day ngh l not cung c p dich vu iv van, ting dung va trien khui tien bo khoa hoc cong ngh vao dcii song. Chit y den chat l uone va hieu qu:i dao tao la gop Pit lao dong khoa hoc cone ngh

phan fret kim chi phi ma van tao ra doi

va quan ly tiinh do cao phuc vu phii t trin kinh t, khoa hoc cong nghe va an

ninh, quoc phong ciia dat nucic.

3.1.2. Phiiong hiing trong giai doan hi(n nay

Phu:eng hu:ng chti yu trong bin v vti chtim sc sit:c khcie.
Nhiirig pha ' n tich thuc tran q va nguyen nhan th ac dong cho thay van de dat i a doi vcii siic khoe ciia nguon nhan luc va he thong y te ci Viet Nam. Do viiy phuong hung tiong giai doan hien nay la khac phuc nhiing han ch my,

gop phan nang cao chat luong nguon nhan luc

cua ngucii dan. De xay dung nguon nhan luc dip ring duoc cic yu
nghip cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa d:it nucic thi viec niing cao siic khoe ti ong do yu to nn tang la cii thien dinh dui5ng rat ca 'n thit va cap bach. Ben canh cac bien phiip can thip tiuc tiep thi phuong huing quan tiong de thuc hien dieu do la nang cao iiiiic song ciia ngucii dan bang viec daiii bao an ninh luong thuc quoc gia, thuc diiy xoa doi gum ngho va car thien cc sci ha tang nhu cune cap nvoc sach, ve sinh nioi trung.

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Thu lied, doi men he thong y t theo hu6ng cong bang va hieu qua. Nhiin g thanh tuu kinh t dat duoc nhci qu:i trinh doi nioi lain cho dcii sonc nhan dan n eay canh duoc cai thien, nhu ciiu ve chain soc silc khoe tang nhanh cii v so luonc va chat luonc. Tuy nhin, nhiing thay doi va xu hui5ng thuc fun trong nganh y Ie ther gian qua boc lo nhieu han ch nhu tinh trang thiu cong bans ti ong cun c cap ta chinh, kha nang tiep can dich vu chain soc siic khoe ngay cang nghieiii trong, hieu qua kinh t dat duoc so vcii muc tieu da de ra rat han che. Do do can phai dGi nioi he thong y t theo hvii o cone bans va hieu qua de drip ring nhu cau chain soc silc khoe ngay cang cao cua nhan dan qua do truc tiep n:inc cao ti uc tip nine cao chat luong n cuon nhan luc. Quan diem cong bang ci day khone co nghia la neang bang va duoc hieu la ai co nhu cau fern thi d viac chain soc nhieu hon. Nhu vay, doi mcii theo hung cong bans Ie cc sci den uu tien cho viing

ngho, ngucii ngho, doi luong chinh s:ich nh a 'm tao dieu kin cho irioi ngucii deu dwac huin g quyn lot chain soc y te cc bun theo nhting chi tieu dat ra. Phu:eng hu:ng chit yen nang can trinh dci vtin ha vii chuyn mn kj thuiit

cho ngutin nhan In:c.

Xuat phat lii nhiing quan diem ci tin ve vai tro ciia gi:to duc dao tao

nanc cao chat luong n cuon nhan luc, ducii day la nut so phuong hunc chi
yu doi mcii he thon u gia / o duc dao tao. Tliti tilii , xay dune nen giiio duc theo huong chuan hoa, hien dai hoa,
xa hoi hoa. Chuan hoa co the bao gore chuong tiinh, noi dung giiin0 day,

such gi iio khoa, gifio trinh va qui trinh kiem tra d iinh gift chit luong. Da ' c biet nhan manh chua hoa tieu chi diinh gia san ph m cuoi cung ciia e iao duc la con ngucii va nguon nhan l iic; chu n hoa doi ngii giio vien, cc sci vat chit, tran c thit bi day va hoc ci tat cii ciic cap, bac hoc. Hien dai hoa gia / o duc hieu
nhat vcii

dung, phuong phap, qui trinh deo ieo nham phan anh nhling thanh tuu mcii nhat ciia the gicii va phii hpp vcii su tien bo ciia trang thiet bi day va hoc. Xa hoi hoa gid ao duc la huy dong luc luong ciia toan xa hoi cung thaw gia v o quit trinh p i to duc - d o tao, tao dieu kien cho nioi mini din duoc hu6ng nhiing thanh qua do hoat dong quo duc dem lai. Thu liar, thvc hien cong bang xa hoi trong gino duc dao tao. Cong bang xa hoi la sir binh dang trong cc hoi tiep cm, thaw gia vao qua trinh e uao duc, su doi xii nhu nhau vcii nioi hoc sinh khi hoc tai ciic cc sci dao tao kh / ac nhau. Do do phai tiep tuc duy tri chinh such uu tien, ho tro giiio duc cho ciic khu vuc kho khan, doi luong chinh s:ich xa hoi, hoc sinh ngho. c thu cung ph:ii
co chinh such khuyen khich tao diu kien cho nhiing hoc sinh gioi, ngucii co na ' ng luc duoc hoc tip thu n lot i fat ca cfc b c hoc khong bi chi phoi bcii kha nang ta chinh c:i nhan. Do vay can chit y c ac bien phii p v Hi chinh, giiio vien, huy dong su thaw gia ciia d]a phuon e, era dinh vao giiio duc nham thuc hien tot cong bang xa hoi trong giiio duc.
Thii lu , coi trong h nong nghiep, day nghe, tap trun g vao muc fun nhan I uc.

Phuong hung hien nay la phai lain cho toan bo nn giiio duc thich ting voi nhu cau va doi hoi ciia su ph / at ti ten kinh Ie xa hoi dat nuic, giai quyet tot nioi quan he gina phat trin piiio duc theo k hoach va theo yu ca 'u cua thi tieing lao dong. Do do, he thong euro duc can cor trong hu6n e nghip, day ngh, tap trung vao muc tieu nhan luc.
3.2. GIAI PHAP CNU YEU NANG CAG CHAT LUQNG NGUON NHAN LUC

3.2.1. Doi miii chinh s:ich y t

Nhii d'" a phan tich ci ti n, do nhieu l y do chinh s:ich y te cua V it Nam hien nay con khim khuyt, anh huing den viec nang cao siic khoe cua nguon

nhan luc. Do vay mot noi dung quan trong cua viec doi mcii nganh y te theo

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hv6ng cong ba ' ng, hieu jua la hoan thien va xay dvng chinh such phii hpp voi dieu kien kinh Ie xa hoi, drip ring ciic yu cau pha . t trin.

