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wpfa,muf MunfhMuonf/ ndKrnf;aeaom rsufESmay:&Sd wif;wdyftuGuf
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16
cifcifxl;
acgif;ay:u a&tdk;BuD;ukd ajrBuD;ay:csum uRefrwkdYtdwfawGukd

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aemufqHk;a&mufcJhonfhtacgufu taMumif;awGukd wzspfawmufawmuf
vkyfaeawmhonf/
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&Sdonf/ armifESrtm;vHk; NrdKUwGifaeMuaomfvnf; rrOuawmh &GmucGm
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a[mif;BuD; uykdudkESifh xbDwkdwkdygatmif 0wfxm;aom rrOyHkpHuawmh
[kdwkef;uESifh wjcm;pD/ tysdKwkef;u ndKndKnufnufuav;ESifhacsmaom
acwfrDaom rrOrSm tckawmh uav;awG b,fESa,muf&aeNyD rSef;awmif
rod/ awmxJu jyefvmwmrkdY acR;wpkdpkd? zkeftvdrf;vdrf; uyfaeaom
rrOxHwGif bmtvStyrSr&Sdawmh/ awmjyefvmjcif;qkdonfrSm &Gmtjyif
v,fuGuf? ajruGufawGxJu tvkyfvkyfjyefvmjcif;ukd ajymjcif;jzpfonf/
uRefrwkdYe,fu v,fuGif;awG[k roHk;bJ ]awm} [kom ac:wwfMuonf/
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quf&ufusovkd atmfMu[pfMu ajymMuqkdMu? vuf0g;awG wjzef;jzef;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
17
cifcifxl;
kdufum tHhMoMuESifh wkd;raygufawmhyg/ &Gmukd0if0ifcsif; uRefr

aqmhupm;&m &GmomanmifyifBuD;atmufokdY a&mufygonf/ aEG&moDrkdY
anmifyifrSm
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tusnf;wefaeaom tukdif;tvufawGukd armhMunfh&if; anmifyif jrpfqHk
BuD;ay:ukd xkdifcsvkdufonf/ anmifjrpfBuD;awGu uRefrwkdY i,fi,f
wkef;utwkdif; ajrBuD;xJu ukef;kef;xaeNrJ/ onfanmifjrpfawGu uRefr
i,fb0 rSwfwkdifygyJ/ ajy;wrf;vkdufwrf;? 'Dxkd;wrf;? {nfhonfvm
tdrfolz,fay;wrf;upm;&m bkwfwkdifygyJ/ anmifyifBuD;uaum uRefrukd
rSwfrdao;&JUvm;/ onf&Gmuav;u xGufcGmoGm;wJh olawGukdaum
cspfcifao;&JUvm;/
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&Smonf/ rvmwmMumvkdY tjypfwifoluwif? raovkdYawGY& arhEkdifygOD;
rvm; qkdoluqkd? yGufyGufnHnHESifhyif &GmxJa&mufvmMuawmh\/ uRefrrSm
awmh anmifjrpfqHkBuD;ay:rSmxkdif&if; i,fb0awGukd tvGrf;o,fcsifao;
aomfvnf; aqGrsdK;awGukd tvGrf;o,fzkdYu &Sdaeao;onfr[kwfvm;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
18
cifcifxl;
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vrf;uae ckepfoHcsD [pfvkdufaom cifyktoHu Nidrfoufaeaom
&Gmuav;ukd vTrf;oGm;awmh\/ qlqlnHnH toHrsm;aMumifh ckwifay:wGif
ikwfwkwf xkdifaeaom BuD;awmfaiGMunfonf ukd,fukd qwfceJrwf
vkdufonf/ olYcrsm rsufpdrjrif&Smawmhyg/ BuD;awmf\ xef;vuf wHpuf
Nrdwfuav;atmuf uRefrwkdY iHkY0ifvkdufawmh ikdoHu qD;BudKaeonf/ rsufpd
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awmf}}
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19
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BuD;awmfu uRefrukd prf;Munfh&if; wtHhwMoqkd&Smonf/ NyD;awmhrS

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awmh\/ 'guvnf; uRefrwkdY&Gm\ xHk;pHvkdjzpfonf/ wpfa,mufikdvQif
tukefvkdufikdwwfMuolawG/ tvSLtwef;&Sd qkdif;t0if ajAmpkdufonfESifh
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wcsdKUusawmh ukd,fha&SUrsm ukd,fhaqGukd,fhrsdK; rsuf&nfuswmjrif oem;NyD;
vkdufikdjcif;jzpfonf/
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... ajr;awGjyef&ifjzifhawmf ... xrif;awmifrpm;awmhbl; ... a[m[kd ukwif
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ovkd emusifaeawmh\/ txl;ojzifh uRefrcspfaom ]tb} emrnf ygvm
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
21
cifcifxl;
[kdwkef;wpfcsdefu uRefrwkdY&GmjyefvQif tbwkdY tarBuD;wkdYu &Sdae

onf/ tarhrdbESpfyg;jzpfaom bBuD;uHomESifh tarBuD;r,foefYwkdYu NrdKUrS
aEGausmif;ydwf&uf jyefjyefvmwwfaom uRefrwkdY ajr;ikwfpd uav;awGukd
odyfcspfonf/ aEGausmif;ydwfonfESifh tarwkdYu t0wftpm; vG,ftdwf
wpfvHk;pDESifh uRefrwkdYukd &GmjyefykdYwwfonf/ &GmjyefykdYonfqkdwmu uRefr
wkdYukd oabFmay: wifay;vkdufjcif;omjzpfonf/ &GmrSmu tbwkdY tarBuD;
wkdYESifhwuG wpf&GmvHk;u aqGrsdK;rsm;&Sdonf/ uRefr\ rdb ESpfyg;pvHk;u
O',&Gmol &Gmom; ZpfjrpfawGrkdY wpf&GmvHk; aqGrsdK;qkdwm vufSdK;xkd;rvGJ/
onfawmh ausmif;ydwfonfESifh uRefrwkdY armifESr wpfawGukd rxdef;Ekdif
rodrf;Ekdif jzpfonfuwpfaMumif;? tbESifhtarBuD;u arQmfMuonfu
wpfaMumif;rkdY &Gmukd ESpfpOf usifh0wfwpfckvkd uRefrwkdYukd jyefykdYxm;
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tarBuD;r,foefYukdawmh uRefr aumif;aumif;rDvkdufkHom&Sdonf/
uRefrSpfESpforD;avmufu tarBuD;qHk;onf/ uRefri,fi,f ausmif;raerD
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
22
cifcifxl;
ntdyfnOfYae wuefwu wpf&Gmhwpf&GmoGm;NyD; MunfhMu& wmukd vnf;

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b,f&Gmqkdwmukdawmh uRefraumif;aumif;rrSwfrdyg/ teD;tem;&Gmu tNidrfh
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okwf awmif;rnf;rnf;uav; tNrJygwwfonf/ awmif;xJrSmawmh
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vufwkdYawmhrS tarBuD;u tikdwdwfonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
23
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tavSmfryg wpfa,mufwnf; oGm;Muwm rsm;onf/ &Gmckd;a&mufawmh
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
24
cifcifxl;
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awmh tvGrf;ukd vIyfqGay;vkdufovkdjzpfNyD; tarBuD; ikdwmyJjzpfonf/
aus;vufjrefrmtrsdK;orD;BuD;wpfa,muf\ cHpm;rIu El;nHhvGef;vSonf/
uRefrwkdYwpfawGyif tarBuD;\ cHpm;wwfrIpdwfaZmukd rrDao;yg/ ebl;
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aemuftawGYtBuHKwpfckuawmh &GmrSmvmuonfh ZmwfyGJwpfyGJrSm
jzpfonf/ xHk;pHtwkdif; tarBuD;aemuf wpfaumufaumufvkduf&if; uRefru
awmh uav;yDyD qkdif;oHAHkoHawGMum;rSm tdyfaysmfaecJhonf/ wpfa&;Ekd;awmh
aemufydkif;Zmwfxkyfcif;aeNyD/ tylwkdufcef;a&mufaeNyD/ Zmwfxkyfukdawmh
uRefr rrSwfrdyg/ rif;orD;uav;ukd wkdif;awmfjynfawmfu ESifaeonfh
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ab;u "m;Muyf0efu (tarBuD;uawmh wpfusyf0efwJh) Zmwfremematmif
rif;orD;ukd ESdyfpufaeonf/ rif;orD;u ikdvkduf? "m;Muyf0efu "m;ESifh
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25
cifcifxl;
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toHawGqlnHaeonf/ tarBuD;u olYaMu;zvm; 0if;0if;BuD;ukd aumuf,l
wJhNyD; ajymif;zl;zufvdyfBuD; waxmif;axmif;zGm&if;u tvkyfwpfck NyD;pD;
atmifjrifvm[efrsdK;jzifh AspfawmufAspfawmuf vkyfaeonf/
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26
cifcifxl;
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awmifeHBuD;uwkd;eHYawG vIdifaewwfaom tbGm;tkdeHYukd uRefr &aewwf
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&SdMuygonf/
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aygifawmf ... w&m;oGm;awGuvnf; ygcsufawmhf .../ usKyfjzifh ukefcsif
oavmuf ukefprf;[JhqkdwJhNyD; tdrfu yJwpfykwfvHk; a&mif;wJhNyD; NrdKUvkduf
oGm;om ... oGm;&usdK;eyfua&myJ/ bmwJh ESpfyg;oGm;rSm qkdoGm;o,fh oDcsif;}}
tarBuD;u acsmif;uav; wpfcsuf[efYNyD; vnfacsmif; &Sif;vkduf
ao;onf/ NyD;awmh olYvufuav; wpfbufukd vufzspfwD;um pnf;vkyfNyD;
vufwpfbufu aygifukdykwfum 0g;wD;onf/
]]bHk"rwmrSm BuHK&avorQ ___ umrpdwfwGif w&m;eJYawGYMuawmh

ig;q,fhav;urmyif ___ a[m'DavmuDwpfcGif awGYjrif BuHKNrJ qHkNrJ
"rwmyif ___ ork',qkdwJh oHa,mZf EG,fBudK;NidwJhvif ___
cspfMuifemarwm vGefuJvGefuJ ___ vGJraoGaygif apwemxm;vkdY olrsm;
wumawGxuf tqawG odef;oef; ___ uka#uk#m ykdvkdufygwJh vif}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
27
cifcifxl;
tarBuD;u toHaetoHxm;ESifh pDumywfuHk; ausmhumausmhum qkdjy

cJhyHkukd uRefr rSwfrdaeao;onf/ avuawmh rrD/ tarBuD; a':pdefaomh
uvnf; zkd;pdefBuD;oDcsif;ukd tarBuD;&aeonfukd oHo,&SdyHkay:onf/
tm;usrcH jyefar;onf/
]]aeprf;ygOD; &Sifr,foefY&JU ... nnf; tJonfpmawG b,fu&omwHk;}}
tarBuD;aomh\ tar;aMumifh tarBuD;u rcHcsifonfhyHkrsdK;ESifh ukd,fukd
qefYwJhNyD; aigufceJ x&yfvkdufonf/
]]nnf;u usKyfukd r,HkvkdYar;omvm; &Sifpdefaomh&JU ... jy&OD;rawmfh}}
tarBuD;u tdrfcef;xJ0ifoGm;wJhNyD; olYxef;acgufzmBuD;ukd arTygawmh
onf/ cPaeawmh 0gusifusifpm&Gufuav;ukdukdifum xbD pGefawmifqGJ
ESifh xGufvmonf/ tarBuD;u pm&Guf0guav;ukd jzefYjywJhNyD; vuf0g;jzifh
jzef;ceJ kdufcsvdkufonf/
]]a[monfrawmfh zkd;pdefBuD;oDcsif;pm ... jrif;jcHu usKyfwkdY yJoGif;aeus
yGJpm;BuD;ukdjrarmifukd odo,frIwfvm; a[mom olYr,m; ausmif;q&mr
rwif&Dukd,fwkdif usKyfukd a&;ay;vkdufo,fhpm ... olkdYu zkd;pdefBuD;eJY
tifrwefcifom ... jrif;jcHa&muf&if zkd;pdefBuD;&JU pm;tdrfaomuftdrfayghawmfh}}
tarBuD;qHk;awmh vufa&;0kdif;0kdif;uav;rsm; pD&&D a&;xm;aom
oDcsif;pm&Gufuav;awG trsm;BuD; xGufvmonf/ tarBuD;\ oDcsif;
pm&Gufuav;rsm;ukd tbu qufNyD;odrf;qnf;xm;&Smygao;onf/ uRefr
wkdYvufxufrSmawmh tarBuD;\ usefaumif;usef&mypnf;qkd oHk;aeus
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
28
cifcifxl;
aq;vdyfcHaMu;zvm;BuD;om usefygawmhonf/ 'gu uRefrrSwfrdorQ

tarBuD;r,foefY\taMumif; jzpfygonf/ vlyHku at;aomfvnf; pdwfxJ
rxifvQif rxifovkd ykd;ceJ yufceJ ajymwwfvkyfwwfaom tarBuD;ukd
uRefr atmufarhrdonf/ yGJtvGefBudKufaom tarBuD;ukd ,ckacwf kyf&Sif?
AD'D,kdZmwfvrf;awG wpfum;NyD;wpfum; jyMunfhcsifrdonf/ rw&m;wJh
jyuGufawGukdjrifvQif [kdwkef;uvkdyJ ZmwfcHkay:wufNyD; ZwfZwfBuJypf
aeavOD;rvm;/ tarBuD;ukd uRefrvGrf;onf/
]]tpfrMunf ... nnf;orD;awGaum}}
taru txkyfawGukd ae&mcs&if;ar;onf/ &Gmu aqGrsdK;awGukd
vufaqmifay;zkdY 0,fvmonfh OD;umu vufzufajcmufxkyfBuD;ukd a&SUrSmcs
xm;vkdufonf/ taruar;awmh BuD;awmfu [kwfqkd tikdukd&yfypfvkduf
onf/ tusvufarmif;puav; ajrmuf,lNyD; rsuf&nfokwfonf/
]]obufcg wkdYtuGuf ajryJEkwfrSmav ... tJom yJEkwforawGauR;zkdY
rkefYuRJonf;vkyfrSmath ... &Sifrdxkdufaum &Sifcifrmaum ESpfa,mufpvHk;
awmif&yfukd aumufSif;armif;axmif;oGm;Muav&JU ... Mumvkdufomawmf ...
{nfhonfawGvmumrS wuwnf;}}
&GmrSmu rdef;uav;rsm;\trnfukd a&SUu ]&Sif} wyf ac:wwf
Muonf/ BuD;awmfonf tvGrf;"mwfuae pdwfwkdonfhbuf ajymif;oGm;
jyefonf/ rsuf&nfwprf;prf;ESifh Nidrfoufaeaom uRefrwkdY aqGrsdK;awG
onfawmhrS wpfjyef jyef vIyfGvmawmh\/ olYxufig pum;awG
tvkt,uf ajymvkdufMuonfrSm wkd;rayguf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
29
cifcifxl;
&ufom; rNyK&SmbJ rattkdBuD;ESifh rcGJrcGmaeoljzpfonf/ cifrmvGifuawmh

uRefrxuf ESpfESpfcefY i,fonfqkdjim;vnf; uRefrqkd;wm? tEkdifusifhwm
tckxd onf;cHaeqJyif/ cifrmvGifu uRefrwkdY&Gmta&SU Munf;awmwef;&Gmu
armifoef;pkd;ESifh tdrfaxmifusNyD; uav;ESpfa,muf &aeNyD/ yxrom;OD;
orD;uav;\ emrnfrSnfhyHkukd uRefrajymcsifygonf/
uRefrwkdY&Gm&yfu emrnfrSnfhac:zkdYtwGuf axGaxG&m&m pOf;pm;ae
Muonfr[kwfyg/ vG,fovkd us&mac:Mu&if; trnfwGif oGm;wwfMuonf/
tom;rnf;aevQif ieuf? rJwl pojzifhvnf;aumif;? rsufvHk;jyL;jyL;
rsufqHNyJNyJqkdvQif ijyL;? jyL;aMumif pojzifhvnf;aumif; ac:vkdufMu
onfom/ okdYaomf b,folup tqef;xGifvkdufonf rod&aom rath&Gm
emrnfESifh zath&Gmemrnf aygif;pyfrSnfhac:jcif; enf;opfwpf&yf ay:vm
cJhonfrSm MumNyDjzpfonf/ uefawmfom;ESifh &Gmopfol tdrfaxmif usNyD;
arG;aom om;OD;uav;trnfrSm armifuHopf (tckawmh OD;uHopf jzpfaeNyD)?
Munf&Gmom;ESifh *ifh*JolrS armifMunf*J (OD;MunfcJ)? Zvyfukef;om;ESifh
&EykdolrS armifykdvyf (ukdbkdvwf) pojzifh trnf wGifaeMuonf/ rsm;aom
tm;jzifh om;OD;uav;awGukd rSnfhac:Muonf/ tck cifrmvGihf orD;
uav;rSm qif;*Gwf&Gmom;ESifh O',&GmolrS arG;zGm; aomaMumifh qif;qif;O
(qifhqifhOD;) [k trnf ay;xm;ygonf/ olwkdY rdom;pkuvnf; BuD;awmf
wkdYESifh twlaeMuonf/
BuD;awmfwkdYrSm ajr,mrsm;&Sdojzifh olwkdYwpfawGtm;vHk; awmifolawG
jzpfaeMu&onf/ aeavmifxm;aom tom;t&nf ndKMurf;Murf;BuD;awGESifh
acR;awGpkdaeaom qHyifIyfyGyGBuD;awGaMumifh t&G,fawmfrdef;rBuD;awGvkd
jzpfaeMuonf/ uRefrrSwfrdoavmuf rrxkdufuawmh wpfoufvkH; awm
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
31
cifcifxl;
tvkyfjzifh NyD;&&Smol? cifrmvGifuawmh uRefrwkdYESifh NrdKUrSm vmaevkduf

ao;onf/ &GmrSmtdrfaxmifusawmhrS awmolrBuD;vHk;vHk; jzpf&awmh\/
pum;awGtus,fBuD;ajymvdkuf? rsuf&nfusvkdufESifh tvGrf;o,fvkdufMu
yHkuvnf; BuD;awmforD; yDoMuygayonf/
]]uJygat ... pum;aemufrSajymMuomaygh ... nnf;a':a':wkdY xrif;
qmvmMua&mhr,f ... csufMujyKwfMuOD;[Jh}}
BuD;awmfu pum;jzwfvkdufawmhrS aqGrsdK;wpfokduf vlpkuGJoGm;awmh
onf/ taru tdrfacgif;&if; cef;vHk;jynfhcif;xm;aom tb\ uRef;ckwif
BuD;ay: vSJumem;onf/ uRefruawmh jcH0if;xJ vSnfhywfMunfhzkdY xGufvmcJh
onf/ uRefrwkdYjcH0if;u bHkqkdifvkdYawmif ajymvkdY&onf/ uRefrrSwfrd
oavmuf? aqGrsdK;pyfwwfoavmuf onfjcH0if;BuD;xJrSm aexkdifcJhMuonfh
aqGtiftm; rsdK;tiftm;u rao;vSyg/ uRefrwkdYtbkd; bkd;omxefESifh tbGm;
r,fvSat;wkdYu aygufzGm;vmaom nDtpfukdarmifESrwpfawG onfjcH0if;xJ
rSmyJ tdrfwpfvHk;pD aqmufaecJhMuonf/ uRefrrDvkdufwmu uRefrtb
bkd;uHomESifh tb\ESr&if; tarBuD;Nidrf;/ tbuarG;onfh tar?
tarBuD;Nidrf;uarG;onfh BuD;awmfwkdY wpf0if;wnf; wpfjcHwnf; twlaecJh
MuwmyJjzpfonf/ taru wpf&Gmwnf;om;tazESifh tdrfaxmifjyKNyD; tazh
bufutarG tnmqefavSBuD;ESifh {&m0wDjrpfjyifrSm pkefcsnfqefcsnf
ukefa&mif;ukef0,fvkyf&if;
jrif;jcHNrdKUay:rSm
tajcwnfvkdufMuonf/
aemufawmhrS rEav;ukda&mufonf/ onfawmh &GmrSm tbESifhtarBuD;wkdYu
wpftdrf? BuD;awmfwkdYu wpftdrf 0if;BuD;wpf0if;xJ twlae twlpm;vm
cJhMuonfrSm uRefrwkdY t&G,fa&mufonfhtxd/ NrdKUrSmaeonfqkdaomfvnf;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
32
cifcifxl;
uRefru &GmrSmtaersm;olrkdY onf0if;onfjcHBuD;u uRefr\ i,foli,fcsif;

BuD;[k ajymvQifawmif &rnfxifygonf/
jcH0if;BuD;uvnf; enf;enf;aemaemr[kwf/ av;axmifhpyfpyfESifh
ESpf{ueD;yg;avmufus,fonf/ jcHxJrSm o&ufyif? ydEJyif? refusnf;yif
ponfh tyifBuD;rsm;ESifh tkyfqkdif;a0qmaeonf/ iSufaysmyif? rmvumyif?
tkef;yif? a&SmufcsdKyif? MoZmyif ponfh oD;yifpm;yifrsm;/ NyD;awmh
,if;rmyif? yk@&dufyif? yef;tdyif? pHy,fyif ponfhyef;yifrsm;/ {&m0wD
jrpfa& 0ifwwfonfh a&0ift&yfrkdY uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;u tNrJwrf; opf&dyf
0g;&dyfrsm;ESifh pdrf;pkdrIdif;ndKU aewwfygonf/ uRefri,fi,fu jcHxJu
rmvumyifay:wufNyD; rmvumoD;cl;&if; vdrfhuscJhzl;wmukd rSwfrdae
ygao;onf/ tjrifhu rqkdpavmufom jrifhaomfvnf; tusrawmfojzifh
tJonfESpfu wpfaEGvHk; uRefr &GmrSm rupm;cJh&yg/ rmvumoD;u
jrifaeus vkH;vkHk;0kdif;0kdif;rsdK;r[kwfbJ bl;cg;oD;BuD;vkd &Snf&SnfarsmarsmBuD;
jzpfonf/ toD;u qwfyGyGjzifh yef;oD;t&omvkd tvGefcsdKygonf/ tckawmh
tJonf rmvumyifBuD; r&SdawmhNyD/ rmvumyifae&mrSm ajymif;&kd;pOf;puf
&SdaeNyD/ EGm;pmtwGuf jrufpOf;puftjzpf ae&m,lxm;vkdufygNyD/
rmvumyifrS r[kwfyg/ uRefrodyfBudKufaom oabFm MoZmyifBuD;
vnf; r&Sdawmh/ oabFmMoZmyif qkdonfrSm kd;kd;MoZmoD;vkd taphvkduf
tajrmif;vkduf toD;rsdK;r[kwfbJ twGif;om;u axmywfoD;vdk rTwf
teHYu arT;tDaeonf/ oabFmMoZmoD; rSnfhaeNyDqkdvQif wpfjcHvHk; teYHawG
BudKifavSmufaeawmhonf/ tbu uRefrwkdY &Gmjyef&ufa&mufvQif pm;zkdY
MoZmoD;BuD;awGukd aus;pmiSufpmu vGwfatmif jcif;Mum;uav;rsm;
&ufum pGyfxm;wwfygonf/ jcif;Mum;uav;awGukd tbukd,fwkdif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
33
cifcifxl;
0g;ESD;rsm;ukd oifzsifNyD; &ufvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ uRefrwkdY &Gma&mufvQif

wpfyifvHk; ya'omyif oD;aeaom jcif;Mum;pGyf MoZmoD;BuD;awGukd
awGY&wwfygonf/ MoZmoD; rSnfhrSnfhaysmfaysmfBuD;awGukd ZGef;jzifhjcpf
oMum;ESifhacgufum pm;&aom t&omukd uRefrESpfoufrSef;odojzifh
wpfvHk;rS taysmufrcHyg/ olYpdwfxJ aysmufonfxifvQif qlvkdYyGufvkdY
rqHk;awmhyg/ jcH0if;xJrSm twlaeMuonfh MuD;awmf\ om;orD;rsm;rSm
tqltajymcHMu&awmhonf/
MoZmyifBuD;ESifhqufvsuf yk@&dufyifwef;uvnf; [kdwkef;uvkd
rvSawmhyg/ t&GufawG usdK;wkd;usJwJESifh ukdif;awG xkd;xkd;axmifaxmifESifh
npfpkwfpkwfEkdifvGef;vSonf/
[kdwkef;uawmh
yk@&dufwef;uav;ukd
vSrf;MunfhvkdufvQif pdrf;pkdpkd t&Gufrmrmuav;rsm;Bum;wGif teDwpfuefY?
t0gwpfoG,f a0a0qmqm yGifhaewwfonfh yk@&dufyGifhuav;awGukd
uRefrrsufpdxJ jrifa,mifvmrdygonf/ yk@&dufwef;ESifh vrf;oG,fuav;
jcm;xm;aom [kdrSmbufwGif qefuGJyef; qGwfqGwfjzLuav;awGESifh
yef;Eka&mifuav;awGqDu teYHwoif;oif;ukdvnf; uRefr vGrf;rdygonf/
aemuf tqkyfvkduftcJvkduf yGifhwwfMuonfh yef;tdyifuav;awGuvnf;
a&mifpHk&Sdonf/ c&rf;jym? r&rf;&ifh? teDaysmhaysmh? yef;Eka&mifaoG;?
EkdYpdrf;tjzL/ uRefrrsufpdxJwGif tjrJwrf;pGJrufaecJhrdonfh yef;yifuav;awG
r&Sdawmhyg/ a&mifpHktyGifhuav;awGukd uRefrjrifcGifhr&SdawmhNyD/ NyD;awmh
tdrfacgif;&if;u pHy,f&kHBuD;/ BuD;vGef;ojzifh pifcHxm;&aom pHy,fpifBuD;
ay: yGifhaeaom pHy,f? Muufkef;yGifhawGukd uRefrwkdY uav;wkef;u
avSum;axmifumyif wufcl;cJh&ao;onf/ wpfcgcl;vQif pHy,fyGifhawGu
jynfawmif;BuD;ESifh ESpfvHk;oHk;vHk; &wwfonf/ wpf&GmvHk;u tysdKawG
yefvkdYqifvkdY rEkdifcJh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
34
cifcifxl;
jcHajrmufbufpnf;kd;ajcrSm uyfaygufaeaom ,if;rmyifBuD;ukdawmh

uRefrvSrf;jrifae&onf/ ,if;rmyifBuD;vnf; tkd&SmNyD/ awmfovif;
oDwif;uRwfvrsm;wGif pdrf;a&Ta&T teYHoif;oif;uav;u uRefrwkdYwpfjcHvkH;
arT;MuLaewwfonf/ tckaum ,if;rmyef;awG yGifhao;&JUvm;/ zkxpf&GwfwG
aeaom ,if;rmyifpnftkdBuD;uawmh i,fi,fu olYtay: ukwfuyf
wG,fwufcJhzl;aom uRefrukd ai;ai;&D&D vSrf;Munfhaeavonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
35
cifcifxl;
(3)
jcHtaemufbuf tjcrf;rSmawmh iSufaysmyifawG tkyftkyfqkdif;qkdif; awGY&
onf/ &SnfjyefYaomiSufaysmvufwHrsm;Mum;rS iSufaysmckdifrsm;ESifh wcsdKU
tyifrsm;wGif iSufaysmzl; eDeD&J&JawGukd BudKMum;BudKMum; jrifae&onf/
iSufaysmzl;ukdjyKwfNyD; ajryJESihfokyfpm;&onfht&omESifh iSufaysmzl;ukd tcsOf
wnfNyD;rS okyfpm;&onfht&om ESpfrsdK;pvHk;ukd uRefrBudKufonf/ &Gmu
rjyefcif uRefr iSufaysmzl;okyfpm;&OD;rnf/ iSufaysmawm\ ajrmufbufrSm
awmh qDqHkukef;BuD;&Sdonf/ ckdifckdifNrJNrJ xkd;xm;aom xef;vufwJjyefYBuD;
awmh r&Sdawmhyg/ xkdwJBuD;atmufwGif &Sdaewwfaom qDawG0aeonfh
opfom;BudwfqHkBuD;vnf;
b,fqDa&mufoGm;NyDrod/
[kdwkef;uawmh
onfqDqkHukef;ay:rSm uRefrwkdY qDqHk wpfaeukefwpfaecef; pD;cJhMuonf/
EGm;wpfaumifjzifh vSnfhumywfumqGJNyD; qDBudwf&aomacwf ukefoGm;cJhNyD
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
36
cifcifxl;
vm;/ qDqHkab;wef;ay:rSm wifyg;vTJxkdif&if; BudwfqHkxJu aMurGoGm;aom

ajryJpdrf;tqHuGJawGESifh xef;vsufcJ ukdufpm;cJh&aom uav;b0 trSwfw&
rsm;ukd uRefrvkdufNyD; qkyfzrf;awG;awmaerdonf/ BudwfqHk cg;aygufrS
a0gceJa0gceJ oGefusvmwwfonfh ajryJqDarT; ylylaEG;aEG;awGukd vufzufxJ
qrf;vkd qrf;Mu? rkefYaygif;ylylBuD;ay: okwfvkdokwfMuESifh wu,fhukd qDukd
a&csdK;cJhMu&onfhES,fyif/
qDqHkukef;rkdYrkdY t&muav;ukd vGefNyD;MunfhvkdufvQif tazwkdY\
jcH0dkif;t&mukd vSrf;jrif&ygonf/ pnf;kd;&,f owfowfrSwfrSwf r&SdbJ
OEJyifBuD;ESifh uifyGef;csHKtkyftkyfBuD;om jcm;xm;aom tazESifh tarwkdY\
jcHeD;csif;zl;pmukd uRefr owd&vkdufrdygonf/ tazu wpfOD;wnf;aomom;
jzpfovkd rdbESpfyg;u awmifolv,fvkyf "m;rckwfb0awG r[kwfMuyg/
tnmqefavSBuD;ukd ykdifqkdifcJhaom avSolBuD;rdbESpfyg;rS qif;oufvmaom
tazhukd ukefonfrsdK;kd;[k owfrSwf&rnfxifygonf/ tazu tarhxuf
q,fESpfavmufBuD;onf/ olwkdYcsif; cspfBudKufMu r[kwfbJ acwftcg
or, raumif;aomaMumifh vlBuD;rdbrsm;u oabmwl ay;pm;cJhMujcif;[k
taru ajymjywwfygonf/
]]nnf;tazeJYig tdrfaxmifusawmh ightouf q,fh&SpfESpfawmif rjynfh
ao;bl; ... ighta':av;awGu ay;pm;Muom ... a':ESif;wkdY a':pdefwkdYu
ayghat ... &GmrSmu awmfMum &Jabmfu0ifvmvkduf ... awmfMum uGefjrLepfu
0ifvmvkdufeJYqkdawmh ... pkd;&drfNyD; ay;pm;Muom ... r*FvmaqmifwJhaeYu
igu&SufvkdY tdrfrSmraebl; ... Munf&GmbufoGm;aeom ... nnf;taz
uvnf; bkef;BuD;ausmif; oGm;ykef;aeom .../ vlBuD;awG olY[mol auR;arG;
{nfhcHNyD; aqmifMuomyJ}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
37
cifcifxl;
tazh0kdif;xJrSmawmh bmtaqmuftOD;rS r&Sdyg/ wpf0kdif;vHk;tjynfh

refusnf;yifawG aygufaeonf/ tyifoHk;q,favmufyif &Sdrnfxif\/
olYobm0ESifhol tavhusayguf&mu BuD;jyif;aeMujcif;jzpfonf/ ESpfjcHMum;
u uifyGef;csHKBuD;uvnf; uRefri,fi,fuwnf;u tcktcsdeftxd toD;awG
cJaeatmifoD;onf/ wpfESpfwpfESpf uifyGef;oD;ajcmufukdu wif;awmif;ESifh
ckepfawmif; &Spfawmif;&wwfonf/ uifyGef;&GufnGefY awGuawmh ESpfayguf
atmif pm;&onf/ tazh0kdif;bufukd ul;csifao;aomfvnf; tcsdefMumrnf
pkd;ojzifh uRefr jyefvSnfhvmcJhonf/
tbpkdufcJhysdK;cJhaom
o&ufyifawGuawmh
uRefrwkdYwpfjcHvHk;
[kdwpfyif? onfwpfyifESifh/ trsdK;uvnf; abmufaomufyif/ bJo&uf?
oHk;vHk;wpfawmif? qifpG,foD;? b*Fvm;oD;? raemfEG,f pojzifh o&ufrsdK;pHk
onf/ wcsdKUvnf; aoukefMuNyD/ tdrfacgif;&if;rS refusnf;yif ikwfBuD;ukd
jrifawmh tbukd ykdNyD;owd&rdonf/ onfrefusnf;yifBuD;u uRefrwkdY
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38
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39
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40
cifcifxl;
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41
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42
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44
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46
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uRefru aTref;wifarmif\om; rif;om;0if;Akdvf\ uufqwfacGZmwfxkyf
]wHcg;rSL;'w} tacGxJrS oDcsif;wpfyk'fukd qkdNyD; uonf/
]]armif&,f ___ armif&,f ___ 'Dpdefem;uyfuao;w,f BuD;BuD;

0,fay;uG,f ___ (ay;yghr,f usKyfESr&,fAs) ___ Budwfvkdufprf; 'grS
ighvif ___}}
]]armif&,f ___ armif&,f ___ xbDtusenf;w,f rsm;rsm;
0,fay;uG,f ___ (ay;yghr,f usKyfESr&,fAs) ___ Budwfvkdufprf; 'grS
ighvif ___}}
tb\ ykqkd;BuD;ukd t&Snfvkduf cg;wGifywfNyD; rif;orD;jyefYxbD
vkyfum cwfcwf uaeaom uRefrukd ab;rS vufckyf0kdif;wD;ay;Mu\/
uRefruvnf; em;rSMum;zl;xm;aom onfoDcsif;ukd txyfxyfausmhonf/
uRefrtu rqHk;ao;cifrSmyif tbu 0g;jcrf;jym;BuD;ukdif tdrfxJrS
xGufvmygonf/
]][Jhaumifrav; ... onfoDcsif;rqkdeJY/ 'g rdef;uav;qkd&o,fhoDcsif;
r[kwfbl; ... aemufwpfcg qkdoHMum;&if tbkdufr,f ... awGYvm;wkwf}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
47
cifcifxl;
uRefrukd vufjzifhyifr&G,fzl;aom tbu kdufrnfqkdojzifh uRefr

aemifwGif onfoDcsif;qkd ru&Jawmhyg/ tck jyefawG;MunfhawmhrS tb
bmaMumifh uRefrukd [efYwm;aMumif; oabmaygufum &,fcsifrd\/
tuawG tckefawG &kd;oGm;jyefvQif uRefrwkdY aemufxyfupm;aomenf;rSm
yHkajymwrf;upm;enf;jzpfygonf/ ukd,fod? ukd,fMum;zl;xm;aom yHkjyifawG?
taMumif;t&mawGukd wpfvSnfhpDajymMuonf/ uRefruawmh NrdKUrSm
zwfvmcJhaom umwGef;Zmwfvrf;rsm;? yHkjyifpmtkyfrsm;ukd ajymwmrsm;onf/
wpfcgwpf&H pmtkyfxJu Zmwfvrf;awG ukefoGm;vQifawmh uRefrbmom
pdwful;wnfh&m Zmwfvrf;qif MuHzefajymwwfao;\/
]]eDeD&,f jzLjzL&,f 0g0g&,f nDtpfroHk;a,mufZmwfvrf; igajymjyr,f
aemf ... olwkdYnDtpfroHk;a,mufu wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf odyfcspfMuwmyJ
wJh/ eDeDu ig;wef;? jzLjzLu oHk;wef;? 0g0gu wpfwef; ausmif;wufaeMu
wmaygh[m ... eDeDu tBuD;ayr,fh ti,fESpfa,mufukd odyfAkdvfusowJh ...
wpfaeYawmh olwkdYtdrf tjyefvrf;rSm acG;qkd;BuD;wpfaumifeJY awGYygava&m
... awGYawmh eDeDu ti,fESpfa,mufukd a&SUuae umNyD; t&yfckdif;xm;
owJhav ... ukdufcsif;ukduf&if jzLjzLeJY0g0gukdyJ ukdufyapaygh[m ... 'gayrJh
acG;MuD;u aemufuaeywfNyD; 0kef;qkd eDeDajcovHk; 0ifcJygava&m...}}
uRefr\ZmwfaumifawGonf
uRefrbmom
zefwD;xm;ojzifh
pdwfwdkif;us arTaESmufajymaevkdufonfrSm rqHk;awmh/ wpfnvnf;rNyD;?
ESpfnvnf;rNyD;/ wpfcgwpf&H wpfaEGvHk; Zmwfvrf;quf oGm;wwfonf/
onfhxuf ZmwfarsmoGm;&ifawmh uRefrZmwfvrf;u aemufESpf aEG&moD
ausmif;ydwf&uftxd ul;pufum ESpfquf0wK&Snf jzpfoGm;awmh\/
tcktcsdefwGif uRefr0wKa&;wkdif; uRefri,fi,fu Zmwfvrf;qifyHkawGukd
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
48
cifcifxl;
jyefawG;&if; ukd,fhukdukd,f Budwfauseyfaerd\/ vomom&Gmuav;\

&ifcGifxJwGif uRefri,fi,fuwnf;u 0wKa&;cJhzl;onfaum/
wcsdKUnrsm;wGif uRefrwkdY tdrfwvif;rSmr[kwfbJ bkd;ckdif (OD;ckdifNrJ)
BuD;\ tdrfa&SUuGyfyspfpum;0kdif; oGm; bkd;ckdif\ uav;yHkjyifrsm;ukd
em;axmifcJhMuonf/ wcsdKUnrsm;wGif BuHK&mus&mtdrfwGif upm;&if;jzifh
tdyfaysmfoGm;wwfonfvnf;&Sd\/ ntdyf&m0ifcsdefxd jyefrvmaom ajr;rsm;
ukd tbu &SmyHkawmfzGifh&awmh\/
]]a[;... ighajr;awG b,ftdrfrSm toHMum;owHk; a[;}}
nukdxkd;azmufum us,fus,favmifavmif [pfvkdufvQif Mum;&mvlu
]]bBuD;uHajr;awG ... rpdefwifhwkdYacsmifrSmAsdKU ...}} [k jyefatmfwwf
onf/ tbu ajr;awGtdyfaysmfae&mukdvkdufvmNyD; wpfa,mufcsif; ayGYac:&
awmh\/ wpf&GmvHk;u aqGrsdK;awGrkdY pdwfrcsp&m r&Sdovkd uRefrwkdYukdvnf;
cspfMuonfr[kwfvm;/
oHk;vausmfav;veD;yg; aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&uf&SnfBuD; wpfavQmuf
vHk; ajr;rsm;ESifh aysmfaewwfaom tbonf ausmif;zGifhumeD; NrdKUrS
tazwkdY tarwkdY vkdufvmvQif rsufpdrsufESmysufaeawmhonf/ uRefrwkdY
jyefumeD;av tb&ifuGJav jzpf&onf/ uRefrwkdYjyefvQif BuD;awmf\om;
ukdBuD;wifacG;ESifh armifaygufwkdYu oabFmqdyfukd vSnf;jzifhvkdufykdYonf/
vSnf;&HwkdifukdukdifNyD; uRefrwkdYukd EIwfquf&if; BuD;awmfup ikdvdkufvQif
tm;vHk;uvkdufNyD; rsuf&nfusMuawmhonf/ tbuawmh rmefukd wif;xm;
vkdufonfrSm ar;dk;BuD;awG axmifaxmifxvkdY/ uRefrwkdYukd &GmtxGuf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
49
cifcifxl;
vrf;uav;twkdif; vSnf;aemufu vkdufEkdiforQ vkdufykdYao;\/ &Gmvrf;

tqHk; vufyHyifBuD;atmuf a&mufvQif tb tNrJae&pfwwfonf/ vSnf;
aemufu vIdif;xusef&pfcJhaom zkefvHk;BuD;rsm;Mum;rSm jzLjzLazG;azG;BuD;jzifh
usef&pfcJhwwfaom tbukd uRefrwkdYwpfawGuvnf; vGrf;Muygonf/
NrdKUjyefoGm;aomajr;rsm;ukd vGrf;zsm;vGrf;emusojzifh wpf&ufESpf&uf
avmuf xrif;rpm; [if;rpm; tbacGaeawmhonfqdk\/ jcHxJwGif uRefrwkdY
aqmhupm;&if; usef&pfcJhaom ajc&muav;rsm;ukd tbu tkwfcJjzifh
0kdif;umxm;NyD; tvGrf;ajyMunfhaewwfonf[k BuD;awmfu ajymjyygonf/
uRefrwkdYajc&muav;awG obm0tavsmuf rkd;&GmvkdY? avwkdufvkdY
aysmufysufoGm;rS tkwfcJawGukd odrf;&onfqkd\/ tb\cHpm;rI ork',
tm;u aMumufp&myif aumif;vSygonf/ onfMum;xJ vGrf;tm;BuD;vQif
tb NrdKUukd wpfacgufwpfusif; a&mufvmwwfygonf/ tbvmwkdif; &Gmu
rkefYawG vkyf,lvmwwfovkd iSufaysmckdifMuD;awG? o&ufoD;awG? oabFmoD;
awGuvnf; weifhwykd; ygvmwwfao;\/ odkYaomfvnf; tbonf
uRefrwkdYNrdKUrSm MumMumraeyg/ wpfywfwefonf ESpfywfwefonf aeNyD;
&GmokdY jyefoGm;awmh\/
]]tazuvnf; aeygOD;awmhvm; ... onfrSm tazhajr;awGvnf; &SdaewJh
[mukd ... &GmrSm tazhypnf;awG raysmufygbl; ... tpfrMunfwkdY &Sdom;yJ}}
taruwm;awmh tbrsufESmBuD;u NydKawmhrnfhrkd;vkd ndKrIdif;aeonf/
]]ig&Sdom onfaumifawG pmusufysufygo,f[m ... ighem; 0kdif;aeMu
omeJY bmrS rvkyfMuawmhbl; ... &Gmuypnf;awGtwGuf igrylygbl; ...
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
50
cifcifxl;
'gayod igr&Sdawmh r,foefYukd qGrf;awmfwifvkdYrS trQra0Ekdifbl;av

[kwfvm; ... igu NrdKUvmNyD; pm;[,faomuf[,feJY rjzpfao;ygbl;av}}
uRefrwkdYpmusufysufonf[k taMumif;jyum &Gmudk jyefjyefoGm;wwf
aom tbukd [kdwkef;uawmh uRefr em;rvnfEkdifcJhyg/ tcktcsdefrSmawmh
tpGJtvrf;BuD;vGef;aom tb\ ESvHk;om;ukd uRefrjrifEkdifpGrf;cJh ygNyD/
]]rxl;a& xrif;pm;&atmifa[h}}
jcH0if;ukd vSnfhywfMunfhaeaom uRefronf rrxkduf\ ac:oHaMumifh
tawG;ukd &yfvkduf&ygonf/ tb ukd;uG,f,HkMunfcJhaom kupkd; &Sdonf
qkdaom refusnf;yifBuD;u tckawmh ikwfwkdBuD;jzpfoGm;NyD/ uRefrwkdYtay:
oHa,mZOf twG,ftwmBuD;vGef;aom tba&m b,f&yfXmeDrSm a&mufaeNyD
vJ/ pdwfxdckdufpGmjzifh uRefr oufjyif;wpfcsuf Idufvkdufrdygonf/ tckawmh
uRefrcspfaom tbvnf;r&Sdawmh/ tbcspfaom kupkd;vnf; r&Sdawmh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
51
cifcifxl;
(4)
]]onfwpfeyfawmh &Sdxrif;&Sd[if;ayghat
[if;pm;BudKrSm&awmhrSmyJ}}
...
aemuf&ufawGrsm;rS
jAKef;pm;BuD;a&mufvmaom uRefrwkdYom;trdukd [if;aumif;aumif;ESifh

rauR;&ojzifh BuD;awmfu tm;emaeyHk&onf/ uRefrtwGufuawmh udpr&Sd/
&Gmukda&mufwkdif; &GmeYHuav;ygonfh c&rf;csOfoD; ylpDaygif;csufukd uRefr
twrf;wqHk;yJjzpfonf/ aEGc&rf;csOfoD; vHk;vHk;ao;ao;uav;awGukd
taphwpf0ufnpfNyD; tvHk;vkduf ig;ydqm;jym;ESifha&m ajrtkd;wpfvHk;xJ
xnfhum rD;usD;wat;at;jzifh wpfaeukef zkdcGifay: ypfxm;vkdufonf/
tvHk;rysufeyfaeaom c&rf;csOfoD;uav;awGu ylpDaygif;rsm;ESifh wl
aomaMumifh uRefrwkdY&Gmu ylpDaygif;csuf[k ac:onf/ wpfcgwpf&H
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
52
cifcifxl;
ig;Ekwfayguf? ykpGefEkwfaygufuav;awGukd cyfMuonfvnf; &Sd\/

&Gmc&rf;csOfoD; &Gmig;ydukd ajrtkd;ESifh xif;rD;ESifh csufaom iydcsufeYHrSm
uRefrwkdYNrdKUwGif csufr&Ekdifaom teHYt&omrsdK;jzpfonf/ awmvkyfief;cGif
arm&myef;&mutjyef xrif;Nrdefapaom teHYjzpfonf/ awmol awmifom;
rsm;\ b0&eHYvnf; jzpfonf/ aus;vuf rD;zkdacsmif &eHYvnf;jzpfonf/
onf&eHYukd ESpfaygif; b,favmufMumMum cGJcGm ae&ygap/ vGrf;armqGwfysHU
zG,faumif;aom &Gm&eHYawGxJu teYHwpfck tjzpf uRefr tNrJ owdw&
&Sdwwfygonf/
]]BuD;awmf ... c&rf;uapmhyif &Sdao;vm;}}
]]&Sdygh ighwlr&,f ... BuD;awmfjzifh c&rf;uapmhoD;axmif;wkdif; nnf;ukd
owd&aeomawmhf ...}}
uRefr&Gmjyefwkdif; jcHpnf;kd;rSm aygufaeaom c&rf;uapmhyifrS toD;rsm;
ukd cl;rD;zkwf? axmif;NyD; ajryJqDuav; qrf;pm;wwfonf/ t&om&SdvGef;
vS r[kwfbJ rD;ckd;eYHoif;aom teYHarT;arT;ESifh xrif;NrdefaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ aemuf uRefrBudKufaom [if;wpfrsdK;rSm EGm;EkdYcJcsufjzpfonf/
uRefrwkdY&Gmu EGm;EkdYaygonf/ olYtdrfukd,fhtdrf EGm;ukd,fpD&SdMuonfrkdY &GmwGif
EGm;EkdYu jywfonfr&Sd/ wpf&GmvHk; awmifolawGcsnf;rkdY tdrfwkdif; jcHaygufEGm;
awG wuefwu arG;jrLwwfMuonf/ ukd,hfjcHaygufEGm;rS ukd,ftm;&onf/
ykdpHkrufonf/ ukd,fhom;orD;ESifhrjcm; oHa,mZOf BuD;wwfMuonf/
]]ukd,fhjcHaygufEGm;rS tm;remwrf; ckdif;&om[Jh ... oif;uvnf; tauR;
tarG;aumif;awmh jzpfvkdufo,fh taumifBuD;qkdomrsm; zD;wufae omyJ ...
xGefa&;x,fa&; aumif;csufuvnf; r[myx0DajrBuD;rsm; xkwfcsif;ayguf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
53
cifcifxl;
oGm;rvm; atmufarh&&JU ... tif; o[mawGaMumifh iwkdYu ukd,fhjcHayguf

ukd,frufom}}
aeYv,faeYcif;bufwGif EGm;awGukd awmxJawmifxJ pm;usufuGif; awG
xJwcsdKU? opf&dyf0g;&dyfatmufwcsdKU xm;csifovkdxm;wwfMuaomfvnf;
nbufrSmawmh EGm;wif;ukyfawGxJ ta&mufoGif;um csnfwkdifrSm csnf
Muonf/ EGm;rsm;ukd rSwf? jcif rukduf&atmif wjcm;ykd;rTm;wd&pmef rwG,f
ruyf&avatmif rD;zkday;Mu&onf/ nae rD;cGufxGef;csdefwGif uRefrwkdY
wpf&GmvHk; EGm;rD;zkdwkdifu rD;ckd;awG tlaeawmhonf/
]]EGm;awGukd *kpdkufrS[Jh ... vlurS zsm;&if em&if vlpm;xkd;vkdY &ao;
o,f ... oif;wkdY vJrSjzifh tvkyfukd ysufua&myJ ... vlu em&if emo,f
ajymwwfo,f ... EGm;u bmrSajymwwfom r[kwfbl; ... ukd,fu
t&dyftuJ Munfhay;&om}}
uRefrwkdYtb ]bav;wkdif;} uawmh olYEGm;awGukd ol tvGefcspfonf/
naewkdif; EGm;pmpOf;&onfrSm w*sKef;*sKef;ESifh/ &GmuEGm;pmpOf;puf[k
tvG,fwul ac:Muaomfvnf; bmpuf,E&m;rS ygonfr[kwf/ vlYaygif
avmuftjrifh&Sd av;acsmif;axmufpifESifh "m;oGm;ukdqGJaom 0g;okwfwH
wpfacsmif;omygonfh vufjzpfud&d,mwpfpHkukd ac:jcif;yif jzpfonf/
ajceif;"m;ukd eif;vkdufvQif av;acsmif;axmufpiftpGef;u eef;wkdifMum;rS
wajzmajzm vGifhpifxGufusvmwwfaom jrufzwf uav;rsm;ukd uRefr
i,fi,fu tvGefoabmusaewwfonf/ ukdBuD;wifacG;wkdY? rrxkdufwkdY
EGm;pmpOf;NyDqkdvQif uRefr tem;rSmoGm;xkdif Munfhaewwfwmukd trSwf&rd
\/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
54
cifcifxl;
]]EGm;EkdYa&m ayg&JUvm; BuD;awmf&JU}}

]]iwkdYEGm;ruawmh EkdYr,dkawmhaygifawmf ... ayg&SefwkdYtdrfawmh EGm;arG;
o,fMum;omyJ ... EGm;EkdYujzifh pm;&vSaygh ighwlr&,f rylygeJY}}
rsufpdrjrifawmhayr,fh BuD;awmfujzifh [kdwkef;uvkdyJ 'kd;'kd;a'gufa'guf
&SdqJygvm;vkdY uRefr atmufarhvkdufrdonf/ &GmrSm b,folYtdrf bmjzpfvkdYwJh?
b,fu {nfhonfvmowJh? onfuaeY b,folYtuGufuyJEkwfr,f?
b,folawGu b,ftcif;qif;r,f pojzifh BuD;awmfu tayguftvrf; pHkpd
aeatmifodonf/ &GmrSmawmh BuD;awmfu a&SUrDaemufrD vlBuD;olr
wpfa,mufyif/ uRefrwkdYi,fi,fu onfBuD;awmf\ auR;arG;apmifha&Smuf
jcif;aMumifh &GmrSm aeaysmfcJh&jcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ xkdpOfu BuD;awmf\
rsufvHk;awG ruG,fMuao;yg/
BuD;awmfu reufvif;MuufwGefoH rMum;cifuwnf;u tdyf&mrSxum
rD;arT; a&aEG;tkd;wnf vkyfonf/ NyD;vQif uRefrwkdY reufapmapm pm;zkdY
twGuf xrif;aMumf? qDxrif;? aumufnif;aygif; pojzifh wpfckr[kwfwpfck
vkyfauR;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H BuD;awmfwkdYtuGuf (ajryJcif;) yJEkwf&ufESifh
BuHKvQif rkefYuRJonf;? rkefYzufxkyf? xef;oD;rkefY pojzifh axG&mav;yg; pm;&
wwfao;onf/ rrxkdufwkdYwpfawGu reufrkd;rvif;cif arSmifarSmifrTm;rTm;
uwnf;u ykqkd;a[mif;uav; acgif;aygif;NyD; awmxGufMu&onf/
a&mifeDuav; ysdKUtefvmcsdefrSmawmh BuD;awmfu xrif;aMumf'eftkd;BuD;ESifh
aomufa&tkd;wpfvHk;ukd xef;acguf awmif;BuD;xJ xnfh&Guf awmxJ
vkdufykdYwwfonf/ &GmrSm uRefr&SdaepOf wpfavQmufvHk; BuD;awmfxrif;ykdY
oGm;&maemufukd
tNrJvkdufoGm;wwfygonf/
ajryJEkwfcsdefawGrSmawmh
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
55
cifcifxl;
wpf&GmvHk; &SdorQvlukef awmxJ a&mufae Muawmhonf/ tdrfwGif usD;apmifh

MuufESif tbkd;tkd tbGm;tkdrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;om usef&pfcJhwwfonf/
tvkyfvkyfEkdifonfh t&G,frSeforQ awmxGufMu&wmuvnf; uRefrwkdY&Gm&JU
xHk;pHvkdygyJ/ opfcif;xJ tvkyfoGm;vkyfwmukd awmxGufonf? awmoGm;
onf[koHk;Muwm uRefra&;cJhygNyD/
BuD;awmfrSm
om;orD;ajcmufa,muf&Sdonf/
i,fpOfuawmh
onf0kdif;wkdufBuD;xJrSm uav;awG wtHk;tHk;ESifh/ NrdKUrS a&mufa&muf
vmwwfMuaom uRefrwkdYarmifESrwpfawGESifh a&mvkdufonfh tcgrsdK;wGif
BuD;awmfcrsm csufvkdYjyKwfvkdY rqHk;Ekdif&Smawmh/ rsufpdESpfvHk; yGifhygNyD
qkduwnf;u rD;zkdacsmifuav;xJu xGufvkduf 0ifvkdufESifh rD;ckd;awG
wrTefrTefESifh tNrJwrf; rsufcrf;pyfaewwfaom BuD;awmf\[efyefuav;ukd
uRefrrsufpdxJ
jrifa,mifvmrdonf/
tusvufarmif;puav;yifhum
rsuf&nfpawG okwf&vGef;vkdYyJ BuD;awmfrsufpd uG,f&&Smavovm;/
uRefr&ifxJ raumif;jzpf&onf/
om;av;a,mufpvHk; tem;rSm&Sdraeawmhaom BuD;awmf\uHZmwm
uvnf; wpfrsdK;yif/ tBuD;qHk;om; ukdBuD;oef;aX;u taemufbufurf;
acsmif;qif;&GmolESifh tdrfaxmifusum acsmif;qif;&GmrSmyJ aeonf/
ukdBuD;wifjrifhESifharmifaygufu rEav;okdY ajymif;a&TUoGm;MuNyD/ vlysdKBuD;
b0jzifh tkd;xkwfoGm;&Smaom ukdBuD;wifacG;ukdawmh uRefr tcspfqHk;
jzpfonf/ awmrSmarG; awmrSmBuD;onfh awmom;BuD;ayr,fh awmifol
tvkyfukd enf;enf;rS 0goemrygol jzpf\/ olY0goemu avmufav;cG
wpfvufukd cg;Mum;xkd;NyD; awmxJawmifxJ iSufypfxGufonfh 0goemyif/
ykqkd;wpfuGif; pvG,fokdif;NyD; xGufoGm;vkdufonfrSm nae rkd;pkyfpkyfcsKyfrS
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
56
cifcifxl;
jyefvmwwfonf/ oljyefvmvQif pm? csdK;? cg? iHk;? quf&uf? oydwfvG,f

ponfhiSufawG wpfyHkwpfyifBuD; ygvmwwfonf/ tdrfjyefa&mufonfESifh
iSufawGukd olukd,fwkdif tarT;trQifrsm; oefYpif uRefrwkdUukd uifonfhtcg
uif? aMumfonfhtcgaMumf? zkwfonfhtcgzkwf auR;onf/ ol&SdpOfwkef;u
uRefrwkdY tNrJwrf; iSufom;[if;pm;&\/ uRefrwkdY i,fi,fu olYtwGuf
iSufypfzkdY avmufpmvHk;awG vHk;ay;&onf/ jrpfqdyfu&THUawGcl;? avmufpmvHk;
vHk;NyD; aevSef;xm;vkdufonfrSm tdrfwvif;jyiftjynfh/ &GmxJrSm trJay:?
0ufay:vQifvnf; olyJ tom;xkd;orm;/ Muufwpfaumifavmufrsm;awmh
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aom ukdBuD;wifacG;ygay/ odkYaomf olukd,fwkdifujzifh ukef;ay:om;
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olYaemuf vkdufoGm;wwfMuonf/ uRefruawmh awmxJ iSufypfxGuf
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57
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58
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62
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63
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64
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65
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68
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BuD;awmfu ykwfqD tvGefoHk;oljzpfonf/ acgif;ukdufukduf? Akdufemem

bma&m*gjzpfjzpf ykwfqDukdom wGifwGifSL? wGifwGifvl;onf/ ykwfqD
awmifrS wjcm;ykwfqDr&/ usm;e*g;ykwfqD bl;eDeDuav;awG rS&onf/
wpfcgu rav;&Sm;rSvmaom ykwfqDtjzLukd uRefr vSrf;ykdYMunfhzl;onf/
BuD;awmfxHrS olY a0'emukd onfykwfqDjzLu ukpm;r&? usm;e*g;
ykwfqDurS olcHpm;&orQa0'em tukeftpifaysmufaMumif; vlBuHKpum;
yg;vkdufojzifh aemifwGif uRefrrSm usm;e*g;wkdYudkom wGifwGifykdY&awmh\/
uRefrwkdY&Gmu ukefypnf;wpfckukd pGJpGJvrf;vrf;ESifh ,HkMunfrdNyDqkdvQif
wjcm;ypnf; b,favmufaumif;aumif; 0ifa&mufrxkd;azmufEkdifawmhyg/
vufzufpkd? vufzufajcmufqkdvQif OD;umurS? qyfjymrIefYqkdvQif tDvefrS?
vlysHawmfywjrm;aoG;aq;awmifrS a&Ta&mifbl;rS/ onfvkdwpfpGJwpfvrf;
oHk;wwfMuonf/ vlysHawmfywjrm;aoG;aq;bl;ukd a&Ta&mifrS yef;a&mifbl;cGH
ajymif;vJxkwfvkyfvkdufawmh ]'g twkBuD;} [k qkdMuonf/ uRefrrSm
bmaMumfjimcrS r&ygbJESifh ajyma[mpnf;kH; em;cscJh&zl;onf/ 'guvnf;
&GmuvlawG\ pdwfcHpm;rIukd odaejzpfonf/ onfaq;pm;rS aysmufonf
xifvQif [kdaq;pm; raysmufEkdif[laom pdwfpGJBuD;ESifh Oyg'gef jzpfaewwf
Muonf r[kwfvm;/ wpfcgwpf&H onfvkd kd;om;rIu olwkdY\pdwfESvHk;ukd
omru usef;rma&;ukdyif xdckdufwwfMuonfukd uRefrajymvQif ,HkMurnf
r[kwfyg/
uRefrwkdY&GmrSmu
aq;kHaq;ay;cef;r&Sd/
aq;qkdifvnf;r&Sd/
q&m0efqkd tjcm;&GmrS pufbD;wpfpD;jzifh &GmpOfvSnfhukaom usef;rma&;rSL;
qkdol wpfOD;om&Sdonf/ &Gmuawmh q&mav;[kac:Muonf/ q&mav;
crsmrSmvnf; vlemrsm;rsm;pm;pm; uk&onfr[kwf/ uRefrwkdY&GmuvlawGu
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
69
cifcifxl;
aq;xkd;aq;pm;vkyf&rSmukd aMumufMuonf/ aq;kHwuf ukozkdYqdkonfh

udpukd ao&ravmuf txifa&mufwwfMuonf/ tawmfBuD;ukd aexkdif
raumif;jzpfvGef;ru jzpfygrS q&mav;ukdyifh aq;ukonf/ &GmwGif vlrrm
wpfa,mufu q&mav;ukdyifhNyD; uk&owJhqkdvQif onfudpu ayghao;ao;
r[kwfawmh/ a&m*gBuD;oljzpf&rnf/ tonf;toefvlem jzpf&rnf/
aoaumifaygif;vJjzpf&rnf/ onfvkdvlemawGudk ukpm;ae&aom q&mav;
rSmvnf; roufomvS/ a&m*gaysmufygrS raysmufvQif olom toHk;rus
jzpf&awmh\/
uRefrwkdY&Gmuawmh q&mav;ukd pufbD;aq;q&m[k ac:Muonf/
wcsdKUuvnf; t*Fvdyfaq;q&m[k ac:onf/ wcsdKUuvnf; aq;xkd;tyf
q&m[k ac:wwfMuao;\/ b,fvkdyJac:ac: olwkdY tac:ta0:awGxJrSm
t"dym,fawGu &Sdaeonfr[kwfvm;/ &GmwGif q&mav;xuf ykd ,HkMunf
ukd;pm;cH&aom aq;q&mrsm;vnf; &Sdao;\/ &Gmv,fykdif;u ewfuawmf
a':a'gonfvnf;aumif;?
aA'ifESifhAdaEm
ESpfrsdK;aygif;ukdifxm;aom
aA'ifq&m bBuD;rkef;onfvnf;aumif;? ]oD;arT;&Gufqef? ukeftkd;wef?
oufjyef"mwftmum? {u&ef;ay? a&a&Smifap? wdkufavtanmfom} vuFm
wkdYjzifh aq;ukay;aom q&mMunfonfvnf;aumif; &Gm\vufoHk;
aq;q&mrsm; jzpfawmh\/ wpfcgwpf&H vlemrsm;u ukd,fha&m*g ukd,f
trsdK;tpm; owfrSwfum ukd,fBudKuf&mq&mxH tyfESH ukpm;wwfMuonf/
]]&ifbwfxJ atmifhceJ atmifhceJ jzpfoGm;omath ... tNrJwrf;vnf;
rIwfzl;? {uefP r[kwfrSvGJa&mh ... 'g jrif;jzL&Sif cGmeJY &SyfvkdufomyJ
jzpf&r,f ... ra'gukd ewfuav; bmav;ar;NyD; wifvkduf ovkduf&if
aysmufygo,f}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
70
cifcifxl;
ewfuawmf a':a'gu uefawmhyGJxJ aiGwpfq,fxkd;pkdufwJhNyD;