Hoan thin chinh sch tai chinh cho cng tc chtim sc sit:c khiie
Ctac chien luoc ta chinh cho y Ie la ni6t trong nhiing cong cu cJ uan trong nhat de dat duoc ciic muc tieu da de ra ve hieu qu:i kinh t, cong bang tiong cung cap tai chinh va kha ni ang tiep cm dich vu chain soc siic khoe thiet yu theo nhu cau. Ducii diiy la nhiing phiin lich va de xuat giii phip cc bun hoan thien chinh s? ach ta chinh cho cong t ic cha 'm soc siic khoe tren c/ac nut:

Thu nlicii , c:ic n uuon luc ta chinh

Hien tai kinh phi cii a he thong y te cong ctia Viet Naiii duoc cung cap tit ciic nguiin chit yu la thue ( ngan such nha nucic ), bao him y Ie bat buoc, vien phi va vien ti o nuoc ncoai. Trong d thu chum ty ti ong l n nhat khoane 60%, tiep theo la bao him y Ie tren l5 /c va vien phi, vien tro du tin 10 /c. De cap den van de my bcii vi b:in thdn nioi n cuon ta chinh deu co nhiiiig dac diem ring, hoac la tao dieu kin thuan loi, hoac co the han ch ve rent con ngucii va khu vuc trong viec sit dune ciic nguon my. So vcii c:ic hinh thuc khiic, cung cap tai chinh cho y Ie theo cach chi In tiuic tao ra mot cc hoi de phan bo lai ciic quy cho dich vu y te tit nhiinc nguci khoe manh sane ho tro

cho ngucii in u tit sang cho ncucii ngho, dip a phuong kiii phiit ti4en hon. Chinh vi vfiy, cung cap ta chinh qua lhue lfi hinh thuc chit yeu de diy manh tinh nhat quan tiong cung c p ta chinh cho y t va nang cao cong ba ' ng khii nang tiep ca dich vu chain soc sirc khoe. Ven quan diem nhu vay thi nguon Hi chinh lay tit thue khong d viac xevn la de cung cap cho nhiing ngucii khong co khii nang chi tiii duoc huing dich vu y t in phai coi no la mot nguon la chinh de trang bucic phiit trien inot he thong chain soc siic khoe toan dien theo dinh huing cong bang. Tit quan diem do cho thay nhiing kha nang

dieu chinh de ta ' ng citing nioi lien he gina

tang twine kinh t, phiit trin xa hoi va diiy manh cong cuoc car ciich, doi niii ciia he thong thue nham tao dieu hien thuan lot cho viec phii t ti4n hon niia mot he thonp y Ie loin dien theo dinh hu rig cong ba ' n p, hieu gut. ITinh thuc bio hiiii y t bat buoc va phuong thuc cap ta chinh cho y t qua thue co nhiu diiii luong dong bii vi v:i hat du la nhiing hinh thuc thanh to:in truoc bat buoc. Hon niia, vcii hai hinh thuc my thi vai tio ciia Nha nuic thung rat ln vi nhu vay co the xay dune iiiiic phi bio hum iri a ncuii sit dung lao dong va neuii lao dong phai ding eop. Do do, viec xp neuon thu tit thue va bao hum y te bat buoc vao cung loai qui cong la hoan toan logic. Tuy nhin, giiia hai hinh thuc my ciin R ci nhiing diem khiic biet lcin ve khia canh ai la n9ucii phai trii va at la d i ivione c c th sit dung c:ic qui huy done duoc. Triii vcii he thong c:ip tai chinh qua thue, R iiia viec thanh toiin phi

bao hum va tiep nh a 'n d]ch vu co nioi lien h truc tiep. Co nghia la thvn g chi
nhiirig ngucii mua biro him mcii co the dvoc sit dung ciic qui huy dong duoc qua hinh thuc bio hieiii y t bat buoc. Do v)y nhu da nu ci chuonc 2, hinh thuc my hien nay tiucic ht la phuc vu cho c:in bo, cong nhan vien Nha nuiic

c khii nang
cac qui my cho nhom dan cu khiic nhu nong din ngho la rat han che. Hien nay, Nh nucic da tim cfich gi:ii juyt van de tren ba ' ng ciich cap th biro him y t khong mat tien cho tien 4 triu nPucii ngho. He thong c p Hi chinh tit thue my s duoc met iong va ph? at trin. Theo huing my, Nha nucic co the mci rong he thong biro him y Ie cho nhiing doi luong co dieu kien kinh t kho kh a 'n nh ii nong dun, ngucii law ngh phu thong qua viec cap th khim chua

benh bao cap vcii mol muc phi rat thap. Lot ich ma nhom my duoc hiicing la ho se duoc ho tro khoang 70-75% mnh ct:i. Diem tot ciia hinh thdc my so voi cc ch vien phi tra t rirc tiep la dna vao c:ic khoan thanh toiin dinh sa 'n, do do khuyen khich n pucii din tiet kiem dii so tien can th it hon l khi can ski dung dich vu y t thi buoc phai thanh toan cac khoan phi sir dung dich vu khong du tinh. Hon niia, he thone the bio hiiii y t bao cap phuc vu ca nguii khoe manh va ore dau nn co khii nang chia s rili ro trong khi diu my khong the co trong cc ch phi dich vu thu tiuc tiep. Xt ci khia canh kinh phi thu dvoc tit c:i nhfin thi he thon e bao him y t co bao cap co khii na ' ng huy done ducic luonu kinh phi nhiu hon he thong chi tia truc tiep ma lai ti lanh ducic ciic t/ac dong tieu cuc nhu thiu cong bang trong kha nang tiep can va sir dung dich vu chari soc sirc khoe co chat luong. Tuy nhin lap dung hinh thdc co hat ti ci ngai la: (i) law th mo huy dong duoc ciic qui cong can thit; va (ii) so vcii he thong y t cong duoc nha nucic tiuc tiep cap ngan sach thi no tuong doi phuc tap va kho trin khai hon do chi co ngucii hay dau oin mii quan tain den vic iriua biro hum. Noi torn lai, so vcii he thong cap ngan such tit thue thi b:to him y t bat buoc khong tien bo bang ma chi han ch trong viec uu tien phuc vu cho c:ic nhom dan khii gia tionc c cii viec thanh to:in lan sit dung dich vu va
kho co the phan bo lai nguon Hi chinh sang c:ic nhom dan co thu nhap thap

hon. Nhfing kh:i nan c de met rong he thon c bio hunt y te bao cap cung co
nhiu kho khan ve tai chinh va quan ly hanh chinh. Do do eiai doan hien nay,

iiiac dii co vai tio quan trong nhung chua nen coi bio hum y te la nguon cung c:ip ta chinh chiu yu cho den khi da hoan thien va chiinc minh duoc tinh kha thi, uu vit ciia no. Miic phi dich vu cao ma thiu mat ca / c bien ph:ip mien phi duoc thuc hien tot la no ciin lcin nhat khii nang tiep can dich vu y t ciia nguci ngho. Co quan diiii cho rang thu phi d Jch vu s co dieu kien nang cao chat luong dich
vu, ho tro kham chua benh mien phi va chic viing co dieu kin kho kha ' n. Tuy

nhin thuc t hoan to an khong phiii nhu vay, cac tiic dong tieu cuc my sinh nhu tinh trang thiu con ci bang ve xa hoi va dia ly trong kha nan ci tiep can va chat lvong dich vu ngay cang gia ta ' ng. Nhiing tiic done my s ta ' ng khi phi d]ch vu ta ' ng va co the giiim di ba ' ng ciich c p th khfim chua benh khonq init tien, duac bao cap tit thue cung nhii phan b lai nguon nqn sich Nha nuoc tit nhiin c dia huon co kha nan i c i thu duoc nhiu tien lii ph hi s i r dun g dich vu, bao

n thu tu Tron e ciic n uuon luc la chinh thi vien tro nucic ngoai chi nn cor la mot
nguon tain then tao dieu hien cho c:ic chinh sach lau dai ciia Nha nucic nham

luonc
Tuy nhin vien tio nuic ngoai co the gay nh ing I:ic don u tieu cuc nhu riit mat

nhiu nguon luc ng6n such tit viec ta ' n q chi phi cho viec duy tu, biro dung va vat tu thay the sau khi dau In quit nhiu vao xay dung cc ban, nhap retry moc, trang thiet bi... Do vay can phiii co ciic cuoc doi thoai va thoa thu n nhat dinh
gina hai bn cung nhu xay dun9 ciic chinh s:ich de sir dung vien tro nucic

ngoa mot cach him h ieu nhat dat duoc cac muc tieu chung trong ch" am soc siic khoe. Tliti liar, phan b riguon luc. Trong cac nguon luc tai chinh kh/ac nhau thi chi co nguon tu thue la co the phan bo lai gua ciic viing giau va ngho. Cic q ui huy dong duoc lii b:to him y t bat buoc theo ly thuyt chi co the phan bo lai qua hinh thirc bao cap cho nhun g cung khong the thuc hien duoc trong tinh tiang Inc nao cung thiu ngan s:ich. Ciic qui thu duoc tit phi dich vu co the duoc ho tro cho viec cung c p dich vu y Ie cho ngucii ngho ci tuyn cc si v trong chimg muc nhat dinh ci tuyn huyen va tinh. Vi th chi co nguon thue la co hiu quit phfin bo cao de

a ciic viing. he thong phan bo ngan such Nha nucic tren cci sci dau neucii va co mot phan
theo yu ca 'u biu hien bang suc mua nn tao ia su uu tien cho ciic tinh va khu

vuc kinh Ie khi ciii hon nhii da chi ra ci chuonp 2. Phan bo theo d u ngucii thuc chat khong cong ba ' ng do khon o phai nioi nhom da 'n cir du co cung nhu ca 'u sit dung dich vu, tiic la co cung ganh nang benh fat. Ngucii ngho thun u mac benh nang hon va kha nang lanh benh cdng lau hon do the trang va dieu kin sonp km. Vi the kieu phan bo theo dau ng u se can p mat cong ba ' ng khi tinh trang thieu cong bang xa hoi va kinh te rio chung gia tang trong xa hoi. Do vay viec phan bo n un such nha nuc ui fia c:ic tinh ca ph:ii dna vao danh gi:i nhu cau de dann biro su dong du cho nhiirig nhu cau tuong ring. Phan bo theo nhu cau dna tren du tinh bang ciich xem xt so dan se duoc phuc vu, u:inh nang bnh tat ma ciic nhom dan khiic nhau phai giinh chiu cdng nhu cfc dieu kin nhat dinh cua trang dia phuong nhu nrlt do dan cu thap lain tang don gia cho nioi dich vu duoc cung cap. Tiong dieu kin hien nay, phuong thdc phan

bo nguon luc nha nucic dna tren nhu cau se duoc xay dung va :ip dun u can tinh
den ca nhiing qui huy dong duoc qua hinh thuc bio him y t bat buoc va phi dich vu. Tlii"t ha , su dune neuon luc co san mot ciich hieu qua. Sir dung nguon luc co san mot ciich hieu qu:i la van dc: het siic can thiet va lien quan den nhiu linh vuc, do vay ci diy chi xt nh rug khia canh co l ten quan den chinh s:ich ta chinh nhv: ngan such tone the so vcii phi dich vu, sit dun u dich vu, sap xp lai cc cau dich vu benh vien, dao tao ve quiin ly. Gun ph ip xiy dung he thong ngan s:1ch tong the dna tren da 'u ra nhu kt qua v linh hinh sirc khoe duoc car thien va su hfii long ciia benh nhan la phuong phfi p khac phuc tinh trang khong khuyn khich cfic cci st ta ' ng na ' ng suat, thiu tap trung vao kt quit dat duoc nhii hie nay de tang hieu quit kinh

viec diinh eu a nhiiiiu c I:ic dong

ducic cung hay khong.

iriuc tieu ciia nha chuyn mon cung nhu benh nhan

Mot van de thuinc thay la benh nhan co chiu hui5ng tim kieiii dich vu
ci tuyn qu:i cao trong he thong y t mot c:ich khong can thiet. Viec str dung d]ch vu khong phii hop nhu va ' y rat ton km vi gin thanh ciia ca / c dich vu duoc
cun8 cap i cac benh vien tuyn tinh cao hon rat nhiu so vcii chi phi dich vu

cung cap tai c:ic train y te xa. Vi the nhiiiig co gang dc: d:nn bio ngucii benh str dung c:ic tuyn y t thich hpp hon ciin u rat quan tron u trong viec quan ly nguon luc. Kinh nghiem the gicii cho thay viec sap xep lai cc cau dich vu benh vien theo hu6ng gram thi gran giairi dieu It-i rio Int sang ngoa i tit dna tren cic ky
thuat y t hien dai co y n ohia rdt tich cuc ca ve khia canh y t va ta chinh. Tuy

nhin, vi hien nay so giung benh la nut chi tieu phan bo ngan s ich nha nuic quan trong nn diu juan trong l phai xem xt lai phuong phap my co phii hop hay khong ca 'n cii vao cong ngh y hoc mcii va nhu ca 'u c p thief phiii str dung c/ac nguon luc cong khan him cho y te mot cach hiu qua. Thiu ky nang qu:in ly, tronc do co ca nh inc hien thuc cc b/an ve kinh t y t la dilnh gin in cilc chuyn gia ciia Big y t da chi ra la iat nghim tiong so vii c/ ac nganh cong cong khac vi hau het ciic vi In quan ly then chot deu do

chac chan s l giai phap tot vcii chi phi thap ma hieu qua dat duoc cao. Nhiing phan lich va de xu:it giai pha . p hoan thien chinh s:ich ta chinh nu tren chac chan can phiii can phiii can nhac ky hon dna vao tinh hinh thuc t ve chinh tr| , kinh Ie va xa hoi nham kh tic phuc nhiing ton tai cua he thong y t dang co anh hung khong tot dn chat luong nguon nhan luc hien nay.