[kd,drf;onf,dkif vkyfjyonf/ NyD;awmh wqwfqwfwkefum Murf;jyifay:rSm
zifxkdifvsufu w0kef;0kef; ckefjyonf/
]]awGYvm; ... awGYvm; tJom jrif; ... jrif; ...}}
ab;rS vlemtygt0if pdwf0ifwpm; wpftHkwpfcJ wuefwu
vma&mufMunfhIaeMuaom y&dowfrSm ewfuawmfa':a'gtm; jrif;jzL&Sif
xifvmMuonf/ olwkdY\ rsufvHk;rsm;wGif wkd;vQdK;aom? tjypfwpfpHkwpf&m
awGYoGm;rnfpkd;aom? jrif;jzL&Sifocif &Gmukd qkdufqkdufNrdKufNrdKuf a&mufwkef;
a&mufckduf ryg pygOD;[k arQmfvifhawmifhwaom t&dyfta&mif rsdK;pHkpGmjzifh
wzswfzswfcgvsuf&SdMu\/
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]]cGifhvTwfawmfrlygh ocif}}
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]]uRefawmfr ,HkMunfygo,fbk&m; ... tjypf&Sdom cGifhvTwfawmfrlygh ...
ocifpdwfwkdif;us wifyg oygr,fbk&m;}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
71
cifcifxl;
a':a'gukd ewfar;uwnf;u &ifbwfatmifhwm jrif;jzL&Sif cGm&SyfvkdY

xifwmyJ[k
xnfhar;NyD;om;
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ar;onfhtwkdif;vnf;
[kwfaeonfr[kwfvm;/ 'gaMumifhvnf; a':a'gukd vlru ewfwrQ
,HkMunfukd;pm;aecJhMuonf r[kwfvm;/
]]at; ... tkef;wpfvHk;eJY iSufaysmESpfzD;qkdif uefawmhyGJxkd;[Jh ...
atmifoajyeJY za,mif;wkdif tarT;wkdifvnf; rarheJYaemf ... rkefYjzL rkefYeD pHk
yapuGJY a[haemf ... ighjrif;twGuf jrif;pmyGJu ajrpmjruf&,f ukvm;yJ&,f
... qufqufwifuG,fh ... [kdif; ... tif ... tif ...}}
a':a'gu w0g;0g;orf;NyD;aemuf vuftkyfjzifh ezl;ukd wjzef;jzef;
kdufum ukd,fukd wqwfqwfwkefcgvsuf jrif;jzL&Sifewfukd yl;&mu cGmcs
vkdufavonf/
]]tJawmfh ... bmewf0ifoGm;omvJ[Jh}}
olrodvkdufav[efjzifh ar;\/ ab;u tusdK;taMumif; pHkatmif
vifatmif wpfpkd;wpfaphrcsef jyefajymjy&\/ 'gukdyif a':a'gu rsufvHk;
t0kdif;om;? yg;pyfta[mif;om;ESifh tHhMo[efjy&onf/ ewfar;olawG
uvnf; auseyfum jyefoGm;Muawmh\/ uRefrpdwfxJwGifrl ewfar;onf[k
rxifrdbJ uav;rsm; taysmfupm;Muovkd vlBuD;awGpkNyD; upm;MuonfESifh
wlonf[kyif xifrdygonf/ tckrS r[kwfyg/ uRefri,fpOfuav;b0
uwnf;u ewf0ifonfawGukd r,HkMunfcJhwm aocsmygonf/ &GmwGif
zsmvdyfewf? ratmifjzLewf pojzifh taysmfwrf;ar;Muonfrsm;vnf; &Sdao;
onf/ onfrQru ocsKif;ukef;okdY nbufoGm; trJom; ydmvHk;wGJ
BuD;rsm;ukd qGJum o&Jewf ar;Muonfrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ uRefrwkdY&GmwGif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
72
cifcifxl;
ukdBuD;ausmf? awmifNyHK; rif;nDaemif ponfhewfuGef;rsm; r&Sdaomfvnf;

vlao ewfjzpfoGm;onfh &GmolewfuGef;rsm;awmh&Sdonf/ uRefrwkdY
upm;onfh anmifyifBuD;ESifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif tarykewfuGef;? &GmxJwGif
tarBuD;raiGpdefewfuGef;? a':oef;ewfuGef; pojzifh &Gmolrsm; ewfjzpf
oGm;&mu om;orD;ajr;jrpfwkdYu qufvufukd;uG,faeqJ"avhrsm; ,ckxd
&Sdaeao;onf/
]]iwkdYuawmh ewfukd r,HkMunfom&,fvkdYawmh rIwfzl; ... olY rapmfum;
rd&if NyD;omyJ ... ukd,feJY t&Sif;BuD;&,f ... taeomBuD;&,f ... ukd;uG,fzkdY
qkdomuawmh ukd,fhkd;&m e,fawmf&Sif y,fawmf&Sifewf &Sdom;yJ ... wpfe,f
vHk;apmifha&Smufaeo,fh ayguftkdewfukdausmfNyD; b,fewfrsm; ukd;uG,fae
&rSmwHk; ... onfMum;xJ ewfukdifo,fqkd&if ... omrkef;ao;&JU ... r rpbJ
ukdifo,fhewfrsm;awmh cspfraeEkdifaygifawmf}}
taruawmh &Sif;onf/ ewfukd;uG,frIukd vHk;vHk;BuD; rypfy,f
aomfvnf; bkpkck ewfaygif;pHkukd rukd;uG,f awmfao;onf/ EkdYrkdYqdkvQif
bmrqkdif nmrqkdif uRefrwkdYuyg a&ma,mifvdkuf&OD;rnfr[kwfvm;/
aA'ifq&m bBuD;rkef;\ aq;ukenf;uvnf; wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ olu
aA'ifvnf;a[monf/ tref;trIwf *gxmrEefrsm;vnf; wwfuRrf;onf/
&GmwGif pkef;ukduf? vlukduf? a>rukduf? uif;ukduf utp &ifbwfem?
tkd;quf? ig;kd;jruf? taMumxHk; ponfh a0'emrsdK;pHkukd ref;kH rIwfkHjzifh
aysmufoGm;apwwfonf/ okdYaomf bBuD;rkef;\ynmukdawmh uRefr vHk;vHk;rS
txifrao;yg/ txifrao;onfhtjyif av;yifav;pm;rd\/ bBuD;rkef;ukd
uRefr av;pm;&jcif; taMumif;&if;rSm bBuD;rkef;onf pmayusrf;*efrsm;ukd
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
73
cifcifxl;
avhvmvkdufpm;ol jzpfaomaMumifhyif/ bBuD;rkef;\tdrfwGif pmtkyf

a[mif;awG trsm;BuD;&Sdonf/ wcsdKUpmtkyfrsm;rSm uRefrrarG;cifu
xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrsm; jzpfonf/ qkxl;yefq&mausmf\ avmuDynm
ya'omvkd pmtkyfrsdK;? cifBuD;aysmf\ tm'duy'Gg'&moD euwfusrf;ESifh
'Gg'odrfusrf;pmtkyfrsm;ukdyg awGY&\/ pmtkyfwkdif;vkdvkdrSm bBuD;rkef;u
]ukdrkef;\ pmtkyfzspfygonf} ]1323 ckESpf waygif;vef; 4 &uf aeY
rsif;csefrS0,f 1d.25g; ukdrkef;\rSwfpk} pojzifh a&;xkd;xm;wwfygonf/
uRefr rSwfrdaeygao;onf/ uRefrESifh tpfukdESpf0rf;uGJ awmfpyfaom
ukdayoD;wpfa,muf awmxJu a>rukdufojzifh bBuD;rkef;tdrfokdY ayGY,lcJhMu
&onf/ onfwkef;u uRefr ig;wef; wuf&rnfhESpf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&uf
wGifjzpfonf/ uRefrrSm pyfpkwwfaom tG,fyDyD bBuD;rkef; tdrfokdY vkduf
Munfhonf/ ukdayoD;ukd uGyfyspfay: qefYqefYBuD; xm; bBuD;rkef;u
aq;ukygonf/
]]onfuaeY bmaeYvJa[h}}
]]we*FaEG xifomyJ}}
]]at; we*FaEG ... tif; ... atmifpHjrwfol tzkd,l ... ausmfvS&JUwl
tr,lqkdawmh ayoD;ukdukdufvkdufo,fha>ru tzkdyJjzpf&r,f ... we*FaEG
qkdawmh tqdyfu ajczrkd;rSmaeom ... ukdif; ajcovHk;ukd emempnf;&ruGJY}}
ukdayoD;\ ajcovHk;ukd t0wfpkwfcH avQmfBudK;jzifh wif;Muyfaeatmif
pnf;NyD; bBuD;rkef;u yg;pyfu cyfus,fus,fGwfonf/ ukdayoD;\ i,fxdyf
rSae ajczrkd;qDtxd vufjzifh oyfcs&if; ref;onf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
74
cifcifxl;
]]OHK ... ydyd ... eifhtqdyfxuf ightqdyfxufcJh ... oufvnf; q&mouf

... ysufvnf; q&mysuf ... OHK ... aMumao;aMumr tukefwGonf ... ajy;av
avmh ... vGefYwHkavsmhokdY ... avsmhavawmh ... pkef;yif;ewfyif; q&myif;ukd ...
r<uif;aoav ajcokdYa&muf ... xGufvnf; q&mxGuf ... ysufvnf;
q&mysuf ...}}
bBuD;rkef; ref;rIwfaeqJrSmyif ukdayoD;\ ajczrkd;BuD;u ykdNyD;
a,mifukdif;vmygonf/ cPaeawmh ukdayoD;wpfa,muf xkd; tefygav
awmhonf/ ESpfcgoHk;cgrQ xkd;tefNyD;aomtcg bBuD;rkef;u "m;yg;yg;
uav;ukd rD;uifNyD; a>rukdufvkdufonfh 'Pf&mukd cGJcsvkdufygonf/
ukdayoD;\ ajcusif;0wf'Pf&mrS aoG;awG,kdusvmNyD;aemuf ajcovHk;rS
avQmfBudK;ukd jznfay;vkdufonf/
]]ukdif; ... x aumif;oGm;ygbD ... anmfeHYrcHeJY ... a&rxdapeJY}}
aemufESpf&ufavmufaeawmh ukdayoD;wpfa,muf awmxJ tvkyfqif;
aecJhNyD/ bBuD;rkef;\ *gxmrEefuyJ pGrf;vm;? vkyfyHkvkyfenf; wnfhoGm;
vm; rqkdEkdifaomfvnf; a':a'gESifhpmvQif awmfao;onf[kyif uRefr
atmufarhrdygonf/ uRefrwkdY&GmwGif acG;ukdufcH&onfup a>rukdufcH&onf
qHk; bBuD;rkef; ref;ay;cJh&aom vlemaygif; renf;awmhyg/ okdYaomf
bBuD;rkef;rSm bmwpfjym;wpfcsyfrS &onfr[kwf/ pdwful;&ygrS rkefYyJoa&pm
uav; ykdYwwfMuonfuvGJvQif zsmrsm; awmif;rsm; &ufpm; &&Smaom
bBuD;rkef;ukdawmh uRefr tvGefoem;rdonf/
]]ighajr;ES,f ... aysmufom raysmufom aemufxm;vkdY udk,fhqD
a&mufvmo,fh vlemukd bBuD;rkef;uawmh ukd,fodom wwfomuav;eJY
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
75
cifcifxl;
ukpm;ay;vkduf&omyJ ... onfvkdrS vkyfray;&if olwkdY b,fhES,fhvkyfMu&ygh

rwHk;uG,fh awmfkHwefkHawmhvnf; pdwfeJY aysmufoGm; omygyJ}}
bBuD;rkef;\ aq;ukenf;u pdwfukenf;wpfrsdK;ayyJvm;[k uRefr
awG;Munfhrdygonf/ bBuD;rkef;ESifhpmvQif q&mMunfu aq;uav;
0g;uav; azmfpyfNyD;ukaomq&mjzpfonf/ q&mMunf\ tdrfxJ iHkY0ifvdkuf
vQif y&aq;eHYawG vdIifaewwfonf/ uRefrwkdYuav;wkef;u q&mMunftdrf
oGm;NyD; qm;ykyfcJrsm; awmif;pm;cJhMuzl;onf/ q&mMunf\ pm;yGJuav;
ay:wGif aq;ykvif; oHk;av;vHk; &Sdonf/ qm;ykyfcJ? ykwf? ausmufcsOf?
&Sdef;ckd? zmvmaph? EG,fcsdK? *Hkcg; pojzifh xnfhxm;wwfonf/ q&mMunfxHrS
tcsdefra&G; &Ekdifaomaq;rSm vsufqm;wpfrsdK;om &Sd\/ uRefrwkdY&GmwGif
AkdufemvQif ava&m*gjzpfjzpf? tpmtdrfa&m*gjzpfjzpf q&mMunfvsufqm;ESifh
NyD;&onf/
a&m*gtajctaeay:rSmMunfhNyD;
vkdtyfvQifvkdtyfovkd
q&mMunfu aq;azmfpyfay;wwfonf/ uRefri,fi,fu BuD;awmfpm;aom
csufaq;tifwHkBuD;xJu tkef;oD;zwf rsm;udk a&G;NyD;pm;cJhzl;onf/ xkd
csufaq;rSm BuD;awmftwGuf q&mMunf azmfpyfay;cJhaom rD;,yfaoG;qHk;
aq;yifjzpf\/ q&mMunfukdawmh aq;zkd; 0g;c&,fvkdY xdxda&mufa&muf
ray;&aomfvnf; aq;wpfzHkazmfrnf qdkvQifawmh vkdtyfaom ypnf;yp,zkd;
ay;&ygonf/ q&mMunfonf wpfvwpfacgufqkdovkd jrif;jcHNrdKUokdY pufbD;
uav;pD;um aq;0,f xGufwwf\/ *kPf,lzkdYaumif;onfrSm &GmeD;csKyfpyf
&Gmrsm;xufpmvQif uRefrwkdY&GmwGif onfvkdq&mrsdK;awG &Sdaejcif;yJjzpfonf/
'gukdyif uRefrrSm MuHzef0rf;omrd&ao;\/
]]t&D;at;rukd uRefrvlBuHKay;vkdufwJh ykwfqD&Sdao;vm; BuD;awmf}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
76
cifcifxl;
]]rIefrIefusefawmho,f ... ukefrSmpkd;vkdY wkdwao oHk;&omath ...

ighr,f omav;eJY toufqufae&om&,f ...}}
BuD;awmfuajymawmh uRefr pdwfraumif;jzpfoGm;rdonf/ uRefr rSwfrd
oavmuf BuD;awmfwpfoufvHk; ykwfqDukdyJ vufoHk;aq;tjzpf oHk;cJh
&Smonf/ vltkdvlrif;&,fvkdY bmaq;0g;rE&m;rS roHk;EkdifcJh/ roHk;wwf
wmvnf; jzpfEkdifovkd oHk;pGJ&aumif;rSef;vnf; rodwmygonf/ &GmrS
vlBuHKvQif uRefru BuD;awmftwGuf ykwfqDbl;ukdom vlBuHKyg;jzpfatmif
yg;&awmh\/ ykwfqDuawmh BuD;awmf\ vufukdifaq; jzpfovkd
onfaq;ukd ,HkMunfNyD; touf&Snfaewmrsm;vm;[k uRefr awG;vdkufrd
ygonf/ t&ifwpfacguf &Gmjyefwkef;u uRefruefawmhaom ykwfqDbl;
uav;ukd 0rf;omtm;&zGifhNyD; SLaom BuD;awmfukd MunfhNyD; uRefr&,fcJhrd
ao;onf/ ykwfqDuav; wpfaumfaumfwJhNyD; vufz0g;xJ yGwfacsum
vufoD;vHkatmifqkyfNyD; tm;&yg;&SLonf/ usefvufwpfbuf ukd ESmacgif;
txufu tkyfxm;vkdufao;\/ BuD;awmfvkyfyHkukd uRefru toHxGufNyD;
&,fcJhrdonfaum/
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NrdKUvkd ykwfqDukd xifwkdif;0,fvkdY &omrIwfzl; ... iwkdY awmrawmh tjyif
bufavxJ xGufoGm;r,fhtaiGYxd tyGef;rcHEkdifbl;at&JU ... &Sm;u&Sm;oeJY}}
uRefrwkdYom;trdu xkdifuefawmhaomtcg BuD;awmfu qkawG wpfyHk
wpfyifBuD;ay;onf/ uRefr ausmif;olb0wkef;u pmar;yGJajzrnfh&ufukd
vSrf;ar;NyD; &GmrSae ol&wDr,fawmfwifNyD; uRefrpmar;yGJ ajzqkd Ekdifyg
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
77
cifcifxl;
apaMumif; qkawmif;arwm vSrf;ykdYocJhaom BuD;awmf\ arwm oHa,mZOf

ukd uRefr owd&vkdufrd\/
]]onfwkef;uawmh ighwlruav; pmar;yGJawG atmifapcsifvGef;vkdYat
... tpfukdawG armifawGMum; rdef;uav;wpfa,mufxJ arG;xm;om ...
acwfynmwwfuav;jzpfawmh ukd,fhajcaxmufay:ukd,f ckdifckdif&yfEkdifo,f
... b,farmif b,fa,mif;rrS atmufrusapcsifvkdYath ... ckrsm;awmh
BuD;awmfqkawmif; jynfhyawmf ... olrsm;ukd q&mvkyf&o,fhol jzpfaerifhukd;}}
BuD;awmf\&ifwGif;pum;ukd uRefr,HkMunfygonf/ &Gmukd jyefrvm
jzpfbJ BuD;awmfukd tMumBuD;ypfxm;cJhrdaom uRefrukd,fuRefrom tjypfwif
csifrdawmh\/
]]taruvnf;awmf ... [kdwkef;u tbajymoGm;cJhzl;om;yJ ... rxl;
vufuav;awG ukdifMunfhNyD; ighajr;vufacsmif;uav;awGu &SnfarsmarsmeJY
Nidrf;r,fhvuf[Jh oJh}}
ajymif;zl;zufvdyfBuD;ukd rD;ckd;awG tltlxatmif zGmIdufaeaom rrxkduf
u 0ifajymonf/ aMomf ... olwkdYwpfawGuawmh uRefrwkdY NrdKUBuD;olawG&JU
ylylavmifavmif b0awGukd b,fodMu&SmyghrvJav/
]]rrxkdufukd uRefr uefawmhOD;r,f ... vmxkdifOD;}}
uRefru qGJac:awmh ajrBuD;ay: zifcsum y,fy,fe,fe,fBuD;
xkdifae&mu wef;vsm;pGef;uav;ay: vmxkdif&Smonf/ uRefr vlrSef;od
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
78
cifcifxl;
uwnf;u ,aeYtcsdeftxd EGm;ESifhzufum kef;cJhuefcJh&&Smaom awmifolr

tysdKBuD;uawmh zsifMurf;xbD zsifMurf;tusBuD;ESifh a&S;rlBuD;twkdif;ygay/
]]tkdat ... ighzkdY bmvkdY txnfpawG 0,fvm&omwHk; ... nnf;nDrwkdY
nnf;wlrwkdYom qifygat ... iwkdYacwfu ukefygNyD[Jh ...}}
[kdwkef;u tar uav;wpfa,mufarG;wkdif; NrdKUwpfacguf a&mufvm
um 0wfBuD;0wfi,f toG,foG,f jyKpkcJh&&Smol/ uRefrwkdYukd auR;arG;
okwfoifcJh&&Smol/ uRefr t&G,fawmfawmfBuD;onftxd t0wftpm;awG
avQmfzGyfay;cJhkHru nDtpfr rygaom uRefr\ i,fb0 rdef;razmfqkdvnf;
[kwfcJhonfaum/ onfaus;Zl;w&m;awGukd b,ftcgrqdk uRefr xkwfazmf
ajymcsifaewwfonfuyif olwkdY\ arwma&mifjyef jzpfonf r[kwfvm;/
]]a&mh cifrmvGif ... nnf;wkdY om;trdwpfawGzkdY ... a&mh 'gu
armifoef;pkd;zkdY ykqkd; ...}}
uRefray;aom ykqkd;ukd vSrf;,lNyD; iHk;wdwdBuD;vkyfaeaom uRefr\
rwfjzpfolukdMunfhum uRefr jyHK;vkdufrdygonf/ armifoef;pkd;u uRefrwkdY
&Gm\ ta&SUESpfwkdifavmufa0;aom qif;*Gwf&Gmu awmifolBuD;om;orD;yJ
jzpfonf/ awmolawmifom;yDyD kd;om;aom tvkyfusdK;EGHaomyHkrkdY
olYukdvnf; uRefr cifrifygonf/ oluawmh ukdBuD;wifacG;ajymonfh
vifhc&rf;csOfoD;jzpfyHk&onf/ rdef;rom;oHk;OD;wnf;om&Sdaom cifrmvGifwkdY
rdom;pkukd oluOD;pD;NyD; vkyfauR;aeonfr[kwfvm;/
cifrmvGifESifh uRefruawmh i,fi,fwkef;u aqmhazmfaqmhzuf?
owfazmfowfzuf jzpfonf/ uRefrxuf i,fonfqkdaomfvnf; ESpfESpfyJ
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
79
cifcifxl;
jcm;onfrkdY &G,fwlvkd jzpfaeonf/ olESifhuRefr bkef;BuD;ysHyGJawG

avQmufMunfhcJhMuwmukd owd&vkdufrdonf/ onfwkef;u &Gmta&SU
a&Ta&mifzdwfausmif;q&mawmf OD;Em ysHvGefawmfrlonfh bkef;BuD;ysHyGJrSm[k
uRefrxifygonf/ uRefrwGif tarcsKyfay;xm;aom umwGef;kyf*g0ef topf
pufpufuav; ESpfxnf &Sdonf/ tarucifrmvGiftm; wpfxnf
ay;0wfonf/ nDtpfrESpfa,muf bkef;BuD;ysHyGJ twloGm;MunfhMuonf/
yGJxJa&mufawmh wpfa,mufESifh wpfa,muf pum;rsm;NyD; &efjzpfMuawmh
uRefru uRefr\*g0efukd tckcRwf [k jyefawmif;onf/ cifrmvGifu vm
tdrfjyefcRwfay;r,f[k ajymonfukd uRefru vufrcHbJ yGJcif;xJrSmyJ
ZGwfawmif;onf/ cifrmvGifu uRefr w*sD*sDvkyfvGef;ojzifh yGJcif;xJrSmyif
uJa&mh tifh qkdwJhNyD; *g0efcRwfay;um ukd,fwHk;vHk;BuD;ESifh tdrfjyefoGm;cJh&
zl;onf/
]]rxl;wkdYrsm; qkd;csufawmhf ... iSm;wkef;u iSm;0wfNyD; &efjzpfawmh ZGwf
jyefawmif;om [kdcrsm a[mif;avmif;jyefcJh&omyJ}}
uRefrwkdYESpfa,mufuawmh i,fi,fuwnf;u rwnfhtwlaeawG
jzpfonf/ okdYaomf uRefr NrdKUjyefwkdif; cifrmvGifrSm rsuf&nfvnf&GJESifh ikd&
onfrSm tarm/ okdYaomf uRefrqkd;rsdK;ukdawmh cH&Smygonf/ cifrmvGifu
BuD;awmf\orD; ti,fqHk;jzpfaomfvnf; awmolBuD;vHk;vHk;awmh r[kwfyg/
olu rEav;rSm aezl;aep&SdolyDyD vl&nfvnfonf/ BuD;awmf\armif0rf;uGJ
uRefrwkdYOD;av; OD;BuD;vS\ tdrfwGifae&if; rEav;wkwfwef;aps;rSm xkd;rkefY
a&mif;zl;onf/ rEav;blwmBuD; *Hk;wHwm;tqif;rS ]NrdKUawmf} xkd;rkefYqkdifrSm
OD;BuD;vSESifh wl0&D;ESpfa,muf av;ig;ajcmufESpfavmuf vufwGJvkduf&onf
rkdY cifrmvGifu NrdKUpdwfaygufcsifvmonf/ BuD;awmfwkdY om;trdu cifrmvGif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
80
cifcifxl;
ukd vufvGwfrnfpkd;ojzifh armifoef;pkd;ESifh ac: oabmwl ay;pm;vkdufMu

jcif;jzpf\/ uRefrwkdY&Gmu vlrsm;onf udk,fhawmolawmifom; tcsif;csif;
om ykd rufarmwwfMuygonf/
]]NrdKUolNrdKUom;,lvkdY bmvkyfwwfrSmo,fhwkH; ... EGm;rxGefwwf ...
yJr&dwfwwfeJY tykdyJ ... iwkdYawmh bmpnf;pdrfcsrf;omrSm rygcsifae ...
vufaMumwif;wif;eJY rysif;o,fha,musfm;yJ rufo,f pufo,f[Jh}}
tdrfaxmifjyKMuNyDqkdvQif ukd,fhawmolawmifom;csif;rS b0wpfckukd
xlaxmifvkdY&Ekdifrnf[laom t,ltqukd uRefrwkdY&Gmu NrJNrJBuD; qkyfukdif
xm;MuqJyif&Sdonf/ NrdKUolwpfykdif;jzpfcJhaom cifrmvGifrSm tckawmh ykqkd;
a[mif; acgif;aygif;BuD;ESifh ajcovHk;wkwfwkwfcJcJBuD;ESifh awmvkyfqif;
aecJh&NyD/ uav;wGJavmif; om;wGJavmif;ESifh om;o,ftar awmifolrBuD;
jzpfaecJh&NyD/
]]uJ ... onfvufzufajcmufxkyfawGukd wpftdrfwpfxkyf Munfha0vkduf
prf;at ... bkef;BuD;ausmif;awGawmh wkdYom;trdukd,fwkdif oGm;vSLr,f}}
taru OD;umu vufzufajcmufxkyfawG pkxnfhxm;aom yDeef
tdwfBuD;ukd rrxdkuf\vufokdY tyfvkdufygonf/
]]wpftdrfwpfxkyf a0Ekdifygbl; a':a':&,f ... udk,fhvufaqmif jyefr,fh
ol ay;&rSmyJ}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
81
cifcifxl;
vufaqmifjyefjcif;qkdonfrSm &Gmu uRefrwkdYukd yJ? refusnf;oD;rSnfh?

MuufoGef? vufyHacgif;ajcmuf? vufyHrIdY pojzifh vufaqmifay;Mujcif;ukd
ajymjcif;jzpfonf/
]]rrxkduf ... tJvkdrvkyfygeJY ... wpftdrfwpfxkyfa0vkdufyg ... uRefr
txkyfoHk;&mawmif 0,fvmwmyg ... a0avmufygw,f ... NyD;awmh
bmvufaqmifjyefzkdYrS rvkdygbl;aemf ... &GmrSm uRefrvkdcskifwm b,folY
tdrfurqkd tukef,lvkdY&ygw,f ... wpf&GmvHk; uRefraqGrsdK;csnf;yJ[m ...}}
uRefru 0ifajymawmh rrxkdufu NyHK;ygonf/ 'guvnf; &Gmukd uRefr
cspfrSef;od jzpfonf/ uRefrwkdY&Gmrsm;wGif yJay:csdefwkdif;wGif ukefypnf;csif;
vmzvS,fMuonfh"avh&Sdonf/ xef;vsuf? aumufnif;qef ponfh pm;ukef
aomufukefrSp t0wftxnf? tvSukefypnf;uav;rsm;txd yJESifh
vJMuonf/ wpfESpfrSwpfcg qkdovkdom ay:vmwwfMuaom xkd aps;onf
rsm;xHrS wpfESpfrS wpfxnfpavmufom 0,fEkdifMu&Smaom awmoltysdKr
uav;awG b0ukd uRefr tjrJ ukd,fcsif;pmaerdwwfonf/ uRefrESifh rawmf
awmhaom txnfa[mif;uav;rsm;ukd uRefrtjrJ odrf;qnf;xm;NyD; &GmokdY
jyefwkdif; pk ,loGm;wwfpNrJ/ oifhawmf&mvlukd uRefr ay;& a0& iS&onf
rSmyif ravmufyg/ wpfcgwpf&H t0wftpm;rsm;udk aomif;csDay; 0wfaeMu
aom NrdKUBuD;olrrrsm;ukdjrifvQif uRefr&Gmu uRefraqGrsdK;awGukd zswfceJ
owd&rdwwfonf/ &GmrSmvm yJESihfvJvS,faom taygpm; tyGifhkduf
txnfpuav;wpfp0wfzkdY wpfaEGvHk; aumufoif;aumuf pkcJh& &Smaom
olwkdY\ acR;pufyJaphuav;awGukd uRefrrsufpdxJ jrifa,mif aerdvkdYyJ
jzpfonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
82
cifcifxl;
]]uJuJ ... nusrS pum;aumif;aumif; ajymMuwmayghat ... bkef;BuD;

ausmif;buf oGm;MuOD;pkdY ...}}
taruajymawmhrS q&mawmhfausmif; oGm;zkdYjyif&onf/ q&mawmf
twGuf vSL&efwef;&efypnf;rsm;ukd vifyef;wpfcsyfwnf; vSatmif jyifxnfh
vkdufonf/ wbufuav;awG ycHk;ukd,fpDwifNyD; uRefrwkdYom;trd
q&mawmfausmif;okdY xGufvmcJhMuonf/ at;jraom&Gm\ taiGYtoufu
uRefr&ifukd MunfvifoGm;aponfaum/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
83
cifcifxl;
(6)
q&mawmfhausmif;ESifh uRefrwkdYBuD;awmftdrfu odyfra0;vSyg/ BuD;awmf
wkdYtdrfu &Gmhajrmufzsm;rSm &Sdonf/ uRefrwkdY jcHajrmufbufpnf;&kd;wef;rSm
&GmwHcg;ESifh wpfqufwnf;jzpfonf/ q&mawmfausmif;ayguf0 rsufESmpm
uvnf; &GmwHcg;ESihfwpfqufwnf; &Gmtjyifbuf &GmOD;xdyfwGif wnf&Sd
ygonf/ ajym&vQif &Gmvrf;rwpfvrf;pmom jcm;ojzifh uRefrwkdYi,fi,fu
ausmif;ESifhtdrfukd tdrfOD;ESifhujyifozG,f tNrJul;vl;aecJhMuygonf/ zkefxlxl
onfvrf;uav;ay:rSm uRefri,fi,fu ajcz0g;&muav;rsm; xyfatmif
upm;cJhonf/ NrdKUausmif;ydwf &Gmjyefvmaom uRefrtpfukd ESpfa,mufukd
tbu ouFef;qD; ukd&if0wfay;xm;wwfonf/ uRefrtpfukd ukd&ifESpfyg;
uawmh onfausmif;rSmyJ ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;ESifh bmom ,Ofaus;rIpm
awG qufoifcJh&onf/ reufqGrf;pm;NyD; wkef;armif; acgufvkdufvQif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
84
cifcifxl;
tbu uRefrwkdYti,fawG vufukdqGJ ausmif;okdY ac:oGm;NyD; ukd&ifawG?

ausmif;om;awGMum;a&mum pmtHapcJhwmukdvnf; trSwf&rdygonf/
]],H r*FvH 'Gg'o[d? pdE,ok oa'0um}} tp&Sd r*Fvokwfawmf
]],m Ekbm0awm ,um? ae0 'aEd bDoeH}} tp&Sd arwm
okwfawmf? y|mef;a'oemawmf[krnfaom 24 ypnf;? oAKa' *gxmawmf
ponfwkdYukdvnf;aumif;? ]]oHk;vlY&Sifyif uRef;xdyfwif? aomif;cGifpMum0Vm}}
tp&Sdaom v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ckepfaeY bk&m;&Sdckd;? ]]tpBudK;Mum?
q,fhajcmufcgESifh? [oFmukd;jzpf? ajcmufjzpfum;ckd}} tp&Sdaom bk&m;
jzpfawmfpOf b0rsm;ukdvnf;aumif; vnfacsmif;uGJrwwf tNydKiftqkdif
tHcJh&GwfcJh&ygonf/ xkdYtjyif ig;yg;oDv usL;vGefaom tjypfvuFmuav;
rsm; &GwfqkdcJh&yHkukdvnf; uRefrpdwfESvHk;rSm pGJjrJaecJhygonf/ txl;ojzifh
jrefrmrIe,fy,frS avmuDa&;&m tjzmjzmwkdYukdyg oifMum; ay;cJhojzifh
uRefrwkdYtwGuf wefzkd; tvGefBuD;rm;aMumif; ,cktcsdefwGif uRefr em;vnf
vmcJh&ygonf/
]]we*FaEG*VKef a&SUajrmufBuHK? aewHkajcmufESpfrQ? wevFmusm; wpfq,fh
ig; aejim;ta&SU&yf? t*FgjcaoFh a&SUawmifauGY? ra&GU&SpfESpfjy}}
]]wefcl;omausmf? xGef;ay:uqkef? e,kefnGefYp? atmifvS0gqkd? omvkd
0gacgif? jrawmifawmfovif;? oDwif;uRwfqD? aom&Dwefaqmifrkef;? csrf;
wHk;ewfawmf? rdaemfjymokd? rndKwykdYwGJ? xJ0ifwaygif;}}
]]wrm? ouf&if;? tifMuif;? ql;&pf av;vjzpf}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
85
cifcifxl;
]]wpfrSdwf wpfvQyf? q,frSdwf wpfcP? q,fcP wpfc&m? q,fc&m

wpfjyef? ajcmufjyef wpfADZem? q,fhig; ADZem wpfyg'f? av;yg'f wpfem&D?
ajcmufq,fem&D wpf&uf}}
]]wefcl;rnfrSwf zufqGwfa&wkd; oBuFefrkd;? uqkeftwGif; ajroif;ysHUysHU
rkd;ESHYESHY? e,kefrkd;ao; jrufom;arG;}}
ponfwkdYukd nufnufausatmif &GwfcJhusufcJh&wmawGukdvnf; uRefr
rSwfrdaeygao;onf/ uRefrwkdY&GmwGif [kdwkef;u pmoifausmif; &,fvkdY
r&SdcJhyg/ om;orD;t&G,fa&mufvQif bkef;awmfBuD; pmoifausmif; rsm;okdY
qefwpfjynf aiGwpfrwfjzifh ausmif;tyfavh&SdMuygonf/
a,musfm;uav;rsm;udkawmh ukd&if0wfay;NyD; ausmif;rSmyJ aeYntyfESH
xm;wwfMuonf/ rdef;uav;awGuawmh aopm&SifpmzwfwwfkH avmuf
om ausmif;wuf&onf/ oifykef;BuD;ukefoGm;vQifawmh ausmif;xGuf um
v,fxJukdif;xJ qif;ckdif;Muonf/ ukd&ifawGuawmh yif; wufolwufMu?
vlxGufolxGufMuonf/ uRefrwkdYvufxufrSmawmh &GmwGif rlvwef;ausmif;
uav; ay:aygufvmcJhNyDjzpfaomfvnf; uRefrwkdY&Gmuawmh bkef;BuD;ausmif;
ukd vufrvTwfcJhMuyg/
]]nnf;wkdYtwef;ausmif;u pmwwfkHwwfom ... bk&m;pm w&m;pm
oifomrIwfzl; ... bkef;BuD;pmu bk&m;&Sdckd;wwfo,f ... vdrma&;jcm;&Sdo,f
... qkdyDem;Mum;&Sdo,f ... vlBuD;olr kdao&aumif;rSef;odo,f ... iwkdY
bkef;BuD;awmh vufrvTwfEkdifaygifat}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
86
cifcifxl;
aocsmpOf;pm;MunfhvQif olwkdYajymwm rSefaumif;rSefaeao;awmh\/

bkef;BuD;ausmif; ynma&;pepfuawmh pmayqefvGef;NyD; bmoma&; vTrf;NcHK
aeonf[k uRefrxifygonf/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;rIxuf ukd,fusifh
w&m;aumif;rGefa&;ukd OD;pm;ay; oifMum;onfrkdY awmol awmifom;rsm;
twGufawmh pdwfBudKufb0 oifkd;Tef;wrf; jzpfyHk&ygonf/ aus;vuf
bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;onf vlwef;pm;ra&G; tcaMu;aiGr,l rdrd wynfhom;
ajr;rsm;ukd pmwwfaywwf usrf;*efwwfBuD;awG rjzpfonfh wkdifatmif
tusifhpm&dwaumif;rGefaom
vlwpfa,mufjzpfzkdY
qHk;rMo0g'ay;&m
wuokdvfausmif;wkdufBuD;awGyJjzpfonf/ wcsdKU ausmif;rsm;wGif pmay
ykdYcsaom q&mawmf\ 0oDawmftavsmuf *Pef;ocFsm twGuftcsuf?
aA'ifynm? euwfynm? &mZowf? "rowfynm? aq;usrf;trsdK;rsdK;ukdyg
oifMum;ykdYcsay;wwfaMumif; uRefrMum;zl;onf/
[kdwpfacwfwkef;uqkdvQif yGJausmif;[k trnfwGifaom bkef;BuD;
ausmif;rsm; jrif;pD;? vSHxkd;? "m;a&;? av;jrm; twwfynmrsm;ukdyg
oifMum; ay;wwfMuonfqkd\/ wcsdKUbkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif jrefrmh
qkdif;ynm? rD;SL;rD;yef;? rD;yHk;ysHjyKvkyfjcif; ynm&yfrsm;ukdyg oifMum;
ay;cJhMuygao;onf/ wpfcsdefu rif;aejynfawmf jzpfcJhzl;aom rEav;NrdKU
wGif bk&ifhom;awmf? rif;nDrif;om;? rSL;rwfrsm;\om;awmfrsm; aeaom
bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;? &Sifbk&ifu aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;aom ausmif;rsm;ukd
rif;ausmif;[kyif ac:a0:oHk;EIef;cJhMu&ygonf/ uRefrwkdY&Gmu bkef;awmfBuD;
pmoifausmif;uav;rSmawmh bmtrnfrS r&Sdyg/
]]q&mawmfh ausmif;uvnf; Munfh&wm ykdajcmufoGm;ovkdyJaemf}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
87
cifcifxl;
tarhpum;aMumifh uRefr&ifxJ xdwfceJjzpfoGm;rdygonf/ tawG;

pdwful;awG vGefYvl;aeaom uRefronf ausmif;ayguf0ta&mufrSmawmh
acGTwfvkrwwf jzpfoGm;&awmh\/ yifpnfrJhqD;BudKvkdufaom aomfuyif
ikwfwkdBuD;ESpfikwfu tkyfqkd; tusnf;wefpGmjzifh uRefrukd vSrf;arQmfMunfh
aeMuonf/ wHk;wdwdjzifh ajcmufoa,mif;aeaom onfikwfwkdBuD; ESpfcku
yif uRefr&if0ukd aqmifhwGef;vkdufovkd cHpm;vkduf&\/
]]tkd ... b,fvkdjzpfwmygvdrfh}}
uRefr\pdwfESvHk;0,f tNrJudef;0yfaecJhaom &GmedrdwfyHk aomfuyifBuD;
awG b,fa&mufoGm;NyDvJ/
eDaom? a&Taom? 0gaom? ndKaom? pdrf;opfaom ta&mifpHk
yef;csDum;csyfBuD;wpfcsyfvkd ta&miftaoG;w<u<u vScsifwkdif;vSaewwf
aom aomfuyef;yGifh&J&Juav;awG b,frSmvJ/ &Gma&mufwkdif; tNrJ0wfrysuf
EIwfqufpum;qkdcJh&aom zkzkxpfxpf yifpnf&ifh&ifhBuD;awG? acgif;ay:
wpfac: arQmfMunfhavwkdif; uRefrwpfukd,fvHk;ukd aeajymufrxkd; vTrf;NcHK
&pfodkif;xm;wwfaom tkyftkyfqkdif;qkdif; aomfu&GufEkysdKawG? tpDt&D
wGJ&&GJESihf tqkyfvkduf tckdifvkduf av'ef;pD;aewwfMuaom yef;a&mifpHk
uav;awG.../
aomfuyef;uav;awG oDukH;wrf; upm;cJhaom uRefr\ i,fb0
awG.../ uRefr&ifrSm 0rf;enf;aMuuGJrIawG wpfpwpfp pD;0ifvmawmhonf/
&Gmukd ra&mufjzpfonfhwpfcsdefvHk; ouf&Sdvlom; r[kwfawmhvnf; onf
tyifBuD;awG&JU oma&;ema&;udpawGukd uRefrrar;cJhrdwm trSefyif/ onfvkd
jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf[k uRefr vHk;0awG;awmrMunfhrdcJhyg/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
88
cifcifxl;
]]tyifBuD;awGu ykd;0ifNyD; tvkdvkd ajcmufoGm;omeJY ckwfvkduf&omyJ ...

xif;jzpfoGm;omaygh rxl;&,f}}
]]aMomf ...}}
ausmif;ayguf0rSm xef;csdKifaeaom ukdBuD;wifaqGu &Sif;jyonf/
a&TrSefuif;tppfu xif;jzpf&av[k rqkd0Hhaomfvnf; uRefrtwGufawmh
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usawmhvnf; q&mav;u r&Sdawmhbl; ... iwkdYeJY wpfwef;wnf; vlawG
avmufyJ avmu"mwfpmwwfom ... ighqkd q&mav;u awmfawmfeJY ausmif;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
89
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wu,fhemrnf&if; [kwfr[kwf rod&[k tbuajymygonf/
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tIyfaxG;tMurf;wrf;qHk;tcsdef jzpfrnfxifygonf/ q&mav; ukd&mausmf
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oifaompmrsm;rSm &Gmbkef;BuD;awG oifavhoifxr&Sdaom *Pef;ocFsm?
urmhEkdifiHrsm;taMumif;ESifh pufrIvkyfief;rsm;taMumif;? wjcm; N*dK[furmawG
taMumif; ponfh qef;qef;jym;jym;pmrsm;jzpfonf[k taru ajymjyygonf/
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'wfqm;awG&Sdo,f ... awmifbufusawmh yifv,fBuD;qkdo[mukd;ath ...
NyD;awmh [kd;taemufzsm;rSmu uvjzLawG&Sdao;owJh}}
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q&mav;uawmh tarwkdYudk tMurf;zsif; oifay;cJhyHk &ygonf/ q&mav;
pmoifvQif ausmif;om;awGyifru tbwkdY vlBuD;rsm; yif tem;wGif
0kdif;um em;axmifaecJhMu&onf[k tbuajymonf/ q&mav;u bkef;BuD;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
90
cifcifxl;
pmoifcsdefukd vHk;0 taESmifht,Sufray;bJ ausmif; a0,sm0prsm;ukdom

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MucsdefwGif onfaomfuyifBuD;awGrSm oifykef; axmifNyD; pmoifcJhonfqkd\/
bkef;BuD;rsm;\ oifykef;rSm o&ufom;ukd Bwd*HyHk tom;jym;ysOfcsyfBuD;pyf
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q&mav;u uRef;ysOfcsyfBuD;awGukd av;axmifhpyfpyfkduf oifykef;
okwfaq;teufjzifh okwfum pepfwus oifMum;ay;cJhonf/ q&mawmfrsm;
u ausmif;atmufwGif xef;acsmzsmBuD;rsm;cif;um ausmif;om; rsm;tm;
av;bufaxmufum pmtHapcJhaomfvnf; q&mav;u &SdorQ opfwkdopfp
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acwfynmwwf vl&nfoefYwpfOD; jzpf&rnf[k uRefr cefYrSef; Munfh&
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q&mav;ESifh tarwkdY ausmif;om;wpfokduf kdufxm;aom "mwfyHkBuD; tckxd
ausmif;wkdifrSm csdwfxm;vsuf&Sdao;onf/ wcsdKU ae&mrsm;wGif aq;om;awG
uGufukefMuNyD/ "mwfyHkxJu q&mav;\ wnfMunfjywfom;aom rsufESmukd
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q&mav;ukd iwkdYu &Gmxdyf xGufxGufarQmf&omtarm ... q&mav;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
91
cifcifxl;
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bm&,fnm&,f pHkprf;ar;jref;aeMuomrIwfzl; ... wpf&GmvHk;u q&mav;ukd
cspfMuomaumath}}
ausmif;om;rsm; pmoifcsdefr[kwfvQifvnf; q&mav;u aomfuyif
atmufu uGyfyspf0kdif;BuD;ay:rSm pmzwfaewwfonfqkd\/ wpfcgwpf&H
tbwkdYwpfawGESifh pum;vufqHk usaevkdufMuonfrSm vufzuf&nfMurf;
av;ig;ajcmuftkd; ukefonftxdwJh/
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awmfawmfaumif;qkdyJ ... cufomu iwkdYwpfawGu awmolawmifom;awG
rIwfvm; ... b,fhES,fvkyfNyD; olay;oJhtodawGeJY olajymoJh0g'awGukd
vkdufemEkdifrSmwHk; ... iwkdYrSm ajrBuD;&Sdo,f ... EGm;&Sdo,f ... yJrsdK;awG&Sdo,f
... awmifolvkyfMukHuvGJvkdY bmvkyfwwfrSmoJhwHk;}}
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uRefr bmrSef;rod&aomfvnf; uRefrwkdY&GmwGif tckcsdeftxd awmifoluvGJ
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ESifh ol\tawG;tac:rsm;? Zmwfvrf;rsm;onf uRefrESifh tvkdvkd&if;ESD;ae
awmhonf/
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ajymif;oGm;ua&mAs ... odyfrMumvkdufygbl; qrdwfcHkbuf *syefawG
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
92
cifcifxl;
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q&mav;aeoGm;o,fh0kdif;aygh}}
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aom ajymufusm;wyfzGJYukd vQdKU0SufzGJYpnf;xm;cJhonf/ uRefrwkdY &Gmuawmh
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ukd,fvkyfMuNyD; nbufusrS ukd,fhtpkESifhukd,f &Gmywfywfvnf uif;apmifh
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avQmufNyD; &Jabmfpkom ... iwkdY&Gma&mufawmh bkef;BuD;ausmif;xJu aomfu
yifBuD;awGatmuf vlpko,fhNyD; awmfvSefa&;w&m;awG a[mawmhomyJ ...
&GmxJu xrif;xkyfawGqifhNyD; opfyifBuD;awGatmufu ajrBuD;ay:rSmyJ
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
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... ajymif;zl;zufvdyfawG ... qDawG ... yJawG ... tkd ... pHkvkdYyuGm ...}}
tbajymwkdif; uRefrrsufpdxJwGif &J&Jawmuf raMumufw&m;rsm;ukd
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0ifvmwwfNrJjzpfonf/ &Jabmfrsm; w&m;a[maumif;ojzifh uRefrwkdY&GmrS
&Gmom; ESpfq,foHk;q,favmuf ppfxJvkdufoGm;Muonfqkd\/
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rat;ao;bl;uG,fh ... iwkdY&GmawGbufrSm &JabmfeJYuGefjrLepf ESpfykdif; uGJaeMu
omukdu tMumBuD; ... iwkdY&Gmu &Jabmfvm&Jabmfjzpfvkduf ... uGefjrLepfvm
uGefjrLepfjzpfvkdufeJY bmrSef;ukd rodcJhaygifuGm ...}}
a&SUrDaemufrD avhavhvmvm&Sdaomtbyif bmrSef;rodcJhygvQif useful
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tarBuD;axG;wifwkdY tdrfukd 0kdif;ywfxm;vkdufMuNyD; aoewfukd oHk;av;csuf
qifhazmufvkdufonfqkd\/
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qkwfwkef;u aoewfwpfcsuf razmufbl;armif ... wdwfwdwfuav;
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
94
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jzpfukefcsifovm;qkd 'kdif; ... a[haumifausmif;q&m xGufcJhprf;qkd 'kdif; ...
aomufusdK;enf;vkdY ukd,fhtdrfxJukd,f b,foGm;ae&rSef;rodbl; ...
aMumufcsufawmhf ...}}
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vufeufr&SdonfuwpfaMumif;rkdY &Gmu tomyif em;pGifhaecJhMu&onf/
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owdaumif;o,fh vlav;ig;a,mufu tdrfawG xJuxGufNyD; vlpkomuG ...
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ukdbtkef;BuD;u &Gmv,fvrf;xGufo,fhNyD; wkdY bkef;BuD;awGukd rxdeJYa[hvkdY
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reufvif;awmh EIwfvkduf&o,fh ql;awG qkdomrsm; wpfjynfom;avmuf
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
95
cifcifxl;
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&Sif;jyonf/ &Gmuvnf; &SdorQ rD;cGuf? rSeftdrfrsm;xGef; wpfausmif;vHk;
ykdufpdyfwkduf&SmMuonf/ reufvif;tkPfa&mifjcnfEkEkuav; xGufjyLp
tcsdefusrS q&mav;ukd &SmawGYonf[k ajymygonf/
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opf&GufajcmufawGqkdawmh vlckefcsNyD; tomuav;vufeJY qGJvIyfzHk;xm;
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wkdYvnf; q&mav;ukd trIdufusif;xJu qGJwifNyD; aomfuyifatmufukd
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&,f vnf*kwf&SyfxdoGm;om&,f ... &if0wnfhwnfh&,f &if0u'Pf&mukd
q&mav;u vufeJYzdxm;om vufvnf;z,fcsvdkufa&m aoG;awGukd
yGufceJyJ ...}}
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bBuD;bkdat; &GmjrpfqdyfokdY ra&mufcifrSmyif q&mav;u aoqHk;oGm;cJh
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
96
cifcifxl;
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q&mav;ukd owfoGm;Muaom w&m;cHrsm;ukd &Gmutcktcsdeftxd
b,folb,f0g&,fvkdY twdtusrodMuyg/ wcsdKUuvnf; q&mav;\ b0
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xkwfEkdifcJhMuovkd q&mav;ukd,fwkdifonfyif rjynfhpHkaomb0 wpfykdif;
wpfpjzifh uRefrwkdY &Gmukda&mufvmNyD; Zmwfodrf; oGm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
97
cifcifxl;
yef;rkdY uRefr ykdNyD;jrwfEkd;cJh&onf/ NyD;awmh uRefr&Gmjyefwkdif; aEGukdtHwkum

&J&J&ifh&ifhyGifhESifhavNyD;aom aomfuyef;awGu &Gmjyefvmaom uRefrukd
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yef;wkdY ryGifhEkdifMuawmhNyD/
]]uJ ... vm vm ausmif;xJoGm;&atmif rkd;csKyfoGm;vdrfhr,f}}
aomfuyifikwf rnf;rnf;BuD;ESpfckukd pdwfroufromjzifh uRefr
wpfcsufvSrf;Munfhvkdufygonf/ wpfcsdefu EkdifiHa&;qkdonfukd bmwpfvHk;rQ
em;rvnfcJhMuaom uRefrwkdY&Gmu vlawGukd q&mav;taMumif;? aomfuyif
BuD;awGtaMumif;? orkdif;taMumif;awGukd uRefrajymjycsifaerdonf/ okdYaomf
orkdif;ukd xkd;axmufjyp&m aomfuyifBuD;awGu ykd;0ifNyD; aoukefMuavNyD/
aemufwpfacguf uRefr &GmukdjyefvmjzpfvQif a[monfae&mrSm
a[movkdyJ aomfuESpfyif jyefpkdufrnf[k &ifwGif;pum;qkdcJhrdygonf/ uRefr
pkdufcJhonfh
tyifESpfyifutyGifhawGukd
uRefrjrifcGifhr&onfhwkdifatmif
aemifwGif uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;\ trSwfwHqdyftjzpf ckdifckdifNrJNrJ &Sdae&pfcJh
apcsifonf/ orkdif;r0ifaomfvnf; orkdif;armfuGef; ausmufwkdifwpfckvkd
uRefr pkdufxlcJhcsifonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
98
cifcifxl;
(7)
aomfuyifBuD;em;ucGm uRefrwkdY om;trdESpfa,muf ausmif;BuD;buf
qDukd avQmufvmcJhMuonf/ ukef;rkdYrkdYonfvrf;wpfavQmuf NrdKifNrdKifqkdifqkdif
BuD; zl;yGifha0qmcJhMuaom yk@&dufyifwef;BuD;vnf; r&Sdawmh/ [kdwkef;u
wpf&GmvHk; bk&m;yef;csdK; xkd;vkdYyifrukefcJhaom yk@&dufyifwef;ae&mu
wvif;ajymifajymifBuD; jzpfaeNyD/ ausmif;avSum;tqif;u yef;tdyifwef;
awG? ZvyfjzL Zvyf0gyifawG? ausmif;jywif;0rS vSrf;cl;&aom
ArmESif;qDyGifh yef;qDa&mifBuD;awGukdvnf; uRefrrsufpdxJ jrifa,mifvmrd
onf/
aus;vufa&S;bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;onf
opfyifyef;refrsm;ukd
O,smOfBuD;wrQ pkdufcJhysdK;cJh a0a0qmapcJhMujcif;onfyif &Gmhusufoa&
wpfyg; jzpfawmh\/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
99
cifcifxl;
]]tyifBuD;awGu a&mif;pm;&if roD;bl;uG ... iguawmh b,fawmhrS

a&mif;pm;zkdY pdwfrul;bl; ... &yfa0;&yfeD;u wynfhawGvnf; onfvkd
a0&rQ&omyJ}}
bBuD;bkef;BuD; OD;wdurdefYMum;cJhzl;aom pum;jzpfygonf/ o&ufoD;
rsm;ukd cl;qGwf ausmif;ay:wGifjzefYNyD; usif;xm;vQif ukd&if? ausmif;om;
awG tem;ruyf&awmhyg/ o&ufoD;usif;onfh ae&muvnf; bk&m;cef;
twGif; vkdufumaemufbufrSmjzpfonf/ bBuD;bkef;BuD;u oufqkdif&m
wynfhwyef;awG? aqGrsdK;om;csif;awGukd a0yHkuscGJwrf;jzifh ay;avh&Sdygonf/
]][Jh tmp& ... armifndKwkdY armifbkdwkdYtwGuf o&ufoD;ay;vdkufprf;uG,f}}
[k rdefYvkdufvQif q&mawmfOD;tmp&u vdkufumcef;qD;paemuf 0ifoGm;wJhNyD;
csdefcGifryg? uwm;ryg o&ufoD;rsm;ukd tBuD;tao; vufjzifhqMunfhNyD;
wpfyHkpD yHkaevkdufonfrSm rNyD;EkdifrpD;Ekdif/ bBuD;bkef;BuD;u MumvGef;ru
MumvS vSrf;aigufaomtcgrS xGufvmwwfonf/
]]uJ ... rif;wkdYBudKuf&mtyHk ,lMuayawmh}} [k vufndK;xkd;jyNyD;
cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSm cyfrqdyfxkdifaeawmh\/ o&ufoD;rsm;ukd b,ftyHku
omoGm;vdrfhrnf[k rwGufavESifh/ q&mawmf\ vufqrSm csdefcGif?
uwm;xufyif wdusvSonf/ o&ufoD;yHkBuD;rsm;rSm uRefruav;wkef;u
uRefrt&yfavmufyif &Sdrnfxifygonf/ q&mawmfBuD;rsm;vufxufu
o&ufoD;rsm; tvGefoD;cJhonf/ ukd,fhbBuD; bkef;BuD;ausmif;rkdY uRefrwkdY
uawmh b,ftoD;rqkd pdwfBudKuf qGwfpm;ykdifcGifh&SdcJhonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
101
cifcifxl;
uRefrwkdY bkd;atBuD;OD;aus;ESifh bGm;atBuD;r,fazmhtlwkdYrS aygufzGm;

qif;oufvmaom ukd;rayguf aqGtiftm; rsdK;tiftm;um; rao;vSyg/
uRefrwkdY tarBuD;r,foefY? ausmif;xkdifq&mawmf bBuD;bkef;BuD; OD;wdu?
cef;aeOD;yif; nDawmf OD;aombdw? wlawmf OD;tmp&\ r,fawmfBuD;bHk
(a':vSbHk) wkdYrSm armifESr&if;csmrsm; jzpfMuonf/ onfawmh uRefrwkdYrSm
bBuD;bkef;BuD;\ ajr;t&if;jzpfonfhtavsmuf ukd&ifrsm;? ausmif;om;rsm;ukd
Ekdifpm; &aeonfr[kwfvm;/
bBuD;bkef;BuD; OD;wdurSm t*Fvdyftpkd;& vufxufuwnf;u
bkef;awmfBuD;oif ynma&;ausmif;tkyfjzpfonf/ b0ewfxH ysHvGefawmfrl
onftxd ppfajy;vpm? qGrf;qefawmf? 0wKrsm; qufuyfvSL'gef;
ylaZmfcH&[ef;wpfyg;jzpfonf/ tmPmpuftvGefjyif;NyD; wpfe,fvHk;u
zdefYzdefYwkef kdaoaMumufGHYMu&onf/ xkdpOfu uRefrwkdYe,fwpf0kduf&Sd
&[ef;? omraP? ausmif;om;rsm; tm;vHk;\ i,fq&mvnf;jzpfonf/
bBuD;bkef;BuD;u pufrI0goemxHkonf/ em&Dysuf? a&'D,kdysufrsm;ukd
wukwfukwfjzifh jyifqifaewwfyHkukd uRefr rSwfrdaeygonf/ bBuD;bkef;BuD;
aexkdifraumif;jzpfvQifyif q&mawmfrsm;tcsif;csif; yHkckdif;ajymqkdwwfMu
onfhpum;&Sdonf/
]]OD;wdu aeaumif;ocsif&if vG,fyghAsm ... pufysufuav;wpfvHk;om
olYa&SU csay;xm;vkduf&if aeaumif;a&maygh ... bmaq;rSrvkdbl; ...
aigufceJ xxkdifrSmyJ}}
nDawmfOD;aombdwuawmh vufrItEkynm&Sifjzpfonf/ yef;ykxk?
yef;csDjc,f? yef;tvSopfyif pkdufysdK;jcif;rsm;ukd 0goemxHkonf/ ausmif;ay:
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
102
cifcifxl;
wGif&Sdaom bk&m;aqmif? wkdifuyfem&Dpif? armif;pifwkdYrSm OD;aombdw\

vuf&mrsm;jzpfonf/
ausmif;atmuf&Sd
&Sifavmif;vSnfh
em;&HpD;
vSnf;,mOfausmhuav;rSm
q&mawmf\
taumif;qHk;vuf&mwpf&yf
jzpfovkd
opfwpfvHk;wnf;ukd
xGif;xm;aom
NydKifavSBuD;ESpfpif;
(rsufoG,fBuD;ESifh rsufoG,fav;) wkdYrSmvnf; OD;aombdw\vufpGrf;
vHk;xGif;avSBuD;rsm;jzpfonf/
uRefrwkdYtdrfwGif
bBuD;bkef;BuD;ESpfyg;\tarG
aq;Budwf
ausmufjyifBuD;ESifh
avmufav;wpfvuf&Sdonf/
avmufav;ukdif;rSm
aumhTwfaeaom puf0kdif;jywfoPmefESifh vufukdiftv,fwnfhwnfhwGif
oli,fawmfkyfuav; tvsm;arSmufum ajccsif;vdrfxm;onfhyHkjzpfonf/
uRJcsdKukd xkqpfxm;NyD; tEkpdwfyHkazmfxm;aom oli,fawmfkyfuav;ukd
uRefr tvGefoabmusygonf/ aoQmifaypl;xdyfwGif wu,fhqHyifukd
xkd;pkdufxm;NyD;
qH&pf0kdif;yHk
qHyifuav;u
oli,fawmfuav;\
em;&GuftxufwGif t&pfvkduf tacsmif;vkdufESifh yHkay:vS\/ tkyfuav;
qkdaomfvnf; vl\MueftifvuPm tpHkygonf/ av;BudK;rSmvnf;
q&mawmfukd,fwkdif pepfwus uspfxm;aomBudK;jzpfNyD; avmufpmvHk;
cGifuav;yg ygonf/ onfuRJcsdK oli,fawmfkyfvuf&mukd jrifvQifyif
q&mawmf\ tEkynmtm;ukd cefYrSef; &Ekdifonf/
ausmif;a&SUrsufESmpm pnf;kd;wpfavQmufwGif OD;aombdw pkdufysdK;cJh
aom ESif;qDawmBuD;uvnf; taoG;pHk ta&mifpHk q,fhESpf&moD rjywf
yGifhonf/ naewkdifvQif ukd&ifawG? ausmif;om;awGESifh a&mum
ESif;qDyifawGukd uRefr a&qGJavmif;cJh&onfrSm vufarmif;jyKwfusvk
rwwfyif/ tckawmh uRefr\ bBuD;bkef;BuD; q&mawmfESpfyg;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
103
cifcifxl;
ysHvGefawmfrloGm;MuNyD/ q&mawmfwkdY jyKpkysdK;axmifcJhaom bkef;awmfBuD;

ausmif;uav;vnf; r&SdawmhNyD/ tnmaus;vufqefaom bkef;BuD;ausmif;
O,smOfBuD;vnf; pkdpkdjynfjynf r&SdawmhNyD/ ,ckvuf&Sd ausmif;xkdifq&mawmf
OD;tmp&uawmh OD;&D;awmfESpfyg;\ bkef;&dyfuH&dyfatmuf0,f dk;kd;ukyfukyf
om aecJhaom q&mawmfjzpfygonf/
ausmif;BuD;atmufokdY 0ifvkdufawmh ausmif;wkdifuRef;wHk; vHk;vHk;BuD;
awGu uRefrukd qD;BudKEIwfqufvkdufygonf/ onfausmif;wkdifBuD;awGrSm
uRefri,fi,fu wlwlykef;wrf;upm;&m tuG,ftumjzpfovkd pdefajy;wrf;?
{nfhonfvmtdrfolz,fay;wrf; upm;&m bkwfwkdifBuD;awGvnf;jzpfonf/
wpfa,mufwpfae&m
pmtHcJhMupOfu
rSDwkdifBuD;awGvnf;jzpfonf/
[kdwkef;u a&eHacs;awG 0aeojzifh onfwkdifBuD;awGESifh xdrd yGwfrdwkdif;
uRefrwkdYt0wftpm;awG
a&eHacs;wayayESifh
rnf;eufaewwfonf/
uRef;ysOfaxmif? uRef;ysOfcif;? ausmif;BuD;tkdtkduvnf; [kdwkef;uvkd
a&eHa&mifrpkdawmh/ jzLavsmfavsmf ta&miftaoG;jzifh tusnf;wefvSonf/
ausmif;wGif;rSm
vl&dyfvla,mifyifr&Sd/
wdwfvGef;qdwfvGef;vkdufyHku
cyfvSrf;vSrf; o&ufjcHxJrS aus;iSufjrnfoHawGukdyif Mum;ae&ygonf/
ausmif;atmuf&Sd uRef;ckwifBuD;rSm [kdwkef;uvkdyif wjyefYwjyL;BuD;
cif;xm;qJ/ onfuRef;ckwifBuD;ay:rSm xkdifxkdifNyD; 0g;ESD;jzmaewwfaom
uyd,BuD;OD;pdefukd owd&vkdufrdygonf/ bBuD;pdefu 0g;rsm;ukd ESD;jzmNyD;
ausmif;twGuf cef;vHk;aygufzsmBuD;rsm;ukd rysif;r&d &ufvkyfaewwfygonf/
zsma[mif;BuD;rsm;?
a'gifhpkwfrsm;ukdvnf;
zmax;aewwfao;onf/
bBuD;pdef\ ESD;acsmzsmBuD;rsm;rSm vlxdkifygrsm;ojzifh ajymifacsmaewwf\/
aoQmifBuD;wpfapmif;xHk;um "m;armufuav;wpfvufjzifh wukyfukyf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
104
cifcifxl;
tvkyfvkyfaewwfaom bBuD;pdefrSm bkef;BuD;rsm;wpfouf? olYwpfouf

ausmif;tvGefNrJaom uyd,BuD;jzpfonf/
bBuD;pdefonfvnf;
q&mawmfrsm;\
vufusjzpfonfESifhtnD
OD;yOif;? ukd&if? ausmif;om;rsm;ukd vufyl;vufMuyfoifay;aom q&mvnf;
jzpfonf/ bBuD;bkef;BuD;rsm;u wynfhwyef;rsm;ukd omoemhabmifraeEkdif
vlxGufMuvQif vlYudprsm; wwfajrmufap&ef tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh
oif,lapcJhonf/ tdrfaqmuf? r@yfaqmuf? Z&yfaqmuf? EGm;wif;ukyf?
xef;vufwJxkd;? a&tkd;pifwnfenf;utp bBuD;pdefxHrS oif,lap\/
0g;vHk;rsm;ukd avQmfcsnfaomtcg Muufacs;pkcsnfyHkup avQmfNrJrNrJ 0g;ukd
qGJjyao;\/ uRefrwkdY&GmwGif a&S;ckwifBuD;rsm;ay:wGif 0g;Murf;rsm;
cif;avh&SdMuNyD; 0g;jcrf;rsm;ukd xef;avQmfjzifh vkduf csnf&uf&yHkrsm;ukdvnf;
pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf oifMum;ay;cJhonf/ onfkd;&m"avhonfyif bkef;awmfBuD;
oif pmoifausmif;rsm;\ tarGtESpfjzpfawmh\/
bBuD;pdefuJhodkYyif uyd,BuD;wpfOD;jzpfaom bzkd; (OD;pdefbkd;)
qkdolvnf; &Sdao;onf/ bzkd;uawmh ausmif;rSmrae &GmxJrSmyJ aeonf/
okdYaomf reufvif;onfESifh ausmif;okdYa&mufvmwwfNyD; ukd&ifrsm;?
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifhtwl ausmif;twGif;okdY uRJ? EGm;rsm; r0ifEkdif&ef
pnf;umjcif;? ausmif;twGif; aygif;yif jrufyifrsm; &Sif;jcif;? rvkdtyfaom
tyifrsm;ukd xif;tjzpfckwfvSJjcif;ponfh trIudprsm;ukd aqmif&Gufay;wwf
onf/ bzkd;\ZeD;onf tarNidrf;tHkrSmvnf; q&mawmftm; oifhavsmf
avsmufywfrnfh abmZetm[m&rsm;ukd txl;pDrHay;wwfao; onf/
bBuD;bkef;BuD;rSm t&G,fcyfBuD;BuD; ajymif;zl;zufjzLvdyfBuD; tNrJwrf;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
105
cifcifxl;
yg;apmifrSmcJ aomufaewwfyHkukd uRefrrsufpdxJ jrifa,mifvmrd\/

xkdajymif;zl;zufjzLvdyfBuD;rsm;ukd tarNidrf;tHku aeYpOf vdyfay;&onf/
bk&m;yGJ? ausmif;yGJrsm;&SdvQifawmh bBuD;bkef;BuD;u vla&SUola&SUwGif
ajymif;zl;zufvdyfBuD;ukd raomufyg/ caygif;pD;u&ufukd uyDwef 50 0if
bl;xJazmufxnfhum y&dowfa&SUwGif [efygyg aomufjywwfygonf/
xkdtaMumif;ukd twGif;odaeaom wynfh&if; OD;yef;qDu ]]t&Sifbk&m;wkdY
a*gwrrsdK;awGu t<um;awGcsnf;yJ}} [k &,fumarmum pvkdufaom
pum;u uRefrwkdY&GmwGif &mZ0ifwGifusef&pfcJhawmhonf/
bBuD;bkef;BuD;rSm wpfe,fvHk; wefckd;xGm;onfh bkef;awmfBuD;jzpfonfrkdY
wpfaeYwpfaeY ausmif;ukdvmMuaom {nfhonfawGu renf;vSyg/
ausmif;ayguf0wGif tNrJwrf;vSnf;oHk;av;pD; cRwfxm;wwfonf/ xkd
{nfhonfrsm;twGuf reufvif;onfESifh qefESpfjynfcsuf0if aMu;a&aEG;
tkd;BuD; oHk;vHk;jzifh a&aEG;tkd;wnf&onfrSm aexGufrS ae0ifonfhwkdif ukd&if?
ausmif;om;rsm;u tqufrjywf rD;xkd;ae&wwfonf/ {nfhonfrsm;twGuf
yJavSmfaMumfokyf? vufzufokyf ponfwkdYukd tNrJjyifqifxm;&wwfonf/
wpfcgwpf&H {nfhaumif;apmifaumif;rsm; a&mufvmvQif OD;tmp&u
tESpfESpftvv okdrSD;xm;aom bDpupfrsm;? udwfrkefYrIdwufrsm;ukd a&pkd
vufokyfy0gjzifh okwf yg;pyfu wzl;zl;rIwfum rIdrsm;ukd pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf
okwfoif{nfhcHwwfonf/ 'guvnf; awmbkef;BuD;ausmif;ayr,fh wkdYrSm
NrdKUrkefYawGvnf;&Sdonf [k *kPf,lum {nfhcHjcif;jzpfonf/ uRefrwkdYu
rkefYvSLvQifodrf;rxm;bJ bkOf;ay;zkdY avQmufxm;vQif q&mawmfu
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
106
cifcifxl;
]]pm;&ufEkdifaygifuGm ... wkdYawmu rif;wkdkYNrdKUvkd 0,fvkdYjyKvkdY &om

rIwfzl; ... rIdwufrS wufua&m xm;&omyJ}}
[k jyefrdefYwwfao;\/ ckwifBuD;ajrmufbuf 0g;x&Huav; jcm;xm;
aom ausmif;wkdifESpfbufMum;&Sd 0g;uGyfyspfa[mif;uav;ay:wGif acGacG
uav; usdef;pufaeaom q&mawmfOD;tmp&ukd uRefrwkdYom;trd awGYvkduf&
ygonf/ uRefrwkdY&Gmuawmh OD;tmp&ukd OD;Zif;odef;[kyif EIwfusdK;aeMu
onf/ q&mawmf\ vlemrnfrSm ukdodef;jzpfyif/ uRefrwkdYom;trdvnf;
usdef;pufaeaom q&mawmfukd 0wfjznfhuefawmhvkdufMuonf/ ydefvSDtkdeJY
oGm;&Smaom OD;Zif;odef;ukdMunfh&if; uRefr&ifxJ raumif;jzpfrd\/ i,fpOf
wkef;u olYBudrfvHk;'Pfukd uRefrwkdYcHcJh&onf r[kwfvm;/ uRefrwkdY
vIyf&Sm;oHaMumifh OD;Zif;odef; Ekd;vmonf/ ouFef;uav;ukd ayGY,l&if;
acGae&mrS xxkdif&Smonf/
]]OD;Zif; ... aeaumif;&JUvm; bk&m;}}
uRefru EIwfqufawmh OD;Zif;odef;u vuf0g;uav;ukd rsufvHk;ay:
tkyf Munfhonf/ rnfolrnf0g[k uGJjym;yHkr&yg/
]]rEav;u rjrwifwkdY rxl;wkdYygbk&m;}}
taru avQmufvkdufawmhrS OD;Zif;u rSwfrdoGm;[efjzifh acgif;uav;
wkefwkefjzifh NyHK;&Smonf/
]]eifwkdYrvJ &Gmrvmomawmif MumNyDaum}}
]]wifyghbk&m; ... wynfhawmfwkdYvnf; rtm;MuvkdYygbk&m;}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
107
cifcifxl;
]]at; ... at; ... [kwfrSmaygh [kwfrSmaygh vlYb0qkdomuvnf;