Sri dung chin lime thuc dy sit:c khe dnng can sit:c khcie cho ngu:i dn
Ben canh khiim chua benh thi viec niing cao silc khoe cho nguiii dan thong qua cung cap tri thuc bank ciic chuon e tiinh truyn thon q thunq hay duoc ap dung. C:ic niihien ciiu d:inh gin cho thay ci Viet Nam nhiing chuong trinh nhu vay khong dein lai nhiu kt qu:i nhu iriong muon, do vay viec van dung nhiing kinh nghiem quoc Ie tiong linh vuc my la dieu can duoc xein xi. Thuc day silc kho la nioi phuonp phiip co the up dung cho nhiu van de siic kho. Gunn nhii ciic d ]ch vu kham chua benh tap trung vao ore dau va ch:In doiin ciic loai benh tat, thuc day silc kho tap trung vao siic kho va c? ach phong benh. Phuong phii p thuc day siic khoe co the duoc tap dung vao tat ca c/ ac linh vuc nu khong co su thaw gia ciia cong dong va hune ring ctia trang cii nhan thi khong the gi:ii quyet duac vn de nhu Hi song, nioi tracing, benh
truyen nhiem ..

Chinh phii can phai ting ho nhu cau, tao dieu kien de nhan dan co duoc thong tin, song va Main viec trong nhiing trio tieing dam bao siic khoe. Quan trong hon ht la nhan dan can phai biet iang chinh ho kiem soat phan mo do cuoc song va siic kho cua bun than. Nu ho khong dvac truc tiep thaw gia vao viec xiic dinh nhu cau, lua chon uu tien, thit he nhiing hoat done can thip thi s khong co gi rang buoc ho thuc hien nhiin g thay doi do. Tom lai, nhiing phuong phap dap iing cac nhu cau n ay tao ia phirong phiip t h tic day silc kho.

ve tinh tiang siic kho doi hoi: (i) thay doi

ch

kinh Ie, luat phii p va xa

hoi nha ' m han ch ciic hanh vi khong lanh manh t iong cong dong; (ii) ph:it trin c:ic luc luong ho tro ve xa hoi, van hon va kinh t nh am khuyen khich hanh vi lanh manh; va (iii) ph/at trin nang luc ciia cii nhan cung nhu ciia to chuc de co the pi ii p cho cong don p ditong d u duoc vcii nhiinp thiich thuc ve siic kho. Kinh nghiem lii c:ic chien dich tuyn truyen siic khoe Viet Nam cho thay kt qu:i dat duoc khong cao chinh vi khonP co duoc nhiing yu to nhu neu ti n. Chin luoc thuc day siic kho dip kg but cii van dc: mo da duac vach ia doi hoi ph:ii co mot phuonR ph? ap toan dien va mot loat ca / c phuong thuc: Thv nlicit , xiiy dun R ciic chuone tiinh lien nganh Siic kho ph" an lin Ta kt qua cua cuoc son c con ngucii, no co lien he den tit ca cfc yu to xa hoi, va ' n hon, kinh t va chinh In. Viec giai quyet tit ca nhiing yeu to my vuot qu:i kha n" ang nhiin g nha chuyen mon y t. Vi the chien luoc thuc day silc kho doi hoi toan dan va chac to chuc ngoai nganh y t thaw gia dong gop trong cic no luc nh a 'm c:ii thien siic kho cua nhan dan. Ctac Bo, cfc cc quan phai cung Main viec de dam biro xy dung nhiing chiiong
trinh phii hpp va co the up dung duoc ci ciic nganh kh ich nhau va t ronQ CilC

dieu kien khac nhau. Vi du thaw gia vao chuong trinh chong hut thuoc la khong chi co Bo Y Ie ma phai co c:ic cc quan khic nh tr Bo Cong an, Bo Tai chinh, Bo Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon, Bo Giiio duc va Dao tao, Bo Va ' n ho:1 - Thong tin, Bo Quoc phong... cung nh tt cfic to chuc phi Chinh phii trong va ngoai nucic.

P8 7

Thu lied, long ghp ca / c chuong trinh doc Ctac chvong tiinh thuc ddy silc kho co xu huinc chi chti ti onc vao mot khia canh ciia cong tac du phiing, mot loai bnh, mot hanh vi nguy cc, inot thong dip. The nhung ciic hanh vi nguy cc tar khu trii trong nhiing hoan canh co nguy cc. Phnom ph? ap mot van de duy nhat (khong de c p den c/ ac nguyn nhan n cam) s trci nen co hieu qu:i ti onc viec dna mot van d quan tiong vao chuong trinh nghi su chinh tri, nu co phuong phap tot de gianh duoc sir iing

qua don giin ter

trong

viec

truyen

tin

nhiing

thong

dip

dong dao quan chiing. Tuy nhin, cac

phuong phap mol van de iat hunt khi co hieu quit doi vcii nhoiri doi tuong kho kha ' n, nhiing ngucii thung co tinh trang siic kho km nhat. Cac hanh vi, Hi song nguy hat khiic nhau du co chunq poc re trong nhan dan, t rong con p dong, woi tuning va nn va ' n hon. Silc kho ba me km va benh dtii durig du lien quan den van de thieu dinh dung; thieu dinh during lai fun quan ti ngho doi, ve sinh, nong nghiep va ct:to duc. Trong tat ca linh vuc tren, nhiing chien dich gun quyt duy nhat mot vn de ca ' n ph:ii trci thanh mot bo phan ciia ciic chuong trinh long ghp tronq do co tinh den ciic nioi quan he qua lai Thu la , ph:it trim
Co nghin cilu tien hanh trong hon hat mvoi n" am q ua dna den kt lu n lii mot khi nhiing nhu cau c an th iet yu d duac d ip ring thi yeu to quan tron e nhat doi vcfi silc kho con ngucii la antic do ho kim so:it dunc cuoc song ciia chinh minh. Nhiing nguii co y thuc dieu chinh cuoc song cua minh la ngucii co kha na ' ng da 't ra phuong hung iing chong lai diioc cfc nguy hiiii ve siic kho dan u huy hon nhieu khon e co phong ngiia. Vic gan lien y thuc v gioi han va dieu chinh vcii cuoc song cua con ngvci cung dan den viec chfi trong vao su thaw gia ciia ciic to chuc va cong dcn g . U i vay ciin phat trin nang luc ciia cong dong trong viec xac dinh, xay dung nhiing phuong thtic mcii de bo

a ciic linh

de ra muc tieu va dat ciic muc tieu do. Quit tiinh thairi pia thvc sit I ten quan dc:n viec x tc dinh cac nhu ca 'u va chon uu tien sit dung mean hung khcii thuc ciia cong dong, chit khong dung iiiarketing xa hoi co kich thich ho. Chien l uoc thuc day siic kho la mot phuong phiip tiep can siic kho dna tin nhu ciiu va theo dinh

hu6n g ctia nguci sir dung.

Thu tit, tranh thu su ung ho cua ciic cc quan co lien juan va toan xa hoi.

Chien l uoc thuc day siic kho bao coin ca viec van dong Chinh phii dna
ia cxm kt co nhiiiig quyt dinh dem lai loi ich cho nhan dan trong liiu dai. Chien l uoc thuc day silc kho phai tao ra nhiine con n eucii duoc dao tao quip Chinh phii soan thao luat le y t va mot Chinh phu duoc tiang bi kin thuc de san sang daiii nhan tr/ ach nhiem lanh dao su nghiep y Ie. Cac cc quan law cong tiic thfic day siic khoe phai co khii nang co van va van dong Chinh phii ve nhiing van de y t cong cog quan tronq. Ngoai ra, cung ca phai co sv ring ho trong ciic v:in d co anh huing ln ter silc kho nhung lai khong thuoc pham vi thong thunc ciia nganh y te nhu b:to ve nioi tieing, chonc o nhiin. Thu nani, d ita vao cha 'iri soc siic kho ban da 'u Chien luoc thuc day silc kho phiii duoc coi la mot bo pha ' n cua chain soc silc khoe ban dau. Co the long cone tiic thtic diiy silc kho vao he thong y te ba ' ng cfich sit dung ciic tram y te lam trung ta m thuc diy siic kho.

tinh trang siic khoe yu here chir khong chi don giiin la truyen thong sitc khoe cong dong nhu da trang thuc hien ci Viet Naw hien nay. Do do, de co the: phiit

P9

trin va duy tit no l iic thuc d y suc khoe ci V it Nam can ha I:1n R law nn inong cho c:ic co gang do. Mot cc sci ha tang nhu vay s la trong tain t i ong gut trinh phat trin chin luoc thuc day siic kho, no ho tro viec phfit trin n a 'np luc thuc day silc kho. Diy la mol to chuc duoc xay dung tit cap trung nong den dia phuong co du nang l vc lap ke hoach cap nha nvoc, ciine nhu co kha nang vn dong c:ic nganh, to chuc va c:i nhan ho tro cho cong tic thuc day silc kho thong qua phii t trin chinh such, luat phiip, quy ch va cunp ca 'p nguon luc. Thuc day silc kho bao gore ciic chien luoc dai han va ciin phai co su cam kt lau dai luong ring ciia Chinh ph ti de viec cung cap la chinh cho cong tac my khong bi bien doni:. Co the thay mol giai phiip cho van de my nhu tron c mo hinh thu thuoc lit. D? anh thu doi voi thuoc lii va sit dung so tin do cho cong tac chong hut thuoc la, uong iuou hoac cci bac, rong hon niia la cho nhiing chuong ti inh thuc da y silc kho long ghp, ciinc mot liic mans lai nhiu loi ich. Viec diinh thue ln c:ic hanh vi va ca / c chat co hat lam lane gi:i thuoc l:i, mon hoac cci bac cung la ni6t c/ ach de han ch sit dune. Vi du nhu i banP Victoiia, tien thue thu tit thuoc la da duoc dung de tai tro cho viec c/ ai thien suc kho tronq toan bang nhu chon e hut thuoc, phong chong thuonq tich, thuc an va dinh dufing, nghien rirou va rna tuy, siic kho tinh duc va siic kho sinh san, silc kho tain than va th chat kho manh, siic kho nioi tiucing. Su xuat hien thucing xuyen ciia c:ic hoat done da tao i a mot biiu khong khi chinh tri. Trong nioi timing my vic tang thue ln niia co th hoan toan cho php vi thuc day siic kho da tro thnh nut uu tien dac bit ciia cong dong. Chien luoc thuc diy siic khoe nhiiii quip cho ngucii dan co du siic manh cii thien silc kho cua chinh ho. No cung cap cho cong dong va cii nhfin nh iing kieu thuc, ky n a 'ng, nguon luc, dong cc, sit ch ti dong, ho tro, khuyn khich de tap trung giai quyet ciic n d silc kho quan trong doi vcii ho. Thfic

10

cac nganh, c:ic cap va dvoc long ghp vao k hoach ciia trung nong, tinh, huyen va xa. Cong th ac thuc day silc kho chua dung ciic yu to ve phiit trin cone dong da dvac chung in inh la co gin tri o Viet Nam va nhiu nticic kh:ic.

thuc day siic kho him hieu. Ke hoach my phai dvoc d? anh gin ve tinh kha thi,

duoc dieu chinh sau khi dna ra thao luan va lily y kien, thon u qua v long vao cfc uu tien y t quoc gia. Phuong phiip tong hpp v thuc day siic kho quip cho n panh y te mol kh na ' ng dna vao ch itong trinh n phi su nhunp ciich th dc

kho trong tain hien nay va trong tvong lai ciia

3.2.2. C:ii tin k hoach ph:it trin gi:to due dao tao
Nn kinh Ie nucic la dang tiong gin doan chuyn doi cc ch kinh Ie lii phiion g thuc ke hoach hoa trip trung sang cc che thi trung co su quan ly ciia Nha nucic. Vi vay trong nhiu trung hop, cc che quan l y kinh t mcii chua

theo kip su bien dot nhanh chong cuu nen kinh te, trong do co quo duc mang
sac thii th] trunp. Lau nay ph phiin dao tao thira thay thiu the, nhung thieu the ci dau? Dia chi cu th mo can dao tao? Ty l luc luong lao done co thanh

thi kh a cao, linh vuc, nganh nghe mo that nghiep nhieu? Viec lap ke hoach gi fio duc ca 'n dna tren nhfin g thong tin nay de dao tao gan kt duoc vcii san xuat va dcii song. GU vai tro d]nh hucinc, Nha nuoc phai trang buoc khac phuc
tinh It ang mat can doi ve bac, ncanh nch dao tao thon u qua ciii tien cc ch,

chinh such va phuong ph / ap k hoach hon phii hpp vcii nn kinh t thi trung. De dat duoc iriuc tieu my co the sit dung chac giai phiip sau:

91

Thit trip du:cc h thiing thiing tin thi tru:eng lao dcng d cung clip, xh: lj thong tin tae cc scr tin city xac dtnh nhu can duo tae vii bcii du:ring, grin sit
dung nhtin Inc vi vic him.
Mo hinh dui diiy la mot loai he thong thu thap thong tin ve thi tmng lao dong, cung cap nhiing so lieu cc b:in cho phan tich nhu cau dao tao co the nghin cilu up dung ci nucic ta. Mo hinh he thong thong tin thi trung
Die:u tra lao

That nghiep
Co viec tain co thu nhap
hoiic hurting luinig

Ngh gi?