0dwm&awGuvnf; rsm;ygbdoeJY ... tif; ... uJ uJ ausmif;ay:vmMu ...
ukd&ifawmif b,fa&mufoGm;ygvdrfh}}
awmifa0S;uav;axmufum ausmif;ay:wufoGm;aom OD;Zif;odef;
aemufrSmvkduf&if; ausmif;avSum;cHktem;a&mufawmh uRefrajcvSrf;awG
wkefYoGm;rdygonf/ uRefrwkdYi,fi,fu bBuD;bkef;BuD;\ tcspfawmfacG;BuD;
wkdufarmif;ukd owd&vkdufrdyJjzpfonf/ wkdufarmif;onf tNrJwrf;
avSum;cHkajcokwfzHkay:wGif vufESpfacsmif;a&SUypfNyD; 0yfaewwfonf/
ausmif;ay:okdY wufvmolwkdif;ukd tNrJ[def;wwf rmefzDwwfaom
acG;BuD;jzpf\/
bBuD;bkef;BuD;
oGm;&maemuf
wpfaumufaumuf
vkdufaewwfaom wdkufarmif;rSm ArmacG;acsmBuD;wpfaumifjzpfonf/
&GmxJokdY bBuD;bkef;BuD;<uvmvQif wkdufarmif;ESifh &GmacG;rsm; a[mifMu?
ukdufMu? qGJMuoHukd t&ifqHk;Mum;&wwfygonf/ uRefrwkdYuav;awG
ausmif;0kdif;xJ b,favmufaqmhaqmh wpfcsufuav;yif vSnfhrMunfhaom
wkdufarmif;u ausmif;ay:ukdawmh wufcGifhray;yg/ avSum;cHkem; uyfrdvQif
wkdufarmif;ukd owdxm;&onfrSm tarm/
]][JhaumifBuD; ... ighajr;awGudk rqGJeJYaemf ...}}
bBuD;bkef;BuD;u
toHvSrf;jyKvkdufvQifawmh
wkdufarmif;u
Nidrfaewwfonf/ okdYaomf 0if;ajymifaeaom rsufvHk;pl;pl;BuD;awGESifh
vdkufMunfhaewwfonf/ i,faMumufqkdwm 'gyJjzpfrnf[k uRefr
tawG;0ifvkdufrdao;\/ tckyif wkdufarmif;ukd uRefr owd&aeonf
r[kwfvm;/ wkdufarmif;tjyif ausmif;wGif acG;BuD; taumifESpfq,fcefY
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
108
cifcifxl;
&Sdygonf/ MuefpHk? &efvHk? atmifeuf? 0kdif;vHk? wkd;yGm; ponfh

acG;BuD;awGuawmh uRefrwkdYuav;rsm;ESifh ta&mw0if&Sdonf/ wkdufarmif;
uawmh bBuD;bkef;BuD;\ tcspfawmfyDyD aoG;BuD;vS\/ acG;BuD;rsm;rSm
ukd&if? ausmif;om;rsm;ukd aeYpOfjrifawGYae&ojzifh a[mifavha[mifx
r&Sdaomfvnf; ausmif;wGif;okdY vlpdrf;0ifvmvQifawmh wpfNyHKwpfrBuD;
wpfcJeuf
a[mifMuonf/
vlatmfoH[pfoHyif
rwkd;awmhyg/
xl;qef;onfrSm ausmif;okdY vSL&efwef;&ef 0wKypnf; ukdif0ifvmwm
jrifvQifawmh wpfaumifurQ ra[mifMuyg/ acG;[kqkdaomfvnf; odwwf
vGef;aypG[k uRefrwkdY&Gmu ukd,fusdK;&SdvQif &efraxmif&efrawGY Nidrfaewwf
olwkdYtm; ]ausmif;acG;awGusvkdYawmf] [k yHkckdif;ajymwwfMuygonf/
ausmif;aemufbufwGif acG;auR;aom pOfYtifwHkBuD;rsm; twef;vkduf
csxm;onfukdvnf; uRefrrsufpdxJ jrifa,mifrdygao;onf/ ausmufajrmif;
rS wuefwu rSm,lxm;aom pOfYtifwHk 0g0gBuD;rsm;rSm ajcmufvufrcefYESifh
t0ef;wpfayausmfausmfcefY
&Sdrnfxifygonf/
xkdpOfYtifwHkBuD;rsm;ukd
OD;Zif;odef;ukd,fwkdif tkef;qHzwfrsm;jzifh aeYpOf aq;aMumyGwfwkdufNyD;
arSmufxm;wwf\/ bkef;BuD;rsm;? ukd&ifrsm; qGrf;pm;tNyD; aMu;armif;
kdufvkdufvQif wpfausmif;vHk; ae&mtESHYrS acG;rsm; tlMu [pfMuawmh\/
]]acG;tloHrsm; aocsm em;axmifMunfh[Jh ... rwlbl;&,f ... acG;tloH
oHk;rsdK;oHk;pm;&Sdo,f ... raumif;qkd;0g;ukd jrifvkdY tlo,fhtoHu
&ifacgif;oHygo,f ... ykvdyfwkdY &JwkdYvkd rjrifpzl; t0wftpm;eJY
&GmxJ0ifvmomjrifvkdY tloHuwpfrsdK; ... tla[mifa[mifom ... a[m
ausmif;u qGrf;pm;armif;kdufvkdufvkdY tloHusawmh 0rf;omvkdY tlo,fhtoH
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
109
cifcifxl;
... ayghayghyg;yg;eJY vGifhxGufvmom ... olwkdY tpmpm;&awmhrSmqkdNyD;

0rf;omvkdYtlom ... tJom om"kac:oJh toHyJ[Jh}}
taruawmh acG;tloHudkyif okdY rSwfcsufay;wwfonf/ qGrf;usef?
[if;usefrsm;ukd OD;Zif;odef;u ausmif;[if;av;tkd;BuD;xJ xnfhwefxnfhNyD;
ZvHkBuD;wpfvHk;jzifh e,fzwfum pOfYtifwHkBuD;rsm;wGif wef;pDxnfhum
wpfaumifpD emrnfac:auR;\/ ukd,fhtvSnfhusonfhacG;u tpOfvkduf
0ifpm;Muonfukdu Munfh aumif;aeygawmhonf/
]][ ukd&if& ... b,foGm;aeomwkef; ... onfrSm {nfhonfawG
vmo,f}}
uRefrwkdY 0wKypnf;uyfvSLaepOfrSmyif ukd&ifuav;wpfyg; tem;
a&mufvmonf/ ouFef;jzLazsmhazsmhukd zkdz&JkHxm;aom ukd&ifuav;ukd
Munfh&onfrSm EGrf;EGrf;yg;yg;/
]]'g b,folY tqufxJuwHk;bk&m;}}
tarar;onfh ]tquf} qkdonfrSm rsdK;kd;tquftEG,fukd qkdvkdjcif;
jzpfonf/
]]vS&Sifajr;av; ... olYtaru Munf&Gmu ... qHk;oGm;&SmygNyD ... zat
uawmh rpdefbufukd a&TusifvkdufoGm;o,f ... tdrfrSm b,folrSr&SdvkdY
ighausmif;ykdYxm;cJhom ... awmfygao;&JU ... ighrSm vufuwHk;awmifa0S;
vkyfae&vkdY}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
110
cifcifxl;
uRefrwkdY&GmwGif [kdwkef;uvkd bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif ukd&if0wfum

pm0gvkdufrnfholr&Sdawmh/
omoemhabmifwGif
wpfaerckdEkdifMuawmh/
rdb0w&m;
&SifjyKNyD;
wpfvwefonf
ESpfvwefonf
ouFef;uav;qD;NyD;onfESifh ajcovHk;ukd THYxJAGufxJ vl;vkdufMuawmhonf/
[kde,f onfe,f xGufum tvkyf&SmMuawmhonf/ &GmxJrSmvnf; uRefrwkdY
i,fpOftcguvkd
vlawG
pnfpnfum;um;
odyfr&SdMuawmhyg/
b0Zmwfq&mESifh
uHMurmrsufvSnfhq&mwkdYu
uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;ukd
tajctaeawG ajymif;vJypfvkdufNyDaum/
tarESifh
OD;Zif;odef;
pum;vufqHkusaeMupOfrSm
uRefru
ausmif;BuD;ay:
vSnfhywfMunfhrdonf/
ausmif;eH&HywfywfvnfwGif
csdwfqGJxm;aom yef;csDq&mBuD;OD;cspfNrJ\ Ak'0ifum;rsm;rSm zkefawG? acs;awG
tvdrf;vdrf;uyfum kyfyHkyif ryDawmhyg/ i,fpOfuawmh onf
yef;csDum;rsm;\ wefzkd;ukd em;rvnfcJhyg/ zGm;awmfrlcef;? av;awmfwifcef;?
awmxGufcef;? &m[kvm tarGawmif;cef; pojzifh ZmwfawmfawGxJu
kyfyHkvTmawGavmufukdom uRefr pdwf0ifpm;wwfcJhonf/ ,cktcsdefwGif
q&mBuD;OD;cspfNrJukd,fwkdif a&;qGJvufrSwfxkd;xm;aom yef;csDtEkynmukd
uRefr cHpm;wwfcJhNyD/ okdYaomf yef;csDum;wcsdKUrSm pkwfjywfaygufNyJ
xGufukefMuovkd wcsdKUrSmvnf; wpfum;vHk; bmtkyfawG a&;jc,fxm;rSef;
yif cefYrSef; r&awmhyg/ ESajrmp&m .../ eH&HuyfADkdBuD; xJwGif ay?
yk&ykdufxkyfrsm;? ur0grsm;? usrf;pmtkyfrsm;ESifh w&m;pmtkyfrsm;&Sdonf/
onfpmtkyfawGuvnf; uRefrwkdYi,fi,fwkef;utwkdif; ae&mra&GUpwrf;
&SdNrJ&Sdaeonf/
ESpf&Snfvrsm;
rvIyfrajcmuf
aevmcJh&ojzifh
rmaMumuspfcJaeygawmhonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
111
cifcifxl;
]]rxl; ... vm[ a&aEG;Murf;aomufvSnfhOD;}}

OD;Zif;odef;u vSrf;ac:ojzifh a&aEG;yGJem; uRefr oGm;xkdifvkdufonf/
a&aEG;u&m;xnfhaom a&aEG;BudrfaowmBuD;\oufwrf;rSm uRefrwpfouf
yif urnfrxifawmhyg/ uRefri,fi,f uwnf;u bBuD;bkef;BuD;a&SUrSm
tNrJawGY&wwfaom a&aEG;BudrfaowmBuD;rSm tckxd ckdifwkef;NrJwkef;
&Sdaeao;wmukd uRefr tHhMoaerd\/ onfa&aEG;aowm BudrfuGyfvuf&mrSm
bBuD;pdefvuf&mjzpfonf/ uRefru aowmtzHk;ukdvSef a&aEG;tkd;ukd ,lNyD;
iSJYvkdufonf/ pOfYa&aEG;u&m; 00NzdK;NzdK;BuD;rSm pOfY&mawG tufaMumif;vkduf
aeNyD/ a&aEG;u&m;EIwfoD;0rSm vufzufajcmufqDawG 0NyD; rnf;eufae
onf/
ausmif;wGif;ADkdxJrSm
"mwfbl;awG&Sdaomfvnf;
wpfvHk;rS
toHk;jyK[efrwlyg/
]]"mwfbl;&nf raomufwwfaygifuGm ... bm"mwfawGeJY iHkxm;rSef;rS
rodom ... iwkdYpOfYu&m;xJu t&nfu pdwfcs&o,f ... vufzufajcmuf
uav;rsm; El;yGvm&if q,fpm;&omukdu t&om&Sdaeom ... "mwfbl;&nf
aomuf&om a&aEG;r0bl;&,f ...}}
a&aEG;aomufjcif;tay:rSmawmif t,ltpGJBuD;aom OD;Zif;odef;uawmh
wu,fh awmbkef;BuD;yDyD jzpfawmh\/ wpfcgu NrdKUrS wynfhwyef;rsm;u
yef;oD; vSrf;vSLvdkufwmukdyif onftwkdif;pm;&onfh opfoD;rxif/
[if;csufpm;&onfh toD;xifNyD; csufpm;aom OD;Zif;odef;yif/ OD;Zif;odef;rS
r[kwfyg/ uRefrwkdY&Gmu vlawGonf ukd,fwpfcgrQ rjrifzl; rpm;zl;aom
pm;aerusaomtpmukd pm;&rSm pkd;&GHUxdwfvefYwwfMuonf/ q&mawmf
OD;aombdw &SdpOfu atmufjynfatmuf&GmoGm;&if; tjyefwGif 'l;&if;yif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
112
cifcifxl;
vufaqmif&vmojzifh ausmif;axmifhwGif pkdufxm;cJhzl;onf/ ESpftwef

Mum 'l;&if;oD;awG oD;vmaomtcg wpfausmif;vHk; teHYawG
BudKifavSmufaeawmhonf/
onfteYHukd
rcHEkdifojzifh
ukd&ifawG?
ausmif;om;awG rl;armfatmfhtefukefMuonf/ ausmif;ab;u jzwfoGm;
jzwfvm vkyfolawGrSm 'l;&if;yif tem;a&mufvQif ESmacgif;ydwfum
tajy;jzwfMuonf/
]]iwkdYwpfawG awmxJujyefvmvkdY ausmif;em;a&mufumeD;NyDqdk&if
ygvmo,fh wbufacgif;aygif;uav; jzKwfNyD; ESmacgif;pnf;&omat&JU ...
ESmacgif;vHkatmif pnf;o,fhNyD; [dwfqdk wpfcgxJ 'kef;pkdif;ajy;omyJ ...
awmxJu tvkyfvkyf&om armvm&o,fhtxJ &Gmt0if ausmif;axmifhu
'l;&if;eHYBuD;u qD;NyD;BudKvkdufom aocsifapmfukd eHua&myJ}}
'l;&if;oD;tay: uRefrwkdY&Gm\ rSwfcsufjzpfygonf/
]]onf'l;&if;oD; bmrSwfvkdYwkef;As ... [kdrSmqkd wpfvHk; &mcsDay;
0,fpm;&om ... vlcsrf;omrS pm;Ekdifo,fhtoD; ... vlqif;&J rpm;Ekdifbl;uG}}
uRefrwkdY bBuD;bkef;BuD;uawmh 'l;&if;oD; tvGefBudKufonf/ okdYaomf
wpf&GmvHk;u teHYrcHEkdif 'l;&if;oD; oD;csdefwGif ausmif;okdY rnfolrQ roGm;
Muyg/ wpf&GmvHk;u 0kdif;0ef;uefYuGuf qEjyMuawmhvnf; 'l;&if;yifBuD;ukd
ckwfvSJypfvkduf&ygawmhonf/ onfvkdqkdawmhvnf; wpfe,fvHk; tmPmpuf
jyif;aom bBuD;bkef;BuD;u vufavQmhay;vkduf&onf r[kwfvm;/ uRefrwkdY
&Gmuav;u [kdwkef;uwnf;u 'Drkdua&pD &SdcJhonfaum/
]]bmrkefYawGwkH;bk&m;}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
113
cifcifxl;
]]rkefYcJzG,fav ... raeYwkef;urS rdMunf vmvSLoGm;om}}

]]bDpupfrdIwufwkdY udwfrkefYrdIwufwkdYa&m &Sdao;vm;ukd,fawmf}}
taru olYarmifyOif;ukd pcsif ar;vkdufjcif;jzpfonf/
]]rdIwuf&xifxm;vkdY rjrifzl;omawmif MumygNyDAsm ... eifwkdY tck
vSLo,fhrkefY&SdomyJ ... ighausmif;vnf; b,folrS odyfrvmMuygbl; ...
at;av ... eifwkdYwpfawGawmif rvmom b,favmufMumNyDvJ}}
OD;Zif;odef;u rdefYawmh uRefr&ifxJ eifhoGm;rdonf/ ausmif;BuD;tkdtkdrSm
wpfyg;wnf; rvIyfrajcmuf rysif;r&dae&&Smaom &[ef;tkdBuD;ukdMunfh&if;
uRefr rsuf&nf0Jaerdygonf/
]]rxl; eif tck bkd;tkyfpmawG a&;aeomqkd}}
]]wifyghbk&m;}}
]]tif; tif; aumif;o,f aumif;o,f ... bmpmawGa&;omwHk;}}
]]wynfhawmf pdwfxJ&SdwJhpmawGukd
vSrf;ykdYwmygbk&m;}}
0wKa&;NyD;
r*Zif;wkdufawG
]]bm0wKawGwHk; ... Ak'0ifZmwfawmfxJuvm;}}

OD;Zif;odef;ukd uRefra&;aeaom 0wKawGtaMumif;ukd a&vnfatmif
uRefr &Sif;rjyEkdifcJhyg/ OD;Zif;odef;uawmh uRefrwkdYom;trdukd awGY&ojzifh
0rf;omaeyHk&onf/ uRefrwkdYjyefawmh ausmif;ayguf0txd vkdufykdY&Smygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
114
cifcifxl;
ausmif;ajrmufbuf o&ufjcHBuD;xJrSmawmh o&ufuif;awG wjzKwfjzKwf

a<uusaeavonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
115
cifcifxl;
(8)
nOD;ykdif;uwnf;u rkd;aumif;uifcyfjrifhjrifhqDrSm vuav;wpfjcrf;
omaeonf/ vwpfjcrf;pm rIef&D0kd;w0g; tvif;a&mifatmufu uRefrwkdY
&Gmuav;onf jrLckd;jrLaiGYrsm; &pfodkif;xm;aom opfawmtkyftkyfuav;ESifh
wlvSonf/ roJruGJ va&miftvif;azsmhazsmhukd tm;jyK wvif;v,facgif
wGif ESD;acsmzsmBuD;rsm;cif;um uRefrwkdYaqGrsdK;wpfokduf pum;awG vIdifae
Muawmhonf/ a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;/
]]tar ... tck jrefrmvkd b,fES&ufvJ}}
aomaomnHaeaom aqGrsdK;wpfokduf\ pum;oHawGMum; uRefrtoH
rwkd;omwkd;om vSrf;ar;vkdufonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
116
cifcifxl;
]]waygif;vqef; &Spf&ufawmf ... bmudprsm;ygvdrfh}}

onf&ufuav;ukdyif taru pum;Mum;cs ajymvkduf&[ef&Sdonf/
rawGYwmMumNyDjzpfaom oli,fazmftbGm;BuD;awGESifh pum;aumif;aevkdufyHk
rsm;/ uRefru wpfcsufNyHK;rd&if; vjcrf;uav;ukd armhMunhfvkdufygonf/
'gqkd vjynfhnESihf &Gmuav;ukd uRefr qHkawGYEkdifao;onf/ uRefr &GmwGif
taecsifqHk;&ufrSm
vjynfh&ufrsm;jzpfonf/
us,fajymjyefYjyL;vSaom
wvif;ajymifajymifBuD;qDokdY tm;aumif;vSaom rD;armif;BuD;xkd;xm;ovkd
vif;vufjzm,Sufaeaom va&mifatmufrSm uRefraysmfonf/ va&mifqrf;
xm;aom &Gmuav;rSmvnf; azG;azG;vufvuf &Sdaewwfonf/ txl;ojzifh
uav;b0u uRefr\urmavmuBuD;xJ csufcsif;a&mufoGm;&ovkd cHpm;&
wmrsdK; tckwpfjyef jyefcHpm;MunhfcsifvSonf/
]]AsdKU rjrwifwkdYom;trd ... a&aEG;aomuf&atmifAsdKU}}
jcHwHcg;aygufqDu vSrf;atmfoHaMumifh uRefrvufxJu vufESdyf
"mwfrD;jzifh vSrf;xkd;Munfhvkdufonf/ zsifwbufapmif teDMum;BuD;ukd
wpfukd,fvHk;okdif;&pfum jcHKxm;aom bBuD;acsmu tdrf0if;xJokdY pkdufpkduf
pkdufpkdufESifh 0ifcsvmonf/
]]bBuD;acsm csrf;vkdYvm; apmifBuD;jcHKvmwm}}
]]csrf;vkdY&,fbm&,f r[kwfygbl;[m ... avuav; [l;omeJY ... jcHKxm;
&om ... awmfMum avrdvkdY zsm;&ifem&if aq;zkd;ukefvScsnfh ighwlr&m ...}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
117
cifcifxl;
bBuD;acsmuawmh [kdwkef;utwkdif; pum;ajymvQif tmvQm

aumif;aumif;ESifh tm;&yg;&BuD;ajymNrJ/ bBuD;acsmonf pmcsdK;pmpyfuvnf;
0goemyg? A[kokwuvnf;&SmrSD; qkdolrsdK;jzpfonf/ ae&Sife,fa&'D,kd
a[mif;uav;wpfvHk;ukd vkdif;aygif;pHkzGifh em;axmifwwfonf/ urmBuD;\
taMumif;t&mawGukd olodwefoavmufodNyD; odxm;oavmuf azmufonf
jyefcs wwfao;\/
]][kd; taemufEkdifiHawGr,f el;a&m*gqkdom ay:aeowJh ... EGm;awGl;
vkdufMuprf; qkdo[mrsm; odef;eJYaomif;eJYcsD l;omqkdyJ ... iwkdYqDrsm;
onfa&m*g a&mufrvmygapeJY qkawmif;&om tarm ... vll;om ukd,fh[m
ukd,fae &ao; ... EGm;l;rSjzifh oGm;ua&maygh ... wpfaumif ckepfaomif;
&Spfaomif;wefom[ ... tl;rcHEkdifaygifuGm ...}}
]]aomufusdK;enf;vkdY ... pifumylEkdifiHqkdomrsm; vlawGaomufzkdY a&ukd
wul;wu oabFmBuD;awGeJY 0,foHk;ae&omwJh ... awmfao;&JU ... iwkdY
&Gmr,f {&m0wDjrpfBuD; ajcuefaevkdY}}
pojzifh olem;axmifrdvkduforQowif;ukd olYbmom jyefvnfoHk;oyf
csufrsm;jzifh owif;jzefYwwfonf/
bBuD;acsm owif;tjzefYaumif;ojzifh uRefrwkdY&GmrS tazhwl ukday
wpfa,muf &GmrSajymif;oGm;cJh&m ,aeYtxd &Gmjyefrvmawmhyg/
]]tJonfwkef;u OumysHcJBuD; urmay: jyKwfusawmhr,f iwkdY&Gmvnf;
vGwfrSmrIwfzl;qdko,fhowif;ukd ukd&ifacsmuvnf;ajyma&m igharmifiayrSm
aep&mr&Sdbl; ... aMumufvGef;vkdY nnawmif xa,mifo,f ... aemufawmh
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
118
cifcifxl;
tpfr ig &Gmrae&Jawmhbl; vGwf&muRwf&m igajy;y&pD qkdo,fhNyD; xGufoGm;

vkdufom ... txufrv,fbuf a&mufua&m ... tckawmh rv,foleJY
tdrfaxmifusvkdY uav;awmif wpfusdyf&SdoGm; ... oif; &Gmbufawmif aZmif;
rvSnfhbl;[Jh}}
ukdayhtpfrt&D;oef;Munfu olYarmifukdowd&wkdif; ajymaewwfonf/
bBuD;acsmu [kdwkef;u ygwDaumifpDacwf vlBuD;vnf; vkyfcJhzl;onf/
or0g,roifwef;ausmif;vnf; wufcJhzl;onf/ [kdwkef;u vG,ftdwfBuD;
wvG,fvG,f v,f*smpmtkyfBuD;wum;um;ESihfyk*dKvfu tckawmh pdyfykwD;
vnfrSmqGJ bkef;BuD;ausmif;okdY oGm;ae&NyD/ reufcif; tkPfrwufrDrSmyif
olYtdrfuav;xJu bk&m;0wf&GwfoH? aMu;pnfoHawG Mum;ae&wwfonf/
bBuD;acsm\ bk&m;0wf&GwfoHMum;vQif tdyf&mrSvl;vJxum awmxJ
tvkyfxJoGm;zkdY jyifMu&onf/ nwkdifvQif y|mef; a'oemawmf &Gwfzwfjcif;?
*gxmawmfrsm;&Gwfzwfjcif;jzifh &GmukdtE&m,ftaygif;rSuif;vGwfapaMumif;
pnf;csNyD;tdyfonf/ ol0goemyg&m a&'D,kduav; zGifhem;axmifNyD; ol
xif&mjrif&m,lq&m 0g'awGukd pum;vufqHkusolukd ajymaewwfonf/
pmayA[kokwenf;yg;aom uRefrwkdY&GmrSm bBuD;acsmvkd a&SUrDaemufrD
oufBuD;0gBuD;wpfa,muf &Sdaejcif;ukd uRefr 0rf;omtm;& jzpfrdygonf/
]]ajymvkdYomajym&o,f ... ighrSm bBuD;uHay;o,fh tarGuav;aMumifh
tck vlBuD;olr&,fvkdY tdrfOD;ujyif xkdif0Hhaeomaygh ... vltkdrsm; todynm
uav;rSr&Sd&if omNyD; acsmifxkd;cH&ao;oAs ...}}
bBuD;acsmonf uRefr\tb buHom\ wynfh&if;jzpf\/ tbu
&GmwGif r*Fvmpum;ajym&mwGif emrnf&onf/ pmwkdaypuav;uvnf;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
119
cifcifxl;
0goemygonf/
onfawmhbBuD;acsmu
tboGm;av&maemufu
waumufaumufvkduf&if; wynfhcHonf/ uRefrwkdY&GmawGrSm v,frI?
ajrrIawG jzpfMuawmh tbESifh bBuD;acsmwkdYu &Gmukd OD;aqmifNyD; jrif;jcHNrdKU
txd wuf trIoif;uJ &Sif;cJhMu&onf/ uRefrwkdY&GmESifh Hk;pkduf&m
jrif;jcHNrdKUu ajcmufwkdif ckepfwkdifcefYoma0;onf/ okdYaomf &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;
xJrS wcsdKUrSm jrif;jcHNrdKUukdyif ra&mufzl;bJ aooGm;&olawG&Sdonf/
]]ukdzdk;0wkdYrsm;at ... vljzpfIH;csufawmh ... NrdKUukd wpfacgufra&mufzl;
bJ aooGm;&&Smo,f ...}}
[kyif ,lusHK;r& qkdwwfMuygao;onf/
NrdKUukda&mufzl;atmif wuefwu oGm;MunfhMuolawGvnf;&Sd\/ uRefr
a'G;av;rsm;jzpfMuaom a'G;csdKESifh a'G;ykdwkdYnDtpfr NrdKUukdwufum NrdKUpmrsm;
avQmufpm;MunfhMuyHkuawmh &GmrSm &mZ0ifwGifvsuf&Sdygonf/
]]NrdKUoGm;omta&;rBuD;bl; ... rat;csdKwkdY rat;ykdwkdY nDtpfrvkd jzpfcJh
MuOD;r,f ... tat;qkdifBuD;xJ0ifo,fhNyD; zmvl'gESpfcGufukdaiGay;rSm o,fhNyD;
avyefumatmuf xkdifapmifhaeMuomwJh ... cPaeawmh [kdu a&cJa&bl;eJY
zefcGufESpfcGuf t&ifvmcsomaygh ... zmvl'guazsmfaewkef; ... tJom a&cJa&
awGukd iSJYaomufNyD; ... tr,fav; NrdKUu zmvl'gzmvl'geJY emrnfBuD;
wpfvHk;eJYaeNyD; a&aomuf&o,fh twkdif;ygyJ[Jh t&om rpGHcsufawmhqkdNyD;
csufcsif;xjyefcJhomav t yHkrsm; ...}}
]]'gwifb,furvJawmfh ... awmif&yfuom'ifu olYtaz ukdref;pDBuD;
aeraumif;jzpfvkdY tm;aq;rSmvkdufomav ... *vl;ukdYqkdvm; ... tJomukd
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
120
cifcifxl;
rat;csdKwkdYnDtpfru jrif;jcHaps;xJu qkdifawGukd wul;ul; &Sdovm;vkdY

vnfar;omwJh ... [kdu wul;ul;aq;&,fvkdY rMum;zl;awmh r&Sdbl;csnf;
ajymMuomaygh ... tJo[m ar;r&awmh nDtpfrESpfa,muf aps;axmifhxkdifNyD;
om'ifhukd r&Sdo,fhaq; rSm&yghrvm;qkdNyD; usdefqJaeMu omwJh ... tJomeJY
qrdwfcHku ausmif;q&m q&mzkef;eJYawGYvkdY ajymjyawmhrS q&mzkef;u
pOf;pm;MunfhNyD; [m *vl;ukdY jzpfygvdrfhr,fqkdNyD; 0,fay;vkduf&omav ...
jzpf&yHkrsm;}}
onfvkd &mZ0ifrSmpmwifoGm;aom tjzpftysufuav;awGukd &Gmu
yHkckdif;ajymqkdwwfMuygonf/ tckawmh uRefra'G;av;ESpfa,mufpvHk; r&SdMu
awmhyg/ okdYaomfvnf; yHkckdif;awGu om;pOfajr;quftxd ygvmonf/
vlaoaomfvnf; &mZ0ifraoaom uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;ygay/
]]rjrwif ... vmavAsm a&aEG;aomufMu&atmif}}
]]onfrSm 0kdif;aumif;aevkdY ukd&ifacsma& ... awmfhwlrom ac:oGm;}}
taru olYpum;0kdif;ukd zsuf&rSmpkd;ojzifh uRefrukdom wGef;xkd;xnfh
vkdufonf/ bBuD;acsmwkdYtdrfu BuD;awmfwkdYtdrfESifh "m;vG,fckwf vrf;om
jcm;onf/ bBuD;acsmu tdrfa&mufawmh olYorD; tBuD;rukd tarhxHokdY
ajymif;zl;jyKwf wpfyef;uefESifh ajryJavSmfawG tykdYckdif;vkdufonf/
]]pm;[ rxl; ... wkdYawmawmh ay:wkef;ay:cguav; auR;&omyJ ...
nnf;wkdYNrdKUvkdawmh umzDawG vufzuf&nfcsdKawG rwkdufEkdifbl;aygh[m ...}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
121
cifcifxl;
ay:wkef;ay:cgqkdonfrSm onfaEGrS &dwfMuodrf;Muaom ajymif;zl;?

ajryJ? uefpGef;O ponfh vwfvwfqwfqwf opfOopfzkwkdYukd qkdvkdjcif;
jzpfygonf/
]]tkd ... bBuD;acsmuvnf; uRefru NrdKUrSmrpm;&wJh awmpmawGukd
ykdBudKufwm ... uRefri,fi,fuqkd&if awmxJrSm ajryJoD;tpkdawG zkwfzkwf
pm;&wmrsm; ... NyD;awmh ukvm;yJyifqkdwm tyifEkwfwJhNyD; tyifvkdufrD;dIY
ypfvkdufwmyJ ... ukvm;yJyifwpfyifvHk; jymusNyDqkd&if ukvm;yJqH uvnf;
usufua&myJ tHus}}
uRefru bBuD;acsm tm;&atmifajymNyD; ajymif;zl;jyKwfBuD;wpfzl;ukd,l
tm;&yg;& pm;jyvkdufygonf/
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wpfavmwkef;u rdxkdufwkdYtdrfu bkd;tkyfxJrSm nnf;pmygo,fqkdvkdY iSm;NyD;
zwf&ao; ... bkef;BuD;ysHyGJtaMumif; a&;xm;omat ... igjzifh nnf;tb
ukd0efukd vGrf;csufawmfh}}
uRefri,fpOfu awGYBuHKcJhzl;aom uRefrwkdYe,fu bkef;BuD;ysHyGJrsm;
taMumif;ukd ]usm;} 0wKwkduav;wpfyk'f a&TtjrKawr*Zif;rSm a&;cJhzl;onf/
onf0wKuav;xJu Zmwfaumifrsm;rSm uRefrzefwD;xm;aom Zmwfaumif
rsm; r[kwfyg/ e*kd&SdNyD;om; Zmwfaumifrsm;ukd uRefru 0wKwkduav;
jzpfatmif zefwD;jcif;omjzpf\/ usm;0wKwkdxJrS bBuD;OD;0ef qkdonfrSm
uRefrtbESifh nDtpfukdwpf0rf;uGJ awmfpyfonf/ tarwkdY BuD;awmfwkdYu
uRefrwkdYa&SUrSm OD;0ef OD;0efESifh ac:MuaomaMumifh uRefrwkdYarmifESr
wpfawGu OD;0ef [k vkdufac:Mu&mrS yg;pyftusifh jzpfoGm;&awmh\/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
122
cifcifxl;
bBuD;OD;0efu uRrf;ypf uRrf;xkd;aumif;onf/ a&SUuRrf;? aemufuRrf;ukd

av;ig;q,fjyefru qufwkdufypfEkdifovkd ab;wkdufvufaxmuf 0g;
ESpfkduf oHk;kdufcefYa&mufatmif rem;wrf; wvTm;vTm; ckefjyEkdifonf/
wpfcgwpf&H uRrf;ukd cyfajrmufajrmufuav; ckefvkduf&if; avxJrSmyif
ESpfywfoHk;ywf vSnfhjyEkdifonf/ uRefrwkdYuav;awG rqkdxm;ESifh? vlBuD;
awGyif bBuD;OD;0efrkdY uRrf;ypfjyvQif yg;pyfta[mif;om;ESifh &ifoyfIarm
&SdMu&onf/
uRefrwkdY jrif;jcHajrmufvufe,f aus;&Gmrsm;wGif bkef;BuD;ysHyGJ[k qkd
vkdufvQif bk&m;yGJ? ausmif;yGJ? tvSLyGJrsm;xuf ykd pnfum;onf/ wpf&Gmh
wpf&Gm tNydKiftqkdif ukokdvf,l vkyfavhvkyfx &SdMuygonf/ {nfhcH r@yf
(wnf;ausmif;) BuD;awG tNydKiftqkdifxkd;um aumif;ayhqkdonfh {,ifusL;
rif;orD;ukdiSm; qkdif;BuD;0kdif;BuD;ESifh ylaZmfwwfMuonf/ wnf;ausmif;xJokdY
0ifvkdufvQif tay:u rkd;xm;aom xef;vufeHYarT;arT;ukd SLIduf&onfuyif
tarmajyaponf/ bkef;BuD;u rnfonfhtcsdefwGif ysHawmfrlonfjzpfap?
aEG&moDyJodrf;csdef waygif;vwGif usif;yavh &Sdygonf/ yJodrf;NyD; ,mcif;
uGufvyfBuD;rsm;u bkef;BuD;ysHyGJawmfuGif;BuD; jzpfoGm;ygonf/ onfuGif;
us,fBuD;xJwGif [kd&Gmonf&Gmu wnf;ausmif;awGu q,fausmif;
q,fhig;ausmif;? bkef;BuD;tavmif;awmfukd jymom'fay:wif tuGufeif;
ylaZmfMuonfh okdif;tzGJYawGu q,fzGJY q,fhig;zGJY/ onfMum;xJ &GmawGu
ukd,fykdif&mEkdif&m avSmfum;? ,drf;? xkd;Zmwf? MunfhcsifyGJuav;rsm;jzifh
wuefwu
vma&mufylaZmfMuygao;onf/
tnmaEGylylatmufwGif
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pnfum;okdufNrdKuf vGef;vSygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
123
cifcifxl;
uRefrwkdYe,fwGif emrnfBuD;vSaom *ifh*J&GmrSOD;oef;\ tkyfBuD;rsm;u

bkef;BuD;ysHuGif;v,fwGif ae&m,lxm;wwfygonf/ aumufkd;rsm;ukd pkum
pnf;um? xHk;umzGJYum? csnfumaESmifumjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom aumufkd;kyf
BuD;rsm;rSm xef;yifBuD;awGavmuf&Sdonf/ acgif;aygif;BuD;aygif;um ykqkd;
uGufaxmifhBuD;jzifh ajymif;zl;zufvdyfBuD; cJaeaom aumufkd;kyfBuD;ukd
armhMunfh&onfuyif acgif;aygif;jyKwfvkrwwfjzpfonf/ qDrD;cHk&Gmu
avSmfum;? Munf&Gmu ESpfukd,fhwpfpdyftu? rkd;ukef;&Gmu OD;a&Tkd;
a':rkd;tu pojzifh &SdMu&m uRefrwkdY O',&Gmuawmh ]ra&TO usm;csDcef;}
okyfjyZmwfrSm tvGefemrnf&onf/ onfvkd ylaZmfonfhae&mrSmawmh
uRefrwkdY&Gmukd ,SfNydKifEkdifaom&Gm r&SdcJhyg/ 'guvnf; uRefrwkdYtb
OD;0efaMumihfyJ jzpfygonf/
bBuD;bkef;BuD;ausmif;wGif usm;0wfkHBuD;&Sdonf/ q&mawmfhpdwful;jzifh
Zmwfwkdufxm;aom ]ra&TO usm;csDcef;} okyfjyZmwftwGuf bBuD;OD;0efukd
usm;tjzpf okyfaqmifa&G;cJh\/ bBuD;OD;0efu usm;0wfkHBuD;ukd 0wfNyD;
vSnf;tpD;ESpfq,f?oHk;q,f twef;vkdufBuD;ukd a&SUuRrf;aemufuRrf;rsm;
ypfum ckefckeful;NyD; ra&TOukdoGm;csDzkdY [efa&;jyonf/ xdyfqHk;vSnf;ay:wGif
uEkwfyef;rsm;jzifh tuGufazmfxm;aom &ufuef;pifBuD;ukdwifNyD; ra&TO
tjzpf okyfaqmifaom bBuD;csdKrkef;u &ufuef;cwfae[ef okyfaqmif
&onf/ &ufuef;pifay:rSmvnf; wu,fh&ufvufp csnfcifawG wef;vef;/
uRefr\ tpfukdESpf0rf;uGJ awmfpyfaom ukda&ToD;ESifh ukdaiGoD;wkdY nDtpfukdu
ewf0wfewfpm;rsm; 0wfxm;Muonfh awmifNyHK;rif;nDaemifvkyfMuonf/
ewf0wfewfpm;qkdaomfvnf;
awmufawmufyyr[kwf/
cyfEGrf;EGrf;
rif;om;0wfESifh aAmif;awmfrSm tpESpfpxkwfxm;jcif;jzifh &,f'Drdwfewf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
124
cifcifxl;
jzpfaeMu&jcif; jzpf\/ wu,fhZmwftom;u ra&TOESifh usm;xHrSm&Sdonf/

rif;ESpfyg;u ZmwfykdYrsm;om/
bkd;csdKrkef;BuD;u rif;orD;t0wftpm;zkdz&JESifh qHxHk;twkBuD;ukdxHk;
xm;onf/ rdwfuyf?yg;tkdYeDawGESifhtNydKif EIwfcrf;xlxlBuD;ukd aq;qkd;xm;
vkdufonfrSmvnf; &Jya'gif;cwfvkdY/ ycHk;xufrSm wef;vef;wef;vef;
usaeaom
qHNrdwfyGyGum;um;BuD;rSmvnf;
acgif&rf;yef;eDeD&J&JBuD;u
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pum;awG
aygufwwfu&ajymum y&dowfukd wa0ga0gESifh yGJusapovkd bkd;csdKrkef;
uvnf; &ufuef;pifrS xkdif&mrx trlt,maygif;pHkESifh [moawG vkyfjy
ao;onf/ bBuD;OD;0efuawmh Zmwf&JUt"duokyfaqmif/ ra&TOukd
usm;ucsDzkdY aemufqHk;vSnf;ay:u qkdif;0kdif;u Adef;armif;wkdufvkdufvQif
wvTm;vTm;ESifh uRrf;awGypfum vSnf;wpfpD;uaewpfpD; ckefysHausmfvTm;
ra&TOqD ta&mufoGm;onf/ tem;a&mufjyefawmh rcsDao;bJ aemufukd
wpfaMumhjyefckefvmonf/ wpfcg ra&TOvufarmif;ukd ukdufqGJ[efjyKvQif
bkd;csdKrkef;u vufawGwqwfqwfwkefum tvkdufoifh okyfaqmifjywwf
onf/
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a&mufawmhrS ra&TOukd usm;uwu,fcsDavonf/ onftcsdefrSmawmh
qkdif;0kdif;u Adef;armif;tMurf;wkduf? ukda&ToD;wkdY nDtpfukduvnf;
ewfpdrf;b0uae rcHcsdrcHom jzpfyHkrsdK;jy? bBuD;OD;0efuvnf; ra&TOukd
&ufuef;pifrS qGJcsum cg;ukdukdufcsDygavawmhonf/ bkd;csdKrkef;u
ajcaxmufESifhvufukd tm;jyKaxmufxm;&if; cg;ukd usm;u ukdufcsDojzifh
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
125
cifcifxl;
y&dowfrSm tonf;awGat;ceJ&ifawGzkdceJ jzpfoGm;Mu&awmh\/ uRefrwkdY

&Gmu {,ifusL;rif;orD; nHhcsifnHhrnf/ okdif;tzGJYu olwumokdif;ukd rrDvQif
&Sd&rnf/ wnf;ausmif; wcrf;wem;raqmufEkdifvQif &Sd&rnf/ onfokyfazmf
Zmwftykdif;rSmawmh uRefrwkdY&Gmukd wkEkdifolr&Sd/ wpfcgvmrJjymykqkd;ayr,fh
yGJwkdif;ausmfaom O',usm;jzpfawmh\/
]]ukd0efYb0uvnf; oem;p&mawmh taumif;om;uvm;ath ... olYcrsm
rykpGefqHk;NyD;uwnf;u pdwfawavaygufNyD; xifovkdaeawmhomyJ ...
,mxJukdif;xJvnf; qif;csifrSqif;om ... onfwkef;u wkdYe,fu bkef;BuD;ysH
b,fvkdaygrSef;rodbl; ... tJom olYwpfoufjzifh usm;vkyfpm;oGm;awmhom
yJ}}
bBuD;OD;0ef\ZeD; tarBuD;rykpGefukd uRefrwkdYrrDvkdufyg/ okdYaomf
uRefri,fi,fuwnf;u taryHkckdif;wwfojzifh emrnfukdawmh usufrdae
onf/ tvkyfwpfckukd uRefru earmferJhvkyfrdvQif taru yHkckdif;wwf
ygonf/
]]rykpGefvkyf rvkyfeJY}}
onfyHkckdif;ukd tNrJajymwwfojzifh uRefru ar;MunfhcJhzl;ygonf/
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u odyfysmom ... rkd;ukef;bk&m;yGJ oGm;csifvkdY ratrodatmif nusrS
ckd;vkduf&omav ... tJom vomomrSm ujyifay: azG;azG;BuD; rSefrSwfNyD;
qGJvkdufom rathrsufcGufBuD; jzpfaeyga&mvm;ath ... tJomukd ajymomaygh
... 'g wkdY&Gmu yHkckdif;}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
126
cifcifxl;
uRefrwkdY &Gma&mufvQif bBuD;OD;0efukd &SmazGNyD; uRrf;ypfjyckdif;&onfrSm

tarm/ bBuD;OD;0efu wpfcgwpf&H pdwfvkdvuf& uRefrwkdYpk&yf
anmifyifBuD;atmufvmNyD; ESpfywfuRrf;oHk;ywfuRrf;awG xkd;csifxkd;jyae
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jyefonf/ trSefrSm bBuD;OD;0ef\pdwftajctaeukd uRefrwkdY em;rvnfcJhjcif;
omjzpf\/ aemif uRefr BuD;jyif;vmawmh cHpm;em;vnf wwfcJh\/
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rykpGefukd bmtvkyfrS cdkif;omr[kwfbl; ... rykpGefuvnf; uHaumif;vGef;vkdY
xifyg&JU ... taoapm&Smo,f ... rykpGefqHk;o,fhnu ukd0ef &GmrSmr&Sdbl;
wpf&Gma&mufaeom ... rykpGefu aumufumiifum zsm;emNyD; aoomav ...
tJom &GmuewfjyKpm;omvkdY ajymMuo,f ... rykpGefukd &Gmu ewfuawmf
roef;u
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aumufo,fqkdNyD;
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ewfr,m; tjzpfrcHEkdifbl; qkdo,fhNyD; ewf0ifr,fBuH&if awGYorQvlukd tukef
wkdif;xGmvTwfomyJ ... rif;nDaemifukdvnf; olY r,m;rS a&G;aumuf&yghrvm;
qkdNyD; t&GJUwkdufom ... tdrfrSm 0ufom;csnf; csufpm;omav ...
rykpGefukdvnf; auR;omyJ ... tJomeJY vlawGu 0ufom;pm;vkdY rykpGef
aoomvkdY ajymMuom]]
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
127
cifcifxl;
ukd0efYukd wef;a&G;omyJ ... oluvnf; vkdvkdcsifcsif vkyfomygyJ ...

usm;0wfpHkBuD;eJY q&mawmhfausmif;ajrmufbuf o&ufawmBuD;xJ uRrf;xkd;
usifhaeo,f Mum;wmaygh ... 'gayodonfavmufpGrf;vdrfhr,fvkdY b,fxif
MuyghrvJ ... wu,fhyGJusawmhAsm a&SUuRrf;awG aemufuRrf;awG qkdomrsm;
axmif;axmif;xvkdY ... igawmif tHhMordao;w,fqkd ... tif; ... &Gmu
ajymMuomjzifh ukd0efukd wu,fhewfusm;u 0ifpD;ovkdvkd ... 'gawGu
,Hk&cufygo,f ighwlr&,f ... ukd,frjrif&wJh avmuom;awGawmhjzifh&if
bBuD;uawmh uif;uif;aecsifomyJ}}
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uRefrrsufpdxJrSmawmh bBuD;OD;0efukdyJ jrifa,mifaerdonf/ bBuD;OD;0ef
qHk;awmh &GmrSm ra&TOusm;csDcef; okyfazmfZmwfvnf; wpfcef;&yfoGm;
cJhygonf/ ra&TOESifhawmifNyHK;rif;nDaemifukd BuHK&mus&mvlu okyfaqmifEkdif
aomfvnf; usm;vkyfrnfhol r&Sdawmhjzpfonf/ uRrf;rypfwwfwm
wpfckwnf;ESifhyif uRefrwkdY&GmrS usm;ZmwfvkdufBuD; aysmufqHk;oGm;&awmh\/
usm;0wfkHBuD;uawmh bBuD;bkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm tckxd &Sdaeygao;onf/
aqG;vSa&mhrnf/
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bBuD;acsm\
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rrxdkufwkdYxHrS uRefrpmrsm;ukd zwf&onfhtaMumif;? &GmeD;csKyfpyfu
vlawGukd <um;&onfhtaMumif; pHkaeawmh\/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
128
cifcifxl;
]]tif; ... nnf;uawmh bBuD;uHajr;tyDoqHk;ygyJat ... igMum;yg

o,f ... iwkdY&Gmu vlawGtaMumif; a&;aeomqkd ightaMumif;vnf; a&;OD;
[}}
tm;yg;w&BuD;qkdvkdufaom bBuD;acsmukd zswfceJ uRefrvSrf;Munfh
vkdufrdygonf/ tbxHrSynmoif,lcJhonfqkdaom? &GmvlBuD;tjzpf tESpf
ESpfq,favmuf wm0ef,lcJhaom? om;orD;q,fa,mufukd vkyfauR;orI
jyKcJhaom? awmifolBuD;wpfykdif; vlBuD;wpfykdif; bBuD;acsmtaMumif;ukd uRefr
a&;p&mawG&Sdygonf/ wpfcsdefu &yfa&;&Gmwmrsm;ukd OD;aqmifOD;&Guf
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v,f,majroD;pm;csxm;a&;? trawmfaMu;&&Sda&;? acwfajymif; awmfvSefa&;
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t*Fvdyfjyef0ifacwf?
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ygwDaumifpDacwf pojzifhacwfaygif;pHkukd olwkdY awGYBuHKjzwfoef;cJh&zl;onf/
vvoo? yyu? or0g,r/ qefwpfjynfwpfrwf rSonf ,aeYumvtxd
tnmaus;vuf\
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]]bBuD;acsmtaMumif;awGukd uRefra&;rSmyg ... uRefr wu,fa&;rSmyg}}
tJonfnu tawmfnOfheufrS uRefrjyefjzpfcJhonf/ uRefracgif;xJrSm
awmh bBuD;acsm ajymvkdufaom pum;awGxJu tawG;tac:awG? yHk&dyfawG
pD&&Djzifh ygvmonf/ tdrfa&SUwvif;jyif pum;0kdif;uawmh wkd;raygufEkdif
pnfum;aeqJ/ pum;0kdif;rSm cP0ifxkdifNyD; uRefr tdyfaysmfoGm;cJhonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
129
cifcifxl;
tJonfnu uRefr\tdyfrufxJwGif usm;0wfkHBuD;ESifh rm;rm;BuD;&yfvsuf&Sd

aom bBuD;OD;0efygonf/ oa&mBuD;ckdif;onfhESpfawGrSm abmhpukdif;&GufawG?
ebl;&GufawGukd jyKwfpm;aeMuaom uRefrwkdY &Gmu vlawGygonf/ NyD;awmh
bBuD;acsmvnf;ygonf/
vuav;wpfjcrf;atmufu rvif;wpfzHkvif;wpfzHk &Gmuav;\
oef;acgifumvukd tdyfrufrsm;jzifh uRefr jzwfoef;cJh&onfaum/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
130
cifcifxl;
(9)
]]atmuf tD; tD; tGwf}}
uRefrtdyf&mutEkd;rSm vif;MuufwGefoHawG Mum;ae&NyD/ onfvkd
wdwfqdwfat;csrf;aom &Gmuav;\ vif;MuufwGefoHukd uRefr rcHpm;
cJh&wm MumNyD/ [kdtdrfonftdrfrS Muufrsm;uvnf; wcJeuf wGefMuonfrkdY
tqufrjywf &SdvSonf/ onfvif;MuufwGefoHu edAmefaqmf? &GmaqmfwkdY
xufyif ykd c&D;a&mufvSonf/ awmvkyfief;cGif oGm;MuzkdY wpf&GmvHk;ukd
ykwfEId;vkdufaom toHrsm;yif jzpfonf/ aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;\ eHeufcsdefcg
aw;oHomvnf;jzpfonf/ MuufwGefoHukdyif A[kd&fjyKae&aom uRefrwkdY
&Gmuav;\ em&Darmif;acgufoHvnf; jzpfawmh\/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
131
cifcifxl;
onfvkdaEG&moD yJodrf;csdefu awmifolawGtzkdY tvkyfvIdifvIdifBuD;

rsm;Muaomtcsdef jzpfonf/ vkyf&ukdif& tqif;&J tyifyef;qHk;umvvnf;
jzpfonf/ rkd;wGif;rSm xGefMux,fMu? pkdufMuysdK;Mu? wpfaqmif;vHk; aygif;
vkdufMu? ykd;owfMuESifh/ tckvkd oD;ESHay:csdefrSmawmh awmxJu xGuforQ
oD;ESHukd &dwf[,f? odrf;[,f? o,f[,f? ykd;[,fESifh tdrfwvif;xJ ta&muf
o,fMu&onf/ wvif;xJ a&mufkHESifh rNyD;yg/ tcgrJhvmwwfaom av?
rkd;uvGwfatmif ukd,fhusDxJ? ykwfxJ? awmif;xJa&mufzkdYu ykdta&;BuD;
ygonf/ onfawmh &orQ oD;ESHuav;awGukd wvif;xJcif;NyD; yJe,fMu?
jymMu? wD;Mu? vSef;Mu? avSYMuESifh wpfESpfpm twGuf pkaqmif;Mu&onf
r[kwfvm;/
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xrif;tkd;awmif; wjyifjyif? acgif;aygif;wwifwif vkyfaeMuaom
rrxdkufwkdY nDtpfrukd uRefru vSrf;ar;vkdufonf/
]]at; ... nnf;tdyfOD;av vif;rSvkdufcJh ... wkdY rodef;xDwkdYtuGuf ajryJ
qGwfMurSm ... nnf;odo,frIwfvm; ... o&ufwpfyiftuGufawGav}}
o&ufwpfyiftuGuf qkdonfrSm uRefrwkdY&Gm ta&SUcyfvSrf;vSrf;rS
o&ufkdif;yiftkdBuD; wpfyifwnf; xD;wnf;&Sdaejcif;ukd tpGJjyK ac:jcif;
jzpfonf/ &Gmhtjyif ukd;awmifjynfhbk&m;teD;&Sd ajruGufrsm;ukd bk&m;ukef;
tuGuf? [kdwkef;u claumifawG trsm;BuD;usoGm;cJhzl;aom ajruGufrsm;ukd
cluefuGuf? ocsKif;ukef;ta&SUbuf MumyiftkdifBuD;teD;&Sd ajruGufrsm;ukd
Mumyiftif;uGuf pojzifh ac:Muonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
132
cifcifxl;
]]tif; ... tif; uRefrodw,f vkdufvmcJhr,f}}

uRefri,fpOfuvnf; onfvkdyJ tNrJvkdufoGm;wwfonf/ yJodrf;csdef
rSmawmh usD;apmifhMuufESifavmufom usefwwfaom &GmxJrSm vlol
wdwfqdwfaewwfonf/ onfawmh vlolawG pka0;aom awmokdY uRefr
vkduf aqmhwwfygonf/ awmxJrSm EGm;ausmif;Mu? aumufoif;
aumufMu&if; uRefrwkdY EGm;pD;wrf; upm;onf/ ajrqHcJvHk;BuD;awGESifh
wpfa,mufwpfa,muf xkum cJppfwkdufwrf; upm;onf/ xif;ajcmufawG
pkNyD; ajryJoD;tpkdawGukd rD;zkwfwrf;upm;onf/ aqmhtm;& armvQifawmh
uefoif;qHkay:wGif&Sdaom xrif;tkd;awmif;? [if;tkd;awmif;ukd zGifhpm;onf/
xrif;Murf; rmrmcJcJBuD;ESifh ig;ydaxmif;? ig;ydaumifrD;zkwf? ikwfoD;
tawmifhvkdufESifh MuufoGefeDwpfukduf pm;&onfyifvQif Nrdefvkdufonfh
jzpfjcif;/ NyD;vQif jrLtkd;xJua&ukd wpfusdKufarmhaomufvkdufvQif ewfok'g
ukd rSD0Jvkduf&ouJhokdY t&m&m NyD;jynfhpHkoGm;&awmh\/ 'gonfyifvQif
awmxrif; awm[if; jzpfawmh\/ wpfcgwpfav tcif;&Sifu
aumufnif;aygif;? rkefYzufxkyf tp&Sdonfh rkefYyJoa&pmrsdK;ukd auR;wwf
onfvnf; &Sdygonf/
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EGm;EkdYusdKxm;o,f}}
rsufpduG,foGm;onfhaemufawmif BuD;awmfu EGm;EkdYusdKEkdifao;owJh
vm;/ BuD;awmfuawmh olYrD;zkdacsmifuav;ukd tvGwf&aeNyD; jzpf[ef
wlonf/ uRefrvnf; EGm;EkdYwpfcGufaomufNyD; awmxJxGufcJhonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
133
cifcifxl;
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atmifvkdY}}
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atmf[pfEIwfqufMuawmh b,folb,f0g roJuGJbJ uRefruvnf; jyef
EIwfqufvdkufonf/ ajryJcif;pdrf;pdrf;awG Mum;rSmawmh wpfukef;ukef;ESifh
ajryJEIwfMu? yJ&dwfMu? EGm;pm&dwfMu awmvkyfief;ukd acgif;razmfpwrf;
vkyfukdifaeMuaom uRefraqGrsdK;awG/ uefoif;aygifukdcG vSnf;vrf;
aygufaeaomvrf;rSm xif;ajcmufpnf;BuD;&Gufjyefvmaom t&G,fawmf
rdef;rBuD;ukd uRefrawGYvkduf&awmh tHhMooGm;rd\/
]]jryk ... r[kwfvm;}}
]][kwfyawmf}}
rsufESmukd tkyfrkd;xm;aom xif;pnf;BuD;Mum;uae uRefrukd vSrf;Munfh
onf/ olrSwfrdyHkr&/ uRefruvnf; wrifrajymbJ &yfaevdkufonf/ cPae
awmhrS vuf0g;ESpfzufukd jzef;ceJ kdufcsvkdufNyD; atmfygavawmhonf/
]]rxl;rIwfvm; ... awmuf ... tHhcsufawmhf ...}}
acgif;ay:u xif;pnf;BuD;ukd uefoif;ay:ypfcsNyD; uRefrvufawGukd
tm;&yg;& qGJnpfygawmhonf/
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
134
cifcifxl;
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ar;ae&omygat ... awmuf ... rxl;BuD; ... acsmvkduf cefYvkdufo,fh
aumifrBuD; awmuf ... [if; awGY&om 0rf;omcsufawmhfat ...}}
uRefrukdawGY&wm olwu,f0rf;omaeyHk&onf/ awmufwpfacguf
acgufvkyf&if;u rsuf&nfawGvnfvmonf/ jrykonf uRefrESifh aqmhazmf
aqmhzuf &G,fwl&G,fwef; jzpfonf/ tckawmh qHyifarT; eDaMumifaMumif
zGmvefBuJESifh rnf;eufydefvSDajcmufuyfaeaom yHkyef;oPmef wkdYu
uRefrxuf toufq,fjyefavmufBuD;onf xif&\/
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uRefr tawmfhukdtHhMooGm;onf/ uRefr&Gmjyefwkdif; uav;awG wkd;vdkY
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aMumfxm;r,faemf}}
uRefri,fi,fu ol ,l,lvmwwfaom ajryJxef;vsufaMumfukd
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
135
cifcifxl;
tcH&qHk; oli,fcsif;jzpfonf/ i,fi,fu kyfuvnf;qkd;? npfuvnf;

npfywfrkdY olYukd uRefru tzufrvkyfrSm pkd;&Smonf/ wpfzufESifh wpfzuf
tNydKifupm;awmhrnfqkdvQif uRefrESifh pef;&Dru acgifolBuD;vkyf&onf/
usef aemufvkdufvkyf&rnfh olawGu ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ? ESpfa,mufwpfwGJ
vlzGuf&onf/
]]ESif;qDeJYpy,f}} ]]ywjrm;eJYjr}} ]]a&TeJYaiG}} pojzifh zGufvmvQif
uRefrwkdYu ESif;qD? ywjrm;? a&T pojzifh a&G;&onf/ ukd,fhtrnfrSnfhcJholu
a&G;vkdufolbufawmfom; jzpf&onf/ jryku uRefrbufu tNrJaecsifonf/
olu uRefrukd cspfcifonfuwpfaMumif;? tupm;jzpfaom uRefrbufu
tEkdif&wwfonfuwpfaMumif;rkdYyif/ uRefr &Spfwef;vm;? ukd;wef;vm;
ta&mufwGif ol tdrfaxmifusonf/ &onfha,musfm;u r[efojzifh
qif;&JNrJqif;&J? uHqkd;NrJ qkd;ae&&Smaom jrykukd uRefr tvGefoem;onf/ olY
taMumif;ukd aeYv,fusrSyJ uRefr ar;&jref;&ayawmhrnf/
]]a[; ... rxl; vma[h}}
ajryJcif;Mum;xJrS acgif;aygif;BuD;ESifh rwfwyf&yf t&D;odef;xDu
uRefrukd vSrf;ac:onf/ awmxJrSmawmh wcsdKUtuGufawGu yJawGEkwfNyD;
ajrom;awGyif ajcmuftufaeNyD/ xkdokdYaom tcif;vyfawGMum;wGif
awmif;uav;awG cg;apmif;csdwfNyD; aumufoif;aumufaeMuolawG&Sdonf/
aumufoif;aumufuvnf; aocsmaphpyfpGm ZGJcwfaumufvQif wpfESpf
ajryJESpfawmif; oHk;awmif; &wwf\/ bk&m;yGJ ausmif;yGJ tvSLyGJtwGuf
&GufMurf;a&usdK0wfpHk wpfqifpmawmh tomuav; &onf/ aumufoif;
aumufrsm; rsufpdvQH usefae&pfwwfaom yJaph? yJawmifh uav;awGrSm
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
136
cifcifxl;
rkd;OD;uscsdefwGif yJyifaygufawG aygufvmonf/ rkd;uav; wpfNydKufESpfNydKuf

us ajruav; rpkdYwpkdwGif yJyifayguf vkdufEIwf&onfrSmvnf; aysmfp&m
aumif;ygonf/ &Gmu yJyifaygufukd okyfpm;Mu? tcsOfwnf pm;Muonf/
oD;ESHukefvQif awmxJwGif EGm;rsm;ukd onftwkdif; vTwfxm;avh&Sdygonf/
uefoif;qHkwGif &dwfNyD; usefae&pfwwfaom csOfaygifyifawGukd EGm;awGu
pm;onf/ EGm;pm;usefaom ikwfuav;awGu csOfaygiftwuf jyefxGuf
onf/ xkdcsOfaygifwufuav;awGukd uRefrwkdY&Gmu EGm;Zikwf (EGm;pmikwf)
[kac:onf/ onfcsOfaygifEGm;Zikwfcsufuawmh Muufom;ESifh rvJaygif
qkdonfh txJuyif jzpfonf/
]]t&D;odef;xD ... bmauR;rSmwHk;}}
uRefruar;awmh t&D;odef;xDu NyHK;onf/ uefoif;ay:wifxm;aom
awmif;BuD;ukd ar;aighjy&if; tm;&yg;&BuD; ajymonf/
]]wkdufqkdifcsufawmh ighwlrES,f ... raeYnurS pdwful;&NyD; yJvGef;aph
uav; xjyKwfo,fhNyD; onfreuf aumufnif;aygif;vmcJhomawmf ...
nnf;tBudKufaygh vm ... vm}}
uRefrwkdY&GmawGbufu ajryJtpkdufrsm;onf/ tckawmh yJaps;uvnf;
aumif;vmNyDrkdY yJvnf;pkdufvmMuNyD/ yJeDjym;? yJaxmywf? yJMum;? yJpmO?
yJydpyf? yJvGef;? ukvm;yJ pojzifh trsdK;pHkvifvS\/ cgwkdif;pkdufaeus yJrsdK;
awGtjyif tdEd,bufrSrsdK;rsm;ukd aemufxyf prf;oyfpkdufysdK;vmMuwm
awGvnf;&Sdonf/ yJ\rlvtrnfukd rac:wwfMuaom uRefrwkdY&Gmuawmh
olwkdYbmomolwkdY trnfawG ay;xm;vkdufMuNyD/ emrnfay;aumif;olawGrkdY
olwkdYay;aom trnfom wGifaeygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
137
cifcifxl;
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wcsdKUuvnf; aygifcsdefvkdY ac:MuomyJ ... onfyJuawmh vHk;arsmarsmav;eJY
rsufpduav;ESpfvHk; wyfxm;ovkd uGufMum;uav;qkdawmh ypfwkdif;axmif
wJhawmf ... a[m[kdyJusawmh ta&mifu r,foDv&Sif ouFef;a&mifeJYwlvkdY
r,foDv&SifyJwJh ... a[mo[musawmh tysdKBuD;yJwJhawmf olu t&Guf
atmufykef;oD;om ... yJcif;ukd jzef;MunfhvkdYuawmh bmyJoD;awmifhrS rjrif
&bl; ... t&Gufukd vSefavSmMunfhrS jrif&om ... &SufwwfvkdY atmuf
ukyfukyfuav;aeomrkdY tysdKBuD;yJ ac:vkdufMuomyJ ...}}
olwkdY&Sif;jyrS yJvHk;uav;rsm;\kyfvHk;u ykday:vmygonf/ ykd
vdkufzufnDvmygonf/ tac:&cufaom pum;vHk;rsm;ukd toHzvS,f&mwGif
uRefrwkdY&Gmu wu,fuRrf;usifMuonf/ jrif;jcHNrdKUrwD;0kdif;vkd oHpHkwD;0kdif;ukd
a*:*DBuD;awG? NcHpnf;dk; tckdiftrmum&Hjcif;r[kwfbJ 0g;vHk;wpfvHk;wnf;
wef;xm;jcif;ukd uRJqD;ewm; (uRJEGm;r0ifatmif wm;jrpfxm;jcif;) olBuD;
OD;pGef rsdK;,lpkduf&mu yGm;vmaom o&ufrsdK;ukd OD;pGefo&uf pojzifh
vG,fovkdusovkd ac:Mu&mu trnfwGifoGm;wmawG trsm;BuD;&Sdonf/
]]rxl; ... nnf;tara&m}}
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apmxGufvmwm}}
]]iwkdY awmifolrsm; qif;&JvSaygh ighwlr&,f ... 'djyif[m rMunfheJY
aeylpyfcg; vkyfpm;ae&omukdu EHk;csdvkdY ...}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
138
cifcifxl;
aumufnif;aygif;pm;&if;jzifh t&D;odef;xDukd uRefr ai;Munfhvkdufrd

ygonf/ tjzLESifhteuf a&maxG;aeaom qHyifMurf;Murf;BuD;awGu
acgif;aygif;atmufuae
jyLxGufaeMuonf/
ndKarSmifMurf;wrf;aom
tom;t&nfu om;a&wpfcsyfvkd wif;aumhvkdY/ ajczaemifhawGrSm tufuGJ
aMumif;&mawG IyfaxG;aeovkd tom;rmawGuvnf; xkwufvkdYaeonf/
okdYaomf t&D;odef;xDukd Munfh&onfrSm usef;rma&;awmh aumif;yHk&onf/
uRefrrSwfrdoavmuf t&D;odef;xDwkdY ZeD;armifESHukd awmxJrSmyJ tawGYrsm;
ygonf/
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a[m a[m ajym&if;qkd&if; vmygNyDawmf ...}}
acgif;aygif;BuD; acgif;jrKyfaeatmifaygif;xm;NyD; tusryg ausmajymif
ajymifBuD;ESifh vSnf;armif;vmaom ba'G;Pfukd uRefr awGYvkduf&onf/
tem;ukda&mufawmh uRefru bmrajymnmrajymESifh uefoif;qHkay: rwfwyf
&yfum ba'G;mPfvSnf;a&SUwnfhwnfhrSaeNyD; uifr&mukd xkwfcsdefvkduf
onf/ ba'G;mPfu vSnf;ay:rS 0kef;ceJ ckefqif;um ]rvkyfeJY ... rvkyfeJY}
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ukdar;onf/
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
139
cifcifxl;
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azmf&awmh\/
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csifqHk;yJ}}
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b,fES,fhvkyfNyD; ,lomwkef; ... "mwftm;jyif;vkdYomvQif ighyHkBuD; olYxJ
ygoGm;om rIwfzl;vm; ... igu vltkdvlrif;rkdY eJYwJhwJh&,f ... olYtzJhvnf; rcH
Ekdifbl; ... nnf;wkdYtrsdK; ukdbkdat;Munfhygvm; ... olYom;awG orD;awGu
zath"mwfyHk csdwfcsifvScsnfhqkdomeJY "mwfyHktkdufcH vdkufygo,f ...
bmMumwHk; qHk;ua&mrIwfvm;ath ... toufmPfapmifh owJh ighwlr&JU
ighawmh "mwfrkdufvkdufygeJYat ...}}
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oHMum;tjzLtrnf;uav;awG &SdaeNyD/ &Gmawmifykdif;rSmvnf; AGD'D,kdkH
&SdaeNyD/ NrdKUESifhul;vl;qufoG,frIawGvnf; ykdrsm;vmygNyD/ okdYaomf
ba'G;mPfvkd t,ltpGJ BuD;vGef;? kd;vGef;? tvGef;olawGvnf; &SdNrJ&Sd
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
140
cifcifxl;
aeonf/ trSefajym&vQif ba'G;mPfESifh t&D;odef;xDukd vSnf;uav;

aemufcHxm;NyD; uRefr "mwfyHkkduf,lcsifvSygonf/ wpfoufvHk; ajrBuD;ESifh
EGm;ESifhzuf kef;cJh&&Smaom tnmoltnmom; awmifolBuD;ZeD;armifESH
tjzpf rSwfwrf;wifxm;vkdvSygonf/ okdYaomf uRefr bmrS rwwfEkdifyg/
uifr&muav;ukdom tomodrf;xm;vkduf&awmh\/
ba'G;mPfonf tazh\ nD0rf;uGJawmfpyfonf/ &GmrSmyifarG;? &GmrSmyif
tdrfaxmif&ufom;jyKum
tcktcsdeftxdvnf;
&GmrSwpfz0g;rcGmaom
wu,fhawmom;BuD;ppfppfjzpfonf/ wpf&Gmwpfaus;ukdyif ntdyfnfYae
tvnfroGm;ay/ taMumif;rSm wpf&yfwpf&GmwGif olaooGm;rSm pkd;
jzpfonf/
]]igawmh ukd,fh&GmocsKif;rSmyJ aocsifo,f ... 'grS ukd,fh&GmrSmyJ
vl0ifpm;jyefjzpfrSm ... rawmfvkdY wpf&GmoGm;ao&if aemufb0us olrsm;
&GmrSm ig vloGm;jzpfawmhrSmaygh}}
rQtxd t,ltpGJBuD;aom ba'G;mPfygay/ wpfcguvnf; tazu
olYnDvldk;vltukd NrdKUa&mufzl;atmif[kqkdum uRefrwkdYqD ZGwftwif; ac:
vmcJhzl;onf/ tazu bk&m;awGvnfykdY? aps;awGO,smOfawG vkdufykdY&if;
NrdKUutpmawGvnf; wpf0BuD;auR;onf/ okdYaomf &GmjyefykdYzkdYcsnf; wGifwGif
BuD; ylaeavawmh\/
]]NrdKUrSm igraewwfbl; ... armawmMuyfwyfBuD; ... tqkd;qHk;u um;oH
awGMum;NyD; tjyifbuf oGm;r&omyJ ... pdwfqif;&Jcsufawmh}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
141
cifcifxl;
tjyifbufqkdonfrSm tdrfomoGm;onfhudpukd qkdvkdygonf/ uRefrwkdY