Dieu tra y:u ciia doanh nghiep (II)

Yen cau ky iiaug/ iigh nghiep Tinh hiu quit ciia ciic

triring duo tae

Nhin bic:t nh iiiig cai men

Nghieii ciiu
theo diiu vet

tuong lai dGi (III)

Dir biro kich

b.n lao dong

Cung clip lao dong theo

gi:to duc / ky ining / ngh nghiep

(IV)

Nghien

ciiu

Tinh hieu qu:i cua c:ic

l aii theo dau

vt iiguoc (V)

truong d o tao Nh.iii bit iihiing yu

92

Ngucin sci liti Dieu ti a ho era dinh Quoc era

tao ci antic do dia phuong Viec hiri ThIt nghiep Thu nh" ap bcii cone vic Ciic nghin ciiu ve viec hiri da qua va tuon c lai V ic lain Thiit nghiep Chi phi va lot ich cua viec thiet lap ciic tmng Xu huing viec lain va tien luong

Thu nhap bcii cong viec Thit lap dao tao C:ic nghien ctiu ve chi Chi phi ve von phi Chi phi dinh ky Gia nh" ap Nang luc dao tao
Cfic dfinh gin ve yu ca 'u

dao tao
Nghien ciiu v chi phi va lot ich

Yu ca 'u d o tao

Tro quip chinh nich yu

93

dao tao

viec van hanh ciia thi

lao

c, cung

nghiep, cc s dao tao cung nh it cm ba 'np p i iia lot ich xa hoi va chi ph i d o tao. Tren cc sci my, cc quan lap he hoach Nha nucic co khii nang tien hanh c/ ac nghin ciiu hung han chinh x / ac ve loai cong ngh, thanh phan va tiinh do chuyn mon cua luc luong lao dong luong tar lain cc sci juyt dinh t|ui mo, nganh nghe, noi dung chiiong trinh giang day. Nhu vay chvong trinh, ke hoach dao tao se gan vcii nhu cau thi trtrn g lao dong, ta ' ng tinh thief thuc cua 9i:to duc va sat vcii thuc Ie.

Quy hoach va lp k hoach gio due dao tao gan vi quy hoach pht trin ting thkinh t-xii hen ciia cii nu:c, trang viing va nganh kinh t.
Xay dung ke hoach tong the ve dao tao nhan luc cho ca nuic ti en cc sci phan tich nhu ciiu nhan luc cua trang nganh, trang viing, trang don vi cc sci, la ct:ii ph? ap khac phuc hien trang mat can doi cc cau, n uanh nghe va phan bo lao done dao tao. Nha nucic co the sir dung cong cu ke hoach va ta chinh (giao

chi tieu co ngan sach daiii bao dao tao nhiinu nganh nghe can thiet, hoac ci
nhiine viing kho khan) de diu tit guy irio, cc cau, huing vao nhu ciiu nhan luc theo yu cau CNH - HDH, irici i ong c:ic hinh thuc da o tao nghe de nang ty trong, khac phuc tinh trang rent can doi hien nay. K hoach giiio duc dao tao ph?nt trin nguon nhan luc la mot bo phan ciia ke hoach phat trin kinh Ie xa hoi, ph:ii duoc can doi dun bao ciic dieu kieu thuc hien va trin khai dong bo vcii nhieu muc tieu khiic ciia nen kinh t trong ke hoach dai han va hang nan. Cu the, trong ciic chuone tiinh phat trin kinh t (theo nganh hoac theo viing) nhu xoii doi grain ngho, khuyen nong, khuyen Main, phiit trin khoa hoc cong nghe miii nhon can co chuone c trinh gi:to duc dao tao tuone ring nhu mot bo

94

phan cau thanh chiiong trinh tong the vcii dv an dau tu cilc nguon luc hpp ly. Quan diem my cn duoc quiin ti iet ci nioi cap va co Inc donP quyet dinh chat luong nguon nhan luc.

Tom lai, ciic mat phiip sit dung cong cu he hoach va la chinh de khac phuc ton tai hien nay, nang cao chat luong ve mat tri luc la phiit huy vai tro ciia Nha nuic tron u xay dunu k hoach tong the ve ph:it ti ten nguon nhan luc.

3.2.3. Citi tin chinh s:ich d:in tu ph:it trin gi:in due dao tao
De st dune hieu qua dong von diiu In thi viec dau tien can lain la dieu chinh cc cau dau tu cho hpp ly bao gore chi trong not bo chi phi thung

xuyen, dau In xay dung va

hoc, nganh hoc.

tiu chinh cc can viin diu tit theo hu:crng tiing en:Eng trang thit bi phuc vu
giang day hoc ttip. Phin lich thuc trang ci chuong 2 ve cc c u chi thung xuyen cho giiio duc thi chi luong, cac kho:in muc theo luong va chi hoat dong bo rely thung chiem ty trong cao, chi phuc vu hoc tap gifing dxy thap dan ter tinh trang day chay, hoc chay, anh hu6ng chat luong. De khac phuc tinh tran u my, giai doan ter, ph a 'n ta ' ng chi giiio duc thung xuyen cho gifio duc dao tao cm danh cho chi phuc vu mua satu trang thit bi, d dit ng day hoc, tu lieu, such gi ao khoa. c:i ciic cc sci gifio duc pho thong du dat ty Ie

2005
chi cho ciic khoiin muc ngoai luong to thiu th 30%c tri len, ciic cci sci dao tao
dat ty l toi thiu 50% trci ln.

Etiu chinh cc ciiu viin dun tu: xtiy dung cc bdn

phai chiem to th iu 311% tong

95

hien dat hon trang thit bi ging day, hoc lap va nghin ciiu khoa hoc cii a cac cc sci dao tao. Ngoai ra de sir dung co hieu qua nguon von my, neanh gia /o duc dao lao can mm hoan thiu quy hoach mang lucii trung DHCD, THCN va day ngh trinh Chinh ph ii phe duyt de lire ca 'n cii d' au In. Ciic tieu chi v trvci g tron c diem phiii mm duoc ban hanh de xac dinh danh muc tm ng

trong diem dau In nham dat dnac cfc muc tieu de ra trong chien luoc giiio duc dao tao den 2010 Oiii chinh cc cu dau tugin:a cc bc hoc
Phiin bo chi phi giiio duc, dao tao ciic cap nhiing mm Ran day da dien i a theo hui5ng tich cuc vcii ty l ddu tu cho c uao duc pho thong xap xi 70" to rig an s:ich, ph ii hpp vcii thong le quoc Ie" nn duy In tiong gia doan ter [32].

Tuy nhien trong phan bo cc cau chi

hoc can chit trong can doi

nguon luc ho tro trin khai pho c p gi:to duc trung hoc cc sci ci nhiinR vung khu

n ca 'n dieu chinh ta ' ng chi phi cho day np h

96

dau tu va ve chi thung xuyen. Xiic dinh chinh xac chi phi don vi tren dau hoc sinh de lain cc sci dieu chinh d]nh antic chi hien hanh.
- The ch hon guy che ve cfic khoan thu va ski dung c/ ac khoan dong Rop khiic ngoai hoc phi nhu dong gop xay dung trung, phi hoi cha me hoc sinh, bao him va cac khoan dong gop khac ti ong cac cc sci gia / o duc.