&GmwGif tdrfwkdif;tdrfwkdif; tdrfom&,fvkdY r&Sdwmrsm;onf/ tdrfomxm;vQif
&Gmnpfywfonf[k t,l&SdMuonf/ &GmhtjyifxGufum csHKBudKcsHKMum; udpNyD;pD;
wwfMu\/ ba'G;mPfu uRefrwkdYtdrfrSm tdrfomoGm;r&qkd tazu
NrdKUtpGeftxd vkdufykdYay;onf/ 'gvnf; oGm;r&[k ba'G;mPfu qkdonf/
]]um;oHawG Mum;ae&ao;o,f ... tJonfum;oHawG Mum;ae&orQ ig
b,fvkdrS oGm;&rSmrIwfygbl; ukd&ifndK&,f ... ighukd &GmjyefydkYygawmh}}
rsuf&nfvnf&GJ jzpfvmaom ba'G;mPfukd oem;NyD; aemufqHk;awmh
tazu &Gmukd jyefvkdufykdYay;&ygonf/ okdYaom ba'G;mPf\ taMumif;
ukd odaeonfrkdY uRefr olYukd "mwfyHkkdufzkdY rBudK;pm;jzpfwmyJ jzpf\/
]]ba'G;wkdY onfESpf bmawG pkdufMuwmvJ}}
]]ajryJ yJpkdufo,f ... yJeDjym;uav;vnf; wpfuGufBuJvkdufao;&JU ...
tdrfpm;zkdYaygh ... rESpfwkef;u olrsm;vkyfvkdY ukvm;yJ oGm;pkdufvkdufygo,f ...
IH;vkdufom cGufcGufukdvefua&mhyJ ... rHk&Gmbufr,f uvajyursdK;vkdY
ajymMuomygyJat ... rHk&Gmawmh jzpfomaygh ... bmuGmvkdYvnf;awmh
rodaygif ighwlr&,f ... iwkdY&Gmusawmh rjzpfbl;[ ... usvkdufo,fhykd;
qkdomrsm; ... tDvefbkd;eJY rGJomygyJ ...}}
uRefrwkdY&Gmu onfvkdpum;qef;awGvnf; Mum;&wwfonf/ tdEd,
ukvm;yJrsdK;awG? rHk&Gme,fbufwGif jzpfxGef;atmifjrifaomaMumifh uRefrwkdY
qDuawmifolrsm;u rsdK;0,fpkdufMujcif; jzpfonf/ pkdufysdK;enf;pepfuGmovkd
a&ajrobm0uvnf; uGmjcm;yHk&ygonf/ rHk&Gme,fbufuawmh pdkufysdK;a&;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
142
cifcifxl;
ukd pepfwusESifh acwfrDrD vkyfEkdifukdifEkdifaeMuNyDr[kwfvm;/ uRefrwkdY

&Gmuawmh rHk&Gmavmuf acwfrrDao;yg/ awmifoltm;vHk; avSBuD;xkd;
kd;kd;awGrkdY ykd;owfaq;ukdyif a0zefcGJjcm; roHk;pGJwwfMuao;aMumif; odom
onf/ ba'G;mPfpum;xJu tDvefzkd;qkdonfrSm tDvefqyfjymrIefYukd
ykd;owfaq;tjzpf 0,f,loHk;pGJMujcif;ukd ajymjcif;jzpf\/
]]ukdomarmifh aumif;rIayghawmf romBuD; ... olYoruf&Sdo,fh rHk&Gm
oGm;vnf&if;u xGifcsvkdufomav ... avAkdykd;owfaq;qkdvnf; 0,fvkduf&
... bl;aq;qkdvnf; jzef;vkduf&eJY r&aygifawmf ... aemufqHk;awmh iatmf
xGifo,fhenf;u [kwf [kwfao;awmh ... qyfjymrIefYawG a&azsmfNyD; zsef;rS
ykd;uaoawmhomav ... qyfjymrIefYawmif wjcm;wHqdyfr&bl;&,f ...
tDvefrS&om ... ykd;utDNyD; vefuso,fqkdo,fh edrdwf,l&om ...}}
]]iatmf r[kwfygbl;[m ... eifuvnf; irJu pxGifomyg}}
]]iatmf ygawmf ... iatmfrS olYa,mufz ref;av;aeo,fh ukdausmhwkdY
tdrfu enf;&vmom ... ukdausmhwkdYtdrfu ESif;qDyifawGqkdvm; ykd;usom
cJvkdYwJh ... tJom tDvefqyfjym&nf avmif;csaeom oljrifcJhvkdY prf;vkyf
MunfhomwJh}}
vifr,m;ESpfa,muf us,fus,favmifavmif wpfwpfcGcG ajymae&mu
xjiif;Mu ckefMujyefonf/ uRefri,fpOfu pdrf;rnf;ndKUrIdif;aeaom ajryJcif;?
yJcif;awGMum; wvTm;vTm; ajy;upm;cJhzl;onf/ onfwkef;u yJcif;awGukd
ykd;usoH? ykd;owfaq; zsef;&oHawG uRefr odyfrMum;zl;cJhyg/ pkdufcsdef
wefvQifpkduf? oD;csdef OcsdefwefvQif oD;MuOMu &SdcJhMuonfom/ onfbuf
acwfrSmawmh ykd;owfaq;awG? &Gufzsef;aq;awG awmfawmf oHk;Mu&yHk
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
143
cifcifxl;
ay:onf/ wDADaMumfjimrSm vmwwfaom pkdufysdK;a&;oHk;ypnf;awG qkdwm

renf;raem/ uRefrwkdY&Gmuawmh bmaq;awGrsm; b,fvkd oHk;aeMuygvdrfh/
uRefrar;Munhfrdonf/
]]bmaq; nmaq;&,fvkdYawmh ajymwwfaygifat ... aZmf0if; oHk;ckdif;
o,fhaq; oHk;vdkufomyJ ... onfvkd avAkdykvif;qkdufeJYvmom avAkdaq;
aygh ... onfvkd bl;eJYbmeJYvmom bl;aq;aygh ... aq;uawmh rsdK;pHkayghat
... ckdifoif;MunfaMumfjimo,fhaq;vnf; oHk;zl;o,f ... xufxufrkd;OD;
aMumfjimomvnf; oHk;zl;omyJ ... aemuf[kdaumifrav;at ... b,folwJh ...
uRwf ... tJ ... tdrfo,mausmfZif ... olYaq;vnf; oHk;zl;omyJ}}
]]aZmf0if;wkdYtdrfu wDAD&Sdo,fav ... aMumfjimvmcsdefus&if olu
vlawGvSrf;ac:vkdufomyJ ... iwkdYu oGm;oGm;Munfh&om ...}}
Lipovitan
ykvif;yHkpHESifh kd;dk;bl;yHkpHwkdYukd t&D;odef;xDu pum;

ajym&if;jzifh yHkazmfjyonf/ vufndK;uav;wpfacsmif;wnf; axmif
usefonfh vufav;acsmif;ukd auG;ukwfjyvkdufyHku wu,fh vpfykdykvif;ukd
rsufpdxJ wef;jrifomonf/ kd;dk;bl;yHkpHrsm;ukdawmh vufaumuf0wfukd
wpfcsufqkyfNyD; aemufvufzsHukd wpfcgqkyfjyonf/ uRefrba'G;ESifh t&D;wkdY
uawmh wu,fh awmolawmifom;ppfppfBuD;awGrkdY olwkdY em;vnfoavmuf?
wwfoavmuf &Sif;jyjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; olwkdYwpfawGonf vufawGY
pkdufysdK;a&;orm; tppftrSefawGqkdwmukdawmh uRefrarhrxm;Ekdifyg/ olwkdY
wpfawGrSm pkdufysdK;a&;todynm zGHYNzdK;vmzkdY pkdufysdK;a&; toHk;taqmif
ypnf;awGukd ac:a0:oHk;pGJwwfzkdY vkdtyfaeonfuawmh trSefyJjzpfonf/
]]ukdaZmf0if;u b,fvkd toHk;ckdif;wmwHk; t&D;&JU}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
144
cifcifxl;
]]a[mfawmfat&,f ... aZmf0if;om;tBuD;aumifu jrif;jcHrSmausmif;

wufaeomav ... q,fwef;awmifa&mufNyD ... tJomaZmf0if;u wpfywfwef
onf wpfacguf NrdKUa&mufaeo,fh vlaumath ... olu NrdKU a&mufwkdif;
[kdukd0ifom ... bmwJh ukdbmPf}}
]]v,fpkduf&Sif;ygat nnf;uvnf;}}
]]at; at; tJonfh0ifom ... tJonfrSmu wkdY&GmawGbuf vmvm
aeo,fh [kdvl b,folwJh}}
]]ukdausmf&if ... ukdausmf&if ... wuwnf;rS ajymvnf;ajymcsifao; ...}}
t&D;wkdYvifr,m;ukdMunfhNyD; uRefr &,frdygonf/ wpf&Gmwnf;ae
wpfa&wnf;aomuf i,faygif;BuD;azmfawGrkdY qJremqkdrem oHa,mZf
t&if;cHMuolawG/
]]tJonf ukdausmf&ifeJY aqG;aEG;vmcJhom&,f
jyefvmwkdif; iwkdY A[kokwwpfck wkd;omyJ}}
...
olwpfacguf
t&D;pum;ukd uRefr oabmusoGm;rd\/ ukdaZmf0if;avmufu onfvkd

toGm;tvm&SdNyD; wpfqifhvrf;Tefazmf& awmfygao;onf/ ukdaZmf0if;u
ynmA[kokw tenf;tusf;&Sdovkd olukd,fwkdifuvnf; awmifolBuD;rkdY
uRefrwkdY&GmtwGufawmh olu aus;*smwpfa,muf jzpfyHk&onf/ xif
oavmuf rqkd;vSao;/
aeuav; pkdYjyLvmawmh tnmaEGu Zmwdjyvmonf/ uRefrtom;awG
zsif;ceJ ylwufvmonf/ vSnf;atmufrSm0ifNyD; t&dyfckdzkdY t&D;u ajymonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
145
cifcifxl;
ba'G;uawmh vSnf;,dkifywfBuD;ukd vSnf;ay:u rkd;ay;avonf/ vSnf;&dyf

atmuf0ifvkduf&if; ajryJEkwfaeMuolawGukd vSrf;Munfhvkdufawmh acgif;yif
razmfMuao;/
]]uJa[h ... cPem;MuOD; aumifrawG ... vm aumufSif;aygif;
pm;vSnfhcsnf}}
t&D;odef;xDu ajryJEkwfaeMuolawGukd ckepfoHcsD [pfac:vkdufonf/
Ekwfvufp yJyifawGukd ypfyHkum vSnf;&dyfuav;&Sd&mokdY olwkdYvmMuawmh
rsufESmawGay:rSm acR;ESifh ajrBuD;rIefYawG a&maxG; npfpkdaeMuavonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
146
cifcifxl;
(10)
]]rxl;a& ... nnf;ukdvmEIwfrqufom b,fvkdrS ratmufarhygeJY ...
onfvkd reufykdif;aeat;wkef; wpfief;avmufazmufxm;rS wefumusomath
... EkdYrkdY&Sd rvG,fbl;}}
rrcifwkwfu wkwfwkwfus acR;awGukdokwf&if; uRefrab;rSm
0ifxkdifonf/ olEkwfxm;&pfcJhaom ajryJyHkBuD;rSm pGwfaMumif;&mBuD;ab;wGif
[kdwpfyHk? onfwpfyHk/ yJEkwforrsm;onf tcif;&Sif owfrSwfay;xm;&m ief;
({&d,m) ukefatmifEkwfMu&onf/ ikwfwkwfxkdifvsufu a&SUukd wGef;Ekwf
oGm;NyD; tcif;qHk;vQif wpfief;aygufonf[kqkdMuonf/ wpfief;aygufoGm;
vQif aemufwpfief;jyefp&onf/ aerGef;wnfhcsdefrSmawmh ukd,fvkyf&rnfh
{&d,m tukeftpifEkwfNyD; jzpf&rnfr[kwfvm;/ onfawmh aeat;wkef;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
147
cifcifxl;
vkyfief;wGifatmif vkyfMu&onf/ cg;vsm;&Snftcif;rsm;qkdvQif wpfief;

ayguf&ef wpfem&Davmuf EkwfMu&ygonf/
ajryJqGwf&mwGif ukd,fEkwfxm;onfhtyHkukd awmxJrSmyif ukd,fjyeftoD;
qGwf&onfhtcgvnf;&Sdonf/ ajryJyifawGukd &GmxJ vSnf;jzifhwkduf,lNyD;
bHk0kdif;0ef; qGwf&onfhtcgvnf;&Sd\/ onfbufacwfrSmawmh &GmxJu
t&dyftm0goatmufwGif ajryJqGwfMuonfhtavhukd usifhoHk;vmMuNyD/
awmxJrSmyJ aeylrcHMuawmh/ ajryJqGwfctaejzifh aiG&,faMu;&,f r&Sdyg/
ajryJwpfawmif;qGwfNyD;vQif qGwfcESpfjynf&onf/ ajryJ&Spfawmif; qGwfygrS
ukd,fhtwGuf wpfawmif;&onf/ ajryJwpfawmif;\wefzkd;rSm ckepf&m? &Spf&m/
olwkdYtvkyfcsdefu reufav;em&Davmufuae nae ig;em&D ajcmufem&D/
'guvnf; ajryJqGwf tuRrf;usifqHk;olwpfa,muf\ pHcsdefjzpf\/
]]rrcifwkwf tckxd tysdKBuD;vkyfaewkef;vm;}}
]]vkyfaeom [kwfaygifat ... tysdKBuD;jzpfaeomyg ... vifyJ rvkdcsifbJ
&Sdyghrvm;ath ... onft&G,fa&mufvmawmh omvkdcsifao; ... raumif;o,fh
pdwfeJY [kwfaygifat ... ighrsm; tdrfu[ma'u rav;MuvGef;vkdYyg ...
aMomf-igom vif,lrd&if onfvkdjzpfrSmr[kwfbl;[Jh qkdNyD; ... vifvkdcsifom}}
a'gif;wdarmif;wdESifh
tmabmiftm&if;oefoef
ajymvkdufaom
rrcifwkwfpum;aMumifh tm;vHk;yGJusoGm;Muonf/ rrcifwkwfu [kdwkef;
uwnf;u &GmxJrSm tmus,fygus,fESifh a[mifzGma[mifzGm tNrJvkyfonf/
pum;ajymvQif wpfwpfcGcGESifh wpfbufom; em;rcHomatmif qkdcsifqkd?
qJcsifqJonf/ olY tm olY vQmESifhrkdY tvkdvkd tysdKxdrf;? tysdKacgif;? tysdKBuD;
jzpfoGm;&awmh\/ olY txufu tpfukdwpfa,mufESifh olY atmufu armif?
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
148
cifcifxl;
nDr av;a,mufpvHk;u tdrfaxmifonfawG/ wlawG? wlrawGxJu

wcsdKUawmif uav;wGJavmif; om;wGJavmif;ESifh jzpfukefMuNyD/ oluawmh
tckxd wpfukd,fwnf; tysdKBuD;b0jzifh ukd,fh0rf;ukd,fausmif;aeqJ/
rrcifwkwf\ toufrSm ig;q,fawmh ausmfavmufNyD/
]]bmjzpfwHk; rrcifwkwf&JU ukd,fu tysdKyJ vkdcsif,laygh}}
uRefru wrifpvkd ajymvkdufjcif; jzpfonf/
]],lom [kwfomayghath ... ba'G;mPfvnf; uefawmhyg&JU ighvkd
aoG;qHk;om;qHk; b,fa,musfm;urS pmrvdyfawmhbl;[Jh}}
]][m; ... [m; ... [m; ... [m;}}
uRefrwkdY wpfawGu w[m;[m;ESifh tkef;ceJ &,fvkdufMuawmh
ba'G;mPfu ujrif;rawG[kqkdum xajy;awmh\/ onfawmhrS usefolawG
vnf; wpfpcef;xvmMuawmhonf/
]]tvum;ajymom rxl;&JU ... nnf; &Sifcifwkwfujzifh xvkdufo,fh
pcef; ... OD;BuD;uHqifhukd nnf;odo,frIwfvm;}}
]]aumifraemf aomufwvGJawG rajymeJY}}
rrcifwkwfu r*sHKr ausmjyifBuD;ukd jzef;ceJ vSrf;kdufonf/
OD;BuD;uHqifhrSm uRefrwkdYuav;wkef;uwnf;u rkqkd;zkdBuD; jzpfaeol/
toufig;q,ft&G,f paumpuESifhrkdY b,frdef;rurS olYukdrBudKuf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
149
cifcifxl;
oluawmh rdef;rwumukd yg;pyfykd; ykd;wwfonf/ OD;BuD;uHqifh\pum;

awmif uRefrwkdY&GmrSm&Sdao;/
]]rdef;rao&if igh&efbuf ... a,musfm;ao&if ightuGufa[h}} wJh/
]]OD;BuD;uHqifhuat ... &SifcifwkwfeJYoleJY ,lMuawmhr,fqkdo,fhNyD;
taemufbufurf; &ykvJutrsdK;awGukd aq;vdyfpnf;BuD;wpfpnf; ukdifo,fh
NyD; vkdufzdwfomath ... tJom aemufaeYusawmh &ykvJu vlawGu
r*Fvmaqmif vkdufvmMuomaumat ... &Gma&mufawmhrS r[kwfrSef;
odMuomav ... onfowif;vnf; &SifcifwkwfMum;a&m ... wuwnf;
OD;BuD;uHqifhukd &Smo,fhNyD; aoQmifqGJ vHk;awmhomyJ}}
]]a[mawmfh}}
OD;BuD;uHqifhu wu,fhukd aoQmifBuD;ESifh/ rdef;rawG pum;ajymonfhMum;wGif
aoQmifBuD;ESifh
xdkifxkdifaewwfojzifh
t&D;Munfu
]]wuwnf;
rdef;rawGMum; oluaoQmifBuD;ikwfwkwfeJYawmf}} [kqkdwwfonf/ OD;BuD;
uHqifh uvnf; rcHyg/
]]usKyfu aoQmifBuD;ikwfwkwfeJY raevkdY bmBuD;ikwfwkwfeJY ae&rSmwHk;}}
onfpum;ukd uRefrwkdY&GmwGif [mowpfyk'fjzpfaecJhonf/ uRefrwkdY
&GmutysdKawGu }aoQmifBuD;aAG} ESifh pvQif uufuufvef&efawGYwwf
Muonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
150
cifcifxl;
]]aocsif;qkd;BuD;u igu qGJvkyfomawmif kdufyg cifwkwf&,f ...

eifkdufvkdY igremygbl; ... vkyf vkyfeJY tom;,lao;omath ... [if; ...
oif; aooGm;om at;omyJ}}
]][if ... OD;BuD;uHqifh qHk;oGm;NyDvm;}}
]]at;awmfh ... oHk;ESpfavmufawmif &SdNyDxifw,faemf cifwkwf}}
]]usKyfeJYbmqkdifvkdYwHk; ... awmfyJ rSwfxm;}}
rrcifwkwfu jyefyufvkdufawmh yGJusoGm;Muonf/ pum;ajymMu
&if;jzifh t&D;odef;xD auR;aom aumufnif;aygif;awGukd yvkwfyavmif;
pm;Muonf/ ajryJEkwfxm;aom vufrsm;jzifh onftwkdif; pm;aeMuaom
olwkdYwpfawGrSm bma&m*gykd;rS aMumufp&mrvkdatmif Akdif;&yfpfykd; NyD;Mu
olawG jzpfonf/ ukef;ukef;kef;kef; vkyfpm;Mu&aom b0awGrkdY usef;rmae
Muava&mhovm;/ Murf;Murf;wrf;wrf;ESifh ,mxJukdif;xJ aeylpyfcg; vkyfpm;
aeMu&&Smaom uRefraqGrsdK;awGujzifh w0g;0g; w[m;[m;ESifh/ onfvkd
em;Mucsdefuav;rSm pMu ajymifMu aysmfp&m/
]]rxl; ... aeYv,fus iwkdY ajryJqGwfo,fhqD vmcJhOD;}}
]]vmrSmaygh ... t&D;wkdY 0kdif;xJrSmyJvm;}}
]]iwkdYwvif;u yJEG,fawG yHkxm;vkdY 0kdif;pdefwkdYwvif;xJ yJqGwfMurSm
vmcJhcsnf ... iMunfhvnf; zdwfxm;o,f}}
]]ukdBuD;iMunf &GmrSm&Sdao;vkdYvm;}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
151
cifcifxl;
ukdBuD;iMunfonf &GmrSm NrJNrJaewwfol r[kwfojzifh uRefru ar;jcif;

jzpfonf/ onfbufykdif;wGif uRefr&Gmjyefwkdif;vkdvkd ol c&D;xGufaewwf
onf/ avSvkdufoGm;vkduf? a&TawmxGufoGm;vdkufESifh ac:&mvlaemufygoGm;
wwfaomolYrSm tvkyftukdif&,fvkdYvnf; twnfwusr&Sdyg/ i,fpOf
awmifaus; rdbESpfyg;qHk;uwnf;u [kdtdrfonftdrfu aqGrsdK;rsm;auR;aom
xrif;ukdpm;NyD; vljzpfvm&&Smolomjzpf\/ BuD;vmawmhvnf; olwumh
ckdif;zwf? pmuvnf; wpfvHk;rQ rwwfay/ pmvHk;jrifrS urSef; crSef; rod
aom ukdBuD;iMunfukd b,folurSvnf; wav;wpm; qufqHaeMuonf
r[kwf/ emrnfac:&myif iMunf? ukdiMunf? armifiMunf? OD;av;iMunf
pojzifh ]i] wpfvHk;rjyKwf&Smol jzpf\/
okdYaomf ukdBuD;iMunfonf uRefrwkdY&Gm\ pG,fpHk&rif;om;jzpfygonf/
olu kyfqkd;oavmuf toHaumif;onf/ toHukd avvSnfhtrsdK;rsdK; oHk;
ajymif;qkdwwfonf/ toHuvnf; atmifonf/ olYtoHu vSnf;axmufqH
ukd rSefonfhtoHrsdK; jzpfonf/ awmxJwGif oloDcsif;qkdaevQif wpfawmvHk;
ysHUvGifhaewwfonf/ yef;EG,fupdrf;? arwmurmrsm;jzifh rjcm;vkdw,f?
tareJY&GmukdvGrf;w,f ponfh oDcsif;rsm;ukd acGpHkacGukef ol&onf/
pkd;rkd;arwm? acgif;avmif;xkd;oH b,folxH ponfh jyZmwf Zmwfvrf;awGukd
wpfvHk;rusef olcif;jywwfonf/ a&Tref;wifarmif ESpfyg;oGm;? y#du&m;?
q'efqifrif; ponfh ZmwfxkyfZmwfuGufawGukdvnf; olu ykdifykdifEkdifEkdifBuD;
qkdEkdif ajymEkdif ikdEkdifonf/ pmwpfvHk;rQ rwwfaom awmBudKtHkMum;u
ukdBuD;iMunf\ xl;jcm;aomyg&rDukd uRefr rtHhMobJraeEkdifyg/ *Dw
tEkynmukd cHpm;em;vnfEkdifpGrf;aom ESvHk;om;awmh olYrSm &Sd[efwlygonf/
tckvkd yJodrf;csdefuawmh olY&moDyJ jzpfonf/ [kdu onfu ac:NyD;
oDcsif;qkdckdif;? jyZmwfcif;ckdif;ESifh vufrvnfEkdif &Sdwwfonf/ NyD;vQif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
152
cifcifxl;
xrif;auR;? a&mh tifh ay;vkdufvQif &oavmufESifh wif;wdrfoGm;awmh\/

onfawmh uRefrwkdY&GmwGif uufqufESifh bufx&Dtkd; t&if;tESD;xuf
ukdBuD;iMunfu ykdNyD; wmoGm;onfr[kwfvm;/
]]iMunfhtaMumif;awmh ajymrajymcsifaygif rxl;&,f ... onfwpfacguf
rpdefbufu jyefvmom pmuav; tarT;Ekwfxm;o,fhtwkdif; ... iSufzsm;rd
jyefvmvkdY &Gmu qD;ukxm;&omath ... tJo[maMumifh oif;ukd &GmwifaevkdY
igajymom? ukd,fh&Gmukd,fhajy xrif;Murf;cJ ,yfcwfpm;OD;awmh at;at;ae&
o,f/ oif;jzifh vkdufoGm;vkdufcsnf;iSufzsm;? jyefvmvkdufcsnf; AkdufyleHum;eJY
vlvHk;rvSbl;/ onfwpfcg pum;em;raxmifbJ vkdufoGm;vkdYuawmh igeJY
tawGYyJvkdY Budrf;xm;&omath}}
wpfaumif<uufwpfrsufESmorm; ukdBuD;iMunfhukd oHa,mZfjzifh
ukPmpum;qkdaeaom t&D;odef;xD\pmempdwfukd uRefr em;vnfvkdufrd
\/ uRefrwkdY&GmwGif b,favmufqif;&JrGJawaeygap/ xrif;wpfvkwfu
awmhjzifh iwfraoEkdifyg/ ukdBuD;iMunfvkd ajcovHk;tdrfwkdiform;
wpfa,mufukd auR;zkdYarG;zkdY 0efrav;Muovkd olwumhapmfum;vnf; rcHMu
yg/ 'gonfyif cspfp&m av;pm;p&m aus;vuf"avhpkdufjzpfygonf/ uRefr
rSwfrdaeao;onf/
uRefrwkdY&Gmol
rNyHK;csdKESifh
taMumif;ygNyD;
&Gmudkygvmaom ukdausmfwifu ukdBuD;iMunfukd xif;aygufckdif;onf/
ykqdefuRwf cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS EGm;uav;ukd oGm;rSefojzifh EGm;uav;aygifNyJ
oGm;onf/ earmfrJhermrJh vkyf&yghrvm;[kqkdum ukdausmfwifu ukdBuD;
iMunfukd vufoD;ESifhxkd;vTwfvkdufonf/ rsufvHk;BuD; zl;zl;a,mifum
jyefvmaom ukdBuD;iMunfbufu rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfum uRefrwkdY&Gmu rdef;r
wpfokdufu ukdausmfwifukd 0ifkdufMuonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
153
cifcifxl;
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awmif&yfoGm;rvkdYqdkNyD; xGufvmcJhMuom ... rpdefvSwkdY tdrfacgif;&if;
a&mufawmh iMunfu vSnf;vrf;aMumif;xkdifidkaeomath ... iwkdY renf;
ar;awmhrS oif;uajymom ... ajymawmh iwkdYvnf; rcHcsifvGef;vkdY apGYapGYckef
ayghat tJomeJYat;cifwkdYpnf;Mum;u 0g;&if;wkwfawG qGJo,fhNyD; rloef;wkdY
Al;pdwkdYa&m [pfac:o,fhNyD; ukdausmfwiftdrfbuf oGm;Muom ... BuD;awmf
rr,fvSuawmh wm;ao;o,f ... omayr,fh 0JpdefwkdY &SifbkwfrwkdYa&m
aw;ykwkdY jzLpl;wkdYa&m vlupHkvmawmh ... ukdausmfwifukd 0kdif;kdufjzpfMu
awmhomyJ}}
yGJwkdif;ausmf rrcifwkwfu pajymawmh rAl;pd (rbl;aph) wkdYuvnf;
tNydKif0ifajymMuawmhonf/
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vkyfzkdYygat ... romBuD;u rkdufkdif;awmh iwkdYvnf; aqmfjzpfoGm;omaygh}}
]]onfvkdrxl;&JU ... &SifaxG;nGefYu a&SUqHk;uae0ifoGm;om ...
cg;ESpfbufaxmufo,fhNyD; ukdausmfwif awmf iMunfhukd xkd;vTwfvkdufom
qkdvkdY ar;awmh ... xkd;vTwfawmh bmjzpfao;vJ ighEGm;xdvkdY igemvkdY xkd;om
eifu iMunfhukd bmemvkdY ar;omwHk;eJYvkyfawmh ... &SifaxG;nGefYu a[mom
emvkdYawmf qkdo,fhNyD; 0ifvHk;awmhomath ... &SifaxG;nGefYeJY ukdausmfwif
vnf; vHk;a&m iwkdYuvnf; ygvmo,fh wkwfawGeJY 0ifkdufMuawmhomyJ ...
&SifNyHK;csdKuvnf; olY vifbufuae iwkdYukd 0ifqGJomaygh ... &GmxJvnf;
qlnHvkdY? ukdausmfwifvnf; xdyfayguf acgif;uGJ aoG;awGqkd &JvkdY? 'gawmif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
154
cifcifxl;
oif;u yg;pyfu t,kwfwrmawG xGufao;om? tJomeJY &Sifcifwkwfu

yg;csnf; ydwfkdufomath}}
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vufavQmhay;vkdufom ... wpf&Gmom; tapmfum;awmh cHEkdifaygifat}}
Burf;Murf;wrf;wrf; &efyGJETJ0Hhaom uRefrtpfrrsm;\owdu onfrSm
wif pcef;owfroGm;yg/ ukdausmfwifu jrif;jcHkH;ukdwkdifojzifh trIoif;uJ
jzpfvkdufMuao;onf/ raxG;nGefYESifhtaygif;yg&SpfOD;tjyif ab;rS &yfMunfh
Muaom rsufjrifoufaotjzpf uRefrBuD;awmfa':ylpDESifh a':at;rwkdYESpfOD;
yg trIwGJwGifyg0ifygonf/ jrif;jcHNrdKUokdY wuefwuoGm;zkdY 0efav;wwf
Muaom uRefraqGrsdK;rsm;rSm ukdausmfwifkdufrIjzifh jrif;jcHNrdKUokdY tacguf
acguftcgcga&mufMu&awmh\/ wpfoufESifhwpfukd,f a,mifvkdYyif tdyfruf
xnfhrruf0Hhaom w&m;kH;rSm tppfaq;tar;jref;cHMu&awmh\/ tqkd;qHk;rSm
usrf;xkyfukdifum usrf;usdefMu&jcif;yifjzpfonf/
]]uJ uJ cifAsm;wkdY wpfa,mufcsif; a[m'Dusrf;xkyfukdukdifNyD; usrf;usdef
&r,faemf/ uRefawmf a&SUuaeqkdwJhtwkdif; vkdufqkdMu}}
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a&SUuaeusrf;usdefaepOf
uRefrBuD;awmf
a':at;rrSm w&m;kH;xJrSmyif ao;awG wjzef;jzef;ygawmh\/
]]rat;r bmrSaMumufp&mrvkdbl;&,f/ olqkdo,fhtwkdif; ukd,fu
vkdufqkdkHuav;yJ wuwnf;rS}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
155
cifcifxl;
raxG;nGefYwkdYu tem;rSae acsmhcsnfwpfcg? ajcmufcsnfwpfvSnfh

vkyfawmhrS a':at;ru ao;tyg&yfoGm;ygonf/ olYukda&SUac:awmh xkdif&mrS
cHkzdeyfukd '&GwfwkdufqGJum xoGm;onf/ usrf;xkyfukd vSrf;ukdifvkdufNyD;
a&SUuvlawGvkdyJ olvkdufqkdawmh\/
]]uRefawmfqkdwm vkdufqkd}}
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wpfcGef;/ kH;xJwGif ikdtm;xuf&,ftm;oefcJhMu&onf qkd\/ aemufqHk;wGif
kH;rif;uvufavQmhay;um vkyfp&mtvkyfukdom qufvkyfoGm;onf/
]]ukdif; ... NyD;NyD}}
]]ukdif; ... NyD;NyD}}
a':at;rvufrSusrf;xkyfukd qGJodrf;vkdufawmhrS kH;rif;vnf; acR;tjyef
&yfawmh\/ &Gma&mufawmh raxG;nGefYwkdYwpfawGu a':at;rtaMumif;awG
ukd azmufonfjyefcsNyD; w0g;0g; w[m;[m; &,fMuawmhonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
156
cifcifxl;
]]aoemrawG ighusawmh &,fvkdufMuom? [if; ... nnf;wkdY &SifylpD

xbDaZmufxkd;BuD; 0wfvmomusawmh rajymbl;}}
]]a':ylpDu xbDaZmufxkd;0wfvmom xm;ygawmh &Sif0Jpdefu [kda&SU
usumrS tay:xbD uRwfusomav/ a&SUuar;? oluajz? ab;vlawGu
atmfeJY qlvkdY/ r,frif;BuD;raMumifh &Gmemrnf ysufua&m}}
]]xbDu topfrkdY ESajrmvkdY atmufu wpfxyfxyf0wfxm;omygat?
&Gmemrnfu ighaMumifh ysufomrIwfbl;awmh? &SifAl;pdaMumifh ysufom/ [kdu
cifAsm;emrnfb,folwkef; qkdawmh olu Al;pdwJh/ Al;pdqkdom emrnf&if;vm;
qkdawmh [kwfo,frSwfomyJ/ usKyfarG;uwnf;u onftwkdif; ac:vmMu
omyJwJh/ taz tar emrnfawGajymqkdawmh ukdausmfwif kdufo,fhtxJr,f
usKyftazeJYtar rygbl;vkdY jiif;ua&m/ [kdu [kwfygNyD? rygygbl;/
emrnfar;omygqkdawmhrS taz ukdiuRJ? tar rrdtk qkdajymom? 'gawGu
emrnft&if;awGvm;qkdawmh tJomvnf; usKyfrodbl;wJhav/ omeJY [kdu
cifAsm;aewJh &Gmemrnft&if;aum od&JUvm;eJYvkyfom/ &SifAl;pdu O',xuf
&if;o,fhemrnf usKyfwkdY&GmrSm r&Sdbl;wJh [m; [m; [m; aumifr
onfwpfcsufawmh ykdifo,f}}
]]ykdifcsufuawmh [kdwpfa,mufu acgif;ukwfo,fhNyD; O',qkdom
t'l;o,fhAsm/ cifAsm;wkdYeJYae&if usKyfawmh l;rSmaocsmo,fwJhav/
iwkdY&Gmukd t'l;o,fh}}
[kwfavmufygonf/ uRefra&SUrSm wpfa,mufwpfayguf ajymaeMu
aom pum;xJuZmwdkyfawGukd zrf;Munfh&if;jzifh uRefryif tlcsmaygufcsif
vmonf/ jrif;jcHNrdKUe,f w&m;kH;xJwGif xbDpGefawmifqGJ? pum;awG
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
157
cifcifxl;
uabmufwduabmufcsmESifh bkrodbrod uRefraqGrsdK;awG trIoif;uJ

&ifqkdifcJhMu&onfaum/
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rNyD;eJYqkdawmh iwkdYwpfawGu ysif;vmomat&JU/ trIuom rNyD;jywfom
iMunfuvnf; ukdausmfwiftdrfrSm EGm;pmpOf;ay;aeNyD; ukdausmfwifwkdY
tuGufxJvnf; iwkdYwpfawGajryJqGwfvkdufaeNyD/ pdwfqkd;awGvnf; ajyMuNyD
ajymygawmhat/ tJomeJY bBuD;acsmeJYukdausmfwifwkdY jrif;jcHkH;vkdufNyD;
ayzl;vTmqkdvm; bmqdkvm;}}
]]aMuat;vTmyg awmfuvnf;}}
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aemufxyf rac:awmhbl;&,f}}
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]]uJ aumifrawG aer&ifhcif wpfwHk wHkvkdufMuOD;[Jh}}
t&D;odef;xDu atmfvkdufawmhrS uRefrwkdYpum;0kdif; vlpkuGJoGm;onf/
ajryJcif;xJukd tvQdKtvQdKqif;oGm;Muolrsm;ukd uRefr ai;armMunfhaerd
onf/ oDcsif;waMumfaMumf qkdvkdufMu/ watmifhcP em;&if; &,fvkdufMu
armvkdufMu/ &ifhjyLpjyKvmaom aerif;BuD;ukd ausmukef;BuD;jzifh ckcH&if;
acgif;razmfpwrf; ajrukd&ifjzifhtyf vkyfukdifpm;aomufaeMu&Smaom
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
158
cifcifxl;
uRefrwkdY&Gmu awmolawmifom;b0awGukd pmempdwfjzifh uRefrcspfonf/

olwkdYwpfawG yifyef;qif;&Jjcif;b0rS vGwfajrmufap&ef uRefr arQmfvifh
aerdovkd olwkdY\ kd;om;yGifhvif;rIpkdufuav;awG yGef;yJhoGm;rSmukdvnf;
uRefrpkd;onf/ *vkdb,fvkdufaZ;&Sif;acwfBuD;xJwGif aus;vufae vlwcsdKU
vnf; ,faus;rIa&Smhcf (Shock) awG jzpfukefMuwmawGvnf; &Sdonf/
wkd;wufaom urmukd vdkufrrDEkdifao;aom tvGefkd;t pGJvrf;rIawGuvnf;
&Sdaejyefonf/ okdYaomf tnmoltnmom;pkdufawGuawmh b,faomtcgrQ
aysmufysufoGm;rnf r[kwf[k uRefr ,HkMunfygonf/
]]0l; ... armvkdufomat&,f/ ay;prf; jrLtkd;xJu a&uav;wpfayguf}}
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a&awGukd zdwfwcsdKU pifwpf0uf w*Gwf*Gwfjzifh aomufcsaeaom tarhukd
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ukd&ifbmPfwkdY ...}}
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]]a0; ... &Sifjrwif ... vmr,f vmr,f tJonfrSm aumufnif;aygif;
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
159
cifcifxl;
t&D;odef;xDu ajryJcif;[kdbufzsm;rSm a&mufaeonf/ ba'G;mPfu

olY EGm;awG vSefae&mrS uRefrwkdYtem; vmxkdifonf/
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tarh\ i,femrnfrSm rwm jzpfygonf/ i,fpfu wDvGef; wmvGef;
rdwm[k ac:Mu&mu olYi,fazmfawGu rwm? rdwm pojzifhac:Mu\/
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ac:Muygonf/ okdYaomf t,lonf;aomuRefr]tb}aMumifh uRefri,femrnf
aysmufcJh&\/
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awG NyD;pvG,frac:MueJY/ rxl; 'gyJac: rdxl;awmif roHk;eJY/ emrfESdrf&m
uso,f/ ac:oHMum;vkdYuawmh ighvuf0g;eJY tawGYyJ}}
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
160
cifcifxl;
iwkdY bmrSef;rodbJaeawmh bma&m*grS r&Sdbl;/ prf;oyfMunfhvkdY a&m*gay:rS

tJom pdwZjzpf&OD;r,f/ b,folul;o,fajymajym igjzifh awmom;
jzpf&om tauseyfqHk;yJ}}
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tcef;uav;xJu
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tara&m t&D;odef;xDyg wkd;r&/ uRefruawmh vGwfvyfus,fajymaom
opfcif;pdrf;pdrf;awGukd jzwfwkdufvmonfh awmav&Sif;oefYukd wpf0BuD;
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
161
cifcifxl;
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tkd;NydKif;NydKif;xaeaom vufyHyiftkyfBuD;rSm armf'efyef;csDum;wpfcsyfvkd
ta0;uwnf;uyif
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onfrSmbufwGif obm0yef;csDum;wpfcsyfukd zefqif;xm;jyefonf/ onf
awm&ausmif;ESpfausmif;uawmh &GmESifhrkdif0ufausmfausmf a0;aomaMumifh
vltoGm;tvmenf;onf/ at;aq;wdwfqdwfaomaMumifh aus;iSufom&um
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onf/ vQdKBuD;ESifhausmif;Mum;u opfyiftkyftkyfqkdif;qkdif; NrdKifaeaom
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
162
cifcifxl;
onfawmvrf;uav;ukda&mufwkdif; tazhukd uRefr tNrJowdw& vGrf;vS

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rdbESpfyg;jzpfMuaom tbOD;oifESifhtarBuD;a':cifwkdYonf awmifolrsm;
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
169
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
170
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
172
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207
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208
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209
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
210
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211
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
212
cifcifxl;
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
213
cifcifxl;
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
214
cifcifxl;
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215
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216
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&GwfcJhzwfcJhMuaomfvnf; uRefrwkdY&Gmuawmh xHk;pHvkdjzpfaeaom wapo&J
tpGJtvrf;ukd vufrvTwfcJhMuyg/ bkd;xGef;NrdKifwap aMumufvkdufMuonfrSm
ae0ifvQif
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wdwfqdwfaeavawmhonf/
reufvif;vmvQif vlwkdif;yg;pyfzsm;wGif bkd;xGef;NrdKifwapu ajAmif;qef
aeatmif ajcmufjyawmh\/ vQmBuD;cif;jyonfuwpfrsdK;? acG;eufBuD;
a,mifaqmifjyonfuwpfzHk?
t&yfBuD;&Snf&Snfjyvkdufonf
rSmvnf;
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onfvkdwapajcmufZmwfvrf;rsm; ay:wwfaomfvnf; bkd;xGef;NrdKifwap
uawmh tMurf;qHk; t&rf;qHk;qkdcJhonfaum/
&GmxJwGif vlwkdif;vkdvkd wapajcmufcHae&aomaMumifh uRefrrSm
xkdpfu na&mufvQif aep&myifr&SdcJh/ va&mifukdom tvif;wkdif
vkyfae&aom uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;rSm na&mufwkdif; arSmifESifhrnf;rnf;/
acG;a[mifoHrSwpfyg;?
vlBuD;olrwpfa,muf\
wpfcgwpf&H
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rSwpfyg; tjcm;bmoHrQ rMum;&aom wdwfqdwfn urmav;xJrS uRefr\
i,fb0awGukd jyefajymif;owd&rd&if; tckyif ajczsm;vufzsm;awG
at;pufwkef&Dvmavovm; xif&\/ ig;pyfwif;wdrfapmifBuD;ukd ajczsm;rS
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
309
cifcifxl;
acgif;zsm;txdvHkatmif jcHK tdyfraysmfao;bJ toHAvHrsm;ukd em;pGifh&if;

taMumufBuD;aMumufcJh&aom &Gmnuav;awGukd uRefr ESpftawmfMumMum
jzwfoef;cJh&zl;onfaum/
vGef;usif;a[mif;uav;u avSb0awGukd atmufarh&jcif;vGef;usif;
ay: wifaeovkdygyJuvm;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
310
cifcifxl;
(20)
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0if;x&HwkdifwGif csdwfxm;onfh opfom;jym;ay:rSm rD;aoG;cJjzifh
tay:wpfwef; atmufwpfwef; owfyHkrrSef um&efrus caemfeDcaemfeJY
jzpfuwufqef; a&;xm;aom pmwef;ukdzwfNyD; uRefrwkdYom;trd NydKifwl
&,frdMuygonf/
]raus;&ufuef; tiSm;&ufonf} [k t"dym,f&aom owfyHkrSm;aeonfh
pmwef;aMumifhr[kwfyg/ uRefrBuD;awmf? tarhtpfrwpf0rf;uGJ BuD;awmfaus;
\ &Gwfuyfuyf ayawawvkyfwwfjcif;twGuf &,frdMujcif;jzpf\/
BuD;awmfaus;\ jcH0kdif;BuD;onf uRefrwkdY&GmwGif om,mpkdjynfrIt&SdqHk;ESifh
vSya0qmrIt&SdqHk; jcH0kdif;BuD;yJjzpfonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
311
cifcifxl;
jcHxJ0if0ifcsif;
a&wGif;uav;ab;
&THUpyfpyfwGif
a&Tyef;yif
aiGyef;yifawG tkyfvkdufcJvkduf zl;yGifhaeMuonf/ tkef;yifBuD;awGu
wpf0if;vHk; wpfjcHvHk;ukd tkyfpkd;xm;onf/ tkef;oD;awGuvnf; t>ywfvkduf
tckdifvkduf cJoJaeavonf/ jcH0rSp tdrfBuD;t0if0txd &GufvSyif
zm;zm;BuD;awGu woDwwef;BuD;pDwef;vsuf/ &GufvSrsdK;uvnf; pHkonf/
taemufajrmufaxmifh&Sd ukef;urljrifhjrifhuav;ay:rS a'gif;'vdyfyef;kHBuD;ukd
vrf;ay:uyif vSrf;jrifEkdifonf/ ZDZ0gyef;? Zvyfyef;? narT;yef;? wwkdif;arT;
yef;yifawGuawmh 0kdif;tESHY? ae&mtESHY/ nwkdifvQif BuD;awmfaus;\
jcHxJwGif tarT;eHYawG tDvGef;awmufvGef;ojzifh acgif;yif ukduf,l&onf/
uRef;wkdifuRef;om;rsm;jzifh ckdifckdifcHhcHh aqmufxm;aom ESpfxyftdrfBuD;rSm
aus;vufobm0twkdif; a&eHacs;a&mifawG rnf;eufum zdwfzdwfvuf
aeonf/ onfavmufus,faom BuD;aom 0if;BuD;jcHBuD; tdrfBuD;xJrSm
tckawmhvnf; BuD;awmfaus; wpfa,mufwnf;yJ &Sdygawmhonf/
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uRefrwkdYac:oHMum;awmh BuD;awmfaus;wpfa,muf xbD&ifvsm;BuD;ESifh
ajy;xGufvmonf/
toufckepfq,fausmf[kqkdaomfvnf;
zswfzswf
vwfvwfESifh rmqJxefqJ BuD;awmfaus;ukd uRefrwkdYawGYvkduf&ygonf/
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]]tapmBuD;&Sdao;w,f BuD;awmfaus;uvnf; ... tckrS q,fem&Dawmif
rxkd;ao;bl;}}
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
312
cifcifxl;
BuD;awmfaus;u
olY0oDtwdkif;
EIwfMurf;vQmMurf;EkdifqJyif/
BuD;awmfaus;rSr[kwf/
BuD;awmfaus;\nDr
BuD;awmfMuKwfuvnf;
onftwkdif;yJjzpf\/ uRefrwkdYtrsdK;xJwGif ]raus;ESifhrMuKwf} qkdvQif
vlwkdif; qvHoMu&onf/ wu,fhtmZmenfrawGyif/ BuD;awmfaus;u
t&Gwftuyf
ayukefovkd
BuD;awmfMuKwfu
EIwfapmif;vQmapmif;
xufvGef;vSonf/ BuD;awmfaus;wkdYtar tarBuD; a':axG;pdefwkdYu &GmwGif
usdusdwuf csrf;omMuonf/ v,fawG? ,mawG? EGm;awG? vSnf;awG
trsm;BuD;ykdifqkdifonf/
nDtpfrESpfa,mufwnf;rkdY
i,fpOfawmifaus;
uwnf;u a&TwGJvJaiGwGJvJ aecJh&olawGjzpfonf/
BuD;awmfaus; i,fpftysdKaygufb0wkef;u awmifbuf&GmtvSLukd
taraxG;pdefu xnfhvkdufonf/ a'gif;b,ufESifh usm;acgif;vufaumuf
BuD;awGukd qifay;vkdufonf/ tvSLjyefvmawmh BuD;awmfaus;u
ajymif;cif;xJ0ifNyD; tayghoGm;onf/ jyeftxrSmawmh vufaumufwpfbuf
u ajymif;ikwfESifhcsdwfum jzKwfr&jzpfae\/ b,fvkdrS jzKwfr&onfhtqHk;
BuD;awmfaus;u ]ukdif;awmf} [k qkdum vufukdaqmifhqGJvkduf&m
vufaumufu ajymif;ikwfrSm csdwfvsufom; usef&pfcJhonf/ pdwfwkdwkdjzifh
]ae[}
qkdwJhNyD;
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onftwkdif;
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ar;awmhrS ajymif;ikwfrSm csdwfusef&pfcJhaMumif; ajymojzifh uysmuoD
oGm;&Sm&onf/ awmfygao;&JU/ usm;acgif;vufaumufBuD;u onftwkdif;
ajymif;ikwfukd csdwfvsufom;/
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*kpkdufvkduf&omat rajymygeJYawmh ... wuwnf; cPuav;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
313
cifcifxl;
ao;xkdifaygufumrS bmr[kwfo,fh ajymif;ikwfeJY csdwf&o,fvkdY ... tJom

igvnf; aomufjrifuyfuyfeJY xm;ypfcJhomyJ}}
ykdufqHcsrf;omaomfvnf; taraxG;pdefu orD;ESpfa,mufukd abmfaMumh
rxm;yg/ awm"avhtwkdif; olrsm;rdef;uav;rsm;enf;wl yJ&dwf? yJqGwf
xnfhonf/ BuD;awmfaus;u yJ&rvmcJhvQif olYukd tzsif;r[k ratu
ajymrSmqkdrSmukdvnf;
pkd;ao;onf/
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ajcpHkypfxkdif&if;
yJ&dwforawGukd pdefac:vkduf\/
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olukd ig yJBuD;wpfawmif; ay;r,fa[h}}
aeylpyfcg;wGif yJ&dwfpm;&rSm raMumufaom awmolruav;awGcrsm
yJBuD;cif;xJu ql;avql;? yJwufql;awGukdawmh aMumufMuonf/ aemuf
yJBuD;yJarSmfawGu ,m;vnf;,m; eHvnf;eHonf r[kwfvm;/
]]usKyfwkdYawmh rvSdrfh0Hhaygifawmf ... nnf;uaum vSdrfh&Jovm; uJ}}
]]ig vSdrfh0Hh&if nnf;wkdY yJBuD;wpfawmif;ay;rvm;}}
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vSdrfh&rSmaemf}}
rdaus;
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BuD;awmfaus;u tusESifh &ifcHukdcRwfum xbD&ifvsm;vkdufygonf/
xkdYaemuf yJBuD;cif;pyfxJukd vufykdufNyD; ypfvSJcsum [kdbuftcif;pyfa&muf
atmif vSdrfhygawmhonf/ [kdbuftcif;pyfukd a&mufawmh onfbuftcif;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
314
cifcifxl;
pyfukd wpfjyefvSdrfhonf/ yJ&dwforawGu vufckyfvuf0g;rsm; wajzmif;

ajzmif;wD;um wa[;a[;ESifh tm;ay;Muonf/ ]a[;} oHrsm;aMumifh
aoG;<uum BuD;awmfaus;onf yJBuD;cif; [kdbufonfbuf vSdrfhaevkduf
onfrSm ESpfjyefruawmh/ wpfukd,fvHk;vnf; ql;avql;awG? yJBuD;ql;awG
pl;NyD; aoG;csif;csif;eDaeNyD/ aemufqHk; ab;u&yfMunfhaeMuolawGyif
aoG;oH&J&Jukd rMunfh0Hh rMunfh&Jawmhojzifh ]]awmfygawmh rdaus;&,f}} [k
wm;,l&onftxd/ yGJvnf;NyD;a&m yJ&dwforawGu ukd,fhvkyftm;c
yJBuD;uav;awGpkNyD; BuD;awmfaus;ukd yJBuD;wpfawmif;ay;vkdufMu&onf/
yJBuD;awmif;ukd &GufNyD; aoG;w&J&J? acG;wpDpDjzifh &GmxJjyefvmaom
BuD;awmfaus;ukd taraxG;pdefu qD;NyD;ar;onf/
]][Jh rdaus; eifb,fvkdjzpfvmomvJ aoG;awGukd&JvkdY}}
]]yJBuD;wpfawmif;eJY vJvmomawmhf}}
i,fi,fuwnf;u &GwfcJhaycJhonfh BuD;awmfaus;ygay/ wpfcgwpf&H
uRefrukd
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BuD;awmfaus;ESifh
yHkckdif;wwfygonf/
]]nnf;uvnf; ightpfr raus;usaeomyJ wuwnf;rS ... rraus;
wkdYrsm; &Eykdukd a&TaygifoGm;om vlodrSmpkd;vkdYo,fh ... jrif;jcHarmfawmftBuHK
vkduf&if; &Eykd&Gmwnfhwnfhvnf;a&mufua&m a&Txkyfuav; acgif;ay:
wifo,fhNyD; jrpfa&v,facgifBuD;rSm 0kef;ceJ ckefcsvkdufom ... armfawmfay:u
vlawGu a&xJvdrfhusomrSwfvkdY pufavsmhNyD; auGYr,fvkyfawmh olu
a&ul;&if; vufcgjyowJh ... oGm;Mu oGm;Mu ig a&ul;wwfo,f ... eifwkdY
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
315
cifcifxl;
vkrSmaMumufvkdY igbmomig ckefcsoma[hvkdY atmfajymowJhav jzpfyHkrsm;

awmh}}
BuD;awmfaus;\ taMumif;uawmh b,ftcsdefjyefawG;awG; &,fp&m
cspfp&maumif;aewwfonf/ uRefrwkdYuav;wkef;u &Gmv,f&Sd bkd;atmifBuD;
\tdrfrS acG;BuD;u tvGefqkd;onf/ tdrfxJ0ifzkdY rajymESifh/ vrf;jzwfoGm;wm
awmif toHMum;kHESihf vkdufqGJwwfygonf/ uRefri,fi,fuqkdvQif
bkd;atmifBuD;tdrfa&SUvrf;u b,fawmhrS roGm;0Hhyg/ tdrfa&SUvrf;u
jzwfolwkdif; zdeyfuav;cRwfNyD; ajcukd cRwfeif; oGm;Mu&olawGcsnf;
jzpfonf/ pum;awmif us,fus,frajym&JMu/ 'gukdyJ BuD;awmfaus;u
rcHcsifjzpfyHk&onf/
]]wuwnf;rSawmf ... bk&m;r[kwf wefaqmif;r[kwf acG;a&SUusumrS
zdeyfcRwf&o,fvkdY ukd,fh&Gmukd,hfajy aecsifovkdrae&bl; &GmvnfacgifaeNyD;
acG;ukdufacG;qkd;arG;xm;&o,fvkdY ... tHh thHyg&JU rdaus;taMumif; jy&ao;
omaygh}}
BuD;awmfaus;u xbDukd uspfuspfygatmif 0wfNyD; bkd;atmifBuD;\
tdrfxJokdY pGwf0ifoGm;ygonf/ bkd;atmifBuD;u vufwumum ajcwumum
jzifh vSrf;wm;vkdufav\/
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ajym&if;qkd&if;jzifh
acG;BuD;u
BuD;awmfaus;qDokdY
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
316
cifcifxl;
BuD;awmfaus;u
a&SUuajy;?
acG;BuD;u
aemufuvkduf?
bkd;atmifBuD;uatmfESifh uRufuRufnHaeavawmhonf/ rmvumyifukd
av;ig;ajcmufywfavmuf ywfajy;vkdufawmh acG;BuD;uarmvmonf/
acG;BuD; tawmfarmavmufawmhrS BuD;awmfaus;u rwfrwfBuD;&yfum
ajy;0ifvmaom acG;\yg;pyfukd vufESpfbufjzifh zrf;csKyfvkdufonf/
acG;BuD;u kef;&if;uef&if;jzifh yg;pyfBuD;NyJvmawmh olY vufoD;qkyfukd
acG;yg;pyfxJ
xkd;oGif;vkduf\/
acG;BuD;rSm
ukdufzkdYaeaeomom
atmfyifratmfEkdif?
BuD;awmfaus;u
acG;yg;pyfxJukd
vufoD;qkyf
aqmifhaqmifhxkd;&if; y,fy,fe,fe,f atmfavonf/
]]eifvm;[Jh qkd;om ... eifvm;[Jh vlawGvkdufqGJom rSwfprf;[Jh aoem}}
bkd;atmifBuD;\ acG;BuD;rSm raokHwr,f cHvkduf&NyD;onfhaemufwGif
vlawGukd &J&Jyif ra[mif0hHawmhyg/ bkd;atmifBuD;uawmh olYacG;tm;
vkyf&yghrvm;[kqkdum &GmvlBuD;ukd wkdifygao;onf/ ]acG;zkd;wpfaxmif
aMumifzkd;wpfodef;} tqkdt& BuD;awmfaus;xHrS acG;twGuf aiGwpfaxmif
avsmfaMu;awmif;onf/
]]usKyfvkyfom awmfhacG;aovkdYvm; ... usKyfukdvmqGJo,fhtwGufawmif
usKyfu tavsmfawmif;&rSm ... ray;bl;awmf BudKuf&momwuf}}
&GmvlBuD;rsm;uawmh
BuD;awmfaus;\"mwfukd
odaeMuojzifh
pum;enf;&efpJqkdovkd onftwkdif;om auseyfMuzkdY Mum;xJuae
bkd;atmifBuD;ukd awmif;yef&onf/ bkd;atmifBuD;u bmrQxyfrvkyfawmhbJ
aoonftxd BuD;awmfaus;ukd pum;rajymawmhyg/ zatESifh nDtpfukd
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
317
cifcifxl;
wpf0rf;uGJrkdY OD;BuD;awmfpyfaom bkd;atmifBuD;qHk;awmh BuD;awmfaus;u

oGm;ikdygonf/
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aocef;jywf&avjcif;awmfh a[mh a[mh}}
acG;wpfaumiftwGufeJY
BuD;awmfaus;taMumif;awGukd
awG;&if;
uRefrNyHK;aerdygonf/
BuD;awmfaus;uawmh xbDcg;csyfBuD;ESifh rD;zkdxJ0ifvkduf uRefrwkdYqD
ajy;pum;ajymvkdufESifh olYukd,fol toufBuD;NyD[k xifyHkr&ao;/
]]aumifrav;awGu &SifrdwGwforD;awGav ... ig vufwkdvufawmif;
ckdif;csif&if vSrf;ac:vkdufomyJ vG,fygh? b,fom;orD;t&dyfrS ckdp&m
rvkdaygifawmf igh&ufuef;eJY ig pm;avmufy}}
BuD;awmfaus;wGif om;ESpfa,muf&Sdonf/ ESpfa,mufpvHk; NrdKUolrsm;ESifh
tdrfaxmifusum NrdKUrSmyJ tajcwnfvkdufMuojzifh BuD;awmfaus;u
rauseyf/ onf0kdif; onfjcHBuD;xJwGif tdrfBuD;&ckdifESifh wpnf;wvHk;wnf;
aevkdaomfvnf;
BuD;awmfaus;tvkdqE
rjynfhcJh/
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om;awGESifh vkdufraebJ t&GJUwkdufum tdrfa&SUwGif &ufuef;tiSm;&ufonfh
qkdif;bkwfBuD;csdwfum
vltjrifrawmfatmif
vkyfxm;jcif;jzpf\/
BuD;awmfaus;\nDr BuD;awmfMuKwfuvnf; wpf&Gmom;ESifh tdrfaxmifusum
wpf&Gmajymif;oGm;cJhonf/ taraxG;pdef uG,fvGefaomtcg nDtpfr
ESpfa,muf tarGcGJcJhMuyHkuvnf; &mZ0if pmwifavmufygayonf/
]]tpfrqHk;awmh rdBuKwfu awmxJu ajruGufawG tarGpk&o,f/
ighukdawmh &Gmaeajyxkdif&,fqkdNyD; onf0if;onfjcHBuD;ay;o,f/ oif; ajrawG
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
318
cifcifxl;
wpfuGufNyD;wpfuGuf a&mif;pm;awmh ighrSm rsuf&nfeJYrsufcGuf ... avmb

wufvkdYr[kwfbl; iwkdYajruav;awGukd atmufarhvkdYvGrf;om}}
nDtpfrESpfa,muf tarGcGJMuonfhaeYu wpf&GmvHk; ]AsdKU} r[pf&bJ
0kdif;tHkNyD; vmMunfhMuonf/ refusnf;yifwGif aMu;csdefcGifBuD;csdwfqGJum
onfbufqGJBudK;wpfuHk;? [kdbufqGJBudK;wpfuHk;? onfbuf vufaumuf
wpfbuf? [kdbuf vufaumufwpfbuf? onfbuf em;uyfwpf&H? [kdbuf
em;uyfwpf&H/ onfvkdxnfhum csdef&onf/ xkdpfu uRefrwkdY&GmwGif
vlcsrf;om ynmwwf csufcsufcsmcsm odyfr&Sdawmh BuD;awmfaus;wkdY
nDtpfrukd
b,fvkdtarGcGJay;&rSef;
rodwmvnf;
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bufrrQojzifh BuHqpfvufaumufwpfuGif;ukd csdK;zJhum [kdbufonfbuf
nDatmif rQxnfhay;vkduf&ao;onfqkdyg\/
]]a&Tcsdefom
jyemrwufbJeJY
qyfjymacsmif;usrS
jyem
wufawmhomyJ/ [kdwkef;u qyfjymacsmif;BuD;awGu wpfawmifwpfxGm
&Sdomukd;ath/ tarwkdYu ESajrmvkdY wpfoufvHk; odrf;xm;omawGqkdawmh
qyfjymacsmif;awG qkdomrsm; rmausmufvkdY/ xif;acsmif;awGvm; rSwf&o,f/
olYwpfacsmif; ighwpfacsmif; tJovkdcGJyHkMu&mu uwfoD;uwfzJhwpfacsmif;u
usefaeua&m/ omeJY tv,fu vTeJYwkdufjzwfNyD; csdefcGifxJ xnfhomrSm
wpfbufu enf;enf;av;omaeyga&math? tJonfwkef;u &GmuvlawGa&SU
rkdYvm; b,folYb,folrS tuJrcH tIH;ray;csifomeJY ykdo,fhqyfjymukd
jzwfNyD; xkaxmif;xnfhMuom rnDrcsif;}}
BuD;awmfaus;uajymawmh
uRefrrSm
rsuf&nfrsm;xGufatmifyif
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
319
cifcifxl;
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oli,fcsif; aqGrsdK;&if;jzpfol tarhemrnfukd ac:&jcif;yif/ uRefrwkdY&GmwGif
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
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362
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&Gmom;rsm;xHk;pH wkdYvdkYwGJavmif; pHkpDezm o,fMuum oabFmay:
0kef;okef;um; wufMuonf/
]]oabFmpD; c&D;oGm;taygif;wkdYcifAsm; ... uRefawmfwkdY a&TudE&D
oabFmBuD;[mjzihf onfuaeYrSpNyD; oabFmcrsm;ukd ajymif;vJowfrSwf
xm;ygw,f? c&D;oGm;jynfolrsm; odomap&ef BudKwiftaMumif;Mum;
tyfygw,fcifAsm;}}
ukef;aygiftv,fa&mufaeMuolrsm;u
vufrSwfjzwfaeMuolawGukd
b,favmufwJhvJ[k vSrf;ar;onf/ oHk;axmifausmfqkdonfh aiGyrmP
Mum;&onfhtcgrSmawmh jAKef;jAKef;'kdif;'kdif;ESifh jyefqif;Mujyefonf/ yg;pyfawG
uvnf; AspfawmufAspfawmufvkyfMuonf/
]]qif;qif; jyefqif; ... tkd b,fhES,f oHk;axmifausmfBuD; pD;Ekdifaygif
b,fhES,f oHk;&mausmfu oHk;axmifausmfjzpf&omwHk; ... rufukdrufpufvGef;
o,f b,folursm;awmf xxGifvkdufygvdrfh ... rMum;0Hhremom}}
]][kwfyg&JU wpfESpfvHk;pkdufvkduf&o,fh yJzkd;uav; jzKef;&ufEkdifaygif}}
awmifolBuD;wpfa,mufuawmh rSwfcsufwkdwkdcs\/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
363
cifcifxl;
]]uGm ... rwefr&m}}

tm;vHk;vkdvkd qif;NyD;awmhrS rEav;tpnf;ta0;oGm;rnfh 0efxrf;
trsdK;orD;rSm tajy;tvTm; wufvkduf&onfqkd\/
]]oluawmh oHk;axmifruvkdY b,favmufaeae vkduf&awmhwmyJ
q&mr&JU? reuf tvkyfudp&Sdwmukd;? tJ'g olYukd oabFmqdyfurdef;rawGu
b,fvkdajymMuw,frSwfwHk;?
tvkdav;av;
rkdufvHk;BuD;vkdufwJhrdef;r
jzpf&avawmfwJh}}
tckawmh xkdtrsdK;orD;vnf; a&TudE&DoabFmBuD;ukd rpD;jzpfawmh[k
qkdygonf/ uRefru q&mrBuD;ukd onftaMumif;av; ajymjyvkdufonf/
]]rkdufvHk;BuD;w,fjzpfrSmpkd;vkdY xifyg&JUaemf ... q&mrBuD;}}
]]tJ tckawmh olwkdYajymwm [kwfovkdvkdukd; q&mr&JU [m;[m;[m;}}
q&mrBuD;\ vufaxmufq&m? q&mrrsm;vnf; uRefrwkdYESifh a&mum
&,farmvkdufMuygonf/
]]olwkdYwpfawGu yJwpfawmif;ukd axmifukd;&muae av;ig;
ajcmufaxmifjzpfvmomus rjrifMubl;av? oabFmcaps;BuD;omukdom
ajymMuomukd;As? uRefawmfwkdY&GmawGu ukd,fhajruxGufo,fh oD;ESHrESajrm
bl;? aiGESajrmMuom? oD;ESHuaiGjzpfvm&if uspfuspfygatmif qkyfxm;Mu
awmhomyJ}}
uefawmf&Gmom; ausmif;q&mukdat;vGifu 0ifajymonf/ q&m
ukdat;vGifrSm uRefrESifh wpfe,fwnf;om;jzpfovkd wuokdvfwkef;u
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
364
cifcifxl;
Same