Conn khai hot intic thu hoc phi va c/ ac khoan don u uop khiic vao dau mm hoc. Giiim s:it nguon thu va chit dong can doi n cuon luc cho giiio duc
dao tao tit ca / c nguon tron u lap he hoach phii t trin.

3.2.4. C:ii tien chinh s:ich dao tao, bin during va sit dung lao d6ng chuyn mon ky thu:it. Van de siia dot, hoan thien chinh s:ich sit dung, boi

c nhdn

luc

phiit huy to da nang lirc va khii na ' ng cong hien ctia ho cho cong viec co vat tio rat juan trong bii no tic dong truc tiep vao nguon nhan lvc. Nhu da phan tich, thuc tiang sir dung nguon nhan lirc co trinh do chuyn mon ky thuat danp rio coin nhiing vin de nhu: h ieu q ua sir dung thap, ty Ie lao dong da tot nghiep dai hoc, cao dane lam viec trim nganh ngh va that nghiep khii cao, nhat la ci khu vuc thanh thi; ti on u quit trinh sit dung khong quan tain dao tao, boi dufing nang cao d d ap ring yu cau nhiem vu mcii... De tao chuyen bun nut ciich hieu qua co the sit dung nhiin u giai phiip sau: Duo tae vii bcii du:ring dcii ngii can bet chuyn miin kj thuat. Hien nay hau het so c:in bo chuyen mon ky thuat cao, phiit huy tot deu
co tuoi dcii kha ln. So con lai chiem phdn d ong nhunc chua co nhiu kinh

nghiem trong nghien ciiu khoa hoc. Mat khiic su phat trim nhanh chong ciia khoa hoc ky thuat tien the gicii, en chuyn doi sang cc ch thi twine. . . da khin doi nut chuyn nun ky thuat co nhitng hang hut nhat dinh. Tit thuc t

97

cua

cac triicing. . . ca dvoc gun quyet. Trong nhirng giai quyet nhiing rio dun u sau:

in truoc ma 't

Thu iilit , car tien muc tieu dao tao. Day la vin de juan trong nhit, quyet dinh nhiu den chat luong dao tao, no x:ic d|nh san phairi dao tao co dac thu ring vcii nioi trung dai hoc. Tit iiiuc tiu my xay dung noi dung chuong trinh giang day thich hpp, xuyen suot. Ngoai ra, de d:ip nun nhu cau ctia ther vcii thuc tien san xuat, nhu ca 'u xa hoi. Thu tier, doi mcii noi dung chuong trinh giang day. Cac noi dung chuong trinh dao tao ciia c:ic trirno dai hoc deu cm xem xt doi mcii cho phii hop vcii muc tieu dao tao, thich ring vcii kinh Ie thi It-veing va phat trin cua khoa hoc cong nghe. Trong chuong trinh hoc bo sung nhiing hien thtic mcii,

phan hoc inane tinh thuc hanh de khi i a trung co the van dung duoc ngay
kin thuc duoc dao tao. Ngoai ra, co th ky hpp dong dao tao vcii cc sci sit dung nhan luc khoa hoc ky thuat nhairi quip hoc vien gan vcii thuc te, hieu nhu cau cong viec, hien thuc can phai co, tao dieu kin khi ra trung phat huy tot nan u luc, von tri thuc. Giai ph:ip my cung rat co ich trong viec huy dong nguon von ta chinh ho tro cho hoc vien va nha trung trong quit trinh hoc tap, dao tao. Thu la , guy hoach mang lucii timing. Sap xp lai ca / c trirrig dxi hoc theo cac linh vuc khoa hoc phii hpp vcii dieu kien lanh tho. Mat khac, c/ ac cc ' xp lai to
duoc chat luong dao tao. Ciic to chuc my nen chia thanh ba he thong cc bun la he thong giang day va nghin cult khoa hoc, he thong quan ly va dieu hanh, he

98

thong phuc vu gung day. Trong d o da 'c biet cor trong nang cao chat luong he thone giang day va nghin cult khoa hoc vi day quyet dinh chat luone ciia doi tuong dao tao. De khac phuc nguy cc hang hut gung vien q ioi, co chinh s:ich khuyn khich, thu hut sinh vien tot ngh ip gioi ciic tiiting dat hoc, cao dang gia nhap doi ngii quine vien. Dao tao tren dat hoc la rat ca 'n thiet nham ning cao chat luong clan bo chuyn nun ky thuat not chung va chat luone c:in bo giang day not ring. C/ac truiing dai hoc, ciic vien nghin ciiu can mci iong di n d o tao ca bo co trinh do my vcii nhiing phuong thuc dao tao hpp ly. Uu tien gut gi:in o vien dat hoc, cao dang di dao tao, boi diinc ci nuoc ngoai ba 'nc nhiu nguon kinh phi. Tltu tv, dao tao lai, boi d iing ciin bo chuyn mon ky thuat. De c:in bo chuyn mon ky thuat drip iin p nhiem vu cua gin doan mcii, dao tao lai va boi during thung xuyen la yu cau tat yu, rat cap birch cua cong tiic dao tao. Nhun g de dao tao nut ciich hiu qua, ct co quy hoach, chuong trinh, not dung phii hop, to chuc dao tao khoa hoc ring cho nioi loai ciin bo chuyn mon ky thuat v tien hanh law thucing xuyen. Ciic cc sci dao tao co the up dung nhiu hinh thuc dao tao lai nhu tap trung, tai chuc, hoc tit xa. . . phii hop vcii due kin cong tiic ciia hoc vin. Cung nhu ciic noi dun 9 e

ao tao kh:ic, can tilng cung viec ti ao doi tiuc tip eiiia
chuon e ti4nh,

dung dao tao phii hpp voi

thuc Ie. Phnom t hdc my nha ' m quip n pticii hoc co viec law ngay sau khi hoc. Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh da co ni6t so cc sit thuc hien dao tao n ah theo nhu cau cu the ciia doanh nPhiep. Ket qua 99 /c hoc sinh hoc ngh duoc tuyn dung sau tot nghiep, tiiinh duoc lang phi v kinh phi dao tao. Phuong thuc my ca 'n dvoc nil kinh nghiem va nhan iong Met i ong ciic hinh thuc dao tao theo d]a chi, dao tao tar cho cho cfic viing nong thon, mien niii, viing sau. Phuong thuc my gan dao tao vcii sit

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dung, khac phuc tinh trang mat ca doi trong phan bo va sit dung nhan luc da qua dao tao nhu hien nay. Mat kh:ic co the thir nghim phuong tin Nha nucic tuyn va diim bao kinh phi dao tao nhunq hoc sinh phiii tuan theo sv phan cong cua Nh nucic t ion p ther pian nhat dinh thong jua hpp dong lao dong Dieu nay khong chi quip viing kho kha ' n co ciin bo ma con tao cc hoi cho

ngucii ngho duoc dao tao, co viec law.