Batch
awGvnf;jzpfonf/ oluawmh &GmrSm awmifol

wpfbufvkyf&if; &Gm&dyf&Gmausmif;rSm ausmif;q&m0ifvkyfaejcif;yif/ q&m
ukdat;vGifukd,fwkdifyifvQif awmifolwpfbufausmif;q&mav; jzpfaeyHk
&onf/ bmyJjzpfjzpf ukd,fh&Gmukd,fhe,fu acwfynmwwfawG e,fukd
rpGefYcGmwmukdyJ uRefrav;pm;aerdygonf/
]]ykdufqHESajrmomawmh ajymraeeJYawmh q&ma& ... usKyfwkdYwkef;uqkd
oabFmawmif pD;omrIwfzl;&,f ... jrif;jcHqkdvnf; ajcusif ...
ref;av;qkdvnf; ukef;aMumif;yJ a&mufcsifo,fhaeYrS a&mufua&myJ ...
omawmif acgif;ay:u tcsdefwpfq,favmufawmif;BuD; &Gufao;omaum}}
taru 0ifajymawmh ykdyGJusoGm;Mujyefonf/ wpfe,fwpfaus;
&yfa0;rS vma&mufwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom q&mrBuD;rSm e,fcHq&m
q&mrrsm;ESihf wpfpnf;wpfvHk; aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif&SdaeMuyHk&onf/ pdwfcsrf;om
p&m/ uRefrwkdYom;trdvnf; ausmif;wufacgif;avmif;xdk;um eD;ojzifh
jyefzkdYjyifMuonf/ EkdifiHawmftvHwkdifa&SUwGif ausmif;taqmuftOD; aemufcH
xm;um q&mrBuD;ESihfuRefr "mwfyHkwGJkdufMuonf/ q&mrBuD;u
uRefrwkdYukd ausmif;ayguf0txdvkdufykdYygonf/ aps;uav;xJrSmawmh
vluGJpjyKaeNyD/ taruawmh nnf;nLpjyKNyD/
]]b,fywfOD;rvkdYwkH; igawmh rvkdufawmhbl; rdxkdufeJY 0g;uyfqkdif&dyf
uyJ apmifhaeawmhr,f}}
tarrvkdufojzifh
uRefrwpfa,mufwnf;
aps;taemufxdyfokdY
avQmufvmcJhonf/ aps;taemufxdyfwGif vufzuf&nfqkdifuav;&Sdonf/
vufzuf&nfqkdifuav;ukd ajrmifqif;oGm;vQif wjyefYwajym us,fvGifh
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
365
cifcifxl;
vSaom oJaomifxkBuD;ukd jzwf&onf/ xkdoJaomifxkBuD; tvGefrSmawmh

{&m0wDjrpfrif;u &Gmuav;awGukd xdyfykwfacgif;ykwf pD;qif;aeonf/
olY&ifcGifxufrS jrpful;avSuav;awGuawmh ykd;yk0gay:u abmfMu,fyGifh
uav;awGvkd/ aps;oGm;aps;vmawGuawmh oJjyifaomifxlxlukd jzwfNyD;
o,fEkdiforQ ukefrsm;ukd xrf;vsuf? ykd;vsuf? &Gufvsuf? cg;apmif;wif
vsufESifh yk&GufaMumif;vkdufaeMuonf/ Munfpifaom aumif;uifxufrS
wdrfjymjymawGatmufu ta0;jrifuGif; tnmaus;vufIcif;awGu vSyJvS
EkdifvGef;vSonf/ uRefr"mwfyHkawG wzsyfzsyf kduf,laerdonf/
]]rdef;uav;u NrdKUuvm;}}
uRefraemufausmbufqDrS xGufvmaomtoHjzpf\/ zswfceJ uRefr
vSnfhMunfhvkdufaomtcg ukef;xdyfqD;csfyifBuD;atmufwGif tbkd;tkdBuD;
wpfa,muf ikwfwkwfxkdifum aq;vdyfzGmaeonf/ acgif;aygif;wbuf
uav;ukd ykcHk;ay: jznfcsxm;ojzifh acgif;ay:u a,mifao;ao;uav;ukd
azG;azG;vIyfvIyfjrifae&onf/ ykqkd;a&pkdukd wkdwkdygatmif0wfNyD; 'l;ay:
aygifay: xkdifaejcif;jzpf\/ tusrygaom ukd,fvHk;uav;rSm rnf;euf
awmufajymifvkdYaeonf/ uRefrukd rrSdwfrokef ai;Munfhaeaom tbkd;tkd\
rsufvHk;usf;usf;uav;rSm Z&mtm;jzifh a0oDaeyHk&ygonf/
]][kwfuJh tb rEav;uyg&Sifh}}
]]aMomf ... ref;oav; a&TNrdKUawmfBuD;uukd; ... tif;tif; ... omeJY
rdef;uav;? rwifrdukdawGY&if ajymvkdufprf;yuG,f ... yef;ndK&Gmu bkd;vlarmf
u ar;vkdufo,fvkdY}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
366
cifcifxl;
]][kwfuJh [kwfuJh tbu yef;ndKuvm;}}

uRefronf olajymaom rwifrdukd rodaomfvnf; uwday;vkduf
aomtcg bkd;vlarmf\ rsufESmu csufcsif;vkdvkd 0if;pufoGm;\/
]]yef;ndKom;ppfppfyAsm; [kdwkef;uawmh &GmolBuD; e,folBuD; bk&m;
xl;cHrsdK;awGaygh tckajymo,fh rwifrdqdkomu olBuD;OD;zkd;acgifajr;aygh?
tbwlrav? ref;oav;a&TNrdKUawmfBuD;rSm rif;aygufpkd;ayguf jzpfaeqkd
xifyg&JU? tbwkdYtrsdK;u *kPfrao;aybl;uG,fh}}
b,fqDae bmjzpfaeonfrodaom aqGrsdK;qkdolawGukd vSrf;*kPf,l
ae&Smonf/ ykqkd;a&oEkyfukd wkdwkdygatmif 0wfxm;aom tbkd;tkd\
rsufvHk;awGum; ta&mifwzsyfzsyf/ uRefronf q&mBuD; ocifbaomif;
a&;cJhaom ]yef;omrpmtk} 0wKBuD;xJu olYukd,fol yef;omNrdKUpm;BuD;[k
txifa&mufaeol ayyifukef;&Gmom; OD;yef;atmiftm; owd&vkdufrd\/
uRefrwkdYpum;ajymaepfwGif cyfi,fi,f rdef;uav;wpfa,muf cHawmif;
yufvufBuD;ukd &Gufum a&mufvmonf/
]]a[mo[m usKyfajr;av;aygh usKyfwkdYu ajr;tbkd;ESpfa,mufxJ&Sdom
... rwifrdukdawGY&if ajymjzpfatmifajymay;yg rdef;uav; ... usKyfu
toufBuD;NyD ajr;uav;ukd rwifrdvufxJ tyfcJhcsifvkdYyguG,f}}
bkd;vlarmf\pum;xJrSm olwkdYb0tMurf;ukd uRefr0kd;w0g; jrifae
&onf/ rEav;a&TNrdKUawmfBuD;qDrS rif;aygufpkd;ayguf rwifrdqkdolonf
ajr;tbkd;twGuf tvGefta&;BuD;yHk&oavmuf wm0efrJhvSonfaum/
onfvkdawG;vkdufrdawmhvnf; uRefrpdwfxJ odcsifpdwfawG pD;0ifvmonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
367
cifcifxl;
uRefr vG,fvG,fESifhayghayghyg;yg; xifvkdufrdaom rwifrdudpu uRefr

tay: av;vHpGmzdpD;vmonf/ ajr;ruav;uawmh bmrSodyHkr&/ uRefrukd
wvSnfh olYtbkd;ukdwvSnfh Munfh&if; rsufvHk;uav; ykwfcwfykwfcwf
vkyfaeonf/ ajr;ruav;u yef;omrpmtkvkdyJ kyf&nfoem;urm;
uav;xJu jzpfonf/ olwkdYajr;tbkd;ukd uRefru "mwfyHk kdufvkdufawmh
ESpfa,mufpvHk; vefYzsyfoGm;Muonf/
]]tbkd;ajr; emrnf b,fvkdac:ovJ tbkd;&JU}}
]]rjrrlo,fh ... *ifh*Japs;ywfwkdif; aps;vma&mif;o,f ... usKyfu
ajr;ukdvmBudKom ... oGm;Murvm; [aumifrav;}}
aumifruav;u acgif;udk qwfceJ ndwfjyvkdufawmh ausmufeDem;qGJ
uav;u vIyfoGm;onf/ tbkd;u t&G,fESifhrvkdufatmif ajr;\cHawmif;
xJutdwfBuD;ukd apGYceJ aumufxrf;vkdufonf/ oefpGrf;vkdufwJhtbkd;/
ajr;ruav;u cHawmif;ukd r&GufawmhbJ cg;apmif;rSm csdwfvkduf\/
]]oGm;r,faemf rdef;uav; rwifrdawGY&ifom ajymjyvkdufyg}}
ajr;tbkd;ESpfa,muf ylavmifpjyKvmNyDjzpfaom oJukef;BuD;bufukd
zdeyfrygbJ qif;oGm;Muonf/ aps;xJrSmawmh aps;onftcsdKU ukefusefawGukd
&oavmufaps;ESifh jzwfa&mif;Muonf/ aps;0,fawGu BuJyg;oGm;NyD
qkdaomfvnf; rNyD;EkdifrpD;Ekdif 0,faeMuqJ/ wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; rSmp&m&Sdwm
rSmMu? vlBuHKay;p&m&Sdwm ay;aeMuqJ/ ajymp&m owif;ykvif;wkdYukd
rvGwfwrf; ajymaeMuqJjzpf\/ rSmaeMuqJjzpf\/
]]rdwkwfau ... rpHa&Tukd yJvm,lzkdY ajymjzpfatmifajymvkdufa[h}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
368
cifcifxl;
]]at;ygqkdrS at ... b,fEScg&SdywHk; onfrSm aps;zkd;wGufrSm;ae&o,fh

txJ}}
zsifvHkcsnfc&rf;&ifhBuD;xJ
odrf;usHK;xnfhxm;orQ
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usyfwefygrusef a&wGuf&if;u pdwfxGufvmyHk&\/ yg;pyfuvnf; qJjzpf
atmifqJao;onf/
]]omatmif aeOD;a[h cPuav; eif obufcgjrif;jcHoGm;rSmqkd}}
]][kwfo,f bmrSmrvkdYwHk;}}
bufx&Dtkd;rsm;ukd wpfbufESpfvHk;pDwif;awmifhaeatmif qGJxm;&aom
vlu rSmrnfholukd &yfapmifh&onf/
]]atmifokc qyfjympuf0ifNyD; trJqDaps; pHkprf;cJhprf;}}
]]tif;tif; pHkprf;cJhr,f}}
]]atmifokcaemf ... wjcm;pufrar;cJheJY olurS aps;rSefom atmf a[h ...
aeOD; aeOD; wuwnf;rS NyD;atmifrrSm&bl; aocsif;qkd;}}
aps;v,fwnfhwnfh&Sd
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rdef;rwcsdKU
aps;awmif;BuD;rsm; ajrBuD;ay:csum oef;Oprf;&if; at;at;aq;aq;
owif;zvS,faeMuonf/
]]nnf; Mum;NyD;yvm; igwkdY&Gmu &Sifpdrf;jrtaMumif;av? aMomf at
b,fol&SdvdrfhrwHk;? rrif;wkwforD; pdrf;jraygh? tJom xef;orm; odef;aqmif
eJY vkdufajy;vkdYo,fhawmfh rrif;wkwfwkdYrSm rsuf&nfeJYrsufcGuf}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
369
cifcifxl;
vufpnf;BuD;ESifh ykqkd;cyfEGrf;EGrf;ukd acgif;wGif tkyfaygif;um a&aEG;Murf;ukd

wpfcGufNyD;wpfcGuf qifhumaomufaeMuolawGvnf;&Sdonf/ uGrf;,mA&Aspf
0g;vkduf axG;vkdufESifh qH&Snfukd aemufpnf;pnf;um ykdeDaw;auESifh
pum;a[mifzGma[mifzGm vkyfaeMuolawG&Sdovkd aq;ayghvdyfwpfvdyfukd
em;&GufMum;rSmnyfNyD; wpfvdyfukdrD;ndzGm&if; ai;rdai;&m awG;rdawG;&m
vlawGvnf;&Sdonf/ okdYaomfonfvufzuf&nfqkdifuav;twGif;rSm EGm;aps;?
yJaps;? MuufoGefaps;awG&Sdonf/ vSnf;EGm;ta&mif;t0,f tvJtxyf
tBudwfte,fawGvnf;&Sdonf/ om;a&;orD;a&; BuD;yGm;a&;awG aqG;aEG;ae
Muwmvnf;&Sdonf/ urmausmf rkdufckdaqmhzf (Microsoft) ukrPDBuD;\
tifwmeufu qGJcs&,lEkdifaom pD;yGm;a&;owif;tcsuftvufawGukd
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&SifBuD;rsm; tcsdefESifhtrQ &,lae&ovkdyif/ onfem;wpf0kduf
rkdifav;ig;q,f ywfvnfu &Gmuav;rsm;onf *ifh*Japs;av;&ufwpfywf
vpfvyfoGm;cJhygvQif pD;yGm;a&; owif;tcsuftvufawG aemufaumufus&
awmhrnfhyHkrsdK;jzpf\/
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qDrD;cHkolESifh tdrfaxmifusaeaom Munf&GmrS uRefrtpfukd ESpf0rf;uGJ
ukdjrifhodef;u vSrf;ac:onf/ olu *ifh*Japs;xJwGif pm;qDa&mif;oljzpfonf/
uRefrvnf; vufzuf&nfqkdifuav;xJ 0ifxkdifvdkufonf/
]]rxl;BuD; ighrSwfrdvm;}}
wpfacgif;vHk;qHyifawG azG;azG;vIyfaeaom OD;BuD;u ar;onf/
rsufESmuvnf; NyHK;NyHK;NyHK;NyHK;ESifh/ uRefrrSwfmPfawGxJrS OD;BuD;\ trnfukd
&atmif EIduf,l&if; rsufESmukd tuJzrf;ae&onf/ olwkdYukd rSwfrdonfqkdvQif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
371
cifcifxl;
tvGef0rf;omwwfMuNyD; rrSwfrd[kqkdvQifawmh pdwfraumif;jzpfum xdxd&S&S

cHpm;wwfMuolawGyif/ igwkdYawmom;awGrkdY? igwkdYqif;&JvkdY todtrSwf
rjyKwm rrSwfrdwmyJ[k cHpm;wwfMuolawGrkdY uRefrrSm r&&atmif pf;pm;
ae&ygonf/
]]odNyD
ar;aewm}}
...
bBuD;xl;r[kwfvm;
uRefrujzifh
a&mufuwnf;u
bBuD;xl;\ rsufESmu 0if;yoGm;onf/ bBuD;xl; (OD;jrxl;) onf

uefawmf&Gmom;awmifolBuD; jzpfonf/ uRefrwkdYjrif;jcHwGif aepftcgu
or0g,roifwef;ukd uRefrwkdYtdrfrSm ajcmufvcefYae wufoGm;zl;onf/
onfwkef;u uRefr rlvwef;ausmif;olt&G,fyJ&SdOD;rnf/ xkdpOfu or0g,r
oifwef; vmwufol ig;OD;teuf bBuD;xl;u toufti,fqHk;jzpf\/
]]nnf;i,fi,fwkef;u xrif;tkd;csuf&if; umwGef;bkd;tkyfckd;zwfom ...
xrif;awGaysmhNyJukefvkdY ratu kdufomav ... kdufwkef;awmhikdomyJ
aemuf&ufusawmhvnf; zwfomzwfomyJ ... omeJY igu xrif;tkd;
ulwnfay;&om}}
bBuD;xl;ESihf pum;ajymaepf uRefrwkdY pm;yGJokdY vloHk;av;a,muf
vmxkdifygonf/ olwkdYwpfawGukdawmh uRefrrrSwfrdyg/
]]olu iwkdYuefawmf&Gm pmMunfhwkdufukdifo,fh armifpkd;o,fh ...
nnf;pmawGtaMumif; oluajymjyo,f}}
ukdarmifpkd;wkdYwpfawGuawmh pmtaMumif; aytaMumif; tawmfajymEkdif
Muonf/ q&mjroef;wifh\ ]awmiforefa&Ttif;u avnif;aqmfawmh}} rS
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
372
cifcifxl;
{&m0wDonf 'if;nKjrpfxufvnf;aumif;? ,efpDjrpfxufvnf;aumif;?

pdefYavm&ifhpfjrpfxufvnf;aumif; a&vTwftm;ykdrsm;aMumif;ukd olwkdYzwf&
onf/ q&mref;wif\ ]ukdzkd;vHk;} rS e,fcsJUt&if;&Sifacwf v,form;rsm;\
b0ukd zwf&onf/ ]]uGif;eHygwfukd;? OD;ykdifeHygwf ajcmufq,fhoHk;? {&d,m
ukd; 'rig;}} qkdwmukd wpfvHk;csif;&Gwf&if; eH&Hay:rSm pmvHk;rsm;ay:vm
atmif rD;aoG;cJESifhjcpf rzefqif;EkdifcJhMuaom pmrwwfayrwwf awmol
awmifom;rsm;b0ukd okyfazmfxm;wm olwkdY zwf&aMumif;ajymMuonf/
&eHYopf? EG,feD ponfh r*Zif;rsm;xJrS EkdifiHwuma&;&m jyemrsm;ukd
olwkdYzwf&onf/
euwa&mifjcnf?
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a&mifjyef
ponfhr*Zif;rsm;xJrS *rD&tpGrf;rsm;? csrf;omenf;*gxmtrsdK;rsdK;? aq;enf;
tzHkzHkwkdYukd olwkdYzwf&onf/ ,aeYacwfwGif txl;wGifus,faygrsm;
vmaeaom wufusrf;wufvrf;rsm;ukdvnf; olwkdYzwf&onf/ pmMunfhwkduf
uav;\ aus;Zl;w&m;yif/ pmMunfhwkdufuav;ukd crf;crf;em;em; xlaxmif
ay;cJhaom uefawmf&Gmom; q&mawmf OD;omoe\ aus;Zl;um; ykdBuD;rm;
vS\/ q&mawmfonf &Gm&dyf0ef;usifrSmyJ pmMunfhwkdufaygif; ESpfq,fausmf
xlaxmifay;EkdifcJhNyD[kqkd\/
tm*pmayomoemjyK?
pmaytmZmenf
&[ef;awmfygwum;/
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rxl;&JU/ armifpkd;wkdYvkd twef;ausmif;aezl;o,fh vli,f q,hfav;ig;a,muf
avmufuom pmaywefbkd; em;vnfMuom wcsdKUuvnf; tysif;ajyoabm
zwfMuomvnf;&Sd&JU? 'gayod xef;&nf0kdif; Muuf0kdif; oGm;MuomeJYpm&if
awmfo,f atmufarh&omyJ}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
373
cifcifxl;
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375
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376
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awmif&yfwGif uRefrwdkYbGm;bGm;BuD;r,fa&T,mu aygufaom ]r<um;rsdK;pk}
&Sdonf/ r<um;qkdonfrSm tarESihf nDtpfrwpf0rf;uGJjzpfNyD; uRefrwkdYu
tar<um;[k ac:Muygonf/ tar<um;rSaygufaom om;orD;ajcmufa,muf
pvHk; wpftkd;wpftdrfpD xlaxmifxm;MuonfrkdY awmif&yfwGif uRefrwkdY
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
377
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pwkwwef;atmifaomtcg tar<um;u olYorD;axG;uav;ukd uRefrESifh
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uRefr twlausmif;wufcJhzl;onf/ nDtpfrESpfa,muf wpfvHk;'efcsdKifh
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
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wG,fwufwmrsdK;? cJvHk;rsm;jzifh ypfwmaygufwmrsdK;awG tvGefvkyfonf/
tqkd;qHk;rSm vrf;wGifawGYaom pdwfrESHYolrsm;ukd pNyD; ajy;wwfjcif;jzpf\/
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t0wftpm; zkdz&JESifh ajy;vkdufvTm;vkduf vrf;wuma&mufwwf&m&m
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uRefrwkdYtdrfonf jrif;jcHauGYBuD;&yfxJwGif&Sdojzifh tvu(1) ausmif;
odkY oGm;&mwGif ausmufvrf;rBuD;ukd auGYywfroGm;awmhbJ bkef;BuD;ausmif;
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wpfa,mufr[kwfwpfa,muf &Sdaewwfaom pdwfrESHYolrsm;ESihf uRefrwkdY
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
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arTY&rf;NyD; w&Sdefxkd;vkdufawmhonf/ avmudefuawmh uRefrwkdYuav;rsm;
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pD;yGm;wufonf[k t,l&SdMuonfukd;/ rdqHkuawmh uRefrtvGefoem;rdaom
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olu tajy;vnf;oefonfrkdY tNrJwrf;vGwfonf/ uRefrrSm taqmhoef
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
380
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381
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382
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vSonfr[kwfvm;/ xef;yifrS xef;&nfcsdK? xef;&nfcg;aomuf&onf/
xef;oD;qH? xef;vsuf? xef;yifjrpfpm;&onf/ xef;oD;rSnfhukd rkefYvkyf
&onf/ EGm;auR;&onf/ uRefri,fi,fuqkdvQif xef;yifjrpfusif;azmfwkdif;
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vQif xrif;tvGefNrdefaomaMumifh uRefrwkdY&Gmu wuefwu csufpm;avh
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383
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jzpfawmh\/ uRefrwkdY xrif;pm;aepfrSmyif tar<um;\ om;orD;rsm;
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taru olYab;em;wGif 0kdif;0kdif;vnfaeaom wlawG? wlrawGukd Munfh&if;
rsuf&nfusaeonf/
]]nnf;wkdY rif;wkdYwpfawGukdjrifawmh rr<um;ukd owd&vkdufwmawmf
ightpfru aqGrsdK;tifrwefrifo,f ...olwumhtay: ausmfvkdufvTm;vkduf&rS
auseyfo,fholu aqGrsdK;us temcH&Smo,f&,f}}
tar<um;onf toufawmfawmf&SnfcJhygonf/ touf&Spfq,fausmf
ukd;q,fjynfhcgeD; ESpfESpfcefYurS uG,fvGefoGm;cJh&Smonf/ uRefrwkdY
&Gma&mufwkdif; awmif&yfrS ajrmuf&yftxd awmifa0S;uav;axmufum
uRefrwkdY&Sd&m vmvmpum;ajym&onfrSmtarm/ xrif;ukd ESpfeyfoHk;eyf
avmufauR;&rS auseyfwwfol/ &GmjyefvufaqmifawG wif;aeatmif
ay;vkduf&rS aqGrsdK;tay: wm0efausyGefonf atmufarhwwfolyifjzpf\/
tckvnf; tar<um;r&Sdawmhaomfvnf; ]r<um;rsdK;awG} u wpftHkwpfcJBuD;
{nfhcHMuygonf/
uRefruawmh uRefraqGrsdK; xef;aygaomawmifolBuD;rsm;\ aus;vuf
taqmuftOD; toHk;taqmifrsm;ukd "mwfyHkwzsyfzsyf vkdufkdufaerd ygonf/
tar<um;\ tdrfacgif;&if; {nfhcHpm;yGJab;wGif tar<um;&Sdpfuwnf;u
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
384
cifcifxl;
wnfxm;aom xef;jrpfqHkukd xGif;xm;onfh xef;vHk;aomufa&tkd;BuD;ukd

uRefr oabmtusrdqHk;jzpf\/ xef;wpfyifvHk; ypf&onfhtykdif;r&Sd
qkdonfhtwkdif; uRefrwkdY&GmwGif xef;yifvHk;rsm;ukd xGif; EGm;pmusif;
vkyfMuonf/ xef;om;ukd tdrfwkdif? xkyf? avsmuf? &ufr? cg;yef;? qifh
pojzifh
trsdK;rsdK;oHk;Ekdifonf/
uRefrwkdYi,fpfu
awmif&yf&Sd
kd;acsmif;uav;rSm rkd;rsm;vQif a&awG jynfhaewwfonf/ xkdtcg xef;vHk;ukd
uefYvefYjzwfcif; acsmif;ul;wHwm;uav; vkyfxm;onfukd uRefr
rSwfrdaeygao;onf/ tckawmh acsmif;u us,foGm;ojzifh opfom;wHwm;
aqmufvkdufMuNyD/
]]rxl;&m ... b,fhES,f ightdrfukd rkdufbJ ewJ (EGm;wJ) kduf&omwHk;[}}
xef;jzifhtwdNyD;aom ukd0if;\EGm;wif;ukyfuav;ukd "mwfyHk vSnfhywf
kdufaeaom uRefrukd olwkdYu 0kdif;&,fMuonf/ xef;&Gufrkd;? xef;&Gufum?
xef;om;wkdifrsm;ukd xef;avsmfjzifh wkyfaESmifxm;aom xef;wJuav;rSm
aoaocsmcsm qufwifjyKvkyfxm;vQifyif onfavmuf tcsdK;tpm;
usernfrxifyg/ rrwifuawmh xef;avQmfjzifh xef;acgufawmif;BuD;awG
&ufaeonf/
uRefrwkdY&GmwGif
xef;avQmfjzifh
xef;acgufawmif;?
xef;acgufzm? xef;avQmfzsm? EGm;yg;pyfpGyfonfhjcif; pojzifh trsdK;rsdK;
&ufvkyfoHk;pGJMuonf/ awmifoloHk;ypnf;rsm;rSm ukd,fhvufjzpfawGcsnf;yif/
'gonfyif aus;vufvufrIynmwpf&yftjzpf uRefruawmh jrwfEkd;*kPf,l
aerdonfaum/
NyD;cJhonfh azazmf0g&DvxJu q&muHcRef? q&mae0if;jrifh? q&mql;iSuf
ESihf uRefrwkdY ,if;rmyif? ykvJ? rif;wkdifyif &Gmrsm;okdY pmaya[majymyGJ
c&D;qefYcJhMuygonf/ rif;wkdifyif&GmrSm uif;0efrif;BuD;OD;aumif;\ Zmwd&Gm
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
385
cifcifxl;
uav;jzpfygonf/ uif;0efrif;BuD; aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;cJhaom ]eef;OD;jyom'f

a&Tausmif;aqmif}BuD;xJwGif uif;0efrif;BuD;\ toHk;taqmif ypnf;wcsdKUukd
jyoxm;&m vTwfawmfkH;oHk; xef;zl;aycsyfayvTmrsm;ukd aqG;aqG;jrnfhjrnfh
awGYcJh&ygao;onf/ onfbufacwfwGif xef;zl;OD;xkyf? xef;zl;jcif;?
xef;&GufykwD;ESifh uav;upm;p&m tkyfuav;rsm;ukd jrefrmh,faus;rI
tEkynmwpf&yftjzpf tnmbk&m;yGJaps;wef;rsm;wGif awGYaejrifae&ygao;
onf/ ,cktcsdeftxd aus;vufrD;zkdacsmifuav;xJwGif xef;aphjzifhvkyfaom
qDrIwf? xef;ppfaMum wHjrufpnf;? xef;zHk;qHBudK; pojzifh kd;&mrysuf
oHk;pGJvsuf&Sdonf/ xef;zwfcarmufBuD;rsm;ESihf xef;yvufukvm;xkdifrsm;
rSmvnf; aus;vuf\ tqifwefqmrsm;jzpfovkd xef;yyfcGavmifpmxif;rsm;
rSmvnf; toHk;tvGefwnfhygonf/
]]rrwif uRefrzkdY xef;acgufzmuav;wpfvHk; &ufay;ygvm;}}
]]nnf;u bmvkyfrvkdYwHk;}}
]]tdrfrSm tvSxm;csifvkdYaygh rrwif&JU}}
]]jzpf&avat xef;acgufzmrsm; tvSxm;csif&o,fvkdY ig&ufay;&om
ryifyef;ygbl;[Jh nnf;wkdYNrdKUoGm;NyD; ighxef;acgufzmuav; rsufESmi,fae
&rSmukd pkd;omygawmf}}
rrwifu uRefrukd taighwl;vkduf&if;u auseyfoGm;yHk&onf/
olYvuf&mukd NrdKUaenDrjzpfol uRefrtm; vufaqmifay;&rnfrkdY olu
MunfEl;oGm;jcif;jzpf\/ uRefru rrwiftm; onfxef;avsmfrsm;rS
vlYtoHk;taqmifypnf;uav;rsm;
&ufvkyfjcif;
twwfynmtm;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
386
cifcifxl;
rwdrfaumap&ef om;awGorD;awGukd oifxm;ay;zkdYajymawmh rrwifu

rJhrJh&GJU&GJUvkyf&if;qkdonf/
]]om;awG orD;awGrajymeJY rdoef;awmif roifbl; ... ckacwf[mawGu
iwkdYvkd tyef;rcHMuawmhbl;at&JU ... xef;acgufzmeJY t0wfrxnfhMu
awmhbl; tck nnf;ukd&ufay;&r,f qkdomawmif ig renf;tpaumuf&rSm}}
rrwifwkdYtdrfrSae a':BuD;jrOwkdYtdrfbufokdY uRefrwkdY ul;cJhMu
ygonf/ a':BuD;jrO\orD;tBuD; rr&ifrSm oifwef;qif; om;zGm;q&mr
jzpfygonf/
jrif;jcHNrdKUwGif
ausmif;wuf&if;
BuD;jyif;cJh&olrkdY
pum;ajym,fonf/ rr&if\atmufu armifEGJYrSmvnf; q,fwef;
wwd,ESpf
ausmif;om;vlxGufjzpfonf/
jrif;jcHESihf&Gmajy;qGJaeaom
armfawmfuav;ukd nDtpfukdESpfa,muf OD;pD;NyD;vkyfMuonf/ olwkdYwpfawG
uawmh NrdKUESihf odyftvSrf;ra0;vSyg/ rEav;ukd rMumcP a&mufvmwwf
MuolawGjzpf\/
]]iwkdYuxrif;auR;rvkdY[m ra&Toef;u olauR;y&pDqkdomeJY tomkdYae
vkduf&om ... naepm onfrSmpm;}}
]]naepmukd rr0if;MunfwkdYu auR;rSm a':BuD;O aeyap tckrkefYawG
pm;rSmaygh}}
rr&if\ vuf&mrkefYawGuawmh pHkonf/ rkefYvHk;BuD;qDpdrf? ajryJavSmf?
vufzufokyfESihf rkefYvufaqmif;rsm;/ reufaps;xJuwnf;u acgufqGJokyf?
ukda&Tjrifh\xef;&nfcsdK? ukd0if;ESihfrrwifwkdY tdrfrS xef;vsufaMumf?
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
387
cifcifxl;
iSufaysmoD;rSnfhrsm; pm;xm;ojzifh uRefrwkdYAkdufawG wif;vSawmifhvSygNyD/

okdYaomf rpm;vkdYuvnf; &rnfr[kwfyg/
]]pm;Muawmfh raeYnuwnf;u nnf;wkdYauR;csifvkdY rkefYvufaqmif;
zwf wuefwu vkyfxm;&om tkef;EkdY&nfuav;eJYqkdawmh tcsdKrjyif;ygbl;
[Jh? BuD;awmfu rpm;Ekdif&ifom&Sd&r,f rxl; nnf;u uav;yJ ... pm;prf;}}
rr&ifu uRefrukdrJum eif;auR;aeojzifh uRefrrSm pdwfukd
renf;xdef;NyD; rkefYvufaqmif;rsm;ukd aomufae&onf/ &GmrSmawmh pm;&vGef;
ojzifh rsuf&nfrsm;yif pkdYcsifcsif/
]]rr&if &GmrSm vkyf&ukdif&wm tqifajyvm;}}
]]&Gmuawmha[h ighoifwef;ynmeJY oGm;ukdifvkdYr&bl; dk;&myJ ...
azmvpftufqpfxuf qEGif;rIefYtm;ukd;BuolawGukd; ighnDr&JU ... arG;cgeD;
zGm;cgeD; tr,fav; tvkdav; jzpfrS ighvmac:Muom wpfckawmh&Sdomaygh
ig&Sdawmh ]zdwfrvJ zdwfrpif} awmh enf;omayghat}}
rr&ifu olYom;zGm;tawGYtBuHKrsm;ukd ajymjyonf/ wpfcgu
taemufbufurf; &Gmwpf&GmrS vmyifhojzifh avSuav;jzifh ul;um
vkdufoGm;zl;onfqkd\/ xkd&GmokdY rr&ifa&mufoGm;aomtcg rdcifu
uav;rD;zGm;NyD;aeNyD/ okdYaomf uav;rSm toufrygvmawmh/ Akdufukd
twif;zdESdyfum ajcaxmufrsm;jzifhyif eif; wGef;csMuonfqdkonf/
]]iguat uRefrvmatmif apmifh&if onfvkdjzpfrSmr[kwfbl;qkdawmh
bmajymo,frSwfwHk; ... awmfvmo,fhtxd apmifh&&if vlBuD;toufawmif
rDvkdufrSmr[kwfbl;wJhav ... arG;csdefrwefao;vkdY rarG;o,hf[mukd ta':wkdY
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
388
cifcifxl;
ZGwfvkyfomurS vlBuD;toufxdckdufEkdifomqkdawmh ... awmfu 0rf;qGJ

vufrSwf&
q&mrayr,fh
usKyfwkdYavmuf
uav;arG;ay;zl;rSm
r[kwfbl;wJhat rxl;&,f nnf;om pf;pm;Munfhygawmh}}
]]NyD;awmh acR;atmif;omwJhat ydwfavSmifaeo,fh tcef;xJukd
rD;aeonfu apmifawG *kefeDtdwfawG tkyfzHk;NyD; a&aEG;yGufyGufqlawG
aomuf&omaumath ... acR;awGNydKufNydKufqlNyD; avwpfpufrS r0ifawmh
rD;aeonfu rGef;NyD; rl;arhvJoGm;om vlrodvkdufbl; ukdif;}}
]]aemufwpfck&Sdao;o,f
0rf;BuD;empGJo,fhudp
...
rD;aoG;cJ
ukdufcsifomrsdK; tkd;jcrf;uGJ 0g;pm;MuomrsdK;awGvnf; &Sdomaygh ...
tJonfwpfa,mufuawmh
xl;qef;vkdufyHkrsm;
,ifaumifawGzrf;NyD;
0g;pm;omat&JU ... vla&SUola&SUvnf; ra&Smifbl; ... olYyg;pyfxJ
,ifaumifa&mufoGm;vkdYrsm;awmh azmuf azmufeJY aeomyJ ab;uvlu
tef,l&o,f}}
]]awmfygawmh rr&if&,f}}
e*kdurS
tpmawGwif;awmihfum
&ifjynfh&ifu,fjzpfcsifaeaom
uRefrrSm vufzufom;av;wpfZGef; tjrefiHkvkduf&ygawmhonf/
]]tHr,f iwkdYtpfr rvSBuD; 0rf;BuD;empGJomusawmh wpfrsdK;? olu
tpmypfkHwifrubl; olYa,mufsm; ukdcspfzkdYukd aocsifapmfeHavmufatmifukd
rkef;omwJh ukdcspfzkdYrkdY vSrf;jrifvkduf&if a0gceJ tefomyJ ... ukd,hftdrfxJukd
rae&bl; ukdcspfzkdYBuD;cifrsm rvSBuD;eJY a0;&majy;ae&om tJom wpfnawmh
rvSBuD; tdyfaysmfaewkef; ukdcspfzkdYu tdrfxJtom0ifNyD; aq;vdyfaomufcsif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
389
cifcifxl;
vkdYqkd rD;jcpfprf;om rD;jcpfu rvSBuD;tem;rSmukd;ath ukdcspfzkdYrSef;vnf;

odua&m rvSBuD;u u,fawmfrlyg usHK;atmfawmhomyJ ... ukdcspfzkdYu
ab;tdrfawGuawmh olYukd awmifawmiftDtD xifawmhrSmyJqkdNyD; toH
cyftkyftkyfayghat ... aq;aomufcsifvkdY rD;jcpfprf;omyg[qkdawmh
rvSBuD;u awmfhmPf 'gtukefyJvm;qkdomaumath ... wuwnf;
aomuf&Sufukd uGJua&m}}
uRefrwdkY&GmwGif onfvkd tao;trTm;tjzpftysufuav;awGtxd
rSwfwrf;wifxm;wwfMuygonf/ ,ckqkdvQif bBuD;cspfzkdYESifh BuD;awmfvSBuD;
wkdY r&Sdawmhyg/ a,mufsm;rkef; 0rf;BuD;empGJNyD; arG;cJhaomorD; t&D;rvSwkd;
yifvQif ajr;awG&aeNyD/ a':BuD;jrOonf oli,fpfu Mum;zl;jrifzl;cJhonfh
BuD;awmfvSBuD;\ 0rf;BuD;empGJonfhudpukd raeYwpfaeYuvkdyif ajymaeqkdae
qJ/
]]usKyfwkef;uaum bmxl;wkef; rjrO&JU ... awmfwkdYarmif
ukd&ifndKwkdYtaz tarrsm; arG;pm;xm;o,fh ukvm;ukdarmifuav;ukd rSwfrd
orIwfvm;
anmifOD;urf;yg;xdyf
wpfa,mufwnf;
idkae&Smo,fh
ukvm;uav;ukd oem;vkdYqkdNyD; avSay:wifac:vmcJhomaum ... tJom
t&G,fa&mufawmh olYaqGolYrsdK;awGeJYawGYNyD; jyefoGm;vkdufom q,fhav;ig;
ESpfavmufMumo,f? tJom jzpfcsifawmh rvIdifyef;tkdifbk&m;yGJr,f
oGm;qHkMuom ... usKyfwkdYu pfYtkd;qkdifzGifhMuomav ... onfwkef;u
tBuD;aumifapmvif;ukd,f0efBuD;eJY ukdarmifuav;u aus;Zl;&SifawGzkdYqkdNyD;
aeYwkdif; [if;awGcsufykdYom Muufom;trJom;vnf; rqvm? yJ[if;vnf;
rqvm? Mumawmh rqvmeHYukd awmufvmawmhom ... ukdarmifuav;rkdY
csdKifhBuD;qGJvmomjrif&if usKyfu pfYtkd;awGMum; tefawmhomyJ ...
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
390
cifcifxl;
aemufawmh ukdarmifuav;toH Mum;&ifukdyJ ysdKUwufvmawmhom ... omeJY

awmfwkdYarmif ukd&ifndKu toHrjyKbJ wdwfwdwfuav; vmykdYzkdY
ajymxm;awmh olu vuf[efajc[efeJY vSrf;ac:&om ... jzpfcsifawmh
usKyfutxGuf
olu
qkdifaemufaz;ut0if
wef;wkd;awmhomyJ
bmajymaumif;rwkef; ukdarmifuav;wpfa,muf csdKifhypfcsNyD; ajy;awmhom
aygh olYcrsm pm;p&maomufp&m vmykdYomawmif ckd;aMumifckd;0Sufav ...
0rf;BuD;empGJomrsm; qkd;csufawmh}}
taruvnf; olYtawGYtBuHKukd ajymonf/ rr&if\ om;zGm;vkyfief;rS
tpjyKvkdufonfrSm vif,lom;arG;udpawG woDwwef;BuD; ygvmMuawmh
\/ uRefrwkdYpum;0kdif;ab;rSmawmh uRefrarmifarmifEGJYu ikwfwkwfxkdifvQuf
uGrf;awG wzGwfzGwf0g;aeonf/
]]uJ wkdYvnf; jyefMuOD;pkdYvm; ... wa&;warS; tdyf&atmifat}}
taru ajym&if;qkd&if;u rwfwwfx&yfvkdufonf/ uRefrwpfukd,fvHk;
rSmvnf; zHkrsm;? acR;rsm;jzifh ap;xef;xef;BuD;yif jzpfaeayNyD/ rrxkduf
tvkdus 0wfcJhrdaom azmufZmtususyfusyfBuD;ESihf uDrkdEkdxbD xlxlxJxJ
BuD;u uRefrukd ykd taecufapawmh\/
]]rjyefcif wpfaMumh aMumhcJhMuOD; ... uwnf; pum;awmif 0atmif
rajym&bl;}}
]]rxl; nnf;wdkYjyefr,fh&uf&&if ajymxm; ig rkefYqDaMumf xnfhay;rvkdY}}
]]ighnDru ig&ufo,fh xef;acgufzmuav;
'ifuarmfukd &ufay;vkduf&OD;rawmf}}
vkdcsifo,fqkdvkdY
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
391
cifcifxl;
]]rrxl;wkdY taemufbufurf;&GmawG
armfawmfeJY ykdYay;r,fav}}
oGm;r,fqkd&if
uRefawmf
vrf;txd xGufvkdufvm&if; {nfhcHaeMuonfh uRefraqGrsdK;awGuawmh

wu,fhukd rsdK;cspfyk*KdvfawGyJ jzpfawmh\/ taru vrf;rSm &,fonf/
uRefru bm&,fwmvJar;awmh ]aMomfat &Gmukd wuefwuvmNyD;
AkdufBuD;onfawGtaMumif; ajym&ovkdjzpfaevkdY} ygwJh/
[kwfawmhvnf; [kwfyg&JU/ okdYaomf taMumif;t&mu ta&;rBuD;yg/
awGY&BuHK&qHk&ajym&qkd&wmukdyJ
0rf;omwwfMuolawG/
rsufESm
vmjyavjcif;?
aqGrSef;rsdK;rSef;odavjcif;qkdwmukdyJ
wyfrufMuolawG
r[kwfvm;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
392
cifcifxl;
(25)
naecif;uav;rSmawmh uRefrwpfa,mufwnf; jrpfqdyfbufokdY
xGufvmjzpfcJhygonf/ ae0ifcsdefIcif; (Sunset) ukd Munfhcsif cHpm;csifvkdY
yJjzpfonf/ uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;onf aexGufcsdefIcif; (Sunrise) xuf
naecif;ae0ifcsdefu ykdvSygonf/ naeqnf;qm aevHk;BuD;\ tvSyqHk;
ta&miftaoG; vdarmfeDa&mif rIdif;rIdif;BuD;u uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;qDokdY &SdorQ
tvif;awmufESihf qvkdufxkd;xm;ouJhokdY &Sdaeonf/ wpfaeukef yljyif;
uRrf;jcpfaeaom oJaomifjyifjyefYjyefYBuD;onfyif csufcsif;vkdvkd cJom;a&mif
ajymif;oGm;ygonf/ vdarmfeDa&mif qvdkufrD;armif;BuD; wkdufdkufusaeaom
{&m0wD\rsufESmjyifrSmawmh &Tef;&Tef;vufvuf awmufyaeoavmuf
jrpfurf;\ EIwfcrf;om;a&vTmjyifuawmh rnf;rnf;&dyf&dyf EkdifvGef;vSonf/
jrpf\ taemufbufurf; &Gmwef;&Snfuav;rsm;uawmh aerif;\
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
393
cifcifxl;
tvif;pl;pl;atmufwGif &GmrD;ckd; ,mrD;ckd;awGu rD;ckd;aiGYawG wtltlvGifhae

Mu\/
onftvS onfIcif;rsm;tay: MunfEl;&onfh ESpfoufjcif; yDwdrsdK;ukd
uRefrtzkdY rnfonfhae&murS &Ekdifrnfrxifyg/ obm0w&m; qkdaomfvnf;
uRefrwdkY bkd;bGm;bDbifrsm; vufxufuwnf;u ykdifqkdifcGifh &cJhaom
kyf0wK tarGtESpfwpfckvkdyif uRefr jrwfEkd;cHkrifaerdonfaum/
]]yJarSmfuav;wif&if;uae b0wpfyg;u tpfrukd trSwf&rdomeJY
igawmh jrpfqdyfqif;NyD; tm;&yg;& ikdcsypfvkdufomyJ}}
nDtpfrESpfa,muf twl&Sdpftcgu wpfa,mufu atmufrSae
yJarSmfawmif;BuD;ukd yifhwifay;? wpfa,mufu yJarSmfwkduf (yJarSmfpif)
ay:uaevSrf;,l/ wpfa&BuD;cg EGm;pmtwGuf yJkd;yJarSmfrSeforQ a&TvkdpkcJhMu&
onf/ onfuaeY onftcsdefrSmawmh tpfrcifrsm b0wpfyg;okdY ul;ajymif;
oGm;cJh&SmNyD/ tckawmh ukd,fwpfa,mufwnf; yJarSmfwif&if;u eifhceJ
owd&vkdufrd&mu &ifxJrSm wif;wif;qkdYqkdY cHpm;&awmh zsifwbufa[mif;
uav; acgif;ay:wifNyD; a[monfjrpfqdyfbufxGufum vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
BuD; atmf[pfikdvkduf&onf/ onfawmhrS vGrf;qGwfjcif; watmufarharh
a0'emawG oGeftefusoGm;wwfMuygowJh/ wpfpkHwpf&m a0'emrsm;
cHpm;vdkufrdvQif jrpfBuD;ab;urf;yg;xdyfrSm vmidkvkduf&rS ajyaysmufoGm;
wwfMuolawG/ bmaMumifh &GmxJrSmawmxJrSm rikdMubJ onfjrpfqdyfurf;yg;
xdyfukdrS ikdzkdY a&G;cs,fMu&wmygvdrfh/ vlYcHpm;csuf qkdwmuvnf;
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
394
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
395
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396
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
397
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398
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
399
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
401
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404
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tcsdefwpfq,f
q,fhig;0if
cHawmif;BuD;ukd &Guf ajcmufwkdif ckepfwkdifa0;aom jrif;jcHokdYwuf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
405
cifcifxl;
aps;oGm;a&mif;cJhzl;aom t&D;y\ ZGJowdukd uRefr rtHhMobJ raeEkdifyg/

tjyefwGifvnf; acsmif;a'gif;ykqkd;? txnfp? qyfjymacsmif;rStp tyfESifh
tyfcsnfvHk;txd
wo,fwykd;&Gufum
ajcusifyif
jyefoljzpf\/
[kdwkef;wpfacwfu tnmaus;vufae awmolawmifom;rsm;onf tyifyef;
tqif;&J tcHEkdifqHk;olawG[k uRefrxifygonf/ onfuaeYacwfrSmvnf;
odyfawmh xl;rjcm;em;vSyg/
]]t&D;y vmav uRefrwkdY 'DrSm&Sdw,f}}
uRefru
vSrf;toHjyKvkdufawmh
t&D;yu
vufckyfuav;ukd
rsufvHk;ay:tkyfNyD; uRefrukdMunfhonf/ t&D;yonf [kdwkef;uvkdyJ
ydefydefrnf;rnf; rmuspfuspfuav;yJ jzpf\/
]]a&aEG;aomufvkdufcJhOD;? aeYcif;buf aps;a&mif;xGuf&omeJY rac:tm;
vkdY}}
]]awmfu tckxd aps;a&mif;wkef;yJvm; ry&JU}}
]]a&mif;&omaygh rjrwif&,f? aps;ykd;rsm; raeEkdifrxkdifEkdif &Gcsufawmh/
tdrfrSm ttm;ukdraewwfom&,f? [kdwkef;uvkd jrif;jcHxdawmh oGm;Ekdif
awmhbl;? *ifh*Japs;wpfywfvkdufNyD; &GmpfvSnfha&mif;omav? jrwfwef
oavmufjrwf&JU}}
t&D;yrkdY jrif;jcHaps;oGm;vQif uRefrwkdY&Gmu wkdvDrkwfpuav;rsm;
vSrf;rSmwwfMuonf/ wpfcgu ba'G;aygvSu v,fxGef&if;jzifh ]]rya&
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
406
cifcifxl;
vsufqm;av;wpfxkyf 0,fcJhprf;yg}} [k vSrf;rSmzl;onf/ jrif;jcHaps;xJ

a&mufawmh t&D;yu y&aq;wef;xJ0ifum vsufqm;0,fonf/
]]a,mufsm;vsufo,fh vsufqm;&Sdvm;}}
aps;onfu tpuawmh aMumifoGm;ao;\/ vsufqm;qkdonfrSm
rdef;rvsufonfh vsufqm;? a,mufsm;vsufonfh vsufqm;&,fvkdY
cGJjcm;xm;onfr[kwf/ vsufqm;onf vsufqm;omjzpf\/ t&D;yu
ba'G;aygvS
rSmvkdufaomaMumifh
a,mufsm;vsufqm;[k
ar;jcif;
jzpfavonf/ jrif;jcH aps;olaps;om;rsm;onfvnf; teD;wpf0kdufu
awmolawmifom;rsm;\
txmukd
aemaMuaeMuaomaMumifhom
ba'G;aygvSrSmvkdufonfh vsufqm;ygvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ wpfcgvnf;
aps;a&mif;oGm;&if; rkd;&Gmojzifh wvkwfNrdKUt0if Z&yfBuD;xJwGif t&D;yu
rkd;0ifckdonf/ cHwGif;csfcsf&Sdojzifh aq;vdyfaomufrnf jyifaomtcg
t&D;y\ acR;cHtustdwfaxmifwGif; xnfh,lvmcJhaom ewforD;rD;jcpf
yHk;uav;rSm a&pkdaeavonf/
]]a[holi,f rD;jcpfrygbl;vm;uG,fh}}
]]tom;rD;jcpfyJ ygvmo,ft&D; a&mh}}
Z&yfwGif; twlrkd;ckdaeaomolu rD;jcpfyHk;ukd vSrf;ay;onf/ [kdwkef;u
uRefrwkdY&GmawGrSm opfom;rD;jcpf toHk;rsm;cJhygonf/ ,rf;qHacsmif; a&pkdpkd?
,rf;tdrfyJ a&pkdpkd 'kua&mufMu&onf/ ,rf;rD;jcpfac: tom;rD;jcpfyHk;rsm;
jzpfonf/ ewforD;wHqdyf? usm;wHqdyf pojzifh trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf/ onfhxuf
tqifhjrifholu "mwfqDrD;jcpfac: 'efrD;cwfukd oHk;Muonf/ t&D;yu
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
407
cifcifxl;
olYvufxJa&mufvmaom
Munfh&if;jzifh qkdonf/

opfom;rD;jcpfyHk;uav;ukd
aoaocsmcsm
]]rif;[mu tom;rD;jcpfomqkdo,f ighygvmo,fh[meJY twlwlygyJ

uG,f}}
onfrD;jcpfyHk;ukd tom;rD;jcpf[kvnf; ac:ao;aMumif; t&D;yu
rodyg/ onftaMumif;ukd twlrkd;cdkol awmyk&Gmom;wpfa,mufu
uRefrwkdY&Gmukd jyefajymjyojzifh &,fMu&ao;onf/
]]olu tom;rD;jcpfqkdo[mukd;ath? wuwnf; ewforD;jzifh ewforD;?
usm;jzifh usm;aygh/ tom;rD;jcpfo,fh qef;csmBuD;}}
t&D;y\ ]qef;csmBuD;} qkdonfh pum;vHk;u &GmwGif yHkckdif;jzpfoGm;onf/
qef;rvkdvkdESihf csmonfaygh/ t&D;yurS [kwfwkwfwkwf/
]]{nfhonfawG a&aEG;aomufac:om
ryg&bl;vm; t&D;y}}
[kwfygbD?
{nfhajrmifaum
]]ac:ygoawmf? rdywkdYu rvSLwwfvkdY aps;a&mif;aeomyg}}

ukdBuD;wifa&Tu vSrf;pojzifh t&D;yu jyefwG,fvkdufjcif; jzpfonf/
t&D;yonf pmwpfvHk;rQ rwwfaomfvnf; pum;a&; pum;&m
tvGef<u,fonf/ olrESajrmygbl;[k qkdvkdcsifwmukdyif rvSLwwfvkdY
aps;a&mif;aeygowJh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
408
cifcifxl;
]]a,mif;r&,f?
nnf;ukd
cspfwkef;
rkef;pum;ajym&OD;r,f?
BuHomtpfcsdKom[Jh? vl[m tpfrcsdKEkdifbl;&,f? ukd,fu apwemxm;
vkyfay;ayodvkdY ukPm v[kemjzpfwwfo,f/ ukd,fh[mukd,faeprf;yg[Jh/
ikyfoD;eJYaygif;rS MuufoGef taxmif;cH&qkdovkd Mum;xJu rqDrqkdif
nnf;cH&rSmpkd;vkdYajym&om? olkdYu euefemo,fh[mawG rIwfbl;/
raygif;csifprf;ygeJY? aMumufwwf 0efuif;ygo,fat&,f}}
onfvkd pum;a&;pum;&m <u,f0aomfvnf; t&D;yrSm pmrwwfcJh/
pmoifvnf; r&cJhyg/ i,fpfuvnf; bkef;BuD;\ xef;yvufjym;pm
rdcJhkHuvGJ uBuD;ykwfavmufqkdoljzpfonf/ uRefrwkdY&GmrSm ]toHk;vHk;}
oifwef;awG zGifhcJhpfuvnf; t&D;yukdawmh rwkd;EkdifcJhyg/ t&D;y\
toHk;vHk;oifwef; tawGYtBuHKuav;ukd uRefr ajymjyygOD;rnf/
]]nnf;ukd onfhjyif[m rtHhbl;/ q,fhav;wef;qdkomukd tHhom/ nnf;
awmfawmftkdufcHcJh&rSmyJ}}
t&D;yu olYb0jzifh EIdif;um uRefrukd ajymcJhzl;ao;onfukd trSwf&
vkdufrdygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
409
cifcifxl;
(26)
uRefrwkdY&GmwGif wpfacwfwpfcgu toHk;vHk;oifwef;rsm;ukd rlvwef;
ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD; q&mzkef;rS acgif;aqmif zGifhvSpfcJhygonf/ oifwef;ukd
aEGausmif;ydwfxm;onfh
rlvwef;ausmif;uav;xJrSmyif
ae&mcsxm;
ay;cJh\/ &GmxJrS pmrwwfolrSeforQukd pm&if;xkwfum q&mzkef;u
oifwef;xJta&muf r&ru oGif;onf/ &efukefwuokdvfrS vkyftm;ay;
wuokdvfausmif;om;rsm;u wuefwu vma&muf oifMum;ay;onfrkdY
uRefrwkdY&Gmuvnf; txl;pdwf0ifpm;cJhMuygonf/
]]oufuwkd ausmif;om;awGqkdawmh ynmuawmh awmfvScsnfayghat
... onfwpfcgrS pmrwwf&if 'D;'kwfwkdY b,fawmhrS pmrwwfawmhbl;rSwf}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
410
cifcifxl;
uRefra':av; r'D;'kwfum; twuf<uqHk;yif jzpf\/ nwkdifvQif

apwemq&mav;rsm;twGuf a&aEG;yGJ vifyef;BuD; acgif;ay:&Gufum
oifwef;okdY ta&mufajy;onf/ a&SUqHk; atmufvif;"mwfrD;BuD;atmufwGif
ae&m,lum tmus,fygus,fESifh pmvkdufqkdwwfojzifh oifwef;q&mav;
rsm;u olYukd tvGefoabmuscJhMuonf/
]]a':'D;u pmawmfw,fAs? mPfvnf;aumif;w,f? i,fi,fwkef;u
bmvkdY pmroifcJhwmvJAs}}
]]oifo,f&,f? usKyfausmif;wufaewkef; tazeJY olYtpfukd bkef;BuD;eJY
rwnfhvdkY ausmif;xGufvkduf&om q&mav;&JU}}
]]aMomf [kwfvm;? r'D;'kwfqkdwm emrnft&if;vm;}}
]]rIwfaygifawmf? ZmomxJr,f bkef;BuD;rSnhfxm;om rcifjro,fh}}
]]awmfawmfvSwJhemrnfyJ rrcifjr&JU}}
xkdaeYrSp a':'D;'kwf\ trnfonf rcifjr jzpfcJhzl;ao;\/
q&mav;rsm;u ]rrcifjru awmfw,f} qkdav olu pmtHavESifh uRefrwkdY
&GmwGif olt&ifqHk; pmwwfcJhavonf/ aemifwGif onftaMumif;t&monf
a':'D;'kwftwGuf *kPfxl;aqmifbGJY &ouJhokdYvnf;aumif;? &mZ0if
pmwifvkdufouJhokdYvnf;aumif; BuHKwkdif; BuHK&m ajymaewwfygonf/
]]iwkdY&Gmr,f toHk;vHk;awG acwfxwkef;u igt&ifqHk; pmwwfom?
ighemrnfvnf; rcifjr&,fvkdY vlwkdif;odukefMuom? igurS 'D;'kwf
aysmufvkdufao;&JU? ay:avmfwkdYrsm; emrnf&if;ukd rxGufom&,f}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
411
cifcifxl;
a':ay:avmfuawmh a':'D;'kwfavmuf r&Jwif;aomfvnf; oifwef;ukd

rSefrSefwuf&if; pmwwfcJholjzpfonf/ a':ay:avmfonfvnf; ]toHk;vHk;}
oifwef;wGif xif&Sm;ausmfMum;cJhao;\/ toHk;vHk;oif&mwGif ]0? x? u?
v? o} Asnf;ig;vHk;ukd tajcwnfNyD; ]tm? tD? at? tl;} pojzifh
o&aygif;pyfum oifjcif;rsdK; jzpfonf/ (-ef;) ukd tef;? (-l;) ukd tl;? (-m)
ukd tm? (-m;) ukd tm; pojzifh jzpfygonf/
]]'gu bmvJ}}
q&mu (-m) ukd a&;jyonf/
]]tm}}
]][kwfNyD; wHk;uav;xJukd ]o} xnfhr,faemf? oukd tmeJYwGJr,faemf}}
(om)
]]'gu bmvJ}}
]]om}}
]][kwfNyD}}
q&mu onfvkda&;jyonf/ ab;em;u tmvl;oD;yHkukdyg qGJjyxm;vkduf
ao;\/
(tm? vl;)
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
412
cifcifxl;
]]uJ a':ay:avmf 'DESpfckukd aygif;zwfjyygOD;}}

a':ay:avmfu rwfwwfx&yfum zwfjyvkdufygonf/
]]t ukd tmeJYwGJawmh tmawmf? v ukd tl;eJYwGJawmh vl;awmf}}
]][kwfyghAsm? aygif;qkdjyygOD;}}
]]tm ... tm v ... tl; ... tJ ... vtl; ... vtkawmf}}
]]0g;}}
a':ay:avmf\ tajzaMumifh oifwef;wpfckvHk; tdrf;ceJ yGJusoGm;
vkdufonfrSm ywfwkwfr&cJh[k qkdonf/ tazhESr0rf;uGJ BuD;awmfa':pdefjr
\ Zmwfvrf;uvnf; &Sdao;\/ oifwef;rprDwGif oifwef;om;rsm;
wufa&muf? ysufuGufpm&if; aumuf&ygonf/ onfpm&if;ukd rSwfwrf;wif
jyKpkxm;NyD; txufokdY wifjy&onfrkdY q&mav;rsm;u emrnfwpfOD;csif;
ac:um aeYpfwufpm&if; rSwfom;xm;&onf/
]]OD;uHp}}
]]&SdyghAsm;}}
]]OD;atmifBuD;}}
]]onfrSm&Sdo,f}}
]]a':pdefjr}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
413
cifcifxl;
]]&Sifpdefjr rvmbl;? olYorD; qHk;vkdYo,fh}}

]]aMomf - [kwfvm;? pdwfraumif;p&mbJ/ orD;u b,ft&G,fwHk;As}}
]]av; ig;ESpforD; &Sda&maygh aESmfat ZD;uGuf}}
]]&Sdo,f rSwfomyJ}}
aemufwpfaeYwGif q&mav;rsm;u vlrIa&;t& a':pdefjrtdrf tokb
oGm;ar;Muonf/ BuD;awmf a':pdefjra&m bBuD;vSatmifa&m rsuf&nfawG
pD;usaeMuonf/
]]aor,fhaeYu olYa&m usKyfa&m orD;av;u EIwfquf&Smao;w,f/
&ifcGifxJ wufxkdifvkduf? vufuav;eJY ykwfvkdufeJY zsm;vkdY emvkdYaoom
cHEkdifyg&JU q&mav;wkdY&,f? ckawmh usKyforD;av;u wufwlukd pm;rdvkdY
aoom? reufvif;awmh a[m[kdZGefkHBuD;em; wufwlBuD;tefxm;o,fh
tefzwfawGeJY olYtavmif; yufvufuav; awGY&awmhomygyJawmhf a[mh
a[mh tD;}}
BuD;awmfa':pdefjr\ ikdcsif;ukd Mum;vkduf&awmhrS q&mav;rsm;crsmrSm
tdrfarG;aMumifruav; aorSef; odMu&awmh\/ onfvkdtoHk;vHk;oifwef;
om;rsm;ukd pmwwfatmif oifay;cJhaom q&mav;rsm;\ tpGrf;um;
rao;vSyg/ okdYaomf t&D;ywpfa,mufukdjzifh cRif;csufxm;&rnfom jzpf\/
t&D;yonf emrnfpm&if;aumuf&mrSmyif ajzonfhyHku MunfhygOD;/
]]a':y}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
414
cifcifxl;
]]vmo,f xm;vkdufygawmh}}
]][if a':y rvmvkdYvm;}}
]]vmo,f onfrSmav? usKyfyJ}}
]]ta':uvnf; ukd,f&SdwJh[mukd &Sdw,f vmw,f tJovkd ajzrSaygh}}
]]at;av tJomaMumifh &Sdo,fxm;vkdufyg? ajymom;yJ}}
pmar;&mwGifvnf; t&D;yu
a0vma0;xJu jzpfonf/
b,fawmhrS
rajz/
zwfjyzkdYqkdwm
]]uJ - t&D;yu zwfjyygOD;}}

]]a&SUu qkdoGm;o,fhtwkdif; xm;vkdufygawmh}}
]]a&SUu qkdoGm;w,fhtwkdif; xm;vkdYr&bl;av? t&D;ukd,fwkdif zwfjyrS
aygh}}
]]ukdif;yg?
[kdwpfa,mufqkdoGm;o,fhtwkdif;qkd&if
odua&maygh/ zwfNyD;om; xm;vkdufygawmh}}
q&mav;wkdY
q&mav;u b,fvkdrS vSnfhywfar;vkdYr&ojzifh t&D;yukd mPfwpfrsdK;

xGif pmar;avonf/
]]uJ [kwfygNyDAsm? a&SUutwkdif;xm;vkdufygNyD? 'gayrJh t&D;yukd
vG,fvG,fuav; a&;jyOD;r,f? a&SUueJYrwlbl;aemf t&D;y vkdufqkd}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
415
cifcifxl;
q&mav;u oifykef;BuD;ay:wGif a&;um a&SUuae pmcsay;onf/

]]ra&;r}}
]]ra&r}}
]]yapmufa&;y}}
]]yapmufa&y}}
]][kwfNyD? aygif;zwfvkdufawmh bmwJhwHk;}}
t&D;yu rajzyg/ ab;uvlawGu 0kdif;atmfMuonf/
]][Jh rdy ajzvkdufav? reJYyeJYaygif;om vG,fvG,fuav;[mukd
ighES,faemf ...}}
pmtenf;tusf;wwfaeNyDjzpfaom bBuD;uHpu rcsdwifuJ vSrf;
aigufvkdufonf/ &Gmol&Gmom;tcsif;csif;awmh t&D;yu vufwpfvHk;
aMumrcHygay/
]]ajzvdrfhrayghawmf? uwnf; usKyfrsm; tt rSwfvkdY rdywkdYu 0rf;xJu
odo,f EIwfxGufr&JvkdY tm;,laeom [if;}}
]]uJ uJ [kwfygNyD [kwfygNyD/ t&D;yu pmwwfygw,f/ uRefawmf
onfwpfacguf xyfcsay;r,faemf vkdufqkd}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
416
cifcifxl;
q&mav;u a&SUucsay;NyD; aygif;zwfckdif;awmh t&D;yu ]ukdzkd;atmif}