Viec dao tao lai ciin bo cong chuc co thuan loi la kinh phi duoc can doi lii ngiin such nha nucic ti one chuong tiinh dao tao lai, boi during clan bo cong chuc Nha nucic do Ban to chuc Chinh phii chit tri. Ven c/ac doanh nghiep. Xi

nghiep, theo Luat doanh n uhiep, Nha nucic quy dinh duoc chi mol so khoan
trong doanh thu cho dao tao lai. Van de lfi phai xay dunu duoc noi dung,

chuong trinh va to chuc dao tao phii hpp vcii nhu cau cone viec. Nhieu don vi
hien nay, ngoai to chuc hoc ngoai ngii, khong to chuc duoc c/ ac lip nghiep vu kh:ic vi khong xay dung duoc chuong trinh, noi dung dao tao phii hpp vcii yu cau ciia nPucii hoc.

Sri dung ngucin nhn Inc chuyn mn kj thut

Chinh s?ach quan ly, sit dung lao dong chuyen mon ky thuat anh hung ti uc tiep den dcii song tinh tha ' n, vat chat cua ho, t riic tiep nang cao na ' ng suat lao dong c ua muo nhan Inc. Tuy theo dieu kien cu the, mot so gun phiip sau co the nghin ciiu up dung de phat huy to da n a 'ng luc hiri viec c ua so lao dong my nhu: (i) xay dimg quy hoach sir dung tren pham vi quoc gia va trang nganh, lam cc sci chinh such dao tao boi dun g thich hpp vcii trang doi luong; (i i) clii tien chinh mach, ch do trong vic sir dung nguon co chuyen mon ky thuat da ' c biet doi ngii nhan luc co trinh do cao nh a 'm tao dieu kin va nioi ti vcin c lam viec thu" an lot donq ther vcii ciic ch do d'ai ngo va 't chit d ph / at huy to da chat xiim, nang luc ciia doi ngii my.

g nn tao dieu kien ho tro chit sit dung co the tiin duoc lao ding phii hpp voi yu cau cong viec. Qua do kim ti a viec thuc hien hpp dong lao dong, yu cau ho nop da y dii c:ic kho:in dong gop cho quy bao him dim biro quyen lot n eucii lao dong

De dong vien co hieu qua tinh tich cuc, sung tao ciia ngucii lao dong thi van de quan trong nhit li tao dieu kieu de ngucii lao dong co viec lam vi thu nhap cao. Thuc t cho thay no la yu to tiic done manh nhat den dong cc, th ai Nha nucic phai tao

Hien nay vi nhiu 1y do nn phan lcin nhan luc sau dao tao du muon song hi viec tai thanh pho, th] xa. Chinh vi vay viing sau, viing xa, bun gicii

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h:ii dao thiu nhan lvc co trinh d p o chuyn mon ky thuat mot cach tra ' m trong.

Tuy nhin, viec thu hdt nhan luc da qua dao tao den c/ac viing nong thon, mien
nti i it co chuyn bien m a 'c dii Nha nircic da ban hanh nhiu chinh s:ich khuyn

kh ich. Trucic mat, n nhien cilu nhu chinh sach luan phin co thai han, quyen khi trci ve duoc l ua chon not conn I:ic, uu dai hu6ng ch do dao tao, boi du rig kien thuc de dam b:to kha nang phiit trin ngh nghiep trong tuong lai. Ngoai ra co th xay dung guy ch doi vcii hoc sinh he dai han tap trung trong ciic trunp cong lap ditoc phfi n bo nun sach Nha nuoc ve nghia vu cone tiic, phuc vu theo yeu ca 'u xa hoi trong thai man to thiu la 5 nan. Viec phdn chia ciic u i:ii phii p tren day chi co y nq hia luong doi bcii chiing co nioi quan he qua lai voi nhau. Do vay, thuc hien done bo chac ct:ii ph:ip di la dieu het siic can thit de nang cao chat luon u nguon nhan luc dap ring nhu cau cila su nghiep cong nghiep hoa, h ten dai hoa hien nay.

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KET LUAN

Chain to ph?at ti in con nguii ID su uu viet ciia Viet Nam ti ong nhiu na ' m qua the hien bcii chi so HDI cao hon han so vcii nhiu n iicic co GDP luong duon u. Nhiing nan nan day Nha nuc can u chit trong hon niia ph:it ti in nguon nhan luc do nhan thuc vai tro ht silc dac biet ciia no trong quit trinh conn nghiep hoa, hien dat hoa dat nucic va dia dat nhiu kt qua kha quan d viac ghi nhan diinh gua cao. Mac du
rat han che, da 'c biet ty le lao dong trinh do va ' n hoa cup II, III va co chuyn mon ky thu t i at thiip. Them vao dc, cc cau bac dao tao va su phan bo Piiia cac nPanh, viine kinh t cung rat khong done du, con nhiu bat hop ly. Day la nhiing th? ach thuc li5n cho qu / a trinh ph:it trim, nhat la him nay dang co nhu ca 'u lcin ve lao dong trinh do cao de tiep thu v ring dung khoa hoc cong np h tien tien, tao siic canh tranh cho ne kinh t. Nguyen nh an cjuan trong truc tiep da / n den tinh trane tren la mot so chinh such trong linh vuc y t, giiio duc con khiem khuyet, thieu done bo va khong thich ring kip vcii su bun chuyn ciia nen kinh Ie. Nhiing thuc trang va nguyn nhan duoc chi ia cung vcii thaw khao kinh nghiem cua ciic nuic ti n the gicii cho thay nang cao chat l oong nguon nhan luc la yeu cau bilc thit him nay. Xu:it phat tit quan diem nan R cao chat luong ncuon nh:in luc dong nghia vcii vic ph?n t trien toan dien con ngucii va he thong giiio duc dao tao gin vat In juyt d]nh de thuc hien dieu do, luan va 'n da phan lich va dna ra nut so giai ph ip dinh hung tiong linh vuc y Ie, quo duc. Muc dich cua chac giai phiip my la hoan thien chinh mach hien nay theo hun u doi mcii he thon u y t, gia /o

duc nh a 'm muc tieu cong ba ' n c va hieu qua, nhanh chong tao duoc nguon nhan

luc dip kg nhu cau ciia su nghiep con R nghiep hoa, hien dat hoa dat nucic.
Nghin ciiu chat luong nguon nhan luc la nut doi hoi vita cap birch, viia cc b:in do do can duoc tien hanh thucing xuyen va tren nhiu phuong dien nham phiil huy cao nhat vat tro ciia yu to con ngucii trong su phat trin kinh
t xa hoi.

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