[k ajzvkdufonf/ ra&r? yapmufa&yukd ]ry} rzwfbJ bmaMumifh
]ukdzkd;atmif} jzpfoGm;&wmygvdrfh/
oifwef;tjyifbufu refusnf;yifBuD;atmufwGif bBuD;OD;zkd;atmif
wpfa,muf aomufa&tkd; a&vmjznfhwm jrifvkduf&vkdY jzpfonf/ t&D;yu
bBuD;OD;zkd;atmifukd vSrf;jrifvkdufojzifh ]ukdzkd;atmif} [k ajzvkdufjcif;yif
jzpfawmh\/ okdYaom t&D;yukd pmrwwfcJhavjcif;[k oGm;ajymvQif
ajymolomvQif qkd;&musayrnf/
]]ukdif; ... vm[Jh ... tdrfusrS pum;awG w0BuD;ajym&atmif}}
]]ukdif;yg ... ajymNyD;om; xm;vkdufygawmh}}
uRefruaemufawmh &,fygonf/
t&D;yu 'DZ,frD;cGufBuD;ukd ajrmufukdif&if; a&SUrSoGm;awmh uRefrwkdY
om;trdrSm olYukdrDatmif renf;vkduf&\/ &GmESifhjrif;jcHukd aeYcsif;jyef
ul;vl;cJhaom aps;onfajcvSrf;awGu t&D;yukd usifhom;&apcJhonfvm;/
toufajcmufq,fausmf ckepfq,ftxd aps;a&mif;aeqJ t&D;yukd uRefr
tHhMordygonf/
]]vmMu vmMu aeYv,faeYcif; awGYcsifom tcsdefr&csufawmh?
at;[efa& a[h at;[ef {nfhonfawGvmNyD? a&aEG;,lcJh}}
t&D;y\om; vlysdKBuD;ukdat;[efu vifyef;BuD;rum rD;zkdxJrS
xGufvmonf/ ukdat;[efuawmh vlysdKBuD;qkdaomfvnf; ukdBuD;wifa&TESifh
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
417
cifcifxl;
wjcm;pDxJu jzpfonf/ pum;ajymvQif ESmacgif;oHuav; ygwwfojzifh

olYukd ESmusdK;at;[ef[kac:vQif tvGefpdwfqkd;wwfonfuvGJ pum;enf;
ol? at;aq;ol jzpfygonf/ at;aq;qkd olu OD;yif;vlxGuf r[kwfvm;/
]]ukd&ifat;[efBuD;
vmcJhygOD;}}
uRefrwkdYrEav;rsm;
tvnfuav;bmuav;
]]vmcsifyg&JU ighESr&m? ra&mufEkdifvkdYomyg/ iSufuav;rsm;omqkd

tawmifuav; a[movkd a[movkd cwfysHvmyg&JU}}
pum;ajym&mwGifvnf; [kdwkef;uvkdyif okdif;okdif;0kdif;0kdif; qkdwwfqJ/
uRefri,fi,fu tbESifh onf0kdif;xJ tvnfvmzl;onf/ t&D;y\
a,muxD; bBuD;oef;&Sdpfu acG;tvGefarG;onf/ tbu acG;ukdufrnf
pkd;ojzifh toHvSrf;jyKonf/
]]at;[efa& acG;MunfhOD;a[h}}
]]vmomvmyg bBuD;uH&m acG;u vlrSukdufomyg}}
uRefrwkdYajr;tbkd;rSm
vlrSukdufwmygqkdonfh
ukd&ifat;[ef
pum;aMumifh acG;ukdufcH&rvkdvkdyif jzpfaeawmhonf/ trSefrSm uRefrwkdY&Gmu
nbufwGif uyfwwfaom olckd;ol0SufawGukd ]]vl}} [k oHk;EIef;wwfMuvkdY
jzpfygonf/ ]nu tdrfvluyfo,f} qkdwm olckd;uyfw,fqkdonfhoabm
jzpf\/
ukd&ifat;[efrSm i,fi,fuwnf;u ouFef;0wfjzifh ausmif;wGif tae
rsm;cJhol jzpfonf/ ukd&ifBuD;b0jzifh taeMumojzifh olYukd ukd&ifat;[ef
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
418
cifcifxl;
[kyif &Gmu EIwfusdK;aecJhMuonf/ OD;yif;b0a&mufawmhvnf; ukd&if?

vlxGufawmhvnf; ukd&ifyifjzpf\/ olukd,fwkdifonfyif &GmxJu tdrfrsm;ukd
oGm;csif vmcsifvQif qGrf;cHonfhvrf;twkdif;om oGm;wwfvmwwfonf/
wjcm;vrf;u auGYrdvQifyif &Gmuav;ao;ao;rSm rsufpdvnfoGm;
wwfojzifh qGrf;cHvrf;ukd jyefxGufNyD; vufjzifhqefYwef;MunfhNyD;rS jyefoGm;
wwfonf qkdyg\/ ukd&ifat;[ef OD;yif;vlxGuf&aom taMumif;t&if;
uvnf; wu,fhukd &,fp&maumif;awmh\/ tdrfwGif twlaeESrESpfa,muf
wpfNydKifwnf;vkdvkd vifhaemufvkdufajy;MuaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ t&D;y\
orD; r*sHKrESifh rcifqHkwkdYESpfa,muf tdrfrS xGufajy;oGm;aomtcg t&D;yu
[pf[pf atmfikdavonf/
]]vifyJ ,l&ygo,f[Jh? vuav;rsm; jcm;Muyga&mhvm;/ ckawmh vlMum;
vkdYrSraumif;awmf? ig t&yfxJr&Sufygbl;? ausmif;u om;BuD;armifyif;
&SufvSo,favh a[h a[h tD;}}
OD;yif;vlxGuf ukd&ifat;[efrSm &yfESifh&GmESihf txmrus jzpfaecJh
ao;onf/ uRefrwkdY&Gm\ vlysdKBuD;pm&if;wef;0ifoGm;aom ukd&ifat;[efukd
rdef;ray;pm;NyD; pvQif olu tvGefpdwfqkd;onf/
]]rif;wkdY O',olawGu uufaoawGyguGm b,ftcsdefxqGJqGJ
&ygo,f? at;[efwkdYu rdef;rqkd rif;aMu; 'PfaMu;avmufukd aMumufom
&,f}}
onfvkdESifh ukd&ifat;[efwpfa,muf vlysdKBuD;jzpfaecJhonf/ t&D;y
uvnf; ukd&ifat;[efukd tdrfaxmifjyKapcsifonf/ tdrfu ausmufzkHoD;
pifuav;rSm toD;awG wGJavmif;usaeonfukdMunfh&if; t&D;yu qkdonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
419
cifcifxl;
]]ausmufzkHoD;eJY at;[efuawmh aocsmo,f? ay;pm;&r,fhrdef;r

vkdawmhomyJ}}
ukd&ifat;[ef r*FvmaqmifvQif zkHoD;[if;auR;zkdY r0,f&awmh[k
qkdvkdjcif;jzpf\/ t&D;y\ onfvkdtajymtqkdawGaMumihf om;trdESpfa,muf
twlaeNyD; cPcP pdwfqkd;qif;&onfh tjzpftysufuav;awGuvnf;
&Sdao;onf/ ukd&ifat;[efonf ratESifh pum;rsm;wkdif; tdrfrS xGufoGm;
avh&Sdonf/ okdYaomf a0;a0;vHvHoGm;onfr[kwf/ [kd&Gmonf&Gm 0ifckd&if;u
tdrfukd vSrf;rSmwwf\/
]]ukdbaomif; ... tarwkdYajymvkdufprf;yg? usKyf ajrawmf&Sdao;o,fvkdY}}
onfvkdrSmvkdufwkdif; t&D;yu
ukd&ifat;[efukd vkdufac:wwfpNrJ/
wbufuav;
acgif;ay:wifum
]]om;trdESpfa,muf wnfhMu&JUvm; ry&JU}}

]]wnfho,f&,fvkdYvnf; rIwfaygifawmf? olvnf; olY[molae igvnf;
igh[migaevkdufomyJ/ ckawmh &Sif*sHKrom;tBuD;aumifeJY &SifcifqHkorD;
tBuD;ru igwkdYeJY vmaeoav? uav;awGeJY vSnfh&efjzpf&awmhomyJ}}
]]'geJY ukdxGef;ZHBuD;aum rmrmcsmcsm&Sd&JUvm;}}
]]rmvkdufomrS oHacsmif; ... ukd&if rif;OD;BuD; vSrf;ac:vkdufprf;y}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
420
cifcifxl;
bkd;xGef;ZHqkdonfrSm t&D;y\tpfukdjzpfonf/ vldk;oavmuf pdwfwkd

pdwfqwfvG,fojzifh wnfhol&Sm;\/ bkd;xGef;ZHrSmvnf; t&D;yESihf odyfruGm
vSyg/
]]eifwkdYa&mufaeoHMum;o,f/ 'gayod iwkdYu aqGzsm;rsdK;zsm;rkdYvkdY
tomkdYae&oma[h/ olrsm;t&if;awG tm;&atmifac:NyD;rS ac:rvkdY}}
bkd;xGef;ZHESihf t&D;ywkdYrSm tazhbufu ESpf0rf;uGJavmuf awmfpyfolawG
jzpfonf/ t&D;y\cifyGef; bav;ckdu tarharmifwpf0rf;uGJrkdY bkd;xGef;ZHu
aighvkdufjcif;jzpf\/ uRefrwkdY&GmwGif onfvkd aqGrsdK;vkMuonfrsm;vnf;
&Sdao;onf/ bkd;xGef;ZHrSm om;csnf;ig;a,muf&Sdojzifh vufkH;awmihfwif;ol
jzpfonf/ BuD;awmfrvSyku acR;rrsm;ESihf wnfhwnfhIIaewwfol jzpfaomf
vnf; bkd;xGef;ZHBuD;uawmh wpfaygufxkd;BuD;jzpf\/ tBuD;qHk;om;
ukdBuD;0rf; (eHygwfwpf) \ trnfESihfvkduf emrnfrSnfhvkdufonfrSm
armif0rf;? armifoef;? armifpef;? armifref;? armifyef; pojzihf
qufoGm;awmhonf/
]]awmfao;&JU
iyef;eJYwif
&yfoGm;vkdY
b,fvkdrSnhf&rSef;awmif rodawmhaygifAsm}}
aemufxyfrsm;arG;&if
bkd;xGef;ZH\ om;ig;a,mufuvnf; pkdufig;rsdK;&Sdolrsm; jzpfonf/

tBuD;qHk; ukdBuD;0rf;uawmh wnfwnfwHhwHhESihf odum&Sd&Sdaeol jzpfonf/
A[kokwvnf; tweftoifh&Sd\/ ukdBuD;oef;uawmh bkd;xGef;ZHukd
wlvm;rod/ vlYcGpm rkdufrkdufuef;uef;qkdonfhtxJuyif/ ukdarmifpef;
uawmh &GmrSmzifNrJNrJaeolr[kwf/ tNrJwrf;vkdvkd [kd&Gmonf&Gm vrf;ovm;
aewwfolyif jzpfonf/ ukdarmifref;uawmh tm;vHk;xJwGif tkd;qHk;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
421
cifcifxl;
ttqHk;ESihf olwumhEkdifzwfjzpf uRefruawmh olYukd ykdcifonf/

ukdarmifyef;rSmvnf; ukdBuD;oef;enf;wl ayayqkd;qkd; vlwpfa,muf
jzpfavonf/ bkd;xGef;ZHESifhom;rsm;\ &mZ0ifrSwfwrf;rsm;uvnf; uRefrwkdY
&Gm\ yHkckdif;rsm; jzpfygonf/
ukdBuD;0rf;rSm &Gm\vlBuD;pm&if;0ifjzpfonfhtavsmuf &yfa&;&Gma&;
rsm;wGif a&SUqHk;u yg0if&ol jzpfonf/ yGJvrf;obif&Sd ZmwfiSm;&m
wGifvnf; ukdBuD;0rf;u ygonf/ tvSLyGJ? r*FvmyGJrsm;wGifvnf;
wkdifyifESD;aESm tBuHay;yk*Kdvfjzpfonf/ &GmwGif bmaMu; nmaMu;rsm; cGJvQif
vnf; oluaqmfMo&onf/ okdYaomf bkd;xGef;ZH\om;yDyD uawmufuq
uav;rsm;&SdvmvQif vHk;0 tavQmhay;ol r[kwfay/ ukd,fqGJukdifxm;rd&m
t,ltqukd vufrvTwfbJ cHjiif;aewwfolomjzpf\/
]]tif; ... ighom; i0rf;uawmh vufpGyf0,fNyD; oyfyif;vkdaeya[h}}
bkd;xGef;ZH\
pum;rSm
yHkckdif;jzpfoGm;awmhonf/
a&TvufpGyf
tzkd;wefBuD; 0,fvmNyD;umrS vufESifhacsmifaeojzifh csnfpuav;jzifh&pf
oyfyif;vkyfMujcif;ukd qkdvkdygonf/ a&Tom;ukd csnfjzifh zHk;&rnfhtjzpfrsdK;/
ukdBuD;oef;onf vufaMumwif;wif;ESihf tvkyfukd aZmufcsvkyfolrsdK;
r[kwfbJ taMumif;jycsufrsm;ESihf jynfhESufaewwfolyif/
]]ioef;u OD;zkd;pdeftu uwwfy? b,frvJ refusnf;yifyk qkdo,fh
aumifrsdK;}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
422
cifcifxl;
OD;zkd;pdefBuD; ESpfyg;oGm;u&mwGif aemufcHum;vdyfrS Icif;wGif refusnf;

yifykuav; ygonfukd MunfhcJh&aom bkd;xGef;ZHu yHkckdif;jcif;jzpf\/
OD;zkd;pdefvkduzkdY refusnf;yifyk vkdaeonf[k qkdvkdjcif;yif jzpf\/
bkd;xGef;ZHu onfvkdrmefvkdufrJvkdufvQif ukdBuD;oef;u vufoD;vufarmif;
wef;um jyefajymwwfavonf/ 'gukdyif bkd;xGef;ZHu jyefajymjzpfatmif
ajymvkdufao;\/
]]awmfao; ighESr&m ighom;u ighrkdufvkdY}}
vrf;rsm;wwfaom ukdarmifpef;rSmvnf; bkd;xGef;ZH\ yHkcdkif;ESihf rvGwf/
]]at;oma&qkd aumufkd;yHkvm; ... ipef;a&qkd a&mufNyD;om;}}
[kd[kdonfonfrsm; vTwfrnfqkdvQif ukdarmifpef;u ajcoGufoGuf
vSrf;NyD; oGm;ay;wwfjcif;ukd at;omESihf EIdif;jcif;jzpf\/ emp&m/
onfvkdtpfukdrsm;Mum;wGif BuD;jyif;cJh&aom uRefrtpfukd ukdarmifref;
wpfa,muf kd;yHktyHkuvnf; ajymvQif ,HkEkdifp&mr&Sd/ i,fpfu
taemufausmif;wGif ukd&if0wfay;cJhonf/ q&mawmf OD;0g,ru wpf&GmrS
armarmyef;yef; jyefa&mufvmaomtcg a&vSrf;uyfckdif;ojzifh ukd&ifref;u
ESD;aomufa&cGufuav;jzifh uref;uwef;cyfNyD; uyfvkdufonf/ q&mawmf
OD;0g,ronf ,Gef;xnfESD;aomufa&cGufukd ESpfoufoljzpf\/ ,Gef;eHYuav;
arT;arT; a&at;at;uav;u tarmajyonf[k tpGJ&Sdonf/
]][Jh ukd&ifref;&JU bkef;BuD;ukd uyfo,fqkdom vifyef;uav; bmav;eJY
wnfwnfyy uyf&o,fuG,fh}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
423
cifcifxl;
q&mawmf
rdefYzl;onfukd
ukd&ifref;wpfa,muf
tpGJtrSwf
xm;vkdufonf/
aemufwpfywfavmufMumaomtcg
q&mawmfu
ajrmuf&GmrS jyefvmojzifh zdeyfukd ausmif;ajrmufbufavSum;wGif cRwfxm;
cJhonf/ ausmif;wGif cPem;tNyD; &GmxJwGif tokb&Sdojzifh tar;tjref;
<u&rnfjzpfojzifh awmifbufavSum;u qif;cJhonf/
]]ukd&ifref; bkef;BuD;zdeyf ajrmufbufavSum;cHkrSm oGm;,lcsnfprf;}}
q&mawmfrSm
awmifbufavSum;xdyfrS
ukd&ifref;u awmfawmfESihf ay:rvm/
&yfapmifhaeaomfvnf;
]]MumvScsnfvm;uG,fwkdY ... iref; [Jh iref;}}

q&mawmfu
pdwfr&Snfojzifh
tajy;tvTm; a&mufvmonf/
vSrf;atmfawmhrS
ukd&ifref;u
]]vifyef;&Smae&vkdY Mumomygbk&m;}}
zdeyfukd vifyef;xJxnfhum ykqpf'l;wkyfvsuf wnfwnfyy kdkdaoao
uyfaeaom ukd&ifref;ukdMunfh q&mawmfrSm rsuf&nfrsm;pkdYatmif
&,favawmhonf/
wpfcguvnf; bkd;xGef;ZHonf tdrfrSyufvufukvm;xkdifrsm; eJYae
ojzifh ukdarmifref;ukd avQmfjzifh twkwfckdif;onf/
]]iref; onfukvm;xkdifuav;awGukd Muufacs;pk pkvkdufprf;}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
424
cifcifxl;
Muufacs;pkqkdonfrSm a&qGwfxm;ojzifh aysmhaysmif;aeaom avQmfyifukd

csnfaESmifNyD;vQif xdyfpESpfckukd yl; vdrfNyD; Muufacs;yHkuav;vkd tacGvkduf
zduyfxm;vkdufjcif;ukd ajymjcif;jzpf\/ bkd;xGef;ZHu ckdif;vkdufaomtcg
ukdarmifref;u rD;zkdacsmifxJrS qefaumwpfcsyfukd,l MuufjcHbufokdY
xGufoGm;onf/ Muufrsm; tdyfwef;wuf&m 0g;vHk;wef;atmufrS Muufacs;
rsm;ukd pkBuHK;um qefaumESifhwpfcsyf tjynfhxnfh,lvmavonf/
]]a[mAsm ... omu bmwHk; iref;&JU}}
]]tazyJ Muufacs;pkcJhqkd}}
]]aovkdufygawmh iref;&,f/ eif[mav
0,fzsif;OD;r,fhaumifyJ/
tJonfMuufacs;awG
[if;csuf&atmifvkdY}}
zsif;p&mr&Sd aps;u
eifhtaroGm;ay;acs
ukdarmifref;u Muufacs;qefaumBuD;ukd olYtara':vSyktm; oGm;ay;

vkdufavonf/ bkd;xGef;ZHrSm ikdtm;xuf &,ftm;oef? &,ftm;xuf
a'gotm;u ykdvmawmh\/
]]vSyka& ... igawmh ighom;vkdYajym&rSm &Sufrsm;&Sufyg&JU/ onfudpukd
eifeJYigom odyap[Jh}}
okdYaomfvnf; aemifwGif uRefrwdkYwpf&GmvHk; odukefMuygonf/ onfrQ
kd;vGef; tvGef;aom ukdarmifref;wpfa,muf NrdKUwuf aps;0,fyHkuvnf;
&,fp&maumif;vSygonf/
tdrfaxmifOD;pD;b0
a&mufoGm;aom
ukdarmifref;rSm tdrftwGuf vkdtyfonfh v,f,moHk;ypnf;rsm;ukd tpfukd
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
425
cifcifxl;
ukdarmifpef;ESihftwl jrif;jcHokdY aps;vkduf0,fonf/ ukdBuD;oef;\ZeD;

rcifaru rwfjzpfolukd aps;zkd;ay;rSmonf/ ukdarmifpef;rSm vl&nfvnf
vkyfojzifh pdwfrcsaomaMumifh ukdarmifref;ukdrSmjcif;jzpf\/ olYrwf kd;rSef;
trSef; odojzifh pmESifhayESihf a&;um ay;vkdufonf/
]]ukvm;yJqH wpfpdwf? zdeyf}} vkdY a&;ay;vkdufonf/
jrif;jcHaps;BuD;xJokdY a&mufaomtcg ukdarmifref;u olYtrSmpm
olzwfum ]ukvm;yJqHwHqdyf zdeyf&Sdovm;} csnf; ar;ojzifh zdeyfqkdifrsm;u
r&Sdbl;csnf;ajzMuonf/ Mumawmh ukdarmifpef;u aps;pm&if;pm&Gufukd
,lMunfh&onf/
]][aumif&m ... ukvm;yJqHwpfpdwfeJY zdeyf 0,fckdif;omyg[}}
ukdarmifref;\taMumif;ukd ajym&vQifjzifh wpfaeyif ukefavmuf
ygonf/ ti,fvl ukdarmifyef;uvnf; olYZmwfvrf;ESihfol/ ti,fqHk;
taxG;qHk;rkdY tpfukdawGukd arS;vkdufae&mrS tysif; tzsif;buf uloGm;ojzifh
bkd;xGef;ZHu rSwfcsufay;xm;vdkufonf/
]]iyef;uawmh xGefowkd ygyJuGm}}
xGefowkdqkdonfrSm EGm;xGef&mwGifoHk;aom xGefoGm;rsm; wHk;ukefyJhukef
aomtcg yJe,f&m? trIdufpk&mwGif xGefjcpftjzpfom toHk;wnfhawmhjcif;ukd
qkdvkdygonf/ xGefoGm;wkd (xGefowkd) rsm; trIdufjcpf&mrSmyJ toHk;
wnfhawmhonfaygh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
426
cifcifxl;
onfom;ig;a,muf\zcif bkd;xGef;ZHonfyif t&Gwftay urf;ukef

onfhvlBuD;[k &Gmu rSwfcsufay;xm;&onfaum/ wpfcgu tonf;toef
zsm;emojzifh tdyf&mxJ bHk;bHk;vJcJhzl;aom bkd;xGef;ZHBuD;ukd om;awGu
wpfvSnfhpD 0ifar;Muonf/ e*kduwnf;u om;a,mufsm;uav;rsm;rkdY
bmodbmom aeMuolawGjzpf\/ zat tonf;toefjzpfNyD; aorvkd
jzpfawmhrS ar;&yghrvm;[k bkd;xGef;ZHBuD;u pdwfckaeavonf/
]]taz bmpm;csifwHk;}}
]]jcaoFhqD pm;csifoAsm}}
jcaoFhqD&,fvkdY b,frSm&Sm&yghrvJ/ rjzpfEkdifwmukd &GJUum aighum
awmif;qkdvkdufjcif;jzifh om;awGukd uPaump wkdufvkdufjcif;yJ jzpf\/
uRefruawmh bkd;xGef;ZHESihf om;rsm;taMumif;ukd awG;&if; tarwkdY
pum;0kdif;ab;wGif ikdufrsf;pjyKvmNyD/ nfUuvnf;eufvmNyDrkdY uRefrwkdY
om;trd tm;vHk;ukd EIwfqufNyD; jyefcJhMuonf/ tdrft0ifwGif MuufzBuD;u
qD; wGefavonf/ oufBuD;acgif;cscsdefawmif a&mufaeyga&mvm;/
uRefru pum;awGaumif;aeonfh tarhukd tjypfwifvkdufygonf/
]]nfYawmifeufaeNyD taruvnf;}}
]]nfYeufo,fyJ xm;vkdufygawmhat}}
onfawmhvnf; uRefr NyHK;rd&jyefonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
427
cifcifxl;
(27)
aemufwpfaeYreuf vif;vQifvif;csif; uRefrwkdYom;trd Munf&Gm?
pm;MuL;&GmESifh uRefrwkdYwpfe,fvHk;\ rdqkdifzqkdif kd;&mewfuGef;&Sd&m
ayguftkdewfeef;qDokdY xGufcJhMuygonf/ Munf&GmESifh pm;MuL;&GmawGrSmvnf;
uRefrwkdYaqGrsdK;awG &Sdonf/ ayguftkdewfeef;uawmh &Gmjyefwkdif; 0wfrysuf
uRefrwkdY oGm;a&mufOD;ckduf&onfh bkd;bGm;bDbifrsm;\ ,HkMunf&m
pGJ&moef&m ewf,faus;rI tpGJtvef; jzpfygonf/
]]oef;pkd;ukd vSnf;eJY tykdYckdif;av}}
BuD;awmfu vSnf;pDpfaomfvnf; uRefrwkdYu Munf&Gmtxd c&D;vrf;ukd
ajcusifom oGm;vkdMuojzifh vSnf;pDpfwm vufrcHbJ onftwkdif;
avQmufcJhMuygonf/ Munf&GmESihf O',rSm rkdif0ufomomavmufom
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
428
cifcifxl;
a0;ojzifh wpf&Gmhwpf&Gm
ul;aeMuNrJ jzpfonf/

aqGaqGrsdK;rsdK;awGu
xrif;pm;a&aomuf
]]tara& ... usKyf Munf&GmcP oGm;vdkufOD;r,f/ armifarmif0rf;u

c&rf;csfoD;awmif; vm,lvSnfhqkdvkdY}}
]]ysif;vSo,fuGm ... O',buf oGm;vnfOD;rS? EGm;awG igjyefvmrS
auR;r,fa[h}}
onfvkd tdrfOD;ESihfujyif ul;vl;aeMuaomaMumifh ESpf&Gmhwpf&Gmpdwf
xm;Muonf/ Munf&Gmu tvSLtwef; taMumif;BuD;i,fudp rsm;ajrmif
awGay:wkdif; O',&Gmu oGm;0kdif;Muovkd Munf&Gmuvnf; O',&GmtwGuf
OD;rav;MuolawGyJjzpfonf/
tnmaus;vufa'owGif
&GmeD;csKyfpyf
&Gmuav;rsm;onfvnf;
aqG&GmrsdK;&Gm
jzpfaewwfwm
cspfp&m
aumif;vSygonf/
Munf&Gmu uRefrwkdY&Gm\ ajrmufbufwGif &Sdonf/ Munf&Gm? pm;MuL;?
ayguftkd? NyD;awmh qDrD;cHk/ &GmajrmufbuftxGuf wpfac:avmuf
ta&mufwGif uRefrwkdY&Gm\ ocsKif;ukef;&Sdonf/ onfocsKif;pyfu ukudKyif
ndKUndKU0kdif;0kdif;BuD;onf &GmocsKif;\ trSwfvuPmjzpfavonf/ ukudKyif
BuD;\atmufwGif a&S;uRef;vHk;wkdifBuD;rsm;jzifh aqmufxm;aom okomef
Z&yfBuD;wpfaqmif &Sdonf/ jrpfa&0ift&yfjzpfojzifh cg;v,favmuftjrifh&Sd
ysfcif;rsm;ESifh oabFmaq;eDokwfoGyfrkd;Z&yfBuD; jzpfygonf/ okdYaomf
uRef;wkdifrsm;uvnf; aqG;vsuf? ysfcif;rsm;uvnf; caemfeDcaemfeJY?
oGyfcsyfrsm;uvnf;
vefonfuvef
aygufonfuaygufNyJaeayNyD/
wcsdKUae&mrSm oGyfjym;yif r&Sdawmhyg/ okdYaomf onfZ&yftkdBuD;onf oHCm
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
429
cifcifxl;
]]atmifr,fav; ... ukdBuD;wifacG;a& rif;a':a':wkdY rif;ESrwkdY &Gmukd

tvnfvmMuo,fa[h ... xMunfhOD;}}
rrxkdufu
qdkif;rqifhAHkrqifh
jAKef;qkd
atmfikdvkdufaomtcg
taruvnf; toHawGxGufum wtDtD ikdaeawmhonf/ ukudKyifBuD;ay:rS
iSufuav;rsm;onfyif
vefYzsyfNyD;
0kef;ceJ
ysHxGufoGm;Muonf/
iSufuav;awGu vIyfvkdufaomtcg ukudK&Guf0g &Gufnmuav;awGu
wjzKwfjzKwf
a<uusvmMuonf/
ocsKif;ajryHkuav;awGay:rSm
avta0SYaMumifh zkefaiGYawG acgif;axmifvmMuonf/ Z&yfBuD;ay:rS
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431
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
432
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
433
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jyefYjyefYBuD;ukd ajrmif pD;qif;aeaom &Gmhaus;Zl;&Sif jrpfrif;{&m0wD\

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avmuf&Sd &GmomanmifyifBuD;atmufwGif uRefrwkdY c&D;wpfaxmuf
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onfanmifyifBuD;ukd ]nDtpfr} anmifyif[kvnf; ac:Muygao;onf/
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onfvkdeJY aeukefMu&owJh/ tvnftywfoGm;jcif;udprS tjyeftvSef
jyefykdYaejcif;udpbuful;oGm;um rkd;pkyfpkyfcsKyfawmhonf/ aemufawmh onf
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uav;rsm;yif xoGm;rdygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
434
cifcifxl;
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u touf&Spfq,fausmfvlysKdBuD;ESihf toufckepfq,fausmf tysdKBuD;armifESr
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onf0kdif;BuD;xJrSmyif
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oGm;EkdifvmEkdifqJ/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
435
cifcifxl;
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om;orD;rsm;jzpfojzifh
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taiGYtoufrsm; jzpfawmh\/
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jyefawmhvnf; olwkdYtvkyfeJYolwkdY ydaeomeJY ukd,fyg tacsmiftvkyfrsm;
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tNydKif;tdkif; BuD;jyif;aeMuNyD/ onfwl? wlrawGESihf onfarmifESr
wnfhrSwnfhygavp/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
436
cifcifxl;
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vufxufwkef;uawmh onfpum; em,lcJhMuomaygh[m/ ig;ESpfjynfh&if
ukd,fhtvSnfha&mufvmomaygh/
ukd,f&o,fhESpfukd
vufyHrIdYawG
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
437
cifcifxl;
acgif;tHk;xkd;Mu vSLMuwef;MueJY iwkdYwpfawGvufxufvnf; NrJao;o,f?

OMouav;rsm; wGefoHMum;&NyDqkd&if OD;av;uHu wkdYqDa&mufcsvmom[?
onfwkef;u vufyHu rzl;wzl;? onfESpf b,folb,f0gtvSnfhuso,f
vmajymom/ ckrsm;awmh eifwkdYuvnf; rruf? igwkdYuvnf; rykwfEkdifeJY
BuHK&mvl ,laeMu xifyg&JU}}
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ESajrmvkdufrdygonf/ OruGJ okdufrysuf pdwf0rf;ruGJMuzkdY pDpfcJhaom
vlBuD;olrwkdY\ tajrmftjrifBuD;rIukdvnf; av;pm;rdygonf/
uRefrwkdYtab;BuD; (cHkrif;BuD;) OD;zkd;vSJYESifh ab;rBuD; tarpdrf;ndKwkdY\
om;orD;ig;a,mufu aygufzGm;vmaom tukdif;tcuftvufrsm;rSm
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txdawmh BuHYBuHYcHEkdifcJhygonf/ uRefrwkdYrsdK;qufrsm;vufxufrSmawmh
aqGrsdK;awGu jyefYBuJukefMuavNyD/ tajrmftjrifBuD;rm;pGmjzifh tarGrcGJay;bJ
csefxm;&pfcJhaom
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
438
cifcifxl;
bBuD;pHyGifhtaMumif; a&mufoGm;jyefawmh bBuD;ykdufESifh w&m;

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wkdYonf nDtpfukdwpf0rf;uGJ[k qkdaomfvnf; oli,fcsif;vnf;[kwfonf/
t&G,f&vmaomtcg
w&m;aqG;aEG;bufawG
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w&m;aqG;aEG;&m XmerSmvnf; onftdrfBuD;xJrSmyJ jzpfonf/
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w&m;ukd em;rvnfvkdYyJ/ ig olwpfyg; a,mufsm; rdef;rqkdom r&Sdbl;/ vl
ow0grSeforQ cEmig;yg; tpkta0;BuD;wpfckyJ/ o[maMumifh y&rw
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vmprf;qkdrS vmrSmayghuG}}
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
439
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442
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443
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444
cifcifxl;
(28)
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445
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447
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449
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451
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onfausmufom;rIdjzLyGifhBuD;ukd tNrJjrifawGYaecJh&ygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
452
cifcifxl;
bk&m;0wfjyKNyD;aomtcg uRefrwkdYonf jrpfurf;yg;ukd usm;uef

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uRefru jrpfukd jzwfwkdufvmaom avukd w0BuD;SLIdufvkdufygonf/
at;jrvwfqwfaom jrpfavwGif &eHYwpfrsdK; ygaeovkd cHpm;&ygonf/
ayguftkdbk&m;0if;twGif;&Sd ayguftkdewfukd uefawmh&if; taruawmh
qkawGawmif;aeonfaum/ bk&m;0if;twGif;wGif pwdewfuGef;uav;om
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ayguftkdbk&m;utjyefwGif uRefrwkdYvSnf;ukd &GmxJu tarharmif
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
453
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OD;cspfjrwdkYtdrfwGif uRefrwkdY vufzuf&nfaomufaecsdefwGif uRefra':BuD;
a':ykd;MuL aygufcsvmygawmhonf/
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a':BuD;ykd;MuLESihf OD;cspfjrwkdY armifESrrSm uRefrwkdYbGm;bGm;BuD;
r,frl,m\ ajr;rsm;jzpfygonf/ OD;cspfjru pum;enf; at;aq;oavmuf
a':BuD;ykd;MuLrSm a&yufr0ifatmif pum;tvGefrsm;ol jzpfygonf/
pum;0kdif;wGif olyg0ifaevQif wjcm;olrsm; toHrwkd;awmhyg/ tckvnf;
uRefrwkdYpum;0kdif;wpfckvHk; olu tykdifpD;xm;awmh\/
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
454
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&ufpufo,f/ 'gayodat "mwfyHkzkd;u awmfawmfyg[Jh? tv,fw,f

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cyfBuD;BuD;ukd qkdvkdrSef; uRefrodxm;awmh r*Fvmaqmif vufzGJYjyef&mwGif
,yfawmif? yef;pnf; pojzifh rurf;bJ tv,fwnfyef;uefawGrsm;
jyefurf;avovm;? 'gqkd aiGawmfawmfukefrSmaygh/
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qkdwmukd uRefroabmaygufoGm;&ygonf/ t,fvfbefukd tv,fwnf
yef;uef [kqkdaom a':BuD;ykd;MuLukd Munfh uRefrrSm tlwufrwwf
&,fvkdufrdygonf/ a':BuD;ykd;MuLonf t&m&mESihf taMumif;aMumif;
qkdonfhtxJu jzpfonf/ a':BuD;ykd;MuLwdkY nDrti,fqHk;u NrdKUrSmaeonf/
tqifhtwef;&Sd&Sd t&m&Sduawmf jzpfaomaMumifh csrf;csrf;omom aeEkdifonf/
nDr&Sd&m NrdKUrsm;okdY a':BuD;ykd;MuLu rMumcPqkdovkd vkdufvnfwwf
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um;rSeftaygufrS acgif;xkd;0ifum um;xJokdY 0rf;vsm;arSmuf 0ifcsvkdufzkdY
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
455
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avmuf&Sdonfh OD;acgif;u tpdwfawmif;jzpfoGm;&onftxd acgif;BuD;oGm;rd
onf[k wifpm;jcif; jzpf\/ bBuD;pHay: a&m*gtonf;toefjzpfwkef;u
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&Gma&mufaomtcg a':BuD;ykd;MuLu ckepftdrfMum; &SpftdrfMum; atmf[pf
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
456
cifcifxl;
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a':BuD;ykd;MuLukdMunfhum uRefrtawG;0ifaepfwGif
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wpfoDBuD; &Gwfavawmhonf/
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uRefrwkdYe,frS vlrsm;onf wpfpHkwpf&maom 'ku? a&m*ga0'em
pojzifh &SdvmvQif ayguftdkewfukd wpfpHkwpf&mquf ar;jref;Muonfh"avh
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
457
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wGif uRefrwkdYxkdifaepfrSmyif ausmfpdef0if;u uRefrzdeyfESpfbufukd vmay;
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qkdonf/ uRefrwkdYom;trdukd a':BuD;ykd;MuLu OD;cspfjrESihftNydKif xrif;vk
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
458
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auR;aeonf/ uRefrwkdYrSm [kdtdrfpm;&rvkd onftdrfpm;&rvkdESihf aemufqHk;

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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
459
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
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(29)
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vdrfh/ uRefrtpfrrrpef;\ toufwGufyHkukdyif zswfceJ owd&vkdufrd
ygonf/
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arG;omyJat ... tJonfaeYu *s'kdif;u bkd;ndKarmifBuD;awmif tdrfa&mufvm
ao;owJh/ [kdat bmo,fh a&awG azmif;um;ukef;jrKyfo,fhESpfo,hfath?
tarajymomyJ wGufMunhfaygh}}
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r[kwfvm;/ acsmif;qif;&Gm twufurf;yg;uawmh rwfapmufvGef;vkdY
tawmfhukd ukef;kef;wuf&ygonf/ [kdwkef;uawmh &Gmuav;u urf;ESihftnD
avSOD;wkdufjzpfaomfvnf; tckawmh taemufawmif,Gef;,Gef;qD a&mufoGm;
ovkdvkd uRefrpdwfxJ xifrd\/
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uRefrwkdY c&D;pfvrf;Tef Tourguide rrxkduf ajymjyygonf/
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taru acsmif;qif;&Gm rMumcP rD;avmifwwfaMumif; ajymjcif;
jzpf\/ uRefrodrDcJhonfyif rD;avmifwm oHk;Budrf&SdoGm;ayNyD/ uRefrwkdY
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&Gmqkdaomfvnf; rD;avmifawmh a&rvG,fwmvnf; xl;qef;vSonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
464
cifcifxl;
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uRefrwkdYa&mufoGm;awmh
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rrtkef;pdefu
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uRefrpdwfxif q,fESpfq,fhig;ESpfavmufyif &Sda&mhrnf/ uRefrukd
wtHhwMoBuD; Munfhum qkdavonf/
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jzpfaevkdufomat wu,fhukd rdef;rBuD;usvkdY}}
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uRefronf tkyfqkd;vkduf? acsmvmvkdufESihf oHk;yefvSjzpfaewwfonf/
ukdBuD;oef;aX;\ orD;taxG;qHk;uav; 0if;tdukd uRefr tckrSyif
jrifzl;ygonf/ 0if;tdonfvnf; uRefrukd tckrSyif jrifzl;onfrkdY rsufawmif
rcwfpwrf; Munhfaeygonf/ wlrav;0if;tdyif tysdKaygufruav;
jzpfaeNyD/ rEav;ESihf acsmif;qif; taera0;vSaomfvnf; b0awGu
jcm;vSyguvm;/
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onfvkd rxifrdbl; wDyD,kd rif;orD;awGvkd aerSmyJxifrdomawmhf}}
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vSomyJ ... tar usKyf rrxl;wkdYvmom rdvHk;wkdY oGm;<um;csnfOD;r,f}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
465
cifcifxl;
0if;tdu ajymajymqkdqkdjzifh &GmxJajy;xGufoGm;ygonf/ uRefr i,fi,f

uvnf; onfvkdyif/ &GmrSm tNidrfhyGJ? ZmwfyGJ&SdvQif rif;orD;uav;awGukd
oGm;oGm;MunhfNyD; jriforQ tdrfjyefajym&onfrSm tarm/ awm"avh?
awmobm0t& 0wfaumif;pm;vSESihf xl;xl;qef;qef;uav;awGjrifvQif
ai;armcHkrifwwfMuonfh py,fzl;p ZD;a,mif;ruav;rsm; taMumif;ukd ]yGJ}
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0wKwkdwpfyk'f
cs,f&Dr*Zif;wGif
uRefra&;cJhzl;ygonf/
ukdBuD;oef;aX;wkdYtdrfrS tarhtpfrwpf0rf;uGJrsm;jzpfaom BuD;awmfvS&ifESihf
BuD;awmfjrusifwkdYtdrfbuf ul;vmcJhMuygonf/
]]armifwif0if;u tarhnDrawGeJY *ifh*Japs;xJ awGYcJho,fajymawmh
igjzifh ukd,fhem;ukd,fawmif r,Hkrdbl; ... aMomf NrdKUpdwfaygufukefMuy[Jh
&,fvkdY &ifxJemaerdom&,f ... iwkdYqDvnf; vmr,fvkdY rxifcsufawmh}}
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BuD;awmfESpfa,mufu tNydKiftqkdifikdawmh taruyg vkdufikdonf/
BuD;awmforD;rsm;uvnf;
BuHKwkef;BudKufwkef;
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tm;awG
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a':a':wkdY rxl;wkdYvmom aemufaygufawGeJY qufrdomayghAsm}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
466
cifcifxl;
armifarmifwif0if;u Mum;0ifvkdufawmhrS ikdyGJukd&yfum &,fyGJukd

pavonf/ &,fyGJprdjyefawmhvnf; onfnDtpfrawGMum; a&yufr0ifawmh/
w0g;0g; w[m;[m; &,fvkdufMu&if;u tifhceJ xidkcsifikdMujyefonf/
olwkdYwpfawG\ a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;Mum;xJ uRefr0ifrygawmhbJ
&Gmtaemufykdif;&Sd bBuD;oDwkdYtdrfbuf xGufcJhygonf/ bBuD;oDonf
uRefrwkdYi,fi,f q,fhESpfyGJtkd;a&mif;cJhMupfu uRefrwdkYrdom;pkESihftwl
q,fhESpfyGJvkdufcJhaom
aps;vkyfom;BuD;jzpf\/
pdwf&if;oabm&if;
aumif;oavmuf tvGefkd;om;jzLpifvSojzifh uRefru tifrwefcifygonf/
uRefrwkdYi,fi,fu jrif;jcHwGif 12rkcf bk&m;yGJESihf ESpfusdyf&Spfqlbk&m;yGJ
rsm;ukd yGJawmftcif;tusif;rsm;jzifh wcrf;wem; usif;yavh &SdMuygonf/
ZmwfkHBuD;rsm;? rsufvSnfhyGJ? qyfuyfyGJkHBuD;rsm;? MunfhcsifyGJ tHhyGJrsm;?
aps;qkdifwef;rsm;jzifh wpfvukd;oDwif; qif,ifusif;ywwf\/ onfyGJawmf
&ufwpfavQmufvHk; w&m;a'oemawmf a[mMum;onfh w&m;yGJrsm;uvnf;
wpfvukd;oDwif;yif &Sdaewwfygonf/ q&mBuD; OD;vSodef;? MumeDuef
q&mawmf OD;Z#dv? AsdKif;em;q&mawmf OD;0dvmo ponfh w&m;a[m
q&mawmfBuD;rsm;rSm jrif;jcHBudKuf w&m;em,lvkdMuaom q&mawmfBuD;rsm;
jzpfyg\/ xkdpfu w&m;yGJrsm;ukd vlBuD;rsm;omru vli,fvl&G,frsm;u
vnf; w&m;r@yfBuD;xJwGif w&m;em,lwwfMuonf/ r@yfBuD;ESihftjynfh
pnfum;okdufNrdKufvGef;vSojzifh w&m;yGJrodrf;rcsif; NrdKUawmfodef;atmif?
a&Tref;obif?
rif;om;
OD;atmifarmif;BuD;\om;
atmifaevif;?
yefwsmMunfvif ponfh ZmwfyGJrsm;yif ZmwfxGufr&cJh[k qkdMuygonf/
uRefrwkdY pfYtkd;qkdifBuD;rSm tkd;wef;bufwGif zGifhvSpfxm;aomfvnf;
naeapmif;vQif
w&m;yGJESihf
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
467
cifcifxl;
0g;uyfMurf;rsm;cif; tkd;ykwf? csdK;kyfuav;rsm;rStp aomufa&tkd;?

[if;tkd;? pfYtkd;pfYcGufrsm;ukd wpfykdifwpfEkdifqkdovkd vmyHka&mif;Muonf/
onfvkd vmyHka&mif;wkdif; bBuD;oDESihf uRefrwkdY armifESrwpfawGu
qkdifcGJxGufMu&ygonf/ taru uav;i,fESihfrkdY yifrpfYtkd;qkdifBuD;rSmyJ
txkdifESihfa&mif;onf/ bBuD;oDu zsifykqkd;wkdwkdygatmif0wf zsifwbuf
acgif;aygif;BuD;ESihf ykdufqHta<uaphrsm; xnfhxm;onfh zsifvG,ftdwfuav;
wpfvHk; vnfyif;qGJum a&mif;&if;u ttrf;tawm vkyfyHkukdvnf;
uRefrrsufpdxJ tckxd jrifa,mifaerdygao;onf/
]]bBuD;oD iSufaysmyGJ tkef;yGJu b,favmufvJ}}
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onfbufu csdK;kyfrnf;rnf;BuD;awGu wpfrwfaemf rxl; ... a[h
armifapmvif; tJonf pfYyef;pkduftkd;uav;awGu aps;csif;rwlbl;uG,fh
aemf ... aps;0,fvm&if bBuD;ukdjy tkyfMunfhNyD; a&mif;&rSm ... armif0if;Ekdif
rif;tJonfem; rxdkifeJY aps;0,f&yfo,hfae&m ab;em;qkwfxkdif at;at; ...}}
ajrBuD;ay:u uyfMurf;cif;aps;qkdifuav;qkdaomfvnf; tvGefa&mif;vkdY
aumif;cJhonf/ uRefru awmif;BuD;wpfvHk;xJ aumufkd;rQifrsm;ESihf
pkacGxnfhvmaom uav;upm;p&m tkd;ykwfcsdK;kyfuav;rsm;ukd cif;&
usif;& jyifqifay;&onf/ aq;a&mifpHkuav;rsm; jc,foxm;aom
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rsm;? iSufaysmoHk;zD; tkef;oD;wpfvHk; uefawmhyGJuav;rsm; pojzihf
uRefrtjrif uRefrpdwful;,fovkd wGJzufNyD; a&mifpHktkd;ykwfaps;onfuav;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
468
cifcifxl;
b0ukd MumeDuefq&mawmf\ w&m;aw;oHrsm;Mum;rSm uRefrjzwfoef;cJh&zl;

onfaum/
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ref;av;uwJh}}
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wpfa,muf rwfwwfx&yfvkdufonfukd uRefr bGm;bGm;BuD;awGYvkduf&
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Owkra&G; xlxlxJxJaygif;xm;qJ/ zdeyfryg? ausmAvmjzifh csnfykqkd;Murf;ukd
wkdwkdygatmif0wfNyD; vufwpfbufuvnf; EGm;EkdYyHk;BuD;ukd qGJvsuf/
uRefrukd aMumiftrf;trf;BuD;ESihf awGMunhfaeonf/ uRefruvnf; bmrQ
rajymbJ onftwkdif;BuD; &yfae&if;u &,fcsifvmrd\/
]]rdef;uav;u b,folwHk;uGJY}}
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... uRefrwkdY 12 rkcf bk&m;yGJoGm;NyD; tkd;ykwfa&mif;Mu&atmifav}}
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
469
cifcifxl;
om;awG orD;awGukd olYvkdjzpfrSm pkd;&SmvGef;vkdY ... ukdboDES,f usKyfu

usKyfom;orD;awGukd acwfynmwwfBuD;awG jzpfapcsifvkdY NrdKUukd ajymif;om?
usKyfqif;&J&if wpfb0ayghAsm? usKyfom;orD;awGu ajcmufa,mufqkdawmh
ajcmufb0av? usKyfjzifh yef;o,fukd rxifrdbl;? olwdkYbGJY"mwfyHk usKyftdrf
csdwf&&ifukd usKyfaoaysmfNyDo,fhav ... tif; olYqE jynhfoGm;&SmNyDaygh ...
bBuD;ujzifh O',u rrdxkdufwkdYvmwkdif; nnf;wkdYwpfawGukd ar;&om
tarm}}
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vkdufac:onf/ bBuD;oDu npfvufp EGm;EkdYyHk;BuD;ukdcsum uRefrESihf
vkdufvm&if; tarhukd EIwfqufonf/ uRefru bBuD;oDESihfwuG
BuD;awmfrsm;ukdyg "mwfyHkkdufawmh olwkdYwpfawGu &SufaeMuao;\/
pum;pjrnfqkdwmuvnf; tpwpfpqGJxkwfvkdufvQifyif wpfoDwpfwef;BuD;
ygvmwwfonf rIwfvm;/ aeyif &ifhpjyKvmNyD/ uRefrwkdY a&ykvJ (&GmykvJ)
bufukd ul;&OD;rnfrkdY pum;pawGukd renf;jzwf&onf/
BuD;awmfwkdY tdrf0kdif;BuD;xJrSm wpfpkwpfa0; a&mufaeMuonfh
aqGrsdK;tkyfBuD;ukd EIwfquf&if; uRefrwkdY a&ykvJbufokdY vSnf;jzifh ul;zkdY
jyifMu&onf/ uRefrwkdYom;trdu xkdifuefawmhaomtcg tvmwkef;uvkd
yif &ifbwfpnfwD; ikdMujyefavonf/ BuD;awmfu uRefrtwGuf trSwfw&
rSeftdrfa[mif;uav;wpfvHk; vufaqmifay;onf/
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MumMumrawGYvkduf&ygbl;[Jh ... wuwnf; wapx{nhfcHvkduf&o,hftwkdif;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
471
cifcifxl;
... tkd tazwkdY OD;av;uHwdkYa& ... usKyfwkdYvufxuf aqGrsdK;a0;Mu&ygNyD

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tarhrSm pdwfraumif;jcif;BuD;pGmjzifh rsuf&nfrsm; usae&Smonf/
uRefrwkdY vSnf;aemufu bBuD;oDtygt0if aqGOMo rsdK;OMoBuD;u
&GmtxGuftxd vkdufykdYygonf/ bBuD;oDu EkdY,kdawG wpfxkyfBuD;
ay;vkdufonf/ uRefruawmh BuD;awmfwkdYtdrfpnf;Mum;wGif csdwfxm;aom
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vufaqmif&cJhwmukdyJ 0rf;omaerdygonf/ vomrSeftdrfuav;onf 'kwd,
urmppfwkef;u ppfolemjyKq&mruav;rsm; ukdifaom rSeftdrfuav;rsm;ESihf
cyfqifqifwlygonf/ pnf;kd;wGif csdwfxm;aomfvnf; uRefrwkdY tjyef
vufaqmifay;onfhtcg BuD;awmfvS&ifu rSeftdrfuav;ukd zkefawG
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a&eHqDaygo,fhacwfwkef;uayghat ... naewkdif&if ajymif;wkduf&omtarm
... rD;pmxkwf&omvnf; tarm ... rD;pmrsm;uRrf;oGm;&if taru vS&ifa&
ac:awmhomyJ ... tif; trSwf&p&muav;[Jh}}
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Muonf/ xef;oD;xef;ckdifrsm; NrdKifvsuf? &if;axmif&if;qGJ jrLtkd;uav;awG
pD&&DcsdwfqGJvsuf tnmaus;vuf\ okyfazmfyef;csDum;wpfcsyfyif jzpfawmh
\/ vrf;wpfavQmufvHk;vnf; aemufxyfpkdufysdK;xm;aom orD;vSt&G,f
xef;yifaygufuav;rsm;ukd awGY&onf/ xef;yifukd cGxm;aom xef;ywfcG
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
472
cifcifxl;
uav;rsm;rSm xef;&Gufuav;rsm;ukd vufjzifhyifhwifay;aeouJhokdY vnfyif;

tkd;uav;ESihf wlygonf/
]]tkd;bkdukef;u tdrfajcenf;oGm;o,fxifw,faemf oef;aX;}}
]][kwfo,f ... &ykvJajrmufykdif; ajymif;oGm;Muomav aomifBuD;
xGef;vmawmh jrpfeJYa0;oGm;omvnf; ygomaygh}}
tkd;bkdukef; (tkd;zkwfukef;) &Gmuav;rSm a&ykvJ&GmESihf acsmif;dk;uav;
omjcm;ygonf/
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onfae&mwGif
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wGifwGifus,fus,f vkyfcJhzl;onfqkd\/ uRefrwkdYvSnf;ukd tkd;bkdukef;&Gmxdyf
cP&yfvkdufygonf/ acsmif;kd;uav;\ wpfbufwGif ukef;abmifacwf\
rD;SL;wefaqmif ynm&SdokcrdefBuD; a,mrif;BuD;OD;bkd;vIdif\Zmwd a&ykvJ&Gm
(&GmykvJ&Gm) uav;ukd txif;om; vSrf;jrifvkduf&ygonf/ acsmif;pyf
urf;yg;xdyfwGif NydKysufusaeaom tkwfbk&m;uav;oHk;qlrSm a,mrif;BuD;
wnfoGm;cJhaom bk&m;oHk;ql[k a'ocHwkdYu qkdygonf/ jrpfvufwufcGJ
acsmif;wdrfwpfbufurf;okdY
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uRefrwkdY wufvkdufMuygonf/ onfavSuav;\ ul;wkdYorm;rSm touf
ESpfq,fcefYrQom&Sdao;aom aumifav;wpfa,mufjzpf\/ avSukd acsmif;xJ
rSae vufjzifh qGJay;oGm;jcif;jzifh wpfbufurf;okdY uRefrwkdY a&mufoGm;Mu
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a&ykvJonf a,mrif;BuD;\ Zmwd&GmrkdY a,mrif;BuD;\ twKywd
ausmufpmwkdifBuD;&Sdonf/ txufwef;ausmif;&Sdonf/ vufzuf&nfqkdif
uav;rsm;? pwkd;qkdifuav;rsm;&Sdonf/ vlaetdrfajcrsm;NyD; pnfum;aom
&GmBuD;wpf&GmyJjzpf\/ uRefrwkdYonf tazha':av;wpf0rf;uGJ tarBuD;opf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
473
cifcifxl;
wkdYtdrfwGif em;vkdufMuygonf/ tarBuD;opfrSm toufukd;q,fqkdawmh

tdyf&mxJ wacGacGESihf ae&aomfjim; O',bufrS tvSLoH? bk&m;yGJausmif;yGJ
oHMum;vQif vkdufaeqJ oGm;vmaeqJ[k qkdygonf/ om;orD;rsm;u
tarBuD;opfukdayGYcsD jrpful;acsmif;jcm; vkdufykdYMu&onfqkdojzifh &Gmpdwf
&yfpdwf BuD;vGef;vSaom tazha':av;ukd uRefr wtHhwMo &Sd&ygonf/
]]b,folawGwHk;[Jh}}
uRefrwkdYtoHMum;ojzihf
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tdyf&may:wGif
acGae&mrS
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&ifbwfukdvufjzifhzdvsuf pum;rqkdEkdifao;bJ wkef&Daeavonf/
]]tr,fav; ... arQmfwkef;arQmfqJ armifzkef;a&mufvm qkdovkdyJ tckwif
tdyf&may:acG&if; armifndKwkdY r,fcifwdkYom;trdtaMumif; awG;aeom&,f
ath tif; tif; a&TusD;&,fom vmygawmh ukdndK ukdndK ... vmygawmh ukdndK
ukdndK ...}}
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jyvkdufygao;onf/ uRefri,fpfuawmh tarBuD;opfwkdY O',&GmrSmyJ
&SdMuao;onf/ uRefr &Gmjyefwkdif; tarBuD;opf &ufuef;cwf&mokdY oGm;
ai;wwfygonf/ tarBuD;opf\ &ufuef;xnfrSm uRefrwkdYe,fwGif
emrnft&qHk;? taumif;qHk;[k qkdMuygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
474
cifcifxl;
]]a':av;opf &ufay;vkdufo,fh zsifxnfuav;rsm; 0wfvdkY

aumif;csufawmh aEG&,f rdk;&,f aqmif;&,f pf;pm;ae&omrIwfbl; ...
b,ftcsdef aumuf0wf0wf tqifukdajyvkdYAsm ... igjzifh acwfxnfawGeJY
awmif rvJEkdifaygif pkwfoGm;o,fhaemufawmif 0wfcsifaewkef;&,f}}
tazuawmh avSolBuD;oufwrf;wpfavQmufvHk; tarBuD;opf\
zsifxnfrsm;jzifh NyD;&oljzpfonf/ tarBuD;opfonf O',&GmolppfppfBuD;
jzpfovkd tarBuD;opf\tdrfom; bBuD;barmifrSmvnf; O',&Gmom;BuD;yJ
jzpf\/ a'G;av;nD? ba'G;aygESihf t&D;wkd;MunfwkdYonfvnf; O',arG;?
O',BuD;olawGcsnf;yif/ xl;qef;onfrSm om;orD; oHk;a,mufpvHk;
a&ykvJol? a&ykvJom;rsm;ESihf tdrfaxmifusMuonf/ bBuD;barmif
r&Sdonfhaemuf
tawmfMumMumtxd
tarBuD;opfu
&GmrSmyJ
ukwfukwfuwfuwf wpfa,mufwnf; aecJhygao;onf/ aemufawmhvnf;
orD;awGaemuf vkduf&awmhonf/
bBuD;barmifonf zsm; em aoqHk;&jcif;r[kwfbJ olYuH
olYtaMumif;w&m;ESihfol BudK;qGJcsaoqHk;oGm;jcif;jzpf\/ tarBuD;opfwkdY
tdrfaxmifh&Sd yJarSmfwkduf (yJarSmfwifonfhpif) uav;xJwGif xkwfwef;
BudK;wef;vef;jzifh aoqHk;oGm;cJhaom bBuD;barmifukd tarBuD;opfu
rauseyfcJhyg/ jcpfjcpfjcKwfjcKwfjzifh aqmufxm;cJh&aom yJarSmfwkduf
topfusyfcRwfBuD;ukdyg bBuD;barmif oN*K[fonfhaeYu NzdKzsufypfvkduf&
aomaMumifhyif/ 'gu &GmxHk;pHjzpfonf/ r*Fvmr&Sdonfh taqmuftOD;ukd
zsufqD;&onfcsnf;jzpf\/ rzsufvQif &Gmemonf[k ,HkMunfMuolawGjzpf\/
bBuD;barmiftwGuf &ufvnfqGrf;roGwfrD wpf&ufu tarBuD;opfukd
taumiftxnfrjrif&bJ vmajcmufonf[kqkd\/ tarBuD;opf &ufuef;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
475
cifcifxl;
cwfonfhae&m aemufausm&Sd xef;vufrsm;ukd NcdK;NcdK;cRwfcRwfESihf vIyfum

ajcmufonf/ e*kdu rauseyfonfhtcH&Sdaeaom tarBuD;opfu qwfqwf
ygatmifx&yfwJhNyD; cg;ESpfbufukdaxmuf xef;vufajcmufrsm;ukd vufndK;
aigufaiguf xkd; &efaxmifonf/
]]tvkdawmf ukdbarmif awmfhukdusKyf auseyfrSwfovm;[if ... qGJBudK;
csp&m ae&m&Sm;vkdYawmf usKyfyJarSmfwkdufay:rS ao&o,fvkdY omuav;
aqmuf&om b,favmufukefrSef; awmfod&ufom;eJY oufouf,kwfrmom
awmfh[mawmf awmxJawmifxJu opfyifBuD;awGay:u ckefcsyga&mvm;awmhf
oGm; oGm; usKyfqDrvmeJY awmfhukd usKyfpdwfqkd;o,f vGrf;zkdYrajymeJY
aoQmifawmif aqmifhqGJvkdufcsifao;o,f wuwnf;awmf awmfhES,f
jzpfrSjzpf&yavo,f}}
tarBuD;opfu awmufawmufcg;cg; &efaxmifvTwfvkdufNyD;onfh
aemufrSmawmh bBuD;barmifwapu pdwftemBuD;emoGm;yHk&um vHk;0
vmrajcmufawmh[k
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wu,fhukd
a'gif;wdarmif;wd
EkdifvGef;vSaom tnmolrBuD;um; toufukd;q,ft&G,ftxd pdwfawG
xefqJ oefqJ jrefqJyJ jzpfonf/
]]rnD nnf;wkdY ESrf;ukdifaeomvm;}}
]][kwfo,f ESrf;jzLwpfuGufBuJvkdufom nnf;pm;csif&if ,loGm;awmf}}
tarESihf a'G;av;nDwkdYrSm wpf&Gmwnf;ol i,foli,fcsif;awGvnf;
jzpfonf/ taronf awmoljzpfonfhtavsmuf awmpmukd tvGefrufonf/
uRefrwkdYtdrfwGif yJiydjyKwfonfhtkd;BuD;&Sdonf/ &GmrS wpfESpfwpfcg vSrf;ykdY
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
476
cifcifxl;
wwfaom yJrsm;ukdjyKwf ukd,fwkdif yJiydvkyfonf/ ESrf;ukdvnf; a&pdrf

tcGHcRwfum avSmfxm;wwfonf/ ajryJawmifhawG? MuufoGefawG? yJawG
qkdwmrsm; tdwfawGawmif;awGESihftjynfh/ i,fpfuwnf;u tusifhvkd
jzpfaeojzifh uRefrwkdYwpfrdom;pkvHk;rSm yJrygvQif xrif;rpm;wwfovkd
jzpfaeMuNyD/ tnmoltnmom;rsm; yJtvGefpm;Muygonf/
]]tarBuD;opfukd uRefr aq;zkd;uefawmhygw,f}}
uRefrwkdYom;trd uefawmhaom ykdufqHrsm;ukd tarBuD;opfu ezl;wGif
uyfvkdufvSefvkdufjzifh ewfqufovkdvkyf&if; aysmfaeygonf/
]]ighajr;u uefawmho,fhykdufqHeJY armfvrif;oGif;vkduf&OD;r,f rao
ao;aygif rdopfwkdY raoao;aygif ukdbarmifa& awmfuawmh ao&Gmuae
rdopfukd tjrifuwfavmufa&mayghawmf}}
tarBuD;opfonf oli,fjyefaejcif;r[kwfyg/ wpfoufvHk; aysmfaysmfae
wwfcJholrkdY touf&Snfaeava&mhovm;rod/ ESJrIwf&GmbufokdY ul;&OD;rnfrkdY
uRefrwkdY &GmxJ&SdaqGrsdK;rsm;ukd uokwfu&ufyif ykqdefayguf vkdufEIwfquf
&ygonf/ ausmif;q&m OD;wif0if;? ukdBuD;atmifoef;? reDESihf q&mMunfwkdY
tdrfvnf; wpfatmifhwpfcP/ touf (100) ausmf bkd;ajym (OD;ajymrEkdif)
ESihf bkd;qkd (OD;qkdrEkdif) wkdYukdvnf; 0ifuefawmhMuygonf/ bkd;ajymESihf
bkd;qkdwkdY
rdom;pkrSm
w&m;bm0emrsm;
tm;xkwfMuvGef;ojzifh
pfYtkd;xJuqefrsm;yif tvkdvkd a0uszl;onf[k qkdygonf/ pYftkd;ay:
armufwufvmaom qefrsm;rSm ykd;wDaumifuav;rsm;vkdyif wzGm;zGm;
wufvmonf[k jrif&olwdkif;u ajymoHMum;zl;onf/ bkd;ajym? bkd;qkd?
a':BuD;cifar? a':BuD;at; wkdYrSm tarhbufu trsdK;rsm; jzpfMuygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
477
cifcifxl;
&Gmtaemufzsm;&Sd a,mrif;BuD; wnfaqmufcJhonfqdkaom wpfykdif;wpfp

tkwfausmif;&mBuD;ukdvnf; wav;wpm; MunfndKpdwfjzifh uRefr oGm;Munhf
cJhygao;onf/ a&ykvJ&Gmu uRefrwkdY xGufvmMuawmh taemuf
rkd;aumif;uifwGif wdrfawGawmufvsuf&Sd\/ wpfaeYvHk; ylxm;aom
aomifukef;BuD;ukdjzwf
ESJrIwf&Gm
(vSnf;rSL;&Gm[kvnf;
qkdMu\)
ukda&mufawmh uRefrwkdY ajcawGvufawGyif ro,fcsifawmh/ uRefrwkdY
a&mufa&mufcsif;qkdovkdyif a':av;wifru pm;p&mawG auR;awmhonf/
]]aeYv,fBuD;uwnf;u arQmfaeom wuwnf; rkd;csKyfcsufawmhf}}
pm;&if;aomuf&if;jzifhyif uRefrwkdY uwkdufukduf pum;ajymMu&onf/
a':av;wifrrSm tarBuD;r,foefY\nDr tarESif;at;uarG;aom orD;
jzpfonf/ a':av;wifr\cifyGef; OD;MunfrSm ESJrIwf&Gmom;jzpf\/
onfvkdESihf uRefrwkdY aqGawGrsdK;awG &GmpftESHY jyefYBuJukefMujcif;
jzpfavonf/
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...
ukdav;b&ifwkdY
rraomif;wkdYukd
iwkdY
vmo,fomajymvkdufygawmhat ... rkd;csKyfrSmpkd;vkdY &GmxJrvnfawmhbl;at}}
]]vkyfNyD rrjrwifwkdY[mu ... onftwkdif;BuD; jyefoGm;vkdYuawmh cuf&
csnfh? wpfnwpfav tdyfOD;rSaygh ... reufus usKyf apmapmvkdufykdYyghr,f
awmf}}
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qif;*GwfoGm;&OD;rSm ... [kdu armifoef;pkd;trsdK;awGukd vSrf;rSmNyD;om;&,f}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
478
cifcifxl;
rrxkdufu Mum;0ifajymaomtcg a':av;wifru EIwfcrf;pl

aeavonf/ tjyefwGif ESJrIwf&GmaomifpGef;a&mufawmh arSmif&DysdK;pjyKaeNyD/
jrpfurf;ajc oJpyfpyf a&pyfpyfukd jzwfeif;um uRefrwdkY &GmwnfhwnfhqDukd
avQmufvmcJhMuonf/
reufwkef;qDu
ukdBuD;wifa&TrSmvkdufaom
yJBuD;cif;xdyfu ul;wkdYqdyfukdvnf; uRefrwkdY r&SmEkdiftm;yg/ a&qdyfrSae
ta&SUbufurf;qDokdY vuf0g;ESpfbufukd yg;pyftkyf [Gef;vkyfum
ukef;usHK;atmf&avawmhonf/ Mum;aomf&Sd rMum;aomf&Sd toHukef[pf&jcif;
jzpf\/
]]ukdBuD;wifa&T ... AsdK; ukdBuD;wifa&T avSul;cJhOD;AsdKU}}
wpfatmifhavmufaeawmh uRefrwkdY&GmbufqDrS avSuav;wpfpif;
xGufvmwm jrif&NyD/ aumif;uifxufwGif vqef;q,fhoHk;&uf va&mif
uav;u tvif;awG jzmxGufaeonf/ {&m0wDjrpfBuD;xJrSmvnf;
vwpfpif;ygvm;/ va&mifatmufu {&m0wDjrpfjyifrSm avSuav; pD;&OD;
awmhrnf/ uRefr tazhukd zsyfceJ owd&vkdufrd\/ avSuav;ay:rSmawmh
tm;vHk; NidrfoufaeMu\/ vGrf;aeMuwmrsm;vm;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
479
cifcifxl;
(30)
uRefrwkdY tdyf&muEkd;awmh armifoef;pkd;u vSnf;jyifaeonf/ tnmaEG
ylylrSm qufwkduf c&D;awGqufae&ojzifh yifyef;EGrf;e,fvSygonf/ okdYaomf
vnf; &GmuaqGrsdK;rsm;ESihfawGY&wkef; armonfyef;onf oabmxm;vkdY
rjzpfao;/ aemufwpfacgufqkdwm raocsm/ a&mufwkef;aygufwkef;
EIwfqufprf;csifvdkY txkyfwpfbuf xrf;vmcJhMuolawGyJ r[kwfvm;/
tckvnf; uRefrwkdYoGm;zkdY armifoef;pkd;u EGm;vSnf;jyifNyD;NyDav/ &GmrSmawmh
EGm;vSnf;onf uRefrwkdYNrdKUu ZdrfcHum;rsm;xuf ta&;ygygonf/
uefoif;abmifrsm;ukd oG,fumajrmifum jzpfcsifovkd jzpfaeonfh
vSnf;vrf;ayguf&m ajrrmrm zkefxlxl csdKifhaygayg awmvrf;c&D;wGif
EGm;vSnf;onfom taumif;qHk;/ opfom;bD;ESpfbD;ay:u vSnf;uyfMurf;
ay:
tapGYom;xkdifNyD;
EGm;vSnf;c&D;ESif&mvkduf&if;
ywf0ef;usif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
480
cifcifxl;
tnmaus;vuf Icif;rsm;ukd w0BuD;Munhf&onfh t&omrSm xl;uJvSygbd/

tnmreufcif;rSm jrLawG a0haeav\/
]]oef;pkd;a& odyfrkd;rcsKyfapeJYa[h ... aeeJYjyefcJh}}
BuD;awmfaiGMunfu aea&mifuav;&Sdwkef; jyefcJhMuzkdY vSrf;rSmvkduf
ao;onf/ vSnf;ay:wGif aomufa&tkd;wpfvHk;ESifh 0efpnfpv,f awmif;BuD;
wpfawmif;ygonf/ onfwpfcg uRefrwkdYtwGuf Tour guide u
rrxkduf r[kwfawmhyg/ uRefrwkdYoGm;Murnfh qif;*Gwf&GmrSm uRefr\
rwfawmfol armifoef;pkd;\ rdbrsm;&GmrkdY nDrjzpfol cifrmvGifwkdYrdom;pk
vkdufygvmcJhMuygonf/ uRefrwkdY&GmESifh qif;*Gwf&Gmonf ESpfwkdif (4)
rkdifausmfc&D; jzpfojzifh onfwpfcgawmh vSnf;w0BuD; pD;&ayawmhrnf/
uRefrwkdYonf uefawmf&GmukdjzwfNyD; ta&SUqDokdY axmifwufcJhMuygonf/
awmufyaom eHeufcif;aeESihf rsufESmcsif;qkdif/
em&D0ufomomavmuf vSnf;armif;vmvkdufawmh odrfwkdif&Gm&dyfukd
a&mufonf/ odrfwkdif&Gm&dyfwGif tvGefBuD;rm;aom opfyifBuD;rsm;u tnm
aEGukd tkdatppfuav;jzpfatmif zefwD;ay;xm;onf/ vufoD;qkyfavmuf
&Sdaom o&ufoD;pdrf;pdrf;BuD;awG wGJ&&GJikdufusaeaom o&ufyiftkyfBuD;
awGvnf; &Sdonf/ odrfwkdifacsmif;acsmufBuD;ukd wG,fukyf aygufaeMuaom
anmifyifBuD;rsm;? a&ozef;yifBuD;rsm;ESihf oajyyifBuD;rsm;uvnf; a0qm
tkyfqkdif;vsuf&Sdonf/ oajyyifBuD;wpfyifu acsmif;onfbufxdyfrS [kdbuf
xdyftxd wHk;vHk;BuD; vJus&Sifoefvsuf&Sdygonf/ onfopfyiftkyfBuD;
atmufwGif
bkd;BuD;eef;ESihf
wnf;ckdp&m
Z&yfwpfaqmifuvnf;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
481
cifcifxl;
oyfoyf&yf&yfESihf
em;ckdcsifp&maumif;vSonf/
t&yfckdif;NyD; "mwfyHkqif;kdufvkdufao;\/
uRefru
vSnf;ukd
vQdKBuD;a[mufyufay:u opfom;wHwm;uav;ukd jzwfarmif;aom

tcg uRefri,fpfu onfvQdKBuD;xJ vSnf;xkd;tqif;wGif vSnf;bD;wpfbD;
uRwfusNyD; vSnf;arSmufoGm;cJhzl;wmukd owd&vkdufrd ygonf/ [kdwkef;u
onfvQdKBuD;ukd jzwful;onfh tkwfwHwm;ysufBuD;ESifh qufET,faom
0wKwkduav;ukd uRefra&;cJh&m 0wKxJrS edrdwfyHkrsm;rSm onfae&muav;
yJjzpfonf/ 0wKwkduav;ukd ]tvGrf;wHwm;} [k uRefr trnfay;cJhygonf/
]]onfwHwm; jyifaqmufom MumNyDvm;[Jh}}
]]rMumao;aygif a':a':&,f ... usKyfwkdYjzifh vQdKBuD; ywfarmif;ae&
o,fh'kueJY eyrf;vHk;cJh&csufawmhf}}
odrfwkdif&GmrSxGufvQif vSnf;vrf;wpfavQmuf &Gmquf&,fvkdY r&Sdawmh
yg/ ywf0ef;usifwpfckvHk; tnmokyfukd azmfaqmifaeonfh jrifuGif;rsm;
csnf;jzpfonf/ &if;axmif? &if;qGJ? jrLtkd;wef;vef;ESihf xef;yifBuD;rsm;
uawmh Munfhav&mwkdif; &Sdaewwfonf/ yJcif;awGMum;xJwGif [kdwpfyif
onfwpfyif tkyftkyfqkdif;qkdif;ESifh toD;pdrf;awG ckdwGJaeaom o&ufyifBuD;
rsm;onfvnf; ae&mwum/ onfo&ufyiftkyfBuD;rsm;qDrS aus;iSuf
om&umwkdY
wGefusL;atmfjrnfoHuav;awGuvnf;
awmvrf;
wpfavQmufvHk; Mum;ae&ygonf/ OMo? a,mufzacG;ac:? quf&uf?
oydwfvG,f?
Muufwla&G;?
awmMuufuav;rsm;ukd
uRefrwkdY
vSrf;awGYae&onfaum/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
482
cifcifxl;
]]a[m[kd[m ra*gufpHo&ufyifBuD;rIwfvm;}}
cyfvSrf;vSrf;&Sd 0kdif;0kdif;jywfjywf pdrf;pdrf;arSmifaeonfh o&ufyifBuD;ukd
taruar;onf/ o&ufyifBuD;onf vSnf;vrf;ESihf cyfa0;a0; ukef;ajcmuf
BuD;ay:rSm&Sdonf/ teD;tem;wGif bmopfyifrSr&SdbJ txD;usefEdkifvGef;vS\/
onfo&ufyifBuD;ukd uRefrwkdYwpfe,fvHk;u ra*gufpHo&ufyif [kac:Mu
onf/ uRefrwkdYrarG;cifu ra*gufpHqkdaom trsdK;orD;wpfa,muf BudK;qGJcs
aooGm;cJhzl;aomaMumifh[kqdkygonf/
onfo&ufyifBuD;onf
uRefr
rSwfrdoavmuf b,faomtcgurS toD;roD;cJhaom o&ufkdif;yifBuD;yJ
jzpfonf/ okdYaomf NyD;cJhonfhwpfESpfavmufupNyD; o&ufyifBuD; toD;xoD;
ojzifh wtHhwMo jzpfMu&onf/ onftaMumif;ukd ra[oDr*Zif;wGif
]ra*gufpHo&uf} trnfjzifh 0wKwkdwpfyk'f uRefra&;cJhygonf/
c&D;ESpfrkdifavmufaygufvmawmh
ywf0ef;usif
Icif;rsm;onf
wr[kwfcsif; ajcmufaoGYajymif;vJoGm;ygonf/ zkefwvHk;vHk;xaeonfh
vSnf;vrf; wpfbufwpfcsufwGif &Sm;apmif;yif? wefaqmif;jymom'fyif?
ql;&pfyif? abmufyifrsm; ykdrkdxlxyfvmonf/ apmapmu pdrf;opfaom
ta&miftaoG;awGtpm; jzLazsmhazsmh? 0gajcmufajcmufta&mifawG vTrf;rkd;vm
\/
onfae&m
onfa'oonf
a&iefaomt&yfjzpfaomaMumifh
opfyifyef;yifrsm; rjzpfxGef;yg/ a&&Sm;? rkd;&Sm; ukef;acgifacgif tnm&Gm
uav;rsm;\ jrifuGif;uvnf; wpfrsdK;vSygonf/ onfbuf&Gmrsm;ukd
]Munf;awm} [kac: jrpfem;urf;em;&Sd uRefrwkdY&Gmrsm;ukd ]atmufawm} [k
ac:a0:oHk;pGJavh&SdMuonf/ bkd;oufrefusnf;yifyk[k trnfay;xm;onfh
refusnf;yifykuav;ukd
vGefvQif
ajrawGyufMum;tufvsuf&Sdaom
uGif;jyefYBuD;ukd uRefrwkdY jzwf&ygonf/ onfuGif;jyefYBuD;onf rkd;wGif;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
483
cifcifxl;
a&BuD;cgwGif
jrpfa&rkd;a&rsm;jzifh
azG;aewwfaomfvnf;
aEG&moDrSmawmh wu,fhukd tif;ajcmufBuD;yJjzpf\/
tckvkd
]][kd a&pnfvSnf;awGu b,f&GmawGuwHk;[Jh}}

tif;ajcmufuGif;jyefYBuD;xJwGif [kdwpfwGif; onfwpfwGif;wl;xm;aom
a&wGif;uav;awG&Sdonf/ a&cef;ajcmufcsdefwGif tawmif av;ig;q,fcefY
txd a&usoGm;wwfonf[k qkdonf/ &GmxufpmvQif a&0yfaomae&mrkdY
a&wGif;vmwl;um a&ukd vSnf;ESihf vmcyfMu&jcif;yif/
]]b,f&GmuvdrfhrwHk; ... usKyfwkdYodrfav;&GmuayghAsm;}}
armifoef;pkd;u wpfvrf;vHk; onfwpfcGef;yJ 0ifajymao;\/
odrfav;&GmqkdonfrSm usm;ukdif; (*s'kdif;)? [if;0wf (qif;*Gwf)? odrf&Gm?
rkd;ukef;
av;&Gmaygif;ukd
ac:jcif;jzpfonf/
usm;ukdif;tkyfpk[k
kH;trnfaygufaom xkdav;&GmxdyfwGif&Sdonfh ]odrfawmf&Sif} bk&m;\
wefcdk;awmfMumifh odrfav;&Gm[kom vlwkdYEIwfzsm; trnfwGifaeygonf/
tif;a[mufyufBuD;ukdvGefvQif twefi,f zkaomxpfaom ukef;rkdYrkdYuav;
ay: armhwuf&ygonf/ ukef;armhwuftNyD;rSmawmh acsmufxJ wpfzef
xkd;qif;&jyefonf/ onfacsmufvrf;u tauGYtaumufrsm;oavmuf
tvGefusf;ajrmif;aom vrf;uav;yJjzpf\/ vSnf;wpfpD;pmom&Sdaom
xkdvrf;uav;ukd
jzwfMu&onfhvSnf;wkdif;
rsufESmcsif;qkdifrdMuvQif
0efayghaomvSnf;u vSnf;cRwfum aemufjyefqkwfay;&onf/ vSnf;ESpfpD;
a&Smifomonfh ae&ma&mufonftxd qkwfum a&Smifay;&wwfygonf/
xkdYaMumifh vrf;wpfauGYa&mufwkdif; vloH? vSnf;oHay; w0l;0l;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
484
cifcifxl;
atmfMu&onf/ ]vSnf;vmo,fAsdK;} vkdY atmfolu atmfonf/ EGm;vnfyif;rS

jcLrsm;ukd qlatmif vIyfolu vIyfMu&onf/
]][Jh oef;pkd; [kdbufu 0l;xkd;aeo,f jyefatmfvkdufOD;av}}
uRefr\nDr cifrmvGifu olYa,mufsm; armifoef;pkd;xuf ESpfESpfcefY
BuD;ojzifh oef;pkd;[kyif EIwfusdK;ae[efwlygonf/ uRefr\rwf armifoef;pkd;
kd;vkduf SufwwfvkdufonfrSmvnf; uRefrwkdYa&SUrSm 0l;xkd;zkdYawmif tifrwef
0efav;aeyHk&\/ cifrmvGifu atmfvdkuf[pfvkdufawmhrS vSnf;OD;wGif
rwfwwf&yfum jyefatmfavonf/
]]onfvSnf;u vlckepfa,mufygo,f 0efrygbl;}}
]]wkdYvSnf;u 0efygo,f MuufoGeftdwfawGcsnf;yJ}}
[kdbufvSnf;u 0efygonfqkdawmh uRefrwkdYvSnf;u a&Smifay;&rnf/
onfvrf;usf;uav;\ vSnf;a&Smif"avhonfyif cspfp&maumif;aom
tnmpkduf jzpfayonf/ armifoef;pkd;u vSnf;ukd vSnf;OD;xdyfu
wGef;umwGef;um
aemufjyefqkwfonf/
csHKEG,fydwfaygif;rsm;&Sif;&m
ukef;ajyajyukd
armhwuf
vrf;z,fay;vkdufygonf/
onfawmhrS
wpfbufvSnf;u vrf;auGYuav;xJ armif;0ifvmonf/ vSnf;ay:wGif
MuufoGeftdwfawG wif;Murf;/ wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; nmwmMuwm jrefrmhpkduf
jzpfonf/ tcGifhta&;,lwmr&Sd/ Ekdifvkdrif;xufr&Sd/
]]{nfhonfawGrSwfo,f}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
485
cifcifxl;
uRefrwkdYukd vSrf;MunfhNyD; wpfbufvSnf;orm;u vSrf;EIwfqufonf/

uRefru ][kwfuJh} [k ajzvkdufaomfvnf; armifoef;pkd;ujzifh wkwfwkwfrQ
rvIyfyg/ MuufoGefvSnf;ausmfoGm;NyD;aemuf olYvSnf;ukd acsmufvrf;xJ
jyefcsum armif;xGufoGm;awmh\/ q&m odyHarmif0\ vSnf;orm;ESihfum;
wpfjcm;pDxJuyifjzpfonf/ armifvlat;\ vSnf;q&m armifb omqkdvQif
onfvrf;onfc&D;ukd b,favmufrsm; pum;vuFmawG zGJYEGJYvkdufavrvJ[k
uRefr awG;aerdygonf/ vSnf;q&marmifb rygaomfvnf; uRefrrSm tnm
IarQmfcif;vuFmwpfyk'fukd t&om&Sd&Sdzwf&if; vkdufygvmcJh&ovkd cHpm;&
ygonf/ uRefr &Gmjyefwkdif; vSnf;pD;&onfhpnf;pdrfukd twyfrufqHk;yJ
jzpfonf/
acsmufvrf; usf;ajrmif;ajrmif;av;ukdvGefvQif ajronf ykd rmaMum
uspfcJvmawmhonf/ ausmufp&pfajrjzpfojzifh vSnf;bD;Budwfvdkufwkdif;
wuspfuspfjrnfoHaMumifh uRefrrSm oGm;rsm;yif usdef;vmrdawmh\/
zkefckd;zkefaiGY zkefteHYtoufawGuvnf; ykdvIdifvmygonf/ vSnf;ay:wGif
ygvmolwkdif; zkefa&mifaygufaeMuonf/ qHyifarT;? rsufcHk;arT;? rsufawmif
arT;awGay:rSmvnf;
zkefawGuyfaewm
&,fp&mawmhaumif;om;/
ausmufp&pfajrrmvrf;twkdif; rdepfESpfq,fcefY armif;rdaomtcg qif;*Gwf
&GmokdY uRefrwkdY a&mufvmcJhMuygonf/
]]{nfhonfawG vmukefMuNyD vmukefMuNyD}}
a':0D\ tdrf0if;xJokdY uRefrwkdYvSnf; auGY0ifvkdufvQifyif wvif;jyif
wGif upm;aeMuaom uav;awGu xatmfvkduf\/ &GmxJ usm;0ifvmvkdY
uif;oHacsmif;acgufvkdufovkd tvefYvefY tzsyfzsyf xatmfvkdufaom
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
486
cifcifxl;
uav;awGukdMunfh&if; uRefrrSm &,fvkdufrdygonf/ aemufawmh [kdtdrf

onftdrfrS vlBuD;olrawG wtHkwcJBuD; xGufvmMuygonf/
]]tHr,fav; vmMu vmMu reufvif;ygNyDqkduwnf;u arQmfaeom
ygawmf}}
a':0Du
tajy;wpfykdif;yifxGufBudKonf/
onftdrf0if;BuD;rSm
armifoef;pkd;\tpfukd ukdoef;0if;\a,mur a':0DwkdYtdrf0if;BuD;jzpfonf/
uRef;yiftdrfESpfaqmifNydKifBuD;ESihf
tvGefBuD;rm;aom
tdrfBuD;yJjzpf\/
uRefrwkdY qif;*Gwf&Gmvmwkdif; pwnf;cs&mae&mvnf;jzpfygonf/ a':0D\
orD; raX;0if; (ukdoef;0if;\ZeD;) onf oGufvufcsufcsmoavmuf
{nfhcHuvnf; aumif;onf/ uRefrwkdYukd armifoef;pkd;ESihfEG,faom
aqGrsdK;rsm;[k oabmxm;um cifvkdufrifvkdufonfrSmvnf; tm;yifem,l&
onf/
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r,fqkdvkdY raeYuwnf;u [if;rSmNyD; csufjyKwfxm;Muom&,f? cPem;vkduf
MuOD; a&av;rkd;av; csdK;csifvnf;&o,f? a&wkdif&Sdo,f xrif;pm;aomuf
NyD;rS bk&m;oGm;Muomaygh}}
&Sif*spfum;qkdonfrSm armifoef;pkd;\tar a':apmGefYukd trnfay;
uifyGef;wyfxm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/
nDtpfrwpfawGxJwGif
tjrefqHk;?
tzswfvwfqHk;? ae&mwum a&SUta&mufqHk;olrkdY aqGaqGrsdK;rsdK;awGu
]rapmGefYujzifh wuwnf; *spfum;ygyJawmf} [k qkd&mu a':*spfum;[k
trnfwGifoGm;&jcif;yif/ trnfay;aumif;MuolawG r[kwfvm;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
487
cifcifxl;
Munf;awm&Gmuav;rsm;rSm ajcmufajcmufaoGYaoGYESihf tnmykdqefaom

&Gmuav;rsm;jzpfonf/ a&0ift&yfr[kwfaomaMumifh ajrpkdufwpfbuf&yf
tdrfuav;rsm;? oufu,fwJuav;rsm;jzifh tjrifwpfrsdK; qef;opfaeonf/
yljyif;ajcmufaoGYaom
t&yfa'orkdY
zkefrkd;awG
ykdapGonfvm;rod/
tdrfacgifrkd;? 0if;x&H? ckwif? uGyfyspf? uEm&yiftm;vHk;vkdvkd zkefaiGYawG,Suf
wufcsifwkdif; wufaeMuavonf/ uRefrwkdY atmufawm&Gmrsm;rSmawmh
jrpf\ a&oif;eHY? opfBuD;0g;BuD;eHY? yJcif;ukdif;cif;eHYrsm;jzihf tpkd"mwfoabm
aqmifygonf/ Munf;awm&Gmuav;rsm;rSmawmh a&iefeHY? &Sm;apmif;jymom'f
rkd;yGifh&eHY? zkefckd;zkefaiGY jrLa0ha0hjzifh ,frkdif; tifwkdif;&,fwJh cyfqefqef
&GufMurf;a&usdKtvS ay:vGifonf/ ajcmufaoGYonfqkdaomfjim; aus;vuf
tvS aus;vufyom'rsm;jzifh jynfhpHkaewwfygonf/ uRefr &Gmjyefwkdif;
onfMunf;awm&Gmuav;awGqD ta&mufoGm;csifaerdonfrSmvnf; onf
tvSw&m;rsm;\ qGJaqmifrIawGaMumifhyJ jzpfrnfxifyg\/
]]cifrmvGif ighukd a&wpfcGufay;prf;at}}
taruqkdawmh cifrmvGifu vSnf;ay:wGif wif,lvmcJhaom
a&tkd;qD oGm;zkdYjyifvkdufonf/ vSnf;ay:wGif a&tkd;wif ,lvmcJh&jcif;rSm
Munf;awm&Gmrsm;rS a&iefaomaMumifh uRefrwkdY&Gmu jrpfa&wpftkd;
xnfh,lvmcJh&jcif; jzpfonf/
]]tHr,fav; ... nnf;wkdYa& tomaeprf;ygat ... &Sifr,f0Da&tkd;xJu
rkd;a& csdKvGefvGef;vkdYrS xa&csdKuawmif tIH;ay;&o,f ... aeae ...
tarBuD;ukd igcyfay;prf;r,f}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
488
cifcifxl;
a':*spfum;u xkdifae&mrS 0kef;ceJxum a&wpfcGufcyf,lvmonf/

tarykdaoma&ukd uRefraomufMunfhvkdufawmh wu,fyJ csdKvSonf/
]]rkd;&Gmwkef;a&cH qkdorIwfvm; q&mr&JU ... usKyfwkdYtdrfu oGyfrkd;tdrf
qdkawmh ajzmif;ajzmif;ajzmif;ajzmif;eJY rkd;awGrsm; &Gmcsvkduf&if &GmxJu
a&yHk;awG tkd;awGeJY ajy;vmNyD; a&vmcHMuawmhomyJ wHpufNrdwfatmufukd
pDvkdYwef;vkdY tdrfa&SUu pfY0iftkd;BuD;awG awGYorIwfvm; ... tJonf
pfY0iftkd;BuD;ig;vHk;eJY tjynfhcHxm;vkdufom ESpfaygufpm aomufa&wGuf
ryl&aygifawmf}}
odrfav;&GmtwGuf aomufoHk;a&uefBuD;wpfuef bk&m;0if;teD;
&Sdygonf/ onfa&uefBuD;rSm rkd;&GmvQif a&awGjynfhvmwwfNyD; rkd;a0;
oGm;csdef aEG&moDqkdvQif uefxJwGif oHyHk;apmif;ESpf cyf&onftxd
a&cef;oGm;wwfonf/ rkd;enf;a&&Sm;a'o jzpf&onfhtxJ t0Dpda&pkyf
bHkbkdifuav;rsm; wl;azmfEkdifonfhwkdif a&awGu iefjyjyjzpfaewwfonf/
qif;*Gwf&GmxdyfwGif ukvor* tpDtpfjzihf wl;azmfay;xm;aom
oHrPda&pifBuD;&Sdaomfvnf; bmaMumifh&,frod a&rvmwmMumNyDqkd\/
a&ykdufrsm;yif oHacs;pm;aeavNyD/ rkd;&Gmwkef;a&cHxm;ygrS aomufa&uav;
csdKcsdK aomuf&aom onfa'ouav;twGuf a&Munfa&oefYonfvnf;
&Sm;yg;&if;jrpfjzpfae&wkef;/ uefawmfa&csdKcsdK aomufoHk;EkdifMuygap/
]]a':av;0DwkdY onfESpf bmawGpkdufMuwHk;}}
]]tpHkygyJq&mr&,f ... MuufoGefuawmh t"duaygh ... *vyJ
(ukvm;yJ) jzLvHk;BuD;awGpkdufo,f ... yJpif;iHkvnf;pdkufo,f yJpif;iHkuae
NyD;awmh ajymif; ... ajymif;uaeNyD;awmh 0g ... 0guaeNyD;awmhrS onfESpf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
489
cifcifxl;
*sHKawGawmif a&oGif;pkdufMuao;oawmf ... usKyfwkdY&Gm cgwkdif;vkd

rIwfawmhbl; q&mr&JU tGefwma&pkyfpufawG axmifxm;Muom tykdifr&Sdo,fh
olu wpfem&D b,favmufqkdNyD; olYaMu;eJYol a&wifMuo,f ...
[kdwkef;uawmh a&wpfyHk;csif;iifNyD; a&wHavsmufeJY a&oGif;&omukd; ...
tckawmh tGefwmawG aus;Zl;aMumifh tqif;&JawG vGwfukefMuygNyDawmf ...}}
a':av;0D pum;awGxJrSm &Gmuav;\ edrdwfyHkawGukd uRefr
awGYvkdufjrifvkduf&ygonf/ olwkdYwpfawG pkdufEkdifysdK;EkdifvmMuwm? tqif;&J
vGwfvmMuwm Honda a&pkyfpufawG aus;Zl;aMumifhqkdyJ/ aemuf
a':av;0Dpum;xJrS ]aeNyD;awmh} qkdonfh pum;qufonf wpfrsdK;NyD;rSwpfrsdK;
pkdufwmvkdYqkdvkdNcif; r[kwfyg/ MuufoGefeD? yJ? ajymif;? 0g pojzihf trsdK;rsdK;
pkdufMuaMumif;ukd qkdvkd&if;jzpfonf/ wpfrsdK;ESifh wpfrsdK;Mum; ]aeNyD;awmh} [k
t&Sdef,ljcif;om jzpfonf/ uRefr oabmusaerdyg\/ pum;ajym&if;
pm;jcif;aomufjcif;trI NyD;aomtcg uRefrwkdYtm;vHk; ]odrfawmf&Sif}
bk&m;bufokdY xGufcJhMuygonf/ av;&Gmaygif; tdrfajcwpfaxmifcefY&Sdaom
&Gmbk&m;jzpfonfu wpfaMumif;? a0;eD;tESHY wefckd;BuD;bk&m; jzpfonfu
wpfaMumif;rkdY odrfawmf&Sifbk&m;onf tvGefw&m pnfum;cHhnm;vSygonf/
odrfawmf&Sifbk&m;onf rkom0g' pum;qkdjcif;ukd txl;wm;jrpfawmf
rlonf[k onfe,fwpfe,fvHk;u ,HkMunfMuonf/ rrSefwm rw&m;wm
vkyfNyD; bk&m;ukd wkdifwnfopmqkdvQif bk&m;pl;wwfonf[k qkdygonf/
uRefri,fpfuwnf;uyif uRefrwkdY&GmwGif usdefwG,fpum;ajymMuvQif
]nnf; 'gqkd odrfawmf&if pl;&aph usdefprf;} [k usdefwG,fckdif;oHukd rMumcP
Mum;cJhzl;ygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
490
cifcifxl;
]]ukdif; armif&ifwkdYeJY vlcsif;pum;ajymaevkdYuawmh &Sif;rSmr[kwfbl; ...

armif&ifwkdY bk&m;a&SUawmfarSmuf opmrsm;jyKMu&atmif vm odrfawmf&if
0ifMupkdY}}
onfvkdajymvkdufvQif rrSefruefvkyfxm;olwkdYu aemufqkwfoGm;wwf
Muonf[k t,l&SdMuonf/ uRefri,fi,fuwnf;uyif Mum;zl;em;0
&SdcJhaomZmwfvrf;rsm;rSmvnf; renf;vSyg/
]][kd&Gmu rdef;rwpfa,muf a':t0Smh ypnf;ckd;NyD; r,lbl; ZGwfjiif;vkdY
odrfawmf&if 0ifMuomaumath? bk&m;anmifa&tkd;rSm oajycufawGxkd;NyD;
0ifomav bk&m;0if;xJ ajccsum&Sdao;o,f? tJonfrdef;r&JY oajyawGu
ndK;usoGm;omygaumvm;? bk&m;vlBuD;u rdef;cav; qufr0ifeJYawmh
0if&if 'kuawGYvdrfhr,fqkdo[mukd ZGwfwkd;0ifao;om tm*rSwfaeovm;?
tJom bk&m;a&SUvnf; a&mufua&m wHk;ceJ vJawmhomyJ toufawmif
renf;ukyfxm;&owJh}}
]]nnf;uvnf; awmif&Gmu tvSLU'um 'umr tjzpfuawmhaum ...
bmxl;vkdYwkH; ... tvSLrwkdifcif odrfawmf&if bk&m;oGm;zl;Muomav ...
onftvSLBuD; a&pufcsNyD;&if t&ufaopm raomufawmhygbl;vkdY
a,mufsm;vkyfolu opmqkdcJhomo,fhath ... 'gayod tvSLyGJaeYa&mufawmh
taygif;awG tazmfawGu wkdufvkdYqkdNyD; tvSLU'umu aomufrdowJh?
tJo[m tvSLNyD;vkdY ajAmvnf;odrf;a&m om;uav; ukd&if0wfawmif
tm;&atmif
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qHk;oGm;&Smomath}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
491
cifcifxl;
onfokdYonfES,f Zmwfvrf;awGuawmh uRefrwkdYe,frSm trsm;BuD;

&Sdaewwfonf/ wpf&GmwpfrsdK; rkd;Ekdifaom Zmwfvrf;rsm;aMumifhvnf;
wpfe,fvHk;&Sd
uav;vlBuD;
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odrfawmf&Sif0if&rSm
aMumufMuonf/ bk&m;a&SUawmfarSmuf 0ifzkdYrajymeJY wpfa,mufukd
wpfa,muf ,HkMunfMuapjcif;iSm usdefwG,fMuvQifyif rkd;BudK;ypf&ygaph?
a>rayG;ukduf&ygaphqkdjcif;xuf odrfawmf&ifpl;&ygaph[k usdefwG,fjyrSom
t<uif;rJh ,HkMunfvufcHwwfMuonf/ uRefrwkdY armifESrwpfawGukd tbu
qHk;rwkdif; r[kwfrrSefwmrvkyfzkdY rajymzkdY oifovkd ajymrdvkyfrdonfhwkdif
odrfawmf&Sif
bGJYawmfwyfNyD;
rusdefrdapeJY[k
twif;tMuyf
wm;jrpfqHk;rxm;cJhzl;ygonf/
bk&m;0if;xJwGif tkwfawG tjynfhcif;xm;NyD; rkcfOD;taqmifrsm;uvnf;
ykdrsm;jym;vmygonf/ uRefrwkdYuav;wkef;uawmh bk&m;apwDESihf bkef;BuD;
ausmif;wpfausmif;yJ&Sdonf/ onfae&mawGtm;vHk; ajrom;rsm;csnf;jzpfNyD;
jrufyifuav;rsm; aygufaewwfwmukd trSwf&rd\/ bk&m;a*gyutzGJYrS
xkwfa0jzefYcsdaom uvsmPDodrfawmf&SifjrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh apwDawmfukd
wnfxm;
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aygifavmif&Sifuyrax&fjrwf\
twKywd tusf;csKyforkdif;ukd uRefra&;jyvkdaomfvnf; pm&Snfrnf
pkd;aomaMumifh csefcJh&ygonf/
bk&m;zl;NyD;aomf qif;*Gwf&Gmuav;xJ uRefrwkdY avQmufywfMunfhMu
onf/ av;&GmoHk; rkd;a&uefBuD;rSm a&enf;oGm;ojzifh uefapmif;rsm;?
tkwfavSum;xpfrsm; txif;om;ay:aeonf/ trkd;tumr&Sdaomfvnf;
uefywfvnfwGif
0kdif;ywfum
aygufaeaom
ukudKyifBuD;awGu
aeajymufrxdk; tkyfrkd;xm;ygonf/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;BuD;awGuawmh
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
492
cifcifxl;
&GmxJxufpmvQif pkdpkdjynfjynf &Sdygonf/ uRefru &GmxJwGif opfyif

pkdufMuzkdY wkdufwGef;aomtcg a':*spfum;u ZwfceJ 0ifajym\/
]][kd;t&if usKyfwkdYtazrsm; tarrsm;vufxufuwnf;u tkef;yifawG
o&ufyifawG pkdufMuomyJawmhf ... 'gayod rjzpfbl;&,f ... ajrBuD;
aMumifhvm; a&iefvkdYvm; usKyfwkdYawmh rodaygifawmf bmodbmom
aevkdufomygyJ}}
]]bkef;BuD;ausmif;us bmvkdYjzpfwmvJ a':BuD;apm&JU}}
]]aMomf ... omuawmh bkef;BuD;ausmif;ukd;q&mr&JU ... olYrSrjzpf
b,folYjzpfvdrfhrwHk; ... &GmxJusawmh wvif;csef& aemufacs;yHk&ukd;awmhf}}
a':*spfum;\tajzukd uRefr oabmuspGm &,fvkdufrdygonf/ &GmwGif;
vrf;ab;wpfavQmuf uEm&ql;yifrsm;uawmh awmxvkdYaeonfaum/
onf&GmrS r[kwfyg/ onfbufwpfaMum&Sd &Gm&Snf? awmyk (awmvS[k
trnfajymif;xm;ygonf)? wvkyfNrdKU? &Jwkdif&Gm? tkdif;r&Gm? wl&Gif;bkdY?
xkdrSquf jrif;jcHNrdKUtxd &Gmpf&Gmqufuav;rsm;wGif wu,fhtnmhedrdwfyHk
ql;yifcsHKEG,frsm;jzifh
a&m>yrf;vsuf&Sdonf/
wrmyif?
xaemif;yif?
apmifcsrf;yif ponfh rkd;enf;&yf0ef;a'o obm0aygufyifrsm;jzifh vSyaom
tnmIcif;rsm;ukd wpfoDwpfwef;BuD; awGY&wwfygonf/
]]uJ aejrifwkef; jyefMu&atmifa[h &opf (&Gmopf) vnf; 0if&OD;rSm}}
uRefrwkdYwpfawG jyefzkdYjyifawmh a':*spfum;u ajrqDtdwfcGHBuD;
ESpfvHk;ukd qGJxkwfvmNyD; MuufoGefeDawG avmif;xnfhygavawmhonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
493
cifcifxl;
armifoef;pkd;\ aqGrsdK;wpfokdufu wpfOD;vQif wpfjynfp ESpfjynfp

vma&mufjznfhwif;vkdufojzifh tdwfBuD;ESpfvHk;tjynfh MuufoGefeDxdyfpawG
renf;pkxHk;,l&ygonf/ onfacwf MuufoGefaps;ESifhwGufvQif wefzkd;renf;
vSay/
]]a&mh a[momu usKyfu vufaqmifwufom *vyJjzLvHk;BuD;awG
a&uav; wpfnpdrfNyD; tanmufazmufxm;vkduf rD;aumif;aumif;eJY
jyKwfo,fhNyD; qDarT;owfvkdufprf;ygawmf csdKvGef; qdrfhvGef;vkdufomrS
vGefua&myJ}}
a':*spfum;u uRwfuRwftdwfBuD;ESihfwpfvHk; ukvm;yJjzLvHk;BuD;awG
ay;ovkd a':0Duvnf; tm;usrcH MuufoGefjzLyifrsm; pkxHk;um
wpfpnf;BuD; ay;vkdufygonf/ uRefru vufaqmifay;aom txnfp
wefzkd;xuf rsm;vGef;aeojzifh uRefrrSm rsufESmawGawmif ylaerdygonf/
armifoef;pkd;uawmh wNyHK;NyHK;ESihf/ bmukdNyHK;wmvJawmhrod/
qif;*Gwf&Gmu uRefrwkdYvSnf; xGufvmawmh aevHk;BuD;onf
a&mif&Sdefa&mif0gawG jyif;tm; pl;tm;aumif;wkef;/ tjyefrSmvnf; aeESihf
rsufESmcsif;qkdif/ tawmfuav; vSnf;armif;rdawmh oJAGufacsmif;BuD;xJwGif
vSnf;bD;epf&m EGm;awG b,fvkdrSrkef;Ekdif/ armifoef;pkd;ESihf uav;
oHk;a,mufukd MuufoGeftdwfBuD;rsm;jzifh vSnf;ay:xm;&pfcJhum uRefrwkdY
oHk;a,mufom; vrf;avQmufvmcJhMuygonf/ cifrmvGifu olYEGm;BuD;awGukd
pkyfwowfowf acsmhaeonf/ awmolawmifom;rsm;onf &Jabmf&Jbuf
jzpfaom EGm;rsm;ukd olwkdY&ifaoG;ESihfrjcm; oabmxm;wwfMuonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
494
cifcifxl;
yifyef;qif;&JMurSmpkd;Muonf/ *Grf;aygufESihf wkdYxm;rwwf jrwfEkd;Muav

onf/
&Gmopf&Gmt0if anmifyifBuD;onf rkd;okdY wac:ac:arQmfvsuf
tukdif;tcufawG tNydKif;NydKif;xvsuf vSvGef;ojzifh uRefr "mwfyHkkdufzkdY
jyifvkdufonf/
]]a[h uav;r ... a[h uav;r aeOD;}}
anmifyifatmuf&Sd uGyfyspf0kdif;uav;ay:wGif xkdif ESD;jzmaeaom
acgif;aygif;BuD;ESihf tbu xajy;avawmhonf/ uRefru tbukdyg
"mwfyHkkdufcsifaomfvnf; tbuawmh cyfvSrf;vSrf;txd qkwfcGm
oGm;av\/
aMomf
"mwfyHkkdufcH&rSmukd
taotvJ&SufMuolawG/
&Gmopf&Gmv,f&Sd armiftkef; (tarhwl) wkdYtdrfa&mufawmh aea&mift&ifh
avsmhcJhNyD/
]]rrxl;wkdY rkd;csKyfvkdufwmAsm ... apmapmrsm;jyefcJhyga&mh}}
]]apmapm&,fvkdYawmh jyefvmwmyJ armiftkef;&JU vrf;rSmMumoGm;wm}}
uRefrarmif armiftkef;onf aqGrsdK;tvGefrifoljzpf\/ tdrfwGif
wpfem&Davmuf xkdifpum;ajymcJhonfhaemufawmif uRefrwkdYjyefvmaomtcg
vSnf;aemufrSae pufbD;jzifh vkdufykdYao;onf/ &Gmopf&GmrSm uRefrwkdY
toGm;wkef;u jzwfarmif;oGm;aom odrfwkdif&Gm\awmifbuf &Gmcsif;quf&Gm
jzpfonf/ onfe,fwpf0kdufuawmh ]odrfwkdif&opf} [k ESpf&Gmaygif;um
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
495
cifcifxl;
ac:wwfMuygonf/ odrfwkdif&Gmu trsdK;awGqD 0ifEIwfqufzkdY tcsdefr&awmh

ojzifh onftwkdif;om &Gmajcu uyfNyD; ausmfjzwfcJh&ygonf/
&Gmajcvrf;u vSnf;jzwfarmif;ojzihf wpfvrf;vHk; o&ufukdif;rsm;?
o&ufoD;rsm;ukd iHkYa&Smifae&onf/ ikHYa&SmifonfhMum;u o&ufoD;vHk;awGu
acgif;ukd vmwkdufao;\/ uRefrwkdY&GmawGbufuawmh o&ufoD;awG
rvkdcsifatmif aygvSonf/
uefawmf&Gma&mufaomtcg bBuD;xl;wkdYtdrfukd cP0if&ao;onf/
uRefrwkdYu
toGm;uwnf;u
EIwfqufoGm;aomaMumifh
naepm
xrif;auR;zkdY csufxm;Muonf/ onfawmhvnf; uRefrwkdYom;trd xrif;pm;
Mu&jyefygonf/
tnmoltnmom;rsm;
{nfh0wfausvGef;vSonf/
{nfhtaygif;wkdYMum;wGif aqG{nfhrsdK;{nfhuawmh xm0& a&T{nfhjzpfavonf/
bBuD;xl;\ZeD;rSm tvGefkd; tvGefat;aom tnmolBuD;yDyD uRefrwkdYukd
pum;wpfcGef;rS 0ifrajymbJ ajymif;zl;zufvdyfBuD;ukd axmif;axmif;x
zGmvsuf ikwfwkwfBuD;xkdifvsuf {nfhcHonf/
]]BuD;awmf rEav; tvnfvmcJhygOD;&Sifh}}
]]awmf}}
]]rEav; tvnfvmcJhOD;o,fh ... rEav;a&mufzl;ovm;o,fh}}
uRefrar;aom ar;cGef;ukd bBuD;xl;u xyfqifhar;ay;&onf/
bBuD;xl;ukd jyL;jyL;BuD;MunfhNyD;rS uRefrukd ajzonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
496
cifcifxl;
]]rEav;ukd rdef;uav;b0wkef;uawmh a&mufzl;yg&JU ... tckrsm;awmh

ajcwkdvSaygh usKyfwlr&,f ... ra&mufvScsnfao;bl;}}
rdef;uav;b0qkdonfrSm i,f&G,fpf tysdKb0ukd qkdvkdjcif;jzpfygonf/
uRefrwkdYjyefawmh bBuD;xl;u ajryJqDawG vufaqmifay;vkdufonf/
]]o[mu pufqDr[kwfbl; qHkqDuav; tdrfwifyGwfom&,f}}
tdrfwGif EGm;jzifhvSnfhum qDqHkESihfBudwfaom ajryJqDppfuav;yJjzpf\/
uRefrwkdY&Gmukd0ifawmh tawmfhukd arSmifaeygNyD/ okdYaomf waygif;vjynfh
tBudKnrkdY zkefvrf;uav;ay:rSm va&mifvif;csif;aeNyD/
]]nnf;wkdYom;trdvnf;
oGm;vkdufMu
vmvkdufMuprf;qkdomrsm;
wpfcsufuav; rem;bl;? ighrSm &Gmu a&aEG;aomufvmac:MuomawG
vSefvSefvTwf&om b,fESOD;&SdrSef;rodbl;? reufjzefawmh em;MuOD;?
ukd,fh&GmxJ ra&mufao;o,hftdrfawG vSnfhOD;[Jh}}
BuD;awmfaiGMunfu uRefrwkdYukd qD;qlygonf/ BuD;awmfajymvnf;
ajymp&m/ vSnf;ay:uqif;awmh uRefrajcaxmufawG a&mif&rf;aeNyD/
ukd,fawG vufawGvnf; emvkdYusifvkdY/ taruawmh bmrSjzpfykHr&/
olYi,f&dyfi,fb0awG jyefawGYjyefcHpm;&vkdY aysmfaeyHkyifay:\/ uRefruawmh
uGyfyspfay:a&mufonfESihf &Gm\ va&mifnukdyif rcHpm;EkdifawmhbJ arhceJ
tdyfaysmfoGm;awmhonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
497
cifcifxl;
(31)
reufvif;tm;BuD; av;em&D wHk;acgufNyD;NyD;csif; bkef;BuD;ausmif;
toHcsJUpufrS a&uif;zGifhoH Mum;vkduf&ygonf/ onfuaeY waygif;
vjynfhaeY (OykofaeY) jzpfojzihf 0gwGif;0gy OykofoDwif; apmifhavh&SdMuol
rsm;twGuf
EId;aqmfvkdufjcif;yJjzpfonf/
a&uif;oHukd
tdyf&mxJrS
em;axmif&if; uRefrwkdYi,fi,fu &Gmrsm;wGif acwfpm;cJhaom rif;om;BuD;
a&TusD;ndKESifh yJcl;jrwkdY\ r[my'kraygifwkdZmwfxkyf? kyfao;rif;om;BuD;
a&Tbkdwifarmif\ q'efqifrif;Zmwfxkyf? pdefatmifrif;\ &m[kvm
tarGawmif;cef;? yefwsmMunfvif\ jrpdrf;okduforkdif;Zmwfxkyfrsm;ukd
vGrf;vkdufrdygonf/ ZmwfxkyfZmwfvrf;rsm;zGifhonfh"avhrSm ,aeYtcsdeftxd
aus;&GmawGrS
rwdrfaum
raysmufuG,fao;onfh
"avhjzpfonf/
rufa&pufa&&SdMuaom aus;vufvlxk cHpm;rIjzpfonf/ uRefri,fi,fu
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
498
cifcifxl;
tdrfhajrmufbuf ykP&dwfyifwef;ab;wGif wkwfacsmif; ZmwfcHkuav;aqmuf?

tkyfuav;rsm;ukd rif;om;rif;orD;vkyfNyD; tqkdtikdrsm;jzifh upm;cJhzl;
ygonf/ ZmwfcHkuav;wGif ykqkd;pkwfum;vdyfrsm; y'kdif;yGifhatmfvefrsm;?
THYkyfqkdif;0kdif;rsm; ponfhtqifwefqmrsm;jzifh a0a0qmvsuf&Sd\/ onfvkd
tkyfZmwfuwkdif; uRefrcif;avh&Sdonfh Zmwfxkyfrsm;rSm toHcsJUpuf
"mwfjym;awGu Mum;&wwfaom aemufykdif;Zmwfxkyfrsm;om jzpfavonf/
]]vif,l&mrSmav t&ifvl[m t&SufcGJwmrkdY csufxJolvm[efeJY
mPfrsufESmxm; tm;[m; a[m'D okreausmrSm 'Pf&mawGeJY tJh[,f}}
a&TusD;ndK\ ]r,fokre} ZmwfxkyfxJu yJcl;jr\ ikdcsif;jzpfygonf/
r,fokrerSm vSLvGef; wef;vGef;ojzifh a,murjzpfolu tpfukdaomeukd
ukeful;ckdif;vkdufNyD; nDaomeukd vifta,mifaqmifap tdrfrSESifcs
vkdufonf/ tpfukdaomejyefvmaomtcg tusdK;taMumif;odNyD; r,fokrexH
vkduftvmwGif yJcl;jru &efaxmifonfh ikdcsif;yJjzpfonf/ onfikdcsif;ukd
Mum;zl;aeusqkdawmh uRefrqkdwkdif; onfoDcsif;ygwwfonf/ tbu
tdyfae&mrS aigufceJx kdufygavawmhonf/ a&S;u NrdKUrsm;wGif
rdef;uav;rsm;
0wKrzwf&[k
ydwfyifwm;jrpfcJhzl;ovkd
uRefrwkdY
&Gmrsm;wGifvnf; rdef;uav;rSefvQif tdrfaxmifom;arG;oabmygonfh
oDcsif;qkdjcif;ukd wm;jrpfwmawG &Sdonf/ uRefr\tbuawmh ajr;cspf
uRefrtay: ykdvkdYawmif wif;usyfygonf/ ]ighajr; 'grsdK;awG rqkd&bl;} [k
ajymwwfonf/
]]BuD;awmf 'DaeY OykofapmifhrSmvm;}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
499
cifcifxl;
]]onfbk&m;xJrSm bk&m;qif;wkawmf ukd;ql&Sdomath ppfBuD;jzpfvkdY

iwkdY&Gmu vlawG yvdyfa&m*g0ifMuawmh azmif;um;ukef;ukd ajymif;Mu
a&TUMueJY qif;wkawmfawGvnf; rusefawmhygbl;at}}
'kwd,urmppftwGif;u trsm;enf;wl uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;onfvnf;
yvdyfa&m*guyfqkd;BuD;ESihf &ifqkdifawGYBuHKcJh&onf[k Mum;zl;onf/ &GmxJwGif
aeYjrifnaysmuf vlawG wpfa,mufNyD;wpfa,muf aoqHk;ukefMuawmh
aoG;ysufvmMuonf/ a&m*gul;pufrIu a0;ap&ef &Gmhta&SUwpfrkdifavmuf
a0;onfh azmif;um;bk&m;ukef;okdY ajymif;a&TUvmcJhMujcif;jzpfonf/ &GmwnfcJh
zl;ojzifh azmif;um;ukef;wGif o&ufyifBuD;rsm;? refusnf;yif? ukudKyifBuD;
rsm;rSm &Gm&dyf&Gm&mtwkdif; usef&pfcJhygonf/ 'gaMumifh azmif;um;ukef;
ae&mukd &Gma[mif;[k ac:Mujcif;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ yvdyfa&m*gaMumifh ay:xGef;
cJh&aom &Gma[mif;uav;rSm tckawmh vGrf;avmufp&mae&m jzpfcJh&NyD/
]]tar onfae&mu orD;wkdYi,fi,fwkef;u qyfjymMurf; usHK;cJhMuwJh
qAusif;BuD;r[kwfvm;}}
azmif;um;ukef;ra&mufrD wpfac:omomavmufwGif cyfcsdKifhcsdKifh
oJusif;a[mif;BuD;ukd uRefrwkdYawGY&ygonf/ uRefrwkdYi,fi,fuawmh onf
ae&mwGif a&ausmf oJacsmif;aygufojzifh a&usoGm;onfhtcg tcsyfvkduf
tcsyfvkduf tem;awG aumhysHaewwfaom qyfjymMurf; (oJqyfjym[kvnf;
ac:Muygonf/) tvTmBuD;rsm; azG;aeatmif yGifhvmwwfMuygonf/ onf
qyfjymMurf;rsm;ukd oJhusHK; xbDtusavQmfzGyfMu&onf/ uRefrwkdYi,fi,f
u &GmawGrSm qyfjymtvGef&Sm;ygonf/ qifacs;wHk;[kac:aom qyfjym
rnf;rnf;BuD;rsm;ukdom NrdKUrS 0,foHk;Mu&\/ umabmfvpf? qef;vdkuf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
501
cifcifxl;
qyfjymcJavmufukd tarT;cJ[k ac:NyD; ykdufqHcsrf;omolrsm;om oHk;EkdifMu

ygonf/ qyfjymMurf;rsm;ukd xbDtusay:jzL; jrpfa&jzifh wpfatmifhEl;um
avQmfMuzGyfMu&aom tnmaus;vuf\ b0okyfukd uRefrukd,fwkdif
BuHKawGYcJh&zl;onfaum/
]]qAusif;BuD; [kwfyawmf nnf;uav;wkef;u yyuuxkwfay;o,fh
o&ufxnfp wpfawmifwpfxGmuav;awG pyfNyD; pyfxbDuav; csKyfay;
vdkuf&if onfqyfjymMurf; usHK;xnfh&omeJY csKyfkd;ajyomyJ wpfxnfrS
taumif;r&Sdbl;}}
t0wfawG
trsm;BuD;
avQmfrnfhaeYqkdvQif
BuD;awmfu
uRefrwkdYuav;rsm;ukd onfqAusif;BuD;qDokdY acsmharmhvTwfwwfonf/
uRefrESihftwl cifrmvGif? jryk? pef;&Dr? at;oifwkdYyg aysmfaysmfyg;yg;
qyfjymMurf;usHK; xGufavh&Sdygonf/ BuD;awmfu acsmhvTwfaomfvnf;
uRefrwkdYuvnf; e*kduwnf;u oGm;csifcsif/ vrf;wpfavQmufvHk; ajy;[,f
vTm;[,f uef[,f ausmuf[,fESifh tcsif;csif; aqmhupm;&onfht&omukd
wyfrufonfuwpfaMumif;? qyfjymMurf; jzLjzLazG;azG;BuD;rsm;ukd olYxufig
tvkt,uf usHK; ukd,fhcg;uxbDxJ ukd,fpkxkyfum abmvHk;uefovkd
upm;&onfukd aysmfonfuwpfaMumif;rkdY qAusif;okdY vTwfwkdif;
vkdvkdvm;vm;yif uRefr oGm;usHK;ay;onf/ ckdif;onf[k rxif/ BuD;awmftdrf
wGif qm;aygufaeonfh qyfjymMurf;tkd;wkwfBuD;wpfvHk;&Sdonf/ tdrf
jyefa&mufvQif xkdtkd;wkwfBuD;xJ xbDpukd avQmcsoGefxnfhvkdufkHyif/
okdYaomf aeylylwGif ajy;cJh vTm;cJh&onfrkdY acR;awG oHawG &TJvmvQif
qyfjymMurf;rIefY tvl;vl;aMumifh [kdupyf onfupyfESihfrkdY jrpfqdyfokdY
tajy;qif;um uysmu,m a&csdK;&wwfygonf/ tckawmh qAusif;BuD;rSm
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
502
cifcifxl;
qyfjymMurf;awG yGifhao;&JUvm;/ uRefrwkdY&Gmuawmh qyfjymMurf;

roHk;Muawmhyg/ tDvefawG zl*sDawG jzpfukefMuygNyD/ acwfukefpnfawGu
aus;vufta&muf c&D;aygufMuNyD/
qAusif;ukdvGefvQif opfyifBuD;rsm; tkyftkyfqkdif;qkdif;ESihf &Gma[mif;
ae&muav;okdY uRefrwkdY a&mufvmcJhMuygonf/ vlolta&muftayguf
enf;awmh aus;iSufoHawG nHaeavonf/ pdrf;pm;o&ufyif tkyf0kdif;0kdif;BuD;
awGatmufrSm uRefrwkdYom;trd xkdifem;vkdufMuygonf/
]]onfo&ufyifBuD;u ukd&ifwkdufMunfwkdY 0kdif;ae&myJ [kdbufu
wrmyifeJYu iwkdY0dkif; a[m[kd ukudKyifBuD;atmufu at;usif;a[mif;BuD;
aygh tJom igharmif ]BuD;ckdif} av,mfysH a&Smifwkef;u zufcJho,fqkdo,fh
ukudKyifBuD;ayghawmf uRJnDaemifu &EykdavmufqD a&mufawmhrS toHu
Mum;&om jzKef;qkd AHk;usif;xJ ckefrcsEkdifbl;av ukudKyifBuD; AkdufeJYuyfNyD;
yGwfyGwfa&Smif&om uRJnDaemifvnf; jyefa&m BuD;ckdifAdkuf aoG;awG&JvkdY}}
taronf
olq,fhESpfESpforD;avmufu
&Gma[mif;ae&mrsm;?
tjzpftysufrsm;ukd jyefajymif;atmufarh vGrf;qGwfae[efwlygonf/ tar
ajymjyaom ppftwGif;u uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;\ Zmwfvrf;rsm;um; renf;vS
yg/ wpf&GmvHk; 0Jem ,m;emrsm;aygufojzifh wAsif;Asif; xkdifukwfae&yHk?
*syefawG qDrD;cHkbufuwpfqifh &GmxJ0ifvmawmh pk&yfanmifyifBuD;
atmufwGif vlpkapNyD; ppfaq;yHk? *syefa&SUa&mufumrS 0Jemu 0JpGrf;awGjyum
,m;,HMuyHk? tus xbDcsKyfkd;aMumif;rsm;xJwGif t0wfoef;BuD;awG
wpfoDBuD; wG,fuyfaeyHk? &GmawGrSm NrdKUypnf;qkdvkdY tyfwpfacsmif;utp
a&mufzkdYcJ,f;yHk? txnfprsm; &Sm;yg;ojzihf bBuD;bkef;BuD;\ ouFef;pkwf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
503
cifcifxl;
rsm;ukd &SifrD;csKyf0wfcJh&yHk? csnfxnfrsm; aq;qkd;p&mr&Sdojzifh a*G;awmuf

&Guf? aqmuf&Guf? xaemif;acguf? AGufykyf&nfrsm; pdrf 0wfcJh&yHk?
av,mfysHysuf awmifyHowKrsm;ukd t&nfusdK ajrBuD;wGif yHkazmfxm;aom
yHkpHcGufxJ avmif;xnfhum yHkrusyef;rus owKyef;uefcGufa,muf
rsm;ukdom oHk;pGJcJh&yHk pojzifh taMumif;t&m pHkvifvSygonf/
]]ppfav,mfysH uRJnDaemifu olvmcsifo,fhaeYvmomath? tcsdef&,f
tcg&,fvkdYvnf; a&G;aeomrIwfbl;? wpfcgwpfav acgif;ay:wnfhwnfh
a&mufcgrS tcsufay;oHacsmif;u acgufcsifacgufom iwkdYuav;wkef;u
tarwkdYu AHk;usif;BuD;xJ xnfhxm;om ajryJebwfeJY xef;vsufawG
vufeJYqkyfNyD; ypfxm;vkdufomyJ iwkdYwpfawGrsm; onfom;a&pm pm;&vGef;
vkdY yg;pyfawGukd tap;aygufvkdY uRJnDaemifrvmo,fhaeYqkd ysif;awmif
aeao;&JU}}
uRJnDaemifqkdonfrSm tar&duefwkdufav,mfrnf;rnf;BuD;ESpfpif;ukd
ac:jcif;jzpfonf/ ajrusif;BuD;rsm;wl;um avSum;xpfrsm;yg xpfxm;NyD;
wufvkdufqif;vdkuf vkyf&wmukdu aysmfp&m[kqkdonf/ onfusif;BuD;
rsm;ukd AHk;usif;[kvnf;aumif;? at;usif;[kvnf;aumif; ac:Muygonf/
]]tck nnf;tazwkdYtrsdK; ukdzkd;xGef;BuD;qkd&if olu tdrfa&SU ujyif
uav;rSm wifjyifacGxkdifNyD; aq;aomufvkduf a&aEG;aomufvkdufeJY tJon
fav,mfysHavmuf arQmfaeawmhom uRJnDaemifrkdY ESpf&ufoHk;&ufavmuf
rvm&if oluajymao;omath tif; olrvm arQmfrdao;Asmo,fh}}
uHaumif;axmufrpGmjzifh uRefrwkdY &Gmuav;rSm AkH;'PfrcHcJh&
aomfvnf; pm;MuL;&Gm AHk;usojzihf uRefrwkdYaqGrsdK;wpfokduf tNrHKvkduf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
504
cifcifxl;
ygoGm;Muonf[k qkdygonf/ ppfab;ppf'Pfoifh&onfhMum;xJ "m;jywkduf

vkdufwm tvGefyJ[k taru ajymao;\/ uRefrBuD;awmf BuD;awmfvSpdefwkdY
qkdvQif av;ig;ajcmufBudrfxufrenf; twkdufcHcJh&zl;onf qkdygonf/
]]"m;jywkdufvGef;tm;BuD;awmh ightpfr rvSpdefu "m;jyukd raMumuf
awmhom ... "m;jyrkdY 0ifvm&if olu qD;{nfhcHawmhomyJ ... a[mawmf
wpfavmwkef;urS wkdufoGm;om bmMumao;vkdYwkef;uG,fh ... igwkdYjzifh
bmrSawmif rpk&ao;bl; ajymvTwfom&,f? "m;jyu qefaumazmufpGyfNyD;
vnfyif;vSnfh ESdyfpufr,fBuH&if olu t&ifaumufpGyfo,fhNyD; ukdif;
vSnfhcsifao;oyqkd&if vSnfhawmf eJY vkyfomath ... &Gwfcsufawmh}}
BuD;awmfvSpdefrS r[kwfyg/ uRefrwkdY&Gmbufu vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;
vlay vl&Gwf vlwHk;wkdufBuD;awG[k qkdEkdifygonf/ tdrfatmufrSae
]a[haumif bwl qif;cJhprf;uG} [kqkdvQif &efolwGif bmvufeufygonf
rygonf pf;pm;raeawmhbJ owdr&Sdbl;xifrnfpkd;ojzihf avSum;rS qif;
vmwwfolawG/ &efolu "m;jzifhqD;ckwfvQifvnf;aumif;? vkyfaoewfjzifh
qD;ypfvQifvnf;aumif; taocHypfvkdufMuonfom/ wpfOD;ESihfwpfOD;
pdefac:um tcsdef;tcsufjzifh owfMuykwfMuonfrsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/
k&SuAsmq&mBuD; yGwf&SuifwkdYacwfuvkd ausmcsif;uyf trSwfpf
a&wGuf&if; wpfNydKifeuf ypfMucwfMu onftjzpftysufrsdK;uvnf;
txift&Sm; &Sdygonf/
]]&Gmhawmifzsm;u vufyHyifBuD;atmufr,f ... ukdbodef;BuD;ayghat
&om (&Gmom) u vleJYppftwGif;usefwJh aoewfcsif;NydKifypfMuom ...
ESpfa,mufpvHk; aoomyJ ... bm&efNidK;rS&SdvkdYrIwfbl; "m;jywkduf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
505
cifcifxl;
xGufMu&if;u awmxJ ESpfzGJYqHkMu&mu a[h aeYvlvm; nvlvm;vkdY

wpfa,muf wpfa,muf ar;Muomav? aeYvlqkdom vlaumif; ... nvl
qkdom "m;jy ... ESpfzGJYpvHk; nvlawG jzpfaeawmh b,f&Gm b,ftdrfwHk;aygh
vkMu ,ufMur,fh&Gmcsif; tdrfcsif;uvnf; wljyefua&mwJh onfawmh
wpfzGJYu qkwfay;&rSmav ... qkwfay;&rSmayr,fh b,folurS ravsmhawmh
acgif;aqmifESpfa,mufu ausmcsif;uyfNyD; aoewfypfMuom Ekdifo,hfvlu
oGm;"m;jywkdufayghat ... IH;o,fhvluaoaygh ... qkwfaygh tJom
ESpfAkdvfpvHk;usomyJ? wpfa,mufrsufESmwpfa,mufawmif aumif;aumif;
rjrifzl;vkdufMuaygif}}
a&S;tnmol
tnmom;rsm;onf
t&Gwftay
urf;ukefaom
vlxl;vlqef;BuD;rsm;jzpfkHru owdt&mwGifvnf; aumif;Muygayonf/
txl;ojzifh tazhaqGrsdK;rsm;xuf tarhaqGrsdK;rsm;u ykd xufMu jrufMu
pGefYpm;wwfMuonf/ tazhukd pum;tEkdifajymwkdif; tar\ vufoHk;pum;
tjzpf uRefrwkdY tNrJMum;ae&wwfonfr[kwfvm;/
]]iwkdYtrsdK;awGu axmifraMumuf wef;raMumuf vkyfpm;0Hho,f ...
ysif;vnf;rysif;bl; ... tvum;aetvum; tvkyftukdifr&Sd&ifawmif
csnfcifaxG; x&Sif;aeo,fhvlawG ... nnf;tazrsdK;awGu rsufawmifawmif
jyif;jyif;cwfo,fh[mawGrIwfbl;? iysif; iSufaysmoD;pm;rvm;qkdawmh cGmNyD;
usKyfyg;pyfxJ vmcGHYvSnfhprf;yg ... NyD;&if yg;csdyfkdufcsvkdufAsmqkdo,fh
trsdK;awG}}
]]tJovkd rysif;o,fh &GwfayaytrsdK;,lxm;awmh igoufomomaygh[m}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
506
cifcifxl;
tazu onfvkdjyefajymwkdif; uRefrwkdYom;orD;rsm;u &,fMuonf/

ae&if;xkdif&if; t&GwftuyfNydKifaewwfMuovkd wpfa,mufwnf;vnf;
&Gwfaom ayaomtrsdK;ygay/
]]ighwl wif0if;wkdYrsm; wHcg;Mum;xJ jcifukduf0ifcHNyD; ... uav;awGukd
yJBuD;avSmfauR; tqdwfckdif;om ... jcifydrfhtqdwfcH&om t&om&SdvGef;
vkdYo,fh wrifjcifukdufcHom}}
uRefrwkdYom;trd pum;wajymajymESihf azmif;um;bk&m;okdY a&mufvmcJh
Muygonf/ azmif;um;bk&m;rSm awmxJ&Sd bk&m;qkdaomfvnf; vSnf;vrf;
ab;rSm&Sdojzifh odyfawmh racgifvSyg/ vSnf;vrf;wpfavQmuf&Sd bk&m;
y&d0kPfwGif xaemif;yifBuD;awG pDwef;aygufaeMuonfrSm tvGefvS\/
tckvkd waygif;aEGa&mufvmvQif xaemif;yifBuD;awGrSm t&Guf&,fvkdY
odyfr&SdMuawmhyg/ opf&Guf0wfkHvTmrsm;ukd cGmcsNyD; 0g0if;ajymifwif;aeaom
yifpnfvHk;acsmBuD;rS jzmxGufaeaom vufwHukdif;rsm;rSm wGefYvdrf
aumufauG;vsuf aEGukd &ifqkdifzkdYjyifaeMuNyD/ awmoltysdKruav;
aeylpyfcg;wGif oeyfcg;ydef;Mum;kdufNyD; aumufoif;aumufaeyHkrsdK;ESihfyif
wlawmhonf/ bk&m;tkwfwHwkdif; ab;ywfywfvnfwGif csHKEG,fydwfaygif;awG
xlxyfvsuf &Sdonf/ okdYaomf onfcsHKEG,fawGxJwGif *Hk&Guf? ql;ykwf&Guf?
uwuf&Guf? [if;uvm&Guf? &Sm;apmif;zl;? ebl;&Guf? uif;yHk&Guf? usD;tm&Guf
pojzifh [if;&Gufrsm;&Sdonf/ wpfcgwpf&H onf[if;&Gufrsm; pm;csifvGef;
ojzifh wpfrkdifavmufa0;aom azmif;um;ukef;ukd vmcl;MuolawGvnf;
&Sdygonf/ wpfcgwpf&H onfbufa&mufatmif EGm;ausmif;vmwwfaom
EGm;ausmif;om;rsm;ukd [if;&Gufcl;cJhzkdY wuefwu rSmMu&ygonf/ onfvkd
aEG&moDrSmawmh
[if;&GuftEkuav;awG
pkdYjyLxGufvmwwfMuonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
507
cifcifxl;
rkd;wGif;qkdvQifawmh awmvHk;xum cl;yif rEkdifawmh/ okdYaomf aEG&GufEk

uav;awGu ykdcsdK ykdarT;wwfygonf/
rkd;OD;us rkd;uav;tzsef; rESpfuwnf;u ajrBuD;xJ pifusef&pfcJhaom
yJaph? ajryJaphuav;awG tpkdYtanmufuav;rsm; xGufvmwwfwmrsdK;vnf;
&Sdao;onf/ onfvkd&moDrSmawmh uRefrwkdYwpfawG qefumuHk;uav;rsm;
ukd,fpDjzifh yJyifaygufaumuf xGufMuygonf/ onfazmif;um;ukef;
&Gma[mif;&Sd 0g;kHawmrS 0g;kHrIdrsm; usif;xatmif aygufwwfojzifh rId&Sm
xGuf&onfrSmvnf; aysmfp&maumif;vS\/ tnmaus;vufawm&Gmrsm;wGif
obm0ajrBuD;uay;aom opfzkopfOrsm;ukd wpfESpfvHk; &SmazGpm;aomuf
Muonfh tusifhrSmvnf; tdk;pGJvsuf&Sd\/
]]onfvrf;u qrdwfcHkoGm;o,fh vrf;qkdawmh qrdwfcHk OD;wifhw,f
ewfyGJoGm;wkdif; jzwfMu&omukd;ath? wpfcgwpfav tdrfurodatmif
awmxJuae ckd;ckd;vkduf&om? a[monf azmif;um;bk&m;ay:uaeapmifhNyD;
&Gmbufu BuHK&mvSnf; wufvkdufMuomyJ aysmfcsufawmhf? tif;
a&Tref;wifarmifwkdY qrdwfcHk ppfajy;vmawmh iwkdY&Gmu rif;orD;
rSefeef;wifqD vlysdKvSnfhvm&if a&Tref;wifarmifukd rjrifzl;o,fholawGu
azmif;um;bk&m;ay:u apmifhMunfhMu&omukd;ath}}
taronf olYi,fb0 tawGYtBuHKawGukd onfae&ma&mufrS ykd
trSwf&vm[efwlonf/ wpfckNyD;wpfck u&m;a&vTwf ajymaeonf/
uRefrwkdYom;trd azmif;um;bk&m;ukef;ukd wufNyD; bk&m;zl;vkdufMuonf/
bk&m;apwD\
orkdif;armfuGef;ausmufpm
r&Sdaomfvnf;
apwD\
yHkyef;oPmefrSm yk*Hacwf aemufykdif;vuf&m[k uRefr,lqrdygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
508
cifcifxl;
uRefrwkdY&Gm\ ta&SUawmifbuf 4 rkdifausmfavmufa0;onfh yk*Hacwfu

NrdKU0efNrdKUpm;rsm; cefYtyfum wnfxm;cJhaom wvkyfNrdKU qkdwm&Sdonf/
wvkyfNrdKUonf yk*HacwfrSp ukef;abmifrif;qufrsm;wkdif NrdKUtjzpf
wnf&SdcJhaomaMumifh
bk&m;apwDykxkd;rsm;
txift&Sm;
wnfxm;
ukd;uG,fcJhMuovkd eab;&Sd &Gmi,fuav;rsm;wGifvnf; bk&m;apwDrsm;
wnfcJhMuyHk &ygonf/ wvkyfNrdKU ywf0ef;usif&Sd &Gmwkdif;vkdvkdwGif
apwDykxkd;ysufawG awGYEkdifygao;onf/
uRefri,fi,fu tbwkdY ajymoHMum;zl;cJh&oavmuf azmif;um;bk&m;
ukd XmyemawmfawG tazmufcH&pfu azmufxGif;olwkdY ususef&pfcJhaom
ykwD;? vufaumuf? em;a#mif;awmfawGuyif wpfyHkwpfyifBuD;[kqkdygonf/
onfususef&pfcJhaom Xmyemawmfrsm;ukd bk&m;0if;0ef;usif vrf;wpfavQmuf
vkdufaumuf,lcJh&onfrSmyif jynfawmif;wpfawmif;pm &SdcJhonfqdk\/
onfXmyemawmfrsm;ukd
bk&m;twGif;
xyfrHXmyemcJhMuonfrSmyif
ESpfaygif;tawmfMumcJhayNyD/ NydKysufaeaom tkwfwHwkdif; &ifjyifawmf
wkdYukdvnf; uRefrwkdY&Gmu jyKjyifrGrf;rHcJhMuygao;onf/ ESpfpf xHk;ouFef;
uyfvSLjcif;trIukdawmh ukokdvf&SifwpfOD;csif;pDu ukokdvf,lwwfMuygonf/
azmif;um;bk&m;\ ta&SUbufwGif ]anmifykqpfwkyf} qkdwm&Sdonf/
anmifyifBuD;rSm wpfajzmifhwnf;aygufaejcif;r[kwfbJ vlwpfa,muf ykqpf
'l;wkyfumxkdifaeonfhyHkrsdK; ykykuGuGBuD;aygufaejcif;aMumifh anmifykqpfwkyf
[k ac:jcif;yif/ anmifykqpfwkyf\ ab;wGif &Gmawmf&Sifewfpif&Sdygonf/
uRefrwkdY&Gmukd apmifha&Smufaom &Gmapmifhewfaeonfh ewfuGef;[kqkdygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
509
cifcifxl;
]]tcgysufwkef;u nwkdif&if a[monf&Gmawmf&ifbufvSrf;Munhf&om

tarm? &Gmawmf&ifbufu rD;a&mifjrifo,fa[hqkd&if vlawGaep&mukd r&Sdbl;?
"m;jy olckd;u &Gmukd0ifr,fhBuH&if &Gmawmf&ifewfpifrSm rD;xGef;ylaZmfNyD;
&Gmapmifhewfukd cGifhawmif;&omukd;ath? tJovkd ylaZmfvkdY rD;awmufrNidrf;rS
olwkdYtBuH atmifo,fvkdY t,l&SdMuomaum}}
&Gmuav;ukd apmifhonfh &Gmapmifhewfukd qDrD;ylaZmfNyD; cGifhawmif;vQif
tBuHtpnfatmifowJhvm;/
&Gmawmf&Sifuaum
bkd;pfabmifquf
ukd;uG,fqnf;uyfvmcJhMuonfh
&Gmol&Gmom;awGukd
olckd;"m;jy&efu
rapmifha&Smufawmhbl;vm;/
olckd;"m;jyqdkolawGukd
rwm;jrpfrydwfyif
Ekdifjcif;awmh [kwf[efrwl/ vlMurf;awmh ewfMurf;rcHEkdifawmhwmrsm;vm;/
tckvnf; vl&rf;um;awGukd &Gmapmifhewfyif EkdifyHkray:/ ukd,fapmifha&Smuf
aeonfh &Gmuav;xJ ckd;zkdYwkdufzkdYcGifhawmif;MuolwkdYukd rEkdifvkdY onf;cHvkduf
&wmrsm;vm;/ xkdpfu w&m;Oya'ESihf tvSrf;a0;vSaom uRefrwkdY
&Gmuav;rsm;onf ppfab; ppf'Pfxuf olckd;"m;jy'Pfukd ykd cHcJhMu&
ygonf/ ukd,fhajr? ukd,fh,m? ukd,fhaqG? ukd,fhrsdK;oHa,mZfuwpfbuf?
olckd;"m;jy&efuwpfbuf? rvl;om rvGefYomb0rsm;/
anmifykqpfwkyf\ ta&SU,Gef;,Gef; uawm (cHawm) &Gm? qDrD;cHk&GmwkdYrS
qufoGm;vQif ebl;tkdif&Gmuav;okdY a&mufygonf/ ebl;tkdifvrf;cGJrS
NrdKUom? wHwm;OD;? rEav;qDokdY um;vrf;aygufaeygNyD/ tckawmhvnf;
&GmESihf rEav; tvSrf;ra0;awmhNyD/
azmif;um;bk&m;ay:wGif uRefrwkdYxkdifaepf a&Ta&mifzdwfausmif;buf
qDrS qGrf;pm;armif;acgufoHoJhoJh Mum;vkduf&ygonf/ uRefrwkdYom;trd
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
510
cifcifxl;
vnf; bk&m;ukd0wfjyKum jyefcJhMuygonf/ onfuaeYawmh &GmrSmyJ

em;em;aeae vnfMuzkdY pdwful;xm;\/ &GmxJokdY uRefrwkdYjyefa&mufawmh
BuD;awmf\
tdrfa&SUwvif;wGif
vSnf;wpfpD;
cRwfxm;onfukd
awGYvkduf&ygonf/
]]a[mawmfh ... b,folawGrsm;ygvdrfhvkdY MuifpdefwkdY MuifvSwkdYygvm;}}
]][kwfyawmf ... a':av;wkdYa&mufaeoHMum;vkdY tvnfvmac:om ...
*ifh*Japs;aeYu rvkdufjzpfvkdufbl;? raeYurS &GmuaumifrawGu ajymvkdY
od&om}}
t&D;pdefESifh t&D;vSwkdYrSm tazhESrwpf0rf;uGJu arG;aom orD;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ uRefrtarBuD; r,fcif\nDr tarBuD; rat;x,f
aygufrsm;jzpfonf/ t&D;pdefESihf t&D;vSwkdYu ukdif;&GmrSmaeonf/ t`rTm
nDtpfrjzpfaomaMumifh i,fpfuwnf;uyif kyfcsif;cGJr&atmifwlojzifh
tarBuD;rat;x,fu em;uyfrsm;jzifh cGJay;xm;&onf/ t&D;pdefu
ausmufjzLem;uyf? t&D;vSu ausmufeDem;uyf/ onfem;uyfrsm;onfyif
uRefrt&D;rsm;\ i,femrnf jzpfMu&awmhonf/ ausmufjzLa&[kac:vQif
t&D;pdefuxl;onf/
ausmufeDa&[kac:vQif
t&D;vSu
xl;onf/
tawmfuav;t&G,fa&mufawmhrS ausmufjzL? ausmufeD vlvHk;uGJMuonf
qkd\/
]]uJ uJ vkdufoGm;MuOD;? ukd,fhtrsdK;qkd igu jiif;vTwfrSm ckawmh
armifndKUtrsdK;awGrkdY xnfh&om ... vifhaqGrsdK;vnf; ukd,fhtrsdK;tEG,fyJ[Jh ...
aMomf aeOD; aeOD; armifacsmtdrfu xrif;pm;vmac:om ESpfcg&SdoGm;NyD
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
511
cifcifxl;
pm;oGm;MuOD; xrif;wpfeyfqkdwpfeyf tm;cJauR;&om[Jh auR;o,fharG;o,fh

vlu apwemo'gw&m;xm; auR;omukd xm;o,fholpm;rS 'geajrmufo[Jh}}
rsufpdrjrif&Smaom BuD;awmfu uRefrwkdYom;trdtwGuf pDrHaejcif;
jzpfonf/ bBuD;acsmtdrfwGif xrif;pm;aomufNyD;aomtcg t&D;pdefwkdY
vSnf;jzifhyif uRefrwkdYukdif;&GmokdY vkdufzkdYjyifwkef; bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS ukd&if
uav; ajy;vmygonf/
]]rrxl;ukd bkef;BuD;u tac:ckdif;vkdY}}
]]bmjzpfvkdYvJ ukd&if}}
]]rkefYbl; zGifhr&vkdYo,fh ... usKyfukdzGifhckdif;om r&vkdYqkdNyD; xdyfwpfcsuf
acgufao;o,f ... 'gayod bkef;BuD;,lzGifhomvnf; r&bl;&,f}}
uRefrrSm q&mawmhfausmif;ukd uref;uwef; ajy;vkduf&ygao;onf/
uRefra&mufoGm;aomtcg
OD;Zif;odef;u
a&TykpGefrkefYbl;t0kdif;BuD;ukd
a&SUwGifcs Oykofonfrsm;a&SUwGif acR;awGpkdYaeygonf/
]]OD;Zif; ... b,fvkdjzpfwmvJ bk&m;}}
]][m ... eifvSLo,fhrkefYbl;u tjyifuMunfhawmh vSyg&JU ... rkefYuav;
awGuvnf; pm;csifhpzG,fygyJ[m 'gayod b,fvkdrS vSnfhzGifhvkdYr&bl;
[kdbufvSnfhvnf;r& onfbufvSnfhvnf;r&eJY BuHKzl;aygif[m}}
q,fvkdwdwftMunfuav;ywf ydwfxm;aom rkefYbl;ukd Budwf
vSnfhzGifhaeonfqkdaom q&mawmfukdMunfh uRefrr&,f0Hhyg/ [kwfayom;yJ
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
512
cifcifxl;
vkdYom atmufarh&awmhonf/ OykofonfawGuvnf; q&mawmfhpum;ukd

axmufcHaeonfhtvm; acgif;wndwfndwf/ uRefru rkefYbl;ukd,l
bl;tdrfESifh tzHk;Mum;u q,fvkdwdwfom;uav;ukd &pfcGm zGifhay;vkduf
ygonf/ rkefYbl;yGifhoGm;onfukd wtHhwMo jyL; MunfhaeMuao;\/
]]eifzGifhjyawmhvnf; vG,fom;[ ... igjzifh rGef;awmifvGJawmhr,f
zGifhvkdYukdr&om? ulvDulrmrsm;vkdufo,fhbl;ES,f ... aemufr0,fcJhygeJY[m}}
uRefrrSm q&mawmfukdMunfh oufjyif;tomcsvkdufrdygonf/ &GmrkefY
rsm;ukdom bkf;ay;avh&Sdaom q&mawmf\ kd;om;rIESihf ,Sfaom
pum;aMumifh uRefrrSm ykdyif MunfndKoem;oGm;rdygonf/
]]eifwkdYom;trd reufjzef jyefMuawmhrvkdYqkd}}
]]wifyghbk&m;}}
]]awmfao;omaygh[m ... eifwkdYjyefoGm;rSom rkefYbl;zGifhjzpf&if
bkf;awmifay;&rSm rIwfbl; ... tif; tif; ukdif; reuf ausmif;vmcJhMuOD;}}
q&mawmfukd 0wfjznfh uRefr ausmif;uxGufvmawmh ukdajyat;ESihf
ausmif;ayguf0rSmqHkMuonf/
]]ukdajyat; ... nukd qufqufaemf ... ajAmtzGJYukd uRefru {nfhcHrSmyg
tpDtpfysuf&ifawmh uRefrpdwfqkd;rSm}}
]]at;yg[m ... at;yg ... eifvkyfrSyJ ighrvJ awmifwpfvHk;
ajrmufwpfvHk; vkdufaumuf&awmhomyJ zkd;anmif;wkdY atmifarmif;wkdY
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
513
cifcifxl;
tzGJYawGvnf; igajymNyD;ygNyD? rjym;BuD;vnf;

rapmifhbl;&,f ighESrqEjynfh&aphaygh[m ukdif;}}
uaeY
Oykofawmif
nwGif BuD;awmfwkdYtdrfwGif &GmajAmtzGJYjzifh oDcsif;awGqkdMuzkdY uRefr

pDpfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
t&D;at;rwkdYwpfawGu
rkefYaygif;rsm;vkyf
vmorQvlukd auR;zkdY uRefru 0,fckdif;jcrf;ckdif;xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ &Gmuav;ukd
EIwfqufrnfhnrSm wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf vGrf;vGrf;aqG;aqG;jzifh uRefr
EIwfrqufcsifyg/ NyD;awmh ]]O',&Gmu zdwfac:oH}} oDcsif;uav;ukd
uRefrtoHoGif;csifao;wmvnf;ygonf/ uRefrwkdYukdif;&Gmukd vkdufoGm;awmh
aejrifhaeygNyD/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
514
cifcifxl;
(32)
ukdif;&GmrSm *ifh*J\ awmifbufcyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif &Sdygonf/ &Eykd&GmESihf
wpfqufwnf;jzpfojzihf orkdif;0if &Eykd&Gmukdyg wpfatmifhwpfem;0ifzkdY
uRefr pdwful;vkdufrd\/ vrf;wGif t&D;vSu vSnf;armif; t&D;pdefu
ajymif;zl;zufvdyfBuD;axmif;axmif;xzGm&if; vkdufcJhMuygonf/ onft&D;
ESpfa,mufrSm t`rTmnDtpfryDyD i,fpfuwnf;u rcGJbJ wwGJwGJ
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qifcJhonfhtwkdif; ausmufjzL ausmufeD em;uyfrsm;ukd yHkyef;oPmefom
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515
cifcifxl;
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pdrf;vGefvGefYvkdY t&D;wkdYu r&Sdqif;&Jom;ayukd;awmfh}}
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r[kwfvm;/ uRefr&Gm usf;usf;uav;xJu aqGaqGrsdK;rsdK;rsm;\
tdrfaygufaphESHYatmif ra&mufEkdifao;wmyJMunfhav/
ukdif;&GmrSmawmh uRefrwkdY vnfp&mtdrf odyfrsm;rsm;pm;pm;r&Sdyg/
onft&D;ESpfa,muftdrfrSmyif wpfaeckd&if; pum;pjrnf ajymaevkdufMu
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teif;cdkif;o,f a&cyfckdif;o,f NyD;awmh a':av;jr&Sifukd bmvacsmif
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OD;zkd;pdefBuD;&JU wkdufaemufaz;u a*:&cg;awGeJY twlaecJhzl;ao;omukd;awmfh?
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
516
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ckdif;NyD;&if rkefYzkd;ay;NyD;rS bBuD;ndKu jyefvTwfomav vkyfief;vkyfvkdY
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ukd olwdkYwpfawG em;vnfwwfMuonfaum/ t&D;wkdYu ajym&if;ikdMuawmh
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vlodrsm;aomfvnf; wuefwu ra&mufjzpfMuonfh &Gmuav;yif/
{&m0wDjrpf ta&SUbufurf;ezl;wGif opfyifBuD;awG tkyftkyfqkdif;qkdif;jzifh
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
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cifcifxl;
at;csrf;aom &Gmuav;jzpfonf/ &Eykdjrpfurf;rS ajrBuD;onf uRefrwkdYe,f&Sd

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av;ig;zkdavmuf&Sdaomfvnf;
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tkd;tEkynm xGef;um;aom &Gmuav;yif/ &GmxJokdY uRefrwkdY avQmufoGm;
aomtcg tkd;cwfoH? oDcsif;qkdoHwkdYjzifh NrdKifvsuf&Sd\/
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zl;ygonf/ onfwkef;u uRefrq,fESpforD;avmufyJ &SdOD;rnfxifonf/
ausmif;ydwf&ufwkdif; tarhtkd;qkdifwGif aps;vkdufula&mif;&if; tkd;vmykdYonf
rsm;ESihfBuHKvQif uRefru tNrJpyfpkwwfonf/ ausmufajrmif; EG,fNidrf;bufu
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csif;wGif;jrpftaemufbufurf;&Sd ycef;BuD;&GmrS ycef;tkd;rsm;vnf;ygonf/
uav;upm;p&m ycef;tkd;ykwfuav;rsm;rSm vufwpfqpfavmufom&Sdonfh
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rdef;uav;rsm; EIwfcrf;uav;vSvQif ycef;tkd;ykwfuav;eJY wlvkdufwm
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
518
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onftaMumif;ukd pum;qHkavwkdif; OD;av;atmifazu jyefajymaewwf
ygonf/
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tJom tkd;pazmfo,fh tywfrSmyJ jrif;jcHu ukd&ifndKorD;uav;u ebuftkd;
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519
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522
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523
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ypnf;rsm;ukd urmausmfa&S;a[mif;jywkdufBuD;awGxJu orkdif;tarGtESpfawG
avmuf uRefr oabmxm;ygonf/ uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;twGufawmh
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
524
cifcifxl;
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526
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527
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jzpfMuaom uRefrtpfukd 0if;jrifhav;ESihf uRefrwkdYu rrjym;[kac:aom
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ygao;onf/
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
528
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529
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jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
531
cifcifxl;
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uRefrukd ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmaom umvawGtxd aemufjyefqGJac:aeMuonf/
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532
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533
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534
cifcifxl;
]]tvnfwpfacguf vma&mufcJh&if ... a&TapwDbk&m;vnf; zl;awGY&rnf
___ wpfcgwpfvSnfh vmcJhapcsifonf ___ azmfa&GpGm qD;vkdYBudKyghrnf

___ omyHkxl;wJh a&TO&GmqD armifwkdYvmygrnf ___ omyHkxl;wJh
a&TOajrqD r,fwkdYvmygrnf ___ vmvnfprf;y &Gmv,fvrf;u
BudKaernf txl;yBudKaernf ___ O',&Gmu zdwfac:aeygonf}}
ukdatmifarmif;ESihf
ukdzkd;anmif;wkdYESpfa,mufwnf;
wD;Muonf
qkdaomfvnf; ajAmoHu wpfuGif;vHk;NrdKifaeawmhonf/ ajAmwD;ol
rsm;rsm;pm;pm;rygaomfvnf;
ukd,fht&yfeJYukd,fhZmwfqkdovkd
ukd,fh&Gm
ukd,fhajAmBudKufMuonfaum/
]]&Gmtaemufukd avQmufumoGm;&if atmifjromZH aomif,HoJ ...
ykvJvkdvkd tcif;omwJhqkd ___ aendKndKvHkrysdKazmfwoif; ... a&cyfqif;

...
qif;Muoukd
___&Gmta&SUqDukd
avQmufumoGm;awmh
&Gma[mif;wpfae&mrS azmif;um;bk&m;vnf; zl;awGYEkdifygoaemf ___
oMuFefbk&m;eJY ukd;awmifjynhfrSm zl;Mu wlaysmfaysmf}}
&Gmtaemufu {&m0wD? &Gmta&SUubk&m;apwDawGukd zl;awGYEkdifygowJh
vm;/ onf&Gmonfbk&m;apwDawGeJY {&m0wD[m olwkdYwpfawG&JU oHa,mZf
taESmiftzGJYawGrsm;vm;/ bk&m;ikwfwkd anmifxkdxkdayr,fh &Gmhusufoa&yif/
]]vmapcsifygonf
... &Gmv,fvrf;rBuD;qD wpfcgwpfacgufjzifh

avQmufvkdY vnfEkdifonf ___ pmoifausmif;awGeJY zGYHNzdK;vSygonf ...
ausmif;av;ausmif; ywf&Hxm;wJh O',&GmvkdY txift&Sm; &Sdayonf ___
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
535
cifcifxl;
tEkynmonf q&mvGef;wkdY arG;&yfqD ... bkdauNidrf;wkdYarG;&yfqD

___wpfcgwpfvSnfh vmcJhapcsifonf azmfa&GpGm qD;vkdYBudKyghrnf}}
&Gmv,fvrf;rBuD;? rlvwef;pmoifausmif;uav;? bkef;BuD;ausmif;
av;ausmif;ESihf zGHYNzdK;vSygonfwJhvm;/ tEkynmonf qdkif;q&mBuD;
q&mvGef;wkdY bkdauNidrf;wkdY arG;&yfqDwJhvm;/
]]omyHkxl;wJha&TO&GmqD armifwkdYvmygrnf ___ omyHkxl;wJh a&TOajrqD
r,fwkdYvmygrnf ___ vmvnfprf;y &Gmv,fvrf;u BudKaernf ___

txl;y BudKaernf O',&Gmu zdwfac:aeygonf}}
*kPfyumoer&Sd oabmjzL tlpif;vGef;vSaom uRefrwkdY&Gmuav;qDukd
tvnfvmzkdY zdwfac:aeoHawGukd b,folawG Mum;apcsifvkdY b,folawG
tvnfvmapcsifMuwmygvdrfh/
ajAmoHawGuawmh
a0a0pDpD/
aumif;uifxuf vjynfh0ef;BuD;xJrS qefzGyfonfh tzkd;tkduawmh yGJcif;
uav;ukd iHkYMunfhvkdYaeonfaum/ rkom;ryg vuFmracsm aus;awmae
ajrawmifol? ,mawmifolwkdY\ onfzdwfac:oH oDcsif;uav;u
uRefrukdyif &nfnTef;aeovkdvkd/ NyD;cJhonfh ig;ESpfu &Gmukd uRefr
wpfacgufa&mufcJhonf/ onfwpfacgufa&mufNyD; aemufwpfacgufqkdwm
b,fawmhvJ/ uRefrrod/ reufjzefqkdvQif uRefr NrdKUukd jyef&awmhrnf/
&Gmuav;ukd,fwkdifu uRefrukd opfpdrf;csdK; csdK;&ufavjcif;[k tjypfwifae
oa,mifa,mif/
]]zdwfac:oHoDcsif;uav;eJY azsmfajzNyD;wJhaemuf uRefawmfwkdY qufvuf
wifqufoGm;rSmuawmh tvSLyGJvmwJh vHkri,fqkdwJh oDcsif;uav;yJ
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
536
cifcifxl;
jzpfygw,f? onfoDcsif;uav; rqkdcifrSm Mum;jzwftpDtpf wpf&yftaeeJY

onfajAmyGJuav;jzpfatmif
ZGwfvkyfckdif;wJh
uRefawmhfESr
rxl;u
uRefawmfrsm; ajAmtzGJYukd qkawmfaiG yef;uHk;rsm;qGJay;r,fh tpDtpfyJ
jzpfygw,f ... vm[ ighESr}}
ukdzl;ndK\ tpDtpfaMunmyHkukd oabmusvGef;ojzifh uRefrrSm
&,fvkdufrdygao;onf/ yGJoGm;yGJvm&SdrS jrwfjrwfEkd;Ekd; xkwf0wfaom pykdY&Syf
uefYvefYtpif;Mum;ESihf om;\ykqkd;us yavuyftuGufBuJBuD;ukd Id;usus
0wfqifNyD; rkdufcGufukd [efygygudkif&if; vlwwfBuD;vkyfaeyHkaMumifh
wpfaMumif;? &GmrSmvmuaom tNidrfhyGJ? ZmwfyGJxJrS av,lavodrf;ukd
twkckd; o,fawGw,fawG? omawGwmawG yDyDjrnfjrnfBuD; owdxm;
ajymqkdaeonfuwpfaMumif;? tpDtpf aMunm&if; uRefrukd ]vm[ighESr}
[k &if;&if;ESD;ESD; vSrf;ac:vkdufoHuwpfaMumif;aMumifh uRefru toHxGuf
um&,frdawmh\/
cifrmvGifu cHawmif;BuD;xJ pkxnhfxm;aom pG,fawmfyef;uHk;rsm;ukd
uRefrukd vmay;onf/ aeYv,fu bkef;BuD;ausmif; pG,fawmfyifrS
wuefwu oGm;cl; oDxm;aom c&rf;jympG,fawmfyef;rsm;Mum;wGif
aiGwpf&mwefig;&GufpDukd wuefYpDxnfh oDxm;ygonf/ wpfuHk;vQif
aiGig;&m/ pG,fawmf aiGyef;uHk;q,fuHk; xnfhxm;aom cHawmif;BuD;ukd
r,l uRefru bufx&D rD;acsmif;uav;atmuf oGm;&yfvkdufawmh
uRefraqGrsdK;awGu vufckyfawG0kdif;wD;Muonf/ apmapmwkef;u 0rf;enf;
aMuuGJrIawG uRefrwkdYxHrSmr&Sdawmh/ wu,fhukd aysmfp&maumif;aom
yGJcif;uav;jzpfoGm;ygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
537
cifcifxl;
cHawmif;xJrS pG,fawmfuHk;rsm;ukd wpfa,mufwpfuHk;pD uRefrtpfukdrsm;

tpfrrsm;ukd vkdufqGJay;awmh olwkdYwpfawG NyHK;aeMu\/ ukdzl;ndK? rrjym;?
ukdajyat;? ukdwifaqG? OD;ayg&Sef? ukdNidrf;armifav;? ukdvSEk? ukdatmifarmif;?
ukdzkd;anmif;wkdYukd qGJay;NyD; yef;uHk;wpfuHk; ykdaeonf/ uRefru
yef;uHk;BuD;ukd toHcsJUpufwm0efcH uRefrwl wifpkd; (ukdzl;ndK\ om;BuD;) ukd
oGm;qGJay;vkdufawmh wifpkd;u &Sufaeao;onf/ yGJcif;xJu uRefraqGrsdK;
awGuawmh uRefrESihf ajAmtzGJY\ okyfaqmifuGufrsm;ukd Munfh&if;
wa0ga0gESihf yGJusaeMuonf/ onftaysmf onfjrifuGif;awGu olwkdYtwGuf
twdwfukd jyefykdYvkdufovkd jzpfoGm;onfxifh/ yGJcif;uav;u vIyfvmonf/
uRefri,fi,fu &GmrSm ajAmtzGJY wD;vHk;wkdufMuonfhnwkdif; ukdajyat;
wkdY 0kdif;xJrSmyif armif;qkdif;ab; ajrBuD;ay:rSmyJ tdyfaysmfoGm;wwfonf/
ajAmtzGJY tvSLcHxGuf&maemuf waumufaumufvkduf&if; tqltaiguf
cHcJh&onf/ &GmeD;csKyfpyfru wpfwkdif? ESpfwkdif? oHk;wkdif? av;wkdif
c&D;aygufatmif vSnf;vrf;? eif;usdK;eif;uRHMum;? aeylpyfcg; ajAmvSnf;BuD;
armif; tvSLcHxGufcJhMuolawG/ zkefaxmif;axmif;x vSnf;aemufNrD;ukd
qGJNyD; vkdufvmMuaom &Gmuuav;awGxJrSm uRefrtygt0if/ onfwkef;u
uRefr *g0efuav;0wfonfh t&G,fyJ&Sdygao;onf/
]][Jh uav;awG ae&pfcJhMuawmh iwkdYu ta0;BuD;oGm;rSm oGm;oGm;
&Gmwef;jyefMuaemf}}
onfvdk atmfvkdufaigufvkdufvQif vSnf;aemufNrD;ukd qGJxm;aom
uRefrwkdY vufacsmif;uav;awG jznfavsmhum acgif;idkufpkdufjzifh &Gmbuf
jyefvmMu&onf/ &ifxJrSmvnf; aMuuGJ0rf;enf;vsuf rausreyf
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
538
cifcifxl;
jzpfcJh&yHkrsm;/ igwkdY&Gm igwkdYajAmaemufukdvkdufwm aigufvTwf&ufavjcif;

xifcJhrdonfaum/ tckawmh oHa,mZfruif;aom olwkdYapwemarwm
awGukd uRefrem;vnf vufcHwwfcJhygNyD/ 'gaMumifhvnf; ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
uGma0;cJh&aom &GmajAm0kdif;uav;ukd onfn uRefr r&ru ZGwftwif;
taumiftxnfazmfvkdufrdjcif;yJjzpf\/
onfwkef;u &GmajAmtzGJYu onfhxufpnfonf/ onfhxuf tHkusif;
aumif;onf/ onfhxuf vlpkHcJhonf/ ]rvGrf;ykd} acwfoDcsif;ESihf
toGufuav; pGufcJh&Smaom uRefrtpfr rrJwlac: aw;oH&Sif cifoef;Ek
onfyif uRefrwkdYwpfawG\ b0rsm;pGmukd EIwfqufvsuf vlYavmuukd
cGJcGmoGm;cJhNyD/ ajAmBuD;ukd pvG,fokdif; ajAmacgufwHukd ykdifykdifqkwf
tm;&yg;& wD;cJh&Smaom uRefrtpfukd ukdaX;atmifvnf; wrvGefc&D;
xGufcGmoGm;cJhNyD/ wpfcsdefu &GmusdK;&yfusdK; o,fykd;aqmif&GufcJhMuaom
bkef;awmfBuD;rsm;? vlBuD;olrrsm;vnf; r&Sd&SmMuawmh/ vGrf;r,fqkd
vGrf;p&mcsnf;/
]]a[h rxl; ... a[h rxl;}}
yGJcif;uGufvyfxJu zsmMurf;uav;ay: uRefrxkdifvkdufonfESihf uRefr
aemufausmukd ,yfawmifkd;jzifh xkd;xkd;NyD; EIwfqufojzihf vSnfhMunhfvkduf&
ygonf/
]]a[m a'G;av;yHkY bBuD;rif;'efaum rygbl;vm; aeaumif;Mu&JUvm;}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
539
cifcifxl;
]]nnf;bBuD; ygygoawmf a[m[kd ukdacsmwkdY0kdif;rSm igjzifh nnf;wkdY

om;trd a&aEG;aomufvmac:omukd oHk;acguf&SdNyD ighwlrES,fa&m}}
a'G;av;yHkYrSm uRefrwkdY&Gm tvSLyGJwkdif; zufpdrf;uGrf;awmifxkd;avh&Sdaom
wpfcsdefu
tysdKacgif;BuD;jzpfonf/
uRefri,fpfu
a'G;av;yHkYu
iSufaysmzuf? tkef;vufuav;rsm;jzifh Muufwla&G;kyfuav;awG xkd;enf;
oifay;cJhao;onf/ a'G;av;ykHYrSm tysdKBuD;b0jzifh tkd;xkwfawmh
ra,mifa,mifESihf toufav;q,fausmfumrS tazhnDwpf0rf;uGJ (rkqkd;zkd)
bBuD;rif;'efBuD;ESihf tdrfaxmifbufjyKcJhMujcif;jzpf\/ om;orD;wpfa,muf
rS ray:aygufchJyg/ bBuD;rif;'efuvnf; rkqkd;zkdBuD;b0ESihf tcsdefawmfawmf
aevkdufygao;onf/ uRefrwkdYjrif;jcHrSmaepfu NrdKUukd cPcPvm
kyf&SifMunfholjzpf\/ bBuD;rif;'efu awmom;BuD; qkdaomfvnf;
jrefrmum;awGukd
rBudKuf/
typftcwfrsm;jzifh
onf;xdwf&ifzkd
EkdifiHjcm;kyf&SifZmwfvrf;rsm;ukdom Munfholjzpfonf/ uRefrwkdYjrif;jcHwGif
xkdpfu kyf&SifkH oHk;kH&Sdonf/ vli,fkH? *kPfkHESifh oD&dkH/ onfkHoHk;kH
pvHk;ukd tESHYoGm;NyD; ykdpwmawGukd t&ifMunfholjzpfonf/
]]tckMunhfvmo,fhum;u odyfraumif;bl; aemufjyr,fhum;urS
aumif;rSmuG ykdpwmxJu ZmwfuGufzrf;Munfh&omawmh rif;om;eJY
ygarmuBuD;eJY wGJNyD; vlqkd;awGukd csr,fhyHkyJ tJonfum;MunfhNyD;rS
&Gmjyefr,fuGm}}
EkdifiHjcm;Zmwfvrf;rsm;xJwGif ygavh&Sdaom odyHynm&Sif? pHkaxmuf
ponfh rif;om;BuD;rsm;ukd bBuD;rif;'efu ygarmu[kom qkdav\/
wpfcgwpf&H EkdifiHjcm;um;aumif;rsm; wifNyDqkdvQif uRefrwkdYu pma&;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
540
cifcifxl;
rSmvkdufvkdYuawmh aeYrqkdif;bJ 'kef;pkdif;ajy;csvmwwfonf/ a'G;av;yHkYESihf

nm;umpu jrif;jcHukd ac:vmNyD; kyf&Sifjyygonf/ kyf&SifxJuum;u
wnfhwnfharmif;csvmawmh a'G;av;yHkYu ukd,fukd wdrf;um,drf;um
a&Smifonf/
]]a[mawmf a[mawmf vmNyD vmNyD}}
]][ rdyHkY& o[m kyf&Sifydwfum;xJu t&dyfxifaeom ukd,fhqD
aygufxGufrvmygbl;[}}
]]tkd ukdrif;'efu awmfu ab;u taeomBuD;&,f um;u usKyfqD
wnfhwnfhBuD;vmomawmfh awmfowd&Sd&if usKyfae&mvmNyD; usKyftpm;
um;wkdufcHyghvm;}}
onfZmwfvrf;u uRefrwkdYarmifESrwpfawG tNrJajymum &,fjzpfMu
onfh Zmwfvrf;jzpfygonf/ tckawmh a'G;av;yHkYvnf; cg;ukdif;ae&SmNyD/
rsufawmifarG;uav;awGawmifuRwfvkdY/
rD;a&mifukd vufjzifhum&if; pum;ajymae&NyD/
]]tckaum bBuD;rif;'ef jrif;jcHoGm; kyf&SifMunfhao;vm;}}
]]rMunfhEkdifawmhygbl; ighwlr&,f? nnf;bBuD;ujzifh awmif&yfu
wDyD,kd wpfcgwpfav oGm;Munfhomawmif yHk;em;uyfMunfhrS jrif&om rsufpd
raumif;awmhbl;av}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
541
cifcifxl;
uRefrwkdY&Gmu kyf&Sifum;ukd ]ydwfum;axmif} [k ac:NyD; wDAD? AD'D,kdukd

]yHk;} [k oHk;Muonf/ kyf&SifMunfhvQifvnf; a&SUqHk;wef;u Munfhvkduf&rS
tm;&Muonf/
a&SUqHk;wef; wpfrwfig;rl;acwfu &GmuaqGrsdK;rsm; NrdKUvmwkdif; uRefr
kyf&SifvkdufMunfh&wwfonf/ wpfusyfaiGBuD;ay;NyD; aemufuMunfh&avjcif;
atmufarhMuolawGrkdY wpfrwfig;rl;wef; vufrSwfukefoGm;vQif wpfusyf
ay; cHkESihf yefumESihfMunhf&onfhwkdif rauseyfMu/ kyf&SifjyzkdY rD;vHk;uav;
rSdwfcsnf zGifhcsnf tcsufjyvkdufvQif ab;bDukd tuJcwf ]vma[haumifr
a&SUwef;ajy;&atmif} qkdum cHkawGwef;awGausmfum ydwfum;ukd ZufusdK;
rwwf armhMunfhMuonfaum/
]]rxl;a& nnf;wkdYrvJ &Gma&mufygNyD qkduwnf;u ajcpMum&rf;
aevkdufMuomat ... iwkdYacsmifawmif aZmif;rvSnfhbl;}}
]]a[m ... rrav;a&Ta& [kwfy ... uRefrwkdYvnf; a&mufwkef;qkd
ESHYatmifoGm;&wm}}
]]a[h ... rxl; ighESr &Gmjyefvmomukd vmEIwfrqufEkdifbl; ...
Munf;awmbuf MuufoGefEIwfvkdufae&vkdYa[h}}
]]ukdBuD;zkd;aomif;a&m rrao;ao;ukda&m uRefrujzifh ar;aewm}}
]]rrxl; ... usKyfrSwfrdvm; ... ukdvSoef;orD; rd*srf;av}}
]]rd*srf; tHr,f nnf;u tysdKawmifjzpfaeyga&mhvm; ighwlr&JU}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
542
cifcifxl;
yGJcif;uav;xJrSm uRefrwkdYtoHawG nHaeavawmhonf/ wpftdrf

wufqif; EIwfquf&vQif onfavmufESHYrSmr[kwf/ tckawmh uRefr
xGifvkdufaom twwfaMumifhyif a&TyGJvm{nfhy&dowftaygif;ukd tmawG
anmif;atmif aomaomnHnH EIwfquf&avawmh\/ rwD;rqkdMuwm
MumNyDjzpfaom ajAmtzGJY\ eif;usdK;eif;uRH[efawGaMumifh y&dowfuvnf;
yufwkwfr&/ wa0ga0g/ tyltyifuif;onfh uav;b0ukd wpfcgjyefNyD;
a&mufcsifvkdufygbd/
tJonfnu uRefrwkdY ajAmyGJcif;uav; nfYawmfawmfeufcJhonf/
vjynfhnoef;acgif,H vrif;BuD;uawmh xdefxdefomvsuf/ nfYeufawmh
vnf; aqGwkdYrsdK;wkdY NzdK;wkd;ajzmufawmufyJ usefawmhonf/ reufapmapm
0rf;a&;twGuf tvkyfcif;tukdifcif; qif;Mu&OD;rSmr[kwfvm;/ aecsifaomf
vnf; aevkdYr&onfhb0awG/ armifoef;pkd;\ bufx&DrD;a&mifyif rSdefcsifvm
NyD/
]]eifhrD;acsmif;ydwfvkdufygawmh[,f}}
rD;acsmif;r&SdawmhrS va&mifukd ykdNyD;cHpm;&onf/ onf&Gmonfvl? onf
jrpfrif;? onf,mcif;? onfxef;awm? onfva&mif/ tckawmhvnf;
ywfpmawGcGm? zsmawGodrf;MuNyefNyD/ b0awGqkdwm onfvkdyJxifyg&JU/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
543
cifcifxl;
(34)
uaeY &Gmujyef&awmhrnf/ i,fi,fuawmh ausmif;ydwfwmeJY
ausmif;vG,ftdwfuav;xJ t0wftpm;&Sdwmav; xkd;xnfhum &Gmukd
ajy;vmwwfaom uRefr/ ausmif;awG jyefzGifhvkdY &Gmu jyefcJh&wmukd
owd&vkdufrdygonf/ tckvnf; onfcHpm;rIyJjzpf\/ &GmtjyefcHpm;rIuawmh
&ifhusufvmw,f r&Sdygvm;/
reufrkd;vif; uRefrwkdYom;trd txkyfawGtykd;awG jyifMuawmh
rrxkdufwkdYnDtpfru rsufcGHawG rkdYrkdYtrf;trf; rsuf&nfuav; wprf;prf;
jzpfaeMuNyD/ &GmrsdK;&GmaqGwkdY vufaqmifay;Muonfh yJawG? ajryJawG?
vufyHacgif;ajcmuf? o&ufoD;ajcmuf? refusnf;oD;rSnhf? MuufoGefeD?
MuufoGefjzLawG? qHkBudwfESrf;qD? ajryJqDyHk;awG/ &GmxGuf EGm;EkdYcJ? EkdYqDykvif;
awGu tdrfacgifapmufuav;atmuf tjynfh/ nDtpfrESpfa,mufu
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
544
cifcifxl;
wl&mwl&m pkumpnf;um csnfumaESmifum vkyfaeyHkukdMunfh&if; uRefr

pdwfraumif;jzpfaerdonf/
BuD;awmfuawmh
rsufpdrjrif&Smaomfvnf;
tdwfawG? yHk;awG? ykvif;awGukd vufjzifh vkdufprf;&if; vufaqmif
txkyfBuD; txkyfi,frsm;ukd yrmPcsifhwGufMunhfaeav\/ EIwfuvnf;
wzGzG? rsuf&nfuav;uvnf; wpp/
]]enf;o,fhvufaqmifawGrIwfbl; ... awmfawmhf awmifolaygufp
wpfOD;pmawmh tom&Sd&JU ... tif; omqkd ighnDr ESpfaygufpm;avmufo,f ...
&Gmukd ESpfwkdif;vmcJhMuygat&,f ... NrdKUrSm nnf;wkdY 0,fpm;EkdifrSef;
odygo,f ... 'gaywJh arwmeJYay;o,fh uRef;yJuav;awGqkdawmh ykdcsdKo[Jh}}
BuD;awmfwkdY om;trdwpfawG xkyfykd;jyifqifaeMuwkef; uRefrwkdY
om;trd bkef;BuD;ausmif;buf xGufcJhMuygonf/ uRefrwkdY a&mufoGm;awmh
q&mawmfu vufaqmif rkefYqDaMumfawG uRwfuRwftdwfESihf xnhfNyD;
xkdifapmifhaeawmfrl&Smonf/ aqGeJYrsdK;eJYusawmh w&m;r&Sdovkd rsufESmu
vnf;raumif;/ uRefrwkdYom;trd xkdifuefawmhMuawmh q&mawmfu qkawG
wpfoDBuD;ay;&if; EIwfqufpum; qkdonf/
]]ukdif; ... jyefMuayOD;awmh ... ig raocif eifwkdYwpfawGeJY
awGY&omvnf; 0rf;omyg&JU jyefawmhr,f qkdjyefawmhvnf; atmufarhrdyg&JU
... ukd,fh&Gm ukd,fhajr rarhaumif;bl;uG,fhaemf ... aemufwpfacgufawGYzkdY
qkdom uroumayghuG,f ... tif; vlYb0qkdom ukodkvfav; cPvm,l
&o,fvkdY atmufarh ... aumif;rIukdjyKMu raumif;rIukda&SmifMu ukdif; ukdif;
aerylcif oabFmqif;MuuG,fhaemf}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
545
cifcifxl;
taruawmh olYarmif OD;yif;ukd Munfhumidkavonf/ uRefrrSm

OD;&D;awmf i,fq&m OD;Zif;odef; (q&mawmf) ukd NrdKUrS aq;0g;rStp
vkdtyfwm&Sdu rSmMum;yg&ef avQmufxm;NyD; jyefcJhMuygonf/ ausmif;BuD;
tkdtkdrSm &[ef;tkdBuD;wpfyg;om usef&pfcJhawmhonf/ ausmif;ay:u tqif;
rSmawmh aomfuyifikwfrnf;rnf;BuD; ESpfikwfu uRefrukd wdwfwqdwf
EIwfqufaeMujyefonfaum/
BuD;awmfwkdYtdrfxJrSmawmh
uRefrwkdYukd
vmEIwfqufMuolawGu
0kdif;ESifhtjynfh apmifhaeMuavNyD/ vufayGYawmif;uav;rsm; &GufvmMu&if;
]a[momu ajryJ? a[momu yJaxmywfjzL} pojzifh aomifaomifomom
vmoGefxnhfMuolawG &Sdovkd vuPmyg;&Sm;Muonfh aqGrsdK;wpfawG
uvnf; ukd,fwwftm;oa&GU ray;vkduf& r&Sd&avatmif refusnf;rSnfh
wpfqkyf? vufyHacgif;ajcmufuav;wpfxkyfqkdovkd rsufESmjy&if; vm
EIwfqufMuwmawGvnf; &Sdonf/ uRefr pdwfraumif; tjzpf&qHk;rSm
bmrSvufaqmifay;p&mr&Sdojzifh &Gmckd;rSm tavhusaygufonfh ta0&m
&GufnGefYawGukd cl;um vufaqmifvmay;&Smaom t&D;rapmukdyJjzpfonf/
]]tkd t&D;uvnf; vufaqmifay;p&mrvkdygbl; uRefrwkdYukd vm
EIwfqufwmukdyJ uRefru 0rf;omvSygNyD}}
]]ighwlr0rf;wGif;pdwf t&D;odomy ... 'gayod bmrS ray;vkduf&
avjcif;vkdY t&D; wpfoufvHk; pdwfraumif;rjzpfcsifvkdYygawmf ... ukdif;
onfxJxnhfvkdufraemf ... NrdKUus&if jznfwkdYMuaygh[Jh ... qD;aumif;o,f}}
vlawGwkH;kH; ay;Muurf;Mu rSmMuMum;MuonfhMum;rS uRefr tomvQdK
xGufvmcJhygonf/ uRefr\ i,faygif;a&mif;&if;BuD;jzpfcJhzl;aom onf0if;
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
546
cifcifxl;
onfjcHBuD;ukd EIwfqufcsifvkdYyJjzpfonf/ uRefraqmhupm;aeus yk@&duf

yifwef;uav;tem; rwfwwf&yfNyD; wpfjcHvHk;ukd uRefr pdwfjzifh
arwmykdY&if; EIwfqufvkdufygonf/ onfjcHBuD;xJrSmyJ arG;Mu aeMu
aocJhMuolawG/ arG;qJaeqJ aqGrsdK;awG/ ya'o&mZfacwf eef;wGif;
ta&;awmfyHkawGaMumifh ajy;cJh&&Smaom aoG;aomufBuD;? cHkrif;BuD;awGu
aygufzGm;qif;oufvmMuaom rsdK;aumif;dk;aumif; owdrenf;MuolawG/
dk;kd;om;om; vkyfukdifpm;&if; yJcif;? c&rf;csfcif;? MuufoGefcif;xJ
ausmylcH&ifylcH aqGrsdK;om;csif;awG ... / tm;vHk;ukd uRefrarwmykdYyg\/
jcHaxmifhu ,if;rmyiftkdBuD;u uRefrukd rSwfrdyHkr&/ &ifha&mfa&mf
yifpnfzkxpfBuD;awGu Za0Z0gjzpfaeyHk&\/ a[m[kd o&ufyifBuD;uawmh
oHk;vHk;wpfawmifoD;BuD;awG a<uavwkdif; o&ufuif;awG ajy;ajy;
aumufwwfaom uRefrukd uav;av;wpfa,mufvkd jrifaewkef;yJvm;/
iSufaysmzl; oHvsuf&J&JBuD;awGukd uRefr cl;,lzkdY pf;pm;xm;cJhaomfvnf;
tckawmh rcl;&ufjyefyg/ tazhjcHESihf tarhjcH ESpfjcHMum;u EG,fBuD;awG
wufaeaom uifyGef;NcHKtkyftkyfBuD;uvnf; uRefrNrdKUukd jyefawmhrSmukd
odaeoa,mifa,mif/ t&mtm;vHk; rIefrIdif; Nidrfouf pdwfysufaeMuyHk&\/
tdrfacgif;&if; refusnf;yifikwfBuD;qDokdYoGm;NyD; tbESihf tarBuD;ukd
pdwfrSm&nfvsuf uRefr &Sdcdk;EIwfqufvkdufygonf/ wpfcsdefu kupkd;&Sdonf
qkdaom onfrefusnf;yif\ kupkd;uaum tck b,fa&mufoGm;ygvdrfh/
]]ighajr; aemufESpf aEG&moD &Gmjyefvm&if qH&pf0kdif;uav; jyefxm;aemf
ighajr;&JU qH&pf0kdif;uav;u ig[m Armruav;vkdY ajymaeomuG,fh}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
547
cifcifxl;
uRefr OD;acgif;ay:u ryDwyDqH&pf0kdif;uav;ukd vufjzifh ukdifwG,f

yGwfoyfay;&if; tbqkdcJhzl;onf/ tarBuD;&Sdpfuwnf;u uRefrukd
aus;vufkd;&m qHauomtxHk;tzGJYuav;rsm; wwftm;orQ xHk;aESmifay;cJh
ygonf/ uRefr twdwfukd pwifrSwfrdonfh t&G,fuwnf;u em;yef;qH
uav; wpfbufwpfcsufcsum csdKapmif;uav; wpfbufwpfcsufpDrSm
yef;pnf;BudK;Muufawmifuav; csnfxm;aom qHpkzm;vsm;av; xm;cJh
&onf/ tarBuD;wkdYu uRefrukd ]ighajr;u aemufacs;cHkyfuav;eJY
wlvkdufwm} [k qkdcJhzl;onf/ uRefr qHyifawG oefpGrf;vmawmh ezl;pyfu
qHyifuav;awG ukdufcsNyD; xdyfwnfhwnfhrSm bl;yGifhMuufawmifuav;
pnf;ay;cJhMujyefygonf/ uRefr qHxHk;uav; yDyDxHk;EkdifvmcJhcsdefrSmawmh
uRefr\ qHyiftvSzefwD;&Sif tarBuD; uG,fvGefoGm;cJhygonf/ uRefr
OD;acgif;xufu
qH&pf0kdif;qHxHk;uav;ukd
tbuyJ
qufvuf
xdef;odrf;ay;cJhonf/ ]vmprf; ighajr;} [k qkdum uRefrqHyifawGukd
yJeHYomaphuav; avSmfNyD;pdrfxm;aom tkef;qDarT;arT;uav; vl;um 0g;bD;
uav;jzifh tbu NzD;oifay;cJhonf/ uRefr qHyif&Snf&SnfawGukd
qHxHk;uav;xHk;ay;NyD; atmufokdY ywfywfvnf wef;vsufusaeaom
qHyifawGukd uwfaMu;wpfvufjzifh tbukd,fwkdif ukdufnday;cJhzl;onf/
tbu w,kw, xHk;aESmifay;vkdufaom qH&pf0kdif;uav;rSm NrdKU
jyefa&mufwkdif;
bkdauyg;uav;
jzpfoGm;wwfygonf/
uRefrwkdY
i,fpfuwnf;u
NrdKUrSm
uG,faysmufpjyKaeaom
awmqHawmuf
qH&pf0kdif;uav;ukd
ausmif;oli,fcsif;rsm;u
avSmifMuajymifMuvkdYyJ
jzpfonf/ aEGausmif;ydwf &Gmjyefwkdif; uRefrbkdau NrdKUqHawmufuav;ukd
tbu qH&pf0kdif;yHk jyefazmfay;pNrJ/ uRefrqHyifawG tkyfvHk;odrf;EkdifwJh
t&G,fa&mufawmhrS tb uG,fvGefoGm;cJh&Smonf/ aus;vuftoGiftjyif
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
548
cifcifxl;
aus;vuftqift,ifukd ESpfoufjrwfEkd;vGef;cJh&Smaom tb\ ajr;ruav;

uRefrukd tbomouf&Sdxif&Sm; &Sdaeao;ygvQif acwfqHyiftxHk;tzGJY
rsm;ukd tbb,fvkdrsm; qkd&SmrSmygvdrfh/
]]ig tysdKaygufwkef;u qHuspfBuD;uspfNyD; acgif;ukd 0kdufywfxm;&if
tazu odyfrkef;omath ... NrdKUu rdef;rayghawGeJYwlo,fqkdNyD; aemufaph
uyfuav; xHk;ckdif;omyJ ... aemufaphxHk;qkdom ESpfywfvQdKqHxHk;
wif;wif;xHk;NyD; qHpukd txJ nyfodrf;vkduf&om ... r[mezl;uav;
xif;aeatmif kd;kd;&Sif;&Sif;BuD;ayghat}}
taruawmh
onfvkdajymcJhzl;ygonf/
uRefrukd,fwkdifuvnf;
qHyiftxHk;tzGJYESihf ywfoufvmvQif dk;dk;ESihf&Sif;&Sif;ukdom ESpfoufwwfol
qkdawmh tb pdwfwkdif;usvdrfhrnf xifyg\/ jyef&rnfqkdjyefawmh
tarBuD;ESihf tbukd watmufarharh uRefrvGrf;onf/ uRefr vGrf;vkdY
aumif;aeqJrSmyJ tdrfbufqDu ikdoHawG tDceJxGufvmonf/ uRefrwkdYukd
vmEIwfquf&if; wpfa,mufa,mufu pikdvkdufvkdY tukefvkdufikdaeMujcif;yJ
jzpfrnf/ uRefr&Gmutjyefwkdif; onfikdcsif;?vGrf;csif;awGukd &ifrqkdifcsifqHk;yJ
jzpf\/ &Gmukd vmawmhvnf; tvmrkdY? &Gmu jyefawmhvnf; tjyefrkdY/
rsuf&nfjzifh qD;BudKum rsuf&nfjzifhyif EIwfqufMuolawG/ okdYaomf onf
rsuf&nfawGu ESvHk;om;uvmaom rsuf&nfrsm;jzpfMuonf[k uRefr
,HkMunfygonf/ uRefrukd,fwkdifyif olwkdYMum;rSm 0ifikdaerdonfaum/ cspf
cGJcGmae&jcif;aMumifh vGrf;aumif;onf rSefaomfvnf; awmf&mrSmae&onfh
b0awG rIwfvm;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
549
cifcifxl;
]]bBuD;uHa& ... awmfhorD;awG awmfhajr;awG jyef&if vGrf;&

aqG;&vGef;vkdY cg;ukdcsdvkdY ... tckawmh rdaiGMunfukd tvGrf;xkyftyfcJhNyDaygh
a[mh a[mh ... ighnDrwkdY ighwlrwkdYa& nnf;wkdYu &GmrSm wpfywfq,f&uf
aeom ... tvmawmh 0rf;omvGef;vdkY wNyHK;NyHK; ... tjyefus&if
0rf;xJutlawG qGJEIwfoGm;ovm; atmufarh& ... [mwmwmBuD;[Jh iwkdYrSm
wpfvyJrajy ESpfvvnf;rcrf; ... vGrf;vkdufygbdawmh aemf ...}}
BuD;awmfu rsufpdrjrif&Smawmh uRefrwkdYom;trdukd ukdifumwG,fum
prf;prf; idkygonf/ BuD;awmfukd xkdifuefawmh&if;u ikdoHawGukd uRefr
rMum;&ufawmhyg/ armifoef;pkd;uawmh xHk;pHtwkdif; pum;wpfvHk;rS
0ifrajymbJ uRefrwkdYtxkyftykd;awGukdom wpfckNyD;wpfck vSnf;ay:
aumufwifaeavawmhonf/ ]cifAsm;wkdY[mu NyD;rNyD;Ekdifawmhbl;Asm ...
uwnf;} qkdonfhyHk/ uRefrnDr cifrmvGifu ypnf;awG vSnf;ay:
tavmwBuD; wif&yghrvm;qkdNyD; &efvkyfae\/
]][ eifhtarvif ... oabFmu ikdcsif;onfawGukd apmifhrSmrIwfbl; ...
EGm;aeylrSmAs ... bmrSwfaewHk;}}
a,mufsm;vkyfolu atmfawmh[pfawmh uRefrnDruvnf; iHkYcHaeonf
r[kwfyg/ aoG;aomufBuD;rsdK;awGr[kwfvm;/
]]eifuawmh [kwfrSmaygh eifhtrsdK;rSr[kwfbJ igu ightrsdK;awGukd;[Jh}}
pdwfraumif;jzpf&onfhMum;u olwdkYvifr,m;ukdMunfhum uRefr
oabmusaerdonf/ olYtrsdK; ukd,fhtrsdK; cGJcGJjcm;jcm; vkyfwmrsdK;r[kwfbJ
uRefrwkdYtay: tjzpfonf;jyvkdufjcif;om jzpfyg\/ armifoef;pkd;uawmh
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
550
cifcifxl;
wpfcGef;wpfyg'rS jyefrqkdbJ olYtvkyfukdom olqufvkyfaevkdufonf/

tdrfoleJY EG,fawmhvnf; ukd,hftrsdK; jzpf&pNrJr[kwfvm;/
]]ukdif; ... ukdif; aejrifhaevdrfhr,f oGm;MupkdY}}
txkyftykd;awGwifNyD; armifoef;pdk;u 0ifaqmfMovkdufawmh BuD;awmfu
ikd&mu 0kwfceJ &yfoGm;jyefonf/ orD;awGbuf zsyfceJvSnfh atmfjyefonf/
]][Jh
rdxkdufwkdY
cifrmvGifwkdY
a':a':wkdY
oabFmay:pm;zkdY
xrif;xnfhNyD;yvm;?
ajcmufajcmufaoGYaoGYuav;xnfh[Jh
oabFmu
[kdwifonfwifeJY jrif;rlvnf; ntdyfMu&OD;rSm rsm;rsm;xnfhay;aemf}}
uRefruawmh touf&Spfq,fausmfBuD;awmfESihf toufckepfq,fausmf
tarwkdYnDtpfr\ cGJcGmjcif; rSmwrf;a>caeMuyHkukd ai;Munhfaerdygonf/
tnmoltnmom;rsm;aoG;u pum;ykdajymMuonfxifh/ &Gma&mufuwnf;u
onfnDtpfr pum;vufqHkajymvkdYyJ rukefEkdifawmh/ nbufwGifvnf;
uRefrom tdyfaysmfoGm;vQifoGm;rnf/ nDtpfrESpfa,muf arSmifESihfrnf;rnf;
tdyf&mxJuae vSrf;pum;ajymaeus/ ajymp&mrukef/ cspfjcif;arwmw&m;
[lonf oHa,mZfjzifh aESmifwnf;rS ykd ckdifNrJMuavovm;/
]]ukdif; rjrwifwkdY rxl;wkdY jyefMua&mhaemf}}
]]aemufESpfvnf; onfvkday:wkef;ay:cg
&GJuav; ay;&omaygh}}
vmcJhMuawmfh
yJuav;
]]rxl; nnf;a&;o,fh bkd;tkyfpmawG vSrf;ykdYvkdufOD;aemf}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
551
cifcifxl;
t&D;at;r? t&D;y? rBuD;cspf? rr0if;Munf? bBuD;acsm? bBuD;xGef;ZH?

BuD;awmfaus;? ukdBuD;om*d? t&D;odef;xD? ba'G;mPfwkdYwawGu uRefrwkdYukd
wwGwfwGwfrSm&if; EIwfqufMuonf/ ukdif; oGm;a&mhaESmh? ukdif; oGm;a&mhaESmh
avmufom
qkdEkdifMuaomfvnf;
olwkdY&ifxJrSmawmh
pum;vHk;awG
usefygOD;rnf/ uRefrwkdYom;trdvnf; wbufuav;awG ycHk;ukd,fpDwif
uefawmhoifhuefawmhtyfaom OD;BuD;? OD;av;? a':BuD;? a':av;wkdYukd
xdkifuefawmhMuygonf/ uRefrwkdYwwfEkdifoa&GU aq;bkd;0g;c aiGp
uav;awG xnfhuefawmhjyefawmh bBuD;acsmu qkawGay;&if; qkdavonf/
]]aMomf ... mwumeH taqGtrsdK;wkdYukd oN*KvfaxmufyHh&jcif;onf
vnf; r*Fvmwpfyg; qkdorIwfvm; ... EkdYayr,fh aiGaMu;Opm ypnf;xuf
arwmeJY wpfOD;ukdwpfOD; axmufyHhEkdifMuzkdY ykdvkdouG,fh ... ighESr ighwlr
&Gmukd jyefvmcJhMuomukdu iwkdYwpfawGukd arwmxm;MuvkdYyJrIwfvm; ...
iwkdYwpfawGuvnf;
arQmfMuygo,fuG,f
...
wpfacgufwpfusif;
vmcJhMuygOD;ayghuG,faESm ...}}
bBuD;acsmajymonfh arwmw&m;jzifh axmufyHhjcif; r*Fvmukokdvf
aumif;rIukd uRefrwkdYwpfawG qufvuftarGcH,lEkdifzkdY uRefr\ i,fb0yHk&dyf
rsm;&Sd&m aqGrsdK;wkdY&GmokdY tcgtcGifhoifhwkdif; uRefrjyefvmrSmyJjzpfonf/
uRefr &Gmjyefwkdif;vnf; aqGrsdK;awGu arwmjzifh qD;vkdYBudKaeMurSmukd uRefr
,HkMunfyg\/
uRefr oli,fcsif;rawGuawmh uRefrwkdYukd oabFmqdyf vkdufykdYMurSm
jzpfonf/ ukda&TjrifhESihf roef;wkdY vSnf;vnf;a&mufvmNyD/ armifoef;pkd;u
vSnf;ay:awmifa&mufaeNyD/
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
552
cifcifxl;
]]uJ ... tm;vHk;yJ uRefrwkdYjyefOD;r,faemf

tvnfvmcJhMuOD; bk&m;BuD;zl;&atmifvkdY}}
...
rEav;vnf;
]]iwkdYawmh rarQmfeJY rxl;a&U nnf;wkdYom &Gma&mufatmif vmcJhMuyg

[Jh}}
uRefrwkdY vSnf;pxGufawmh vltkyfMum;xJrS BuD;awmfukd uRefr
vSrf;Munhfvkdufrdygonf/ rsufpdrjrif&SmbJ [kdprf;onfprf;ESihf uRefrwkdY
vSnf;oHMum;&mqDukd rSef;arQmfMunhf&if; tdrfjcHayguf0xd xGufvkdufvm
&Smonf/ jcHpnf;kd;wkdifukd ukdifvsuf usef&pfcJh&Smaom BuD;awmfukdMunhf&if;
uRefri,fi,fu uRefrwkdYjyefwkdif; &Gmxdyftxd vkdufMunfhwwfonfh tbukd
rsufpdxJ jrifa,mifvmrdygonf/ &Gmv,fvrf;rSm vSnf;jzwfarmif;awmh
[kdtdrfonftdrfawGu wpftdrfwpfa,muf xGufEIwfqufMuonf/ uRefrwkdY
vSnf;aemufrSmvnf; &GmtxGufxd vkdufEIwfqufaeMuonfh aqGOMo
rsdK;OMoBuD;uvnf; zkefvHk;awGMum;uae &oavmuf vkdufEIwfqufaeMu
ygao;onf/ awmif&yfa&mufawmh rrwifu xef;acgufzmuav; xGufay;
&Smonf/
]][Jh rxl; ... vSnf;ukd aemufjyefrpD;aumif;bl; a&SUvSnfhxkdif[Jh}}
uRefru olwkdYwpfawGukd aemufjyefxkdif&if;u Munhfaeonfukd
vSrf;ajymjzpfatmif ajymvkdufao;onf/ uRefr&Gmu tjyeftxd tnm
aus;vuf t,ltpGJawGu vkdufvmqJygvm;/
]]a[; a[; aeOD; [kdrSm ukd&ifuav; ajy;vmo,f cP cP}}
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
553
cifcifxl;
vSnf;awGukd cP&yfum apmifhvkdufMuygonf/ ukd&ifuav;rSm

vlESihfrvkduf zD;Murf;iSufaysmckdifBuD;ukd xrf;vm&onf/ ouFef;awGrSmvnf;
acR;awG&TJvkdY/
]]OD;Zif;u tay;ckdif;vkdufom}}
uRefrarmif yif;OD;Zif;oef;ausmfu vufaqmiftykdYcdkif;wmyJ jzpf
onf/ ukd&ifuav;rSm ta&SUbufa0;a0; awm&ausmif;bufu vm&ojzifh
armae&Smonf/ &GmxJrSm uRefrwkdYukd rrDvkdufvQif oabFmqdyftxd
vkdufykdY&OD;rnf/ uRefru ukd&ifuav;ukd vSnf;ay:uyJ 0wKaiG
vSLvkdufygonf/
]]awmf[Jh ighwlr ... wuwnf; &Gmvm&om awmfawmf ... [kday;
onfay;eJY renf;aygifat ... vufzGmcsufawmh}}
BuD;awmfaus;u 0ifajymawmh uRefr&,fcsifoGm;rdonf/ uRefrwkdY &Gmu
ykdufqHESihfywfoufvQif tvGef ESajrmwwfMujcif;ukd uRefr ajymcJhzl;ygonf/
ukd,hfaiGrSr[kwf/ ukd,fhaqGukd,hfrsdK; ukefrSmvnf; pkd;Muao;onf/
oHacsmif;u uRefrukd ykqkd;wpfxnfavmuf 0,fykdYay;zkdY ylqmonfukdyif
rrxkdufwkdYwpfawGu 0kdif;aigufvkdufMuonfrSm &p&mr&Sd/
]]tHr,f eifhykqkd;awG onfavmufaygaeo,fh[mukd ... bmrS r[kwfbl;
nnf;wkdYukd aiGxGufo,fqkdNyD; jcLaeom ... 0,fray;eJY}}
onfvkd qkdvkdufajymvkdufawmhvnf; oHacsmif;u NyHK;pdpdBuD;
vkyfaeygonf/ wpfa,mufukdwpfa,muf rIdcsdK;rQpfcsdK; ajymvkdYvnf; em&
jrefrmusL;ypfzkd&rf
554
cifcifxl;
yGufyGufnHvkdYaeonfaum/
c&D;onfawGu wif;Murf;/

*ifh*Jaomifukef;
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ခင္ခင္ထူး အညာသူအညာသားက်မေေဆြမ်ိဳးမ်ား

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ခင္ခင္ထူး အညာသူအညာသားက်မေေဆြမ်ိဳးမ်ား

